Introduction
Background to study
Forests are invaluable natural resources that play a crucial role in both environmental sustainability and human life They provide essential products such as wood, food, and medicinal plants, while also contributing to climate regulation, soil erosion control, and water management Additionally, forests significantly impact the economy and improve the livelihoods of communities living in proximity to them Although non-timber forest products (NTFPs) were historically regarded as minor, recent years have seen a growing recognition of their importance by scientists, development practitioners, and conservationists This shift emphasizes the potential of NTFPs for forest conservation, given their relatively low ecological impact.
The commercialization of specific non-timber forest products (NTFPs) can enhance the socio-economic conditions of local forest users, as evidenced by the high market value of products like rattan, which significantly contribute to improving rural livelihoods Additionally, NTFPs hold cultural significance and play a crucial role in preserving the indigenous knowledge of local communities.
Thuong Tien is a mountainous commune in Kim Boi district, established and developing steadily for about 56 years Recognized as a nature reserve in 1986, it spans 1,500 hectares within Thuong Tien commune, Kim Boi district, Hoa Binh province The area features complex topography, characterized by hills with moderate slopes, some reaching heights over 1,000 meters, and is predominantly covered by limestone forest.
Evergreen tropical rainforests provide a rich source of soil quality conducive to crop growth, presenting significant economic development opportunities through forest resources The potential for investment in non-timber forest products (NTFPs) can enhance rural livelihoods and improve living standards However, while previous research has focused on the ecological and biological aspects of NTFPs, the connection between NTFPs and rural household livelihoods remains underexplored Despite being a vital income source, NTFPs have not been adequately quantified in household economic assessments, and the direct and indirect benefits they provide have yet to be fully examined Thus, it is essential to investigate the role of NTFPs in supporting the livelihoods of forest-dependent communities.
Research objectives
The goal of the research is to improve local livelihood and to protect forest resources in Thuong Tien commune, Kim Boi district, Hoa Binh province
- To systemize the theoretical and methodology of NTFPs valuations;
- To quantify the direct and indirect economic values of NTFPs to household income of local people in Thuong Tien commune;
- To provide a basis for policy advice in sustainable use of NTFPs for poverty reduction in Thuong Tien commune.
Literature Review and Theoretical Framework
Key relevant concepts
Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) refer to all biological materials, excluding timber, that are harvested from forests for human use, a definition proposed by De Beer and McDermott in 1989 A recent survey by CIFOR and Profound revealed that while 76% of respondents support this definition, significant reservations and disagreements still exist Alternative terms such as "wild products" are also commonly used to describe these resources.
Natural products, non-timber forest and grassland products, and non-wood forest products are often used interchangeably, each having its own supporters (Belcher 2003) Consequently, discussions about NTFPs frequently involve debates over terminology and definitions (Belcher 2003:163).
Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) are defined as all tangible animal and plant products, excluding industrial timber, that can be harvested from forests for both subsistence and trade (Ros-Tonen 2000:196) These products originate from natural forest ecosystems, whether altered by human activity or not, and include a wide range of items such as game, starchy foods, nuts, spices, food-wrapping leaves, medicinal herbs, smallwood for crafts and tools, fibers, ornamental plants, essential oils, latex for rubber, and rattans (De Beer & McDermott 1996) While some, like Sizer (1996), suggest that ecotourism falls under NTFPs, it is typically categorized as a forest service, distinct from NTFP classifications.
The FAO advocates for a clear definition of non-wood forest products (NWFPs), which encompass all goods of biological origin and associated services, as outlined by Chandresekharan (1992).
Non-wood forest products (NWFPs) are defined as goods of biological origin, excluding wood in all its forms, and are derived from forests, other wooded lands, and trees outside forests This definition, revised by the FAO in 1995 after extensive consultations, emphasizes that NWFPs can come from both natural forests and plantations while explicitly excluding woody raw materials such as timber, charcoal, firewood, and small woods used for tools and carvings, as well as services like ecotourism.
This research utilizes the definition by Ros-Tonen (2000:196), which describes non-timber forest products (NTFPs) as all tangible animal and plant products, excluding industrial timber, that can be collected from forests for subsistence and trade The study specifically focuses on NTFPs sourced from natural forests, as outlined in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1 Overview of categorized NTFPs
Edible plants plant parts (seeds, roots, tubers, stems, leaves, shoots, flowers, fruits, nuts) providing vegetables, snacks, beverages, edible fats and oils, spices, flavorings, etc
Forage Plants used as food for livestock and wildlife
Medicinal products Medicinal herbs and plants and plant parts
Construction materials Bamboo, rattan, Smallwood, fibers, corks, leaves for roofing
Smallwood utensils are essential for handicrafts and tools, while leaves serve as natural wrapping materials for food Additionally, fibers from Smallwood can be utilized for basketry and textiles The biochemical properties of Smallwood include non-edible fats and oils, waxes, gums, latex, dyes, and tannins, which can also be processed for use in plastics.
5 coatings, paint and varnish, toxins for hunting, hallucinogen
Aromatics Essential oils for cosmetics and perfumes, incense
Ornamentals Aesthetically pleasing plants, cut and dried flowers
Food Meat and protein from mammals, birds, fish, reptiles and insects; eggs, edible nests, honey Forage Fish oil, bones
Medicinal products Pharmaceuticals extracted from mammals, fish and reptiles Utensils Horn, feathers, bones Biochemicals Wax, silk, propolis, guano, toxins
Ornamentals Live animals and animal products like feathers, hides, skins, shells and horn
Livelihoods can be defined through two main approaches: one emphasizes economic aspects such as production, employment, and household incomes, while the other adopts a holistic perspective that integrates economic development, vulnerability reduction, and environmental sustainability, focusing on the strengths of both urban and rural poor communities.
The Institute of Development Studies (IDS) defines sustainable livelihood as a combination of capabilities, assets (both material and social), and activities essential for a means of living A livelihood is deemed sustainable when it can withstand and recover from stresses and shocks, while maintaining or enhancing its capabilities and assets without compromising the natural resource base Additionally, the Department for International Development (DFID) has contributed to this concept, encapsulated in a summarized framework.
This framework examines the diverse factors that influence livelihood opportunities, illustrating their interconnections While it does not aim to perfectly mirror reality, it serves as a conceptual tool for understanding livelihoods in a complex and holistic manner that remains manageable (Carney 1999).
Figure 2.1 DFID’s sustainable livelihood framework
The concept of livelihoods and livelihoods analysis is closely associated with poverty reduction strategies and the livelihoods of poor households are the central focus (DFID
2004) Therefore, this study worked with the narrow approach and focused on production, employment, household income and poverty reduction
Links between NTFPs and livelihoods
Forests are a vital source of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) such as food, fodder, fuel-wood, medicines, and building materials These resources play a crucial role in supporting household income, particularly during specific seasons and challenging periods throughout the year.
2001, Figure 2.2, Table 2.2) NTFP income consists of subsistence income and cash income
Figure 2.2 A conceptual framework of the relationship between NTFPs and household livelihood
Subsistence income or household uses
Table 2.2 Forest outputs and rural livelihoods Livelihood input Characteristics Impacts of change
Supplementing farm systems with fuel, food, and medicinal plant products is crucial for addressing seasonal food shortages, especially during challenging times Forest foods not only improve the taste of staple diets but also contribute essential vitamins and proteins, enhancing overall nutrition.
As incomes rise, the significance of subsistence activities is expected to diminish, particularly as reliance on purchased inputs increases Additionally, labor shortages and rising costs may hinder gathering activities, while market demand could shift subsistence supplies towards income-generating opportunities.
Forests provide starting point for rotational agriculture; on-farm trees provide shade, windbreaks and contour vegetation; trees/forests also provide low cost soil nutrient recycling and mulch
Other inputs include arboreal fodder and forage, fiber baskets for storing agricultural products, wooden ploughs and other farm implements, etc
Trees can become increasingly important as a low capital means of combating declining site productivity, and a low labor means of keeping land in productive use (e.g home gardens)
Many products are easily accessible and require low capital and skill to enter, primarily involving low-return activities that cater to local markets These activities are often part-time ventures undertaken by rural households to address specific income gaps or needs Typically, these enterprises are very small and predominantly household-based.
The commercialization of rural practices has led to the growth of low input, low return activities, but this shift also results in the decline of certain "inferior goods." As factory-made alternatives gain popularity, many traditional products are displaced, and rising labor costs render some activities unprofitable, ultimately leading to their abandonment.
9 involvement of women, as entrepreneurs as well as employees
Some forest products provide basis for more full-time and higher return activities; usually associated with higher skill and capital entry thresholds, and urban as well as rural markets
Activities that yield higher returns and cater to the growing demand are poised for success, especially in both urban and rural markets As this trend continues, a greater share of processing and trading activities is expected to concentrate in small rural centers and urban areas.
Some low input gathering activities involve raw materials for industrial processes and external markets
Gathered industrial raw materials tend to be displaced by domesticated supplies or synthetic substitutes
Can be important in diversifying the farm household economy-e.g providing counter seasonal sources of food, fodder and income
The „buffer‟ role of forests and trees can continue to be important well into the growth process
A reserve is crucial for ensuring subsistence and generating income during challenging times, such as crop failures, droughts, or a lack of wage employment It also helps meet special financial needs, including school fees and wedding expenses.
As government relief programs improve and access to new agricultural crops and remittance incomes increases, the reliance on forest resources during times of need is expected to diminish.
2.2.2 The contribution of NTFPs to subsistence income of household
Subsistence income indicates the value of products produced by household for its own consumption (Gustafson & Li 1997) This income includes self-consumption of self-
Forests play a vital role in rural life by providing a variety of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) that contribute to subsistence income, including food, fodder, medicine, and construction materials These resources are essential for households, as they are used to create farm tools, baskets, sleeping mats, pillows, sponges, and brooms, highlighting the multifaceted benefits of forests in supporting local communities.
Forest foods, including tubers, mushrooms, and snails, play a vital role in the diets of many rural households, offering essential nutrients and flavor Children often snack on various fruits and seeds found in these areas Additionally, forest foods serve as flavoring agents in sauces, medicinal remedies, and substitutes for staple foods during times of scarcity, enhancing dietary diversity Bush-meat is highly valued and serves as a crucial meat source for both urban and rural populations In certain villages, snails and rats are regularly consumed, while forests also provide habitats for freshwater fish and crabs, which are popular food choices.
Forests are a vital source of natural medicines for many urban and rural populations in developing countries, making them one of the most valued non-timber forest products (NTFPs) among local communities (Arnold & Perez, 1995) Rural residents predominantly rely on plant medicines, with knowledge of these remedies being passed down through generations and evolving alongside environmental changes In Germany, research by Lange & Schippmann (1997) identified 1,543 medicinal plant species across 854 genera in 223 families, with 70 to 90 percent sourced from the wild for trade Similarly, in the United States, 25 percent of all prescription medications are derived from plant-based sources.
Over the past several decades, numerous drugs have been developed using active ingredients derived from higher-order plants (Farnsworth & Moriss 1976) A study conducted by the Medicinal Institute in Vietnam identified over 2,000 tree species across 238 plant families known for their medicinal properties (EC-FAO Partnership Program 2002) These plants play a significant role in traditional medicine and warrant protection.
In developing countries, rural households heavily depend on fuel-wood to satisfy their energy requirements, with collection primarily undertaken by women and children The FAO reported that global fuel-wood production reached 1,753.1 million m³ in 1998 Projections indicate that from 2025 to 2050, fuel-wood and charcoal production for cooking purposes will amount to 1,050 million m³ in developing nations, compared to 193 million m³ in developed countries.
In Vietnam, while urban areas have access to building materials like cement and aluminum roofing sheets, many rural households cannot afford these options and instead depend on forest resources for construction In these rural regions, most homes are constructed from mud and wattle, using sapling-sized trees for support and bamboo for lattice work Additionally, various types of forest trees, oil palms, and bamboo are utilized to build food storage barns, livestock pens, and other agricultural structures.
NTFP values and valuation
Forests offer a variety of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) that hold considerable economic significance These benefits can be categorized into three main types of environmental values, as outlined by Pearce et al (1989) and referenced by Bishop (1999).
* Direct use value, e.g the benefit of using NTFPs as input to production or as a consumption good;
*Indirect use value, comprising the indirect support and protection provided to economic activity and property by natural forest functions or forest “environmental” services; and
*Non-use value, including all other benefits which cannot be characterized in terms of current or future physical interaction between the forest and consumers
Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) serve both commercial and non-commercial purposes Commercially, they encompass food and handicrafts, playing a vital role in both domestic and international markets Conversely, non-commercial uses are crucial for the subsistence of rural communities and marginalized groups, providing essential resources like fuelwood, edible plants, and medicinal herbs Additionally, NTFPs contribute to recreation, education, and research, highlighting their diverse value beyond mere economic benefits.
Indirect use values comprise the many ecological functions of forests (Bishop 1999)
Forests provide significant economic value by supporting activities with measurable market benefits, while also playing a crucial role in carbon sequestration, which helps mitigate greenhouse gas accumulation and combat global warming Additionally, some experts highlight an option value associated with forests, emphasizing the potential for future direct and indirect uses Preserving forest ecosystems may be particularly valuable due to uncertainties about future benefits and the irreversible consequences of exploitation or conversion.
Non-use values represent the intangible benefits that forests provide, extending beyond any direct or indirect use that individuals may experience (Bishop 1999) These values encompass both existence value, which reflects the worth of forests simply existing, and bequest value, which pertains to the benefits of preserving forests for future generations.
People value the preservation of certain wildlife species, such as bears and tigers, found in specific forest areas, often even if they do not directly benefit from these forests This intrinsic value is particularly strong among individuals who may not live near these forests but still desire their conservation Bequest values emerge when people prioritize the protection of natural resources for future generations, with local communities often valuing the continuation of their cultural heritage that has developed alongside the forest Similarly, those distant from forests may wish for their descendants to experience and appreciate these natural environments.
Techniques for estimating NTFP values vary in their theoretical validity and acceptance among economists For convenience, these techniques can be divided into five broad groups (Bishop 1999; Table 2.3)
* Market price valuation, including estimating the benefits of subsistence production and consumption
* Surrogate market approaches, including travel cost models, Hedonic pricing and the substitute goods approaches;
*Production function approaches, which focus on biophysical relationships between NTFP functions and market activities;
* States preference approaches, mainly the contingent valuation method;
* Cost-based approaches, including replacement cost, defensive expenditure, and opportunity cost analysis
Determining the appropriate price for each good is essential, particularly for non-timber forest products (NTFPs) that often lack a well-established market value For goods with established values, local market assessments or interviews can be utilized (Lampietti & Dixon, 1995) However, many subsistence goods are not marketed, requiring alternative methods to assess their value This can involve observing barter transactions for similar goods or identifying close substitutes with known prices (Bishop, 1999) If these options are unavailable, the value may be estimated based on the labor time invested in harvesting (Lampietti & Dixon, 1995) This research focuses on the direct use of NTFPs for livelihoods, suggesting the indirect opportunity cost method as a viable approach to estimate their values.
Table 2.3 NTFP values and valuation techniques
Use Values Non-use Values
Direct use Indirect use Option Existence
- Livelihoods of household (Food, medicine, fuel, etc.)
- Educational, recreational and cultural uses
Future direct and indirect uses
- Indirect opportunity cost method (IOC)
2.3.3 The Indirect Opportunity Cost (IOC) method and estimation of NTFP extraction value
The IOC method estimates the value of non-marketed environmental goods by considering the labor involved in their collection, such as non-timber forest products (NTFPs) This approach is based on the premise that individuals weigh the time spent on harvesting these goods against other productive labor opportunities By using the opportunity cost of labor, the IOC provides an approximation of the extraction value of NTFPs, as highlighted by researchers like Chopra and IIED.
The extraction of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFP) requires minimal capital investment but significant human effort, highlighting the importance of time management in decision-making (Wollenberg, 1996) The Integrated Opportunity Cost (IOC) method, rooted in micro-economic theory and utility maximization, assumes that individuals will opt for labor that yields the highest wage rate (Svarrer & Olsen, 2005) Consequently, the decision to allocate time for NTFP collection is evaluated against other labor opportunities, reflecting the trade-offs individuals face in their economic choices.
The IOC method generates less detailed data, lacking species-specific findings, but this is acceptable for quantifying the total extraction value of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) (Svarrer & Olsen 2005: 32) When executed properly, the IOC method can effectively estimate the value of NTFPs under certain conditions (Svarrer & Olsen 2005: 37).
* There are many kinds of NTFPs extracted;
* No information is required at the species level;
* The objective is to estimate the value of all NTFPs extracted; and
* There is limited time available to conduct field work
In this research, the objectives and study site satisfy all four requirements of the IOC method
Research Methodology
Study scope
Research on non-timber forest products (NTFPs) highlights the importance of sustainable income sources for communities, as opposed to timber, which often results in illegal logging and inconsistent revenue Focusing on NTFPs allows for continuous income streams while promoting legal and environmentally friendly practices.
Research conducted economic survey of 60 households in 2 villages Bai Rong and Luon Economic income households within one year (2014)
3.1.3 Method to choose location for studies
Thuong Tien Commune in Kim Boi District, Hoa Binh Province, serves as an ideal case study due to its diverse landscapes, including limestone forests, hills, valleys, and abundant forest resources This commune is representative of Hoa Binh Province, a mountainous region home to various ethnic minorities, where the extraction of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) significantly contributes to the economic livelihoods of the local population.
Thuong Tien commune boasts extensive natural forests and a high forest coverage, creating ideal conditions for crop cultivation and significant opportunities for socio-economic development through forestry The area's rich biodiversity, including various flora and fauna, along with its picturesque landscapes, presents substantial potential for investment aimed at enhancing the quality of life for residents.
To study the status of forest resources impact on the livelihoods of people protected area Thuong Tien, subjects interviewed 60 families living around protected areas
Overview of research site
Thuong Tien is a remote commune in the Kim Boi district of Hoa Binh province, covering an area of 5,557 hectares Located 12 kilometers southwest of the town center, it comprises five villages with a population of 1,360 residents across 301 households The commune is predominantly inhabited by the Muong ethnic group, making up 99% of the population, while the Kinh ethnic group represents 1%.
Thuong Tien, situated in Vietnam's tropical monsoon region, experiences two distinct seasons: a hot, rainy season from April to October and a cooler, drier season from November to March These climate conditions significantly influence the lifestyle and agricultural practices in Thuong Tien commune.
19 characteristic features of the climate in low mountain areas of the Northern provinces, which favour the generation and development of natural tropical woody and herbaceous forests.
Land use
In Thuong Tien commune, the predominant use of land is for agricultural and forest development, with forest land comprising 5,426 hectares, which represents 97.64% of the total area of 5,557 hectares Agricultural land accounts for 91.7 hectares (1.65%), while residential land covers 32.54 hectares (0.59%), and special-use land occupies 6 hectares (0.1%).
Table 3.1 Land-use situation of Thuong Tien commune (2014)
Types of land Area (ha) %
Source: Communal People Committee of Thuong Tien
Forest resources and its utilization
In Thuong Tien commune, bamboo serves as the primary source of non-timber forest products (NTFPs), which include fuel-wood and building materials Residents also gather a limited variety of vegetables and medicinal plants, primarily for personal use The collection of fuel-wood and medicinal plants is a common practice among the community members, emphasizing their reliance on local resources for household needs.
Research methodology
The data used for this study was collected during fieldwork a Method of collecting secondary data
Secondary data was collected by means of inheritance data available as:
- The information material on natural forests, socioeconomic of commune collected through of archives in Committee
- The results of the studies relating to local livelihoods
- The data has the natural conditions in Thuong Tien Commune
- Geographical, topography, climate in Thuong Tien Commune
- Statistical report on the results of economic situation in Thuong Tien Commune
- Data of the population structure, ethnicity in Thuong Tien Commune b Methods of collecting primary data
Primary data was collected via interviews some families and people with income from forests and from other income sources
Primary household data was collected using an interviewer-administrated questionnaire
The questionnaire gathered data on household demographic characteristics, land usage, economic activities such as agriculture and non-timber forest product (NTFP) collection, as well as the income and expenditure structure of households It featured a mix of close-ended and open-ended questions to capture comprehensive insights into NTFP utilization.
Population: According to data provided by the People‟s Committee of Thuong Tien commune
Sample size: This research used a sample size of 60 households in 2 villages
Sampling method: Using random stratified method Fist, 2 villages were selected to carry out the survey of 60 households Then, these 60 households were assigned equally for 2
In a study involving 21 villages, each consisting of 30 households, a wealth ranking system categorized households into three groups: rich, moderate, and poor To ensure balanced representation, 10 households from each wealth category were selected from every village, resulting in an equal distribution of wealth rankings across the 630 households involved in the research.
10 households for each group in each village were selected randomly (Table 3.4)
Table 3.2 Sampling design in Thuong Tien commune
This research utilized face-to-face interviews for data collection due to several advantages Firstly, interviewers are able to provide comprehensive clarifications of questions, which enhances the engagement and participation of interviewees Secondly, this method effectively reduces the likelihood of non-responses.
3.5.2.1 The indirect opportunity cost (IOC) method
In this study, the IOC method, as utilized by Svarrer and Olsen (2005) in their Malaysian case study, was employed to estimate the economic value of non-timber forest product (NTFP) extraction This approach approximates the value of NTFP extraction by considering the opportunity cost of labor, reflecting the notion that time is a valuable resource and individuals must make informed decisions regarding its use.
Economic value of NTFPs that are extracted per household per year is calculated by formula 1 below:
Figure 3.1 The IOC method for calculating extraction value of NTFPs
V: economic value of NTFPs extracted per household per year a: number of adults per household l: hours of productive labour per day per adult d: yearly working days per adult t: relative amount of time spent on NTFPs extraction w: rural labour wage rate
Self-employment or business income, such as from agriculture and forestry, is calculated as the gross value of all products produced, minus the total costs of purchased inputs, including fertilizers, seeds, tools, and hired labor, while excluding family labor costs from this calculation Although assessing family labor costs can be useful for comparing profitability across different activities, it is not necessary for determining household income Total household income comprises both cash income and subsistence income.
A comparative analysis was used to compare income from NTFPs with other sources of household income in the same group of households and among different groups of households
Results and Discussion
NTFPs and livelihoods of forest-dependent people in Thuong Tien commune
4.1.1 Proportion of households extracted NTFPs in Thuong Tien commune
In a survey of two villages, an impressive 98.33% of households were found to collect non-timber forest products (NTFPs), highlighting their significant interest in these resources The ANOVA F-test results indicate that the contribution of NTFPs varies between villages, with Bai Rong village reporting a lower participation rate of 96.67%, while Luon village boasts a full 100% engagement.
Table 4.1 Characteristics of surveyed households by villages
Bai Rong village Luon village T-test
Mean Std.dev Mean Std.dev P-value
Table 4.2 Proportion of households collecting NTFPs at village level
ANOVA F-test P value (two-tail) 0.019
4.1.2 Indirect value of NTFPs extraction
Data was collected and analyzed to meet the requirements of the IOC formula (figure 3.1)
Number of Adults per Household (a)
A structured survey reveals that the average number of adults per household is 3.5, with a standard deviation of ±0.97 (Table 4.3) This estimate focuses solely on household members likely to engage in non-timber forest product (NTFP) extraction, excluding those not residing at home, children under 15, and family members with regular wage labor.
Yearly working days per adult (d) and hours of productive labor per day per adult (l)
According to structured interviews, adults in the surveyed villages are estimated to work 279 days per year, accounting for time off during traditional festivals The average productive work hours per adult per day is 7.2 hours, with a standard deviation of ±0.99, suggesting a consistent daily workload throughout the year.
Time Spent on Extraction of NTFPs (t)
The average relative amount of productive working time spent on NTFP extraction is 21.7%
In key informant and household interviews, the rural labor wage rate was determined to be VND 3,650 per hour Predominantly, wage laborers are engaged in hired positions in major cities like Hanoi, with common jobs including scooping, tailoring, babysitting, and logging for forest plantation owners.
Calculation of the Economic Values of NTFP Extraction (V)
Based on the parameters above, the economic value of NTFP extraction per household per year was calculated for all surveyed household as VND 5 458 000 per household per year (V) (Table 4.3)
Table 4.3 Calculation of annual economic value of NTFP extraction per household
Average no of adults hh -1 (a) 3.5 0.97
Relative amount of time spent on NTFP extraction (t) (%) 21.27 5.23
Labor wage rate, VND hour -1 (w) (VND) 3 650 -
Value of NTFP extraction, 1000VND hh -1 year -1 (V) 5 458 -
4.1.3 Direct value of NTFPs - contribution to case income of household
An analysis of survey data from Thuong Tien commune reveals that cash income sources can be categorized into five main areas: agricultural cultivation, animal husbandry, non-timber forest products (NTFPs), off-farm activities, and pensions or salaries Notably, animal husbandry stands out as the primary source of cash income, averaging VND 8,045,000 per household annually This income predominantly stems from the sale of livestock, including pigs, poultry, and cattle such as buffaloes and cows.
In Thuong Tien commune, the second largest source of household income comes from collecting non-timber forest products (NTFPs), averaging VND 7,409,000 per household annually Agricultural cultivation ranks as the third highest income source, contributing VND 2,957,000 per household each year Additionally, while less significant, cash incomes from pensions and off-farm activities, including small businesses and hired jobs, also play a notable role in the local economy.
Table 4.4 Descriptive of cash income structure of total surveyed households (n`)
Sources of cash income Mean Std Dev
Version 4.4 highlights that livestock farming yields the highest profits; however, residents of Thuong Tien spend little on feed They primarily source their animal feed from natural forests, utilizing vegetables and bark This underscores the crucial role that forests play in the livelihoods of the people in Thuong Tien.
4.1.3.1 Contribution of NTFPs to average of households in Thuong Tien commune
Figure 4.1 Cash income structure on average of households in Thuong Tien commune
Income structure of servayed household
NTFPs Animal husbandry Pension and salaries Agricultural cultivation Off-farm
In Thuong Tien commune, animal husbandry constitutes the largest portion of household cash income at 40%, followed closely by non-timber forest products (NTFPs) at 37% Agricultural cultivation and pensions contribute the least, accounting for 23% of income Notably, residents in Thuong Tien spend minimal on feed, as they rely heavily on natural forest resources for vegetables and bark, highlighting the critical role that forests play in their livelihoods.
4.1.3.2 Contribution of NTFPs to total cash income of households by villages
Table 4.5 Cash income sources by villages
Bai Rong village Luon Village T-test
Figure 4.2 Cash income share on average of households in Bai Rong and Luon village
4.1.4 NTFPs contribute significantly to the livelihoods of forest-dependent people
In two surveyed villages, over 98% of households engage in the collection of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) from communal forests, with each household having 2 to 3 adults involved in this activity The economic value generated from NTFP extraction amounts to VND 7,409,000 per household annually, primarily for cash income purposes, which constitutes 67% of the total value In Thuong Tien commune, popular NTFPs include bamboos, bamboo shoots, and fuel wood Notably, NTFPs account for 37% of total household cash income, and 90% of households utilize forest-collected food for livestock and poultry, highlighting the significant role NTFPs play in enhancing the livelihoods of forest-dependent communities.
Attitude and reaction of local people to NTFPs
Households exhibit varied responses when they lose income from collecting Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) from communally managed natural forests According to the survey, a significant number of wealthy and moderately affluent households indicated their intention to invest in development initiatives.
NTFPs Animal husbandry Agricultural Off-Farm Pension and salarie
29 agricultural production, animal husbandry activities, and forest plantation because they have much potential about land, labour, knowledge and financial capital
Table 4.6 Reaction of different types of household in the case that government would not allow households to collect NTFPs in natural forests managed bycommune
Number of households % Number of households % Number of households %
Agricultural cultivation and animal husbandry
Investment in education for their children in order to get good jobs in the future
Participating in working in overseas like Malaysia as hired jobs
Don‟t know what to do - - - - 3 30
Many poor households lack knowledge on alternative livelihoods, with only a few considering investment in agricultural production or animal husbandry Their primary source of income relies on collecting non-timber forest products (NTFPs) from natural forests, and they have not explored other job opportunities to secure their daily needs This mindset stems from a belief that forest resources are limitless Meanwhile, wealthier households have different approaches to resource management.
Thirty moderate-income households indicated a focus on off-farm activities, including small businesses and services, as well as investing in their children's education for better job prospects In summary, wealthier households demonstrate greater adaptability and management capabilities in the face of uncertainties and risks compared to poorer households.
Households across all wealth rankings indicated that they would cease collecting non-timber forest products (NTFPs) for cash income if alternative employment offered greater financial returns The primary challenge is the labor-intensive nature of NTFP collection, compounded by the remote and difficult access to community forests, along with the transportation difficulties faced when bringing these products home Wealthier households typically derive income from other sources such as animal husbandry, pensions, salaries, and forest plantations, rather than relying on NTFPs Nevertheless, many affluent and middle-income households expressed a willingness to collect NTFPs when time permits, viewing it as part of their forest stewardship responsibilities Nearly all surveyed households reported collecting NTFPs for personal use, including fuel wood for cooking, medicinal plants for health needs, and bamboo for construction and tool-making.
Table 4.7 illustrates the response of various household types regarding the decision to cease collecting Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) if their income from alternative employment exceeds their earnings from NTFPs.
Number of household % Number of household % Number of household %
No longer collect NTFPs for cash income in community forests
Collect NTFPs for cash income from allocated forests of household
Collect NTFPs for household uses (fuel-wood, medicines ) 10 100 9 90 10 100
Conclusion and recommendations
Conclusion
Research indicates that non-timber forest products (NTFPs) play a crucial role in the livelihoods of forest-dependent communities, with an impressive 98% of households relying on NTFPs for income These products account for a substantial 37% of the total cash income for these households Beyond cash income, NTFPs also significantly enhance household subsistence income, with the overall economic value of NTFP extraction reaching 7,409,000 VND, encompassing both cash and subsistence income contributions.
Research indicates that poor households relying heavily on a single product, like non-timber forest products (NTFPs), face significant vulnerability if that product fails or decreases in value In contrast, wealthier households adopt a diversified income strategy, engaging in activities such as animal husbandry, off-farm work, forest plantations, and government employment This diversification helps mitigate their vulnerability to unforeseen risks and uncertainties.
Recommendations
Research indicates that individuals with lower incomes are more reliant on non-timber forest products (NTFPs) compared to their higher-income counterparts, leading to significant forest degradation To address this issue, it is essential to implement strategies that enhance the livelihoods of communities surrounding protected areas while simultaneously preserving the integrity of natural forests.
The need to create more off-farm jobs that offer the poor greater income potential than NTFP collection and agricultural production
To reduce reliance on non-timber forest products (NTFPs) among rural households, particularly those facing poverty, the Vietnamese government should implement policies that foster non-farm development By creating opportunities for the rural poor to transition into new employment sectors, these initiatives can enhance their income and improve their overall livelihoods.
To raise the level of awareness of people in non-agricultural sectors Facilitate and support resources to low-income people working in other fields
Wetterwald, O., Zingerli, C and Sorg, J.P., 2004 „Non-timber forest products in Nam Dong District, Central Vietnam: ecological and economic prospects‟, Forest Policy and Forest Economics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich
Chambers, R., and Conway, G., 1992 Sustainable rural livelihood: practical concepts for the 21st century, IDS Discussion Paper 296, Brighton: IDS
Ros-Tonen, M.A.F., 2000 „The role of non-timber forest products in sustainable tropical forest management‟, The Tropenbos Foundation, 58(2000): 196-201
Angelsen, A and Wunder, S., 2001 Exploring the poverty-forest link: key concepts, issues and research implications
Arnold, J.E.M., 1998 „Forestry and sustainable livelihoods‟ in D., Carney (ed),
Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: What Contributions Can We Make? Department for
Belcher, B.M and Kusters, K., 2004 (Eds) Forest products, livelihoods and conservation: case studies of non-timber forest product systems, volume 1-Asia, Centre for
International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia
Belcher, B.M., 2003 „What isn‟t an NTFP? International Forestry Review, 5(2): 161-168
De Beer, J., Ha, C.C and Tran, Q.T., 2000 NTFP project: non-timber forest products sub-sector analysis Vietnam, Mission Report Prepared for IUCN and NTFP-RC, Hanoi
Olsen, C.S., 1998 „The Trade in Medicinal and Aromatic plants from Central Nepal to Northern India‟, Economic Botany, 52(3): 279-292
Wollenberg, E., 1996 An Evaluation of Methodologies Used in Time Allocation Research pp 127-145 in Poats, S., Scmink, M and Spring, A (eds.) Gender Issues in Farming Systems Research and Extension, Westview Press, Boulde
Wollenberg, E., 1996 An Evaluation of Methodologies Used in Time Allocation Research pp 127-145 in Poats, S., Scmink, M and Spring, A (eds.) Gender Issues in Farming Systems Research and Extension, Westview Press, Boulder
Carney, D., 1999 Approaches to Sustainable Livelihoods for the Rural Poor,
Department for International Development (DFID), London
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has published several key reports on non-wood forest products, highlighting their significance in tropical Asia In 1997, the FAO released a handout detailing these products, followed by the 2001 "State of the World Forests" report, which provided a comprehensive overview of global forestry issues In 2002, the FAO further explored non-wood forest products in 15 tropical Asian countries, emphasizing their role in local economies and ecosystems.
FAO, 2005 An Information Bulletin on Non-Wood Forest Products, Non-wood News,
HOUSEHOLD SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE (Kim Boi District - Hoa Binh Province)
……… Sex: Male Female 0=male; 1male
4 Interviewee (if different from head of household)
Age:……… Sex: Male □ Female □ 0=male; 1male
Relationship with head of household (see note):………
9 Please state the total members in your household
No Relation Age Sex (0 = male;
Note: Relation: 1 Head 2 Wife 3 Son/daughter 4 Parents 5 Parents in law 6
8 Son/daughter in law 9 Other relative 0.Not related
1=Wage labour; 2= Agricultural work; 3= Student; 4=Unemployed; 5= Commuting wage labour
II Current economic situation of household
1 Present land holding of household
Types of land Unit Area Class Note
Items Quantity Estimated value Acquired year Note
3 Production and Revenues of household
Objective of use Amount Price Value
Note: *Calculating value of NTFPs collecting: Average number of people collecting
NTFPs/household x Revenue/working-day/person x Average number of working days/month x Average number of months collecting NTFPs/year?
Expenditure Amount Price Value Note
- Investment cost for buffalo calf
- Investment cost for chick, ect
III Collecting NTFPs of household
1 Please give name of NTFPs collected in the forests and rank their importance or values
2 How far is it to natural forests (where your family collects NTFPs) from your house? Km
3 Please state number of adults in your family involved in collecting NTFPs from natural forest: ………
4 Please state average hours of productive labour per day per adult in your family: ………
5 Please state yearly working days per adult in your family: ………
6 Please state relative amount of time spent on NTFPs extraction per day in your family (%):………
Please fill the answers from question 2-6 in the following table
Distance from your house to natural forest (where your family collects NTFPs
Number of adults in your household involved in NTFPs collection
Hours of productive labour per day per adult Hours
Yearly working days per adult Working days
Relative amount of time spent on NTFPs extraction %