Applyying GIS and remote sensing technology to detect mangrove forest cover change in ha an district quang yen town quang ninh province in 2000 2014

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAM FORESTRY UNIVERSITY STUDENT THESIS APPLYING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGY TO DETECT MANGROVE FOREST COVER CHANGE IN HA AN DISTR

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

VIETNAM FORESTRY UNIVERSITY

STUDENT THESIS

APPLYING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGY TO DETECT MANGROVE FOREST COVER CHANGE IN HA AN DISTRICT, QUANG YEN TOWN, QUANG NINH PROVINCE

IN 2000 - 2014

Major: Advanced Curriculum in Natural Resources Management Code: D850101

Faculty: Forest Resources and Environment Management

Student: Nguyen Vu Bach Student ID: 1054010901 Class: K55 Natural Resources Management Course: 2010 – 2014

Advanced Education Program Developed in Collaboration with Colorado State University, USA

Supervisor: Asso.Prof Tran Quang Bao Ph.D

Ha Noi, November 2014

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 1

I LITERATURE REVIEWS 3

1.1.Climate change: 3

1.2.Roles of Mangrove forest: 3

1.3.Remote sensing: 4

II.OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY 7

2.1.Objectives 7

2.2.Scopes 7

2.3.Methods: 7

2.3.1 Data Sources: 7

2.3.2 Field survey method: 8

2.3.3 Image classification method 10

2.3.4 Method mapping fluctuations mangrove forests: 10

2.3.5 Characteristics of Landsat images for the study area: 10

2.3.6 Fluctuations of mangrove forests in 2000 – 2014: 14

III RESULTS 17

3.1.Processing mangrove forest area 17

3.2 Mapping mangrove forest in Ha An over time 18

3.3 Evaluating the accuracy of Landsat image interpretation methods 19

3.4 Fluctuations mangroves in 2000 – 2014 20

3.3 Cause of fluctuations mangrove period 2000 – 2014: 22

IV DISCUSSION 23

V.CONCLUSION 24

2.1 Landsat Data used for data analysis 7 2.2 The specifications of the Landsat images 12 3.1 Mangrove forest area each year in the study area 19 3.2 Evaluation accuracy table in 2014 19 3.3 Fluctuation mangrove in 2000 - 2005 20 3.4 Fluctuation mangrove in 2005 – 2010 20

3.5 Fluctuation mangrove in 2010 - 2014 20

LIST OF FIGURES

2.1 Location of studied areas: Viet Nam, Quang Ninh province, Quang

Yen town, Ha An district 8

2.2 Overview classification methods and image processing of Landsat

3.1 Landsat 8 satellite image of study area in 2014 13 3.2 Studied area in year 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2014 14 3.3 NDVI of studied area in each year 15 3.4 NDVI of mangrove in each year 16

3.5 Distribution of coastal mangroves overtime in Ha An district, Quang

3.6 Location of 20 points in the field to check the accuracy in 2014 18 3.7 Maps of mangroves fluctuation periods 2000 - 2005, 2005 - 2010, 2010 - 2014 21 3.8 Fluctuations of mangroves period 2000 – 2014 21

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

With the permission of the Vietnam Forestry University, Faculty of Forest Resources

and Environment Management, I have completed the thesis: "Applying GIS and remote

sensing technology to detect mangrove forest cover change in Ha An district, Quang Yen town, Quang Ninh province in 2000 – 2014”

To perform this topic, I have received the enthusiastic support of teachers from

Vietnam Forestry University, the Institute for Forest Ecology and Environment, local

officials and the rangers of Ha An district, Quang Yen town, Quang Ninh province

After completion of thesis, I would like to deeply thank supervisor Asso.Prof Tran

Quang Bao Ph.D I would also like to thank MSc Pham Van Duan who has guided and

helped me in the process of analyzing and processing data

Because of my private limitations in term of expertise knowledge, surely, there are

some certain shortcomings and inadequacies in my thesis Therefore, I truthfully expect to

receive active and frank responses from lectures as well as contributing opinions from

friends so that I can promote my research later

I sincerely thank you!

Hanoi, 10 November 2014

Students

INTRODUCTION

With a coastline of over 3,260 kilometers of territory on the mainland, Vietnam has a

large mangrove area ranked second in the world after the mangrove forest at the mouth of

the Amazon River (South America) According to statistics from the Ministry of

Agriculture and Rural Development, Vietnam had over 400 thousand hectares of

mangroves in 1943 However, for over six decades ravaged by war coupled with

overfishing, by 2006, Vietnam only about 155 thousand hectares of mangroves It must be

said that in the years after the war, the shrimp farm is one of the main reasons that

mangroves disappearing Image analysis of the Mekong Delta in 2011, the area of

mangroves typical show, in 1973-2008, more than half of mangroves have been converted

into shrimp farms, causing serious erosion

Vietnam was the first country in Southeast Asia accede to the Ramsar Convention on

wetlands waters, and as of 2013, Vietnam had five wetlands are recognized as a Ramsar

site, including 4 mangrove forests, which is Xuan Thuy National Park - Nam Dinh Bau

Sau in Cat Tien National garden belongs - Dong Nai, Tram Chim National Park, Tam

Nong district, Dong Thap and Ca Mau Cape National Park, Ngoc Hien district, Ca Mau

Province

In the current period, together with the strong development of science and

technology, satellite imagery and remote sensing technology is the way to bring about

tremendous changes in the management of resources With the introduction of a series of

satellite remote sensing power supply with increasing resolution, remote sensing

techniques have made great progress in almost every field is applied In forest industry,

remote sensing techniques have been used for about 30 years to build the kind of forest

status map and classify forest state, the partition key forest fires, monitoring changes forest

resources

Coastal mangrove forest play an important role for biodiversity conservation, coastal

habitat protection, and prevention negative effects of sea level rise However, due to global

warming, pressure of economic development in poor country Spatial coveraged mangrove

has reduce significantly in recent decades both in regional and national scale

For the purpose of further understanding of how mangrove forest change overtime and

give some fact evidence of mangrove change at specific area With support from Remote

Sensing and GIS technology We have implemented the thesis: "Applying GIS and remote

sensing technology to detect mangrove forest cover change in Ha An district, Quang Yen town, Quang Ninh province in 2000 – 2014”

I LITERATURE REVIEWS

1.1 Climate change:

The warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from

observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting

of snow and ice, and rising global mean sea level The Earth’s average surface temperature

has risen by 0.76° C since 1850 The global average surface temperature is likely to rise by

a further 1.8-4.0°C this century, and by up to 6.4°C in the worst case scenario Nowadays

there are so many factories that exhale really destructive substances and pollute the air We

all know very well that air is something we can’t live without When we breathe the polluted air, we can get seriously ill Another issue are the greenhouse gasses They are

gasses which trap heat in the atmosphere Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide occur

naturally and maintain a gabitable planet but excess concentratión emitted solely through

human activities For example carbon dioxide is entering the atmosphere because of human

activities like burning of fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, and coal) All vehicles exhale too

much damaging substances Another huge problem is that the sea levels are rising

worldwide Also the expansion of ocean water is caused by warmer ocean temperatures

Mountain glaciers and small ice caps are melting as well as Greenland’s Ice Sheet and the Antarctic Ice Sheet The temperature is rising which means that ice is melting faster and

faster

1.2 Roles of Mangrove forest:

Mangroves are also known as rich centers of biodiversity as they provide a home and

shelter for many species including fish, birds, frogs, snakes, insects and several endangered

crocodiles Mammals also occupy these forests ranging from small animals like swamp

rats and monkeys to large carnivores like tigers, that use the dense foliage as cover

Mangroves are also important nursery areas for many species of fish Overfishing is a

global problem and we are fishing at an accelerated rate without allowing fish stocks to

recover Mangroves are a vital resouurces in providing breeding grounds for fish Along

with protecting coastlines from erosion by acting as a natural barrier and flood defense,

mangroves also filter pollutants from river run-off and prevent harmful buildup of

sedimentation from reaching the oceans and nearby marine habitats such as coral reefs

Mangroves and coral reefs have a symbiotic (mutual beneficial) relationship – the reef

protects the coast where the mangroves grow from being eroded by the sea, and the forest

traps sediment washed from the land preventing it reaching the reef Both mangrove forests

and coral reefs found in coastal areas provide protection and breeding grounds for fish – a

key source of income and nutrition for people in these regions

1.3 Remote sensing:

Remote sensing has flourished over the last three decades when providing digital

imagery, from satellites in Earth's orbit since 1960s The development of remote sensing

techniques associated with the development of imaging techniques In 1859

G.F.Tounmachon - French scientist used hot air balloon at a height of 80 meters for aerial

photography, it is considered the birth of digital remote sensing industry In 1894, Aine

Laussedat began a program guide using images for purposes of topographic mapping

(Thomas, 1999) The development of the aviation industry has created a great tool for

aerial photography selections and control The first photo was taken from the plane by

Wilbur Wright in 1910 on region Centocal, Italy The automatic cameras have high

precision, take gradually in to replace the camera shutter by hand In 1929, Soviet Union

established Institute aerial photographs Leningrad, image was used to study landforms,

vegetation and soil On 23/07/1972 U.S launched first Landsat satellites gives possibility

to acquire global information about the planets (including Earth) and the surrounding

environment And since then, NASA has launched six observation satellites more:Landsat

2 (1975), Landsat 3 (1978), Landsat 4 (1982), Landsat 5 (1984), Landsat 6 (1993), Landsat

7 (1999) and Landsat 8 (2013) United States also launched meteorological satellite NOAA

3rd generation after Trios NOAA, NOAA 7 NOAA 12; NOAA-1 (1992) and NOAA – J

(1993) has provided photos by updates mode with spatial resolution 1.1 km Remote

sensing now provides aggregate information used a variety aat problems such as natural

disasters and monitoring changes of the resource recovery

Remote sensing technology was first applied in Vietnam began in the 1980s, and in the

subsequent years of the twentieth century promote efficiency in many sectors of the

national economy including natural resource management, forecasting weather, pollution

monitoring, current use of land, cartography, disaster prevention, monitoring of forests,

fisheries and aquaculture, urban planning and traffic management The period 1990 - 1995,

the industry has applied remote sensing technology in fields such as meteorology,

cartography, geology minerals, and forest resources management and has obtained the

visible results Remote sensing technology combined with geographical information

system has been applied to perform scientific research and projects related to survey

natural conditions and natural resources, expertise environmental monitoring, reduce to a

minimum the number of natural disasters in some regions Many sectors, and agencies

already equipped with powerful software popular in the world as the software ENVI,

ERDAS, PCI, ER Mapper, OCAPI to build geographic information system Vietnam had

the National Remote Sensing Center, which is the basis of research and technological

advancements take telecommunications expedition to the application of professional work,

such as Remote Sensing Center General administration, Remote Sensing Division of forest

inventory and Planning Institute of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development

However, the application of remote sensing in the study of coastal mangrove forests in

Vietnam took place late on a smaller scale and distribution of forest land Since early 1989,

Vietnam became the 50th member of the world and the first country in Southeast Asia

signed the International Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar Convention)

The advent of satellite imagery remote sensing and GIS technology has greatly

supported the study of fluctuations in the natural environment, and has aided in propose

measures for environmental management and natural resources remotely to them In the

field of environment, remote sensing technique used to investigate the variation of soil and

the coatings, research the process of desertification , also in the forestry, remote sensing

technique used to the study of forest classification survey, forest fire research division

However, when using the remote sensing images have low resolution, lack professionalism

in image interpretation will cause interpretation to misleading results for the study area

Therefore, the researchers use satellite images as high-resolution Landsat has practical

significance in research and assessing the quality of natural resources and forest resources

Effective forest resources management is one of the issues being of particular concern The

management, protection and development of forest resources is considered to be one of the

key tasks in the development of the economy - society in Vietnam One of the

requirements for successful implementation of this task is to have the appropriate

mechanisms to attract the active participation of local communities in the management,

protection and development of forests However, there are several causes of forest

resources dwindling and strong variation: population pressure on forests region have

increased, poverty and difficult economic circumstances, people’s livelihood are based

primarily on exploitation of forest resources, educational level are low in remote areas,

indigenous knowledge has not been promoted, extension inefficient, state policies on

community forest management is inadequate, the traditional structure of society has

changed a lot

II OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY

2.1 Objectives

- Research mangrove fluctuations over periods 2000 - 2005, 2005 - 2010 and 2010 - 2014

in Ha An district, Quang Yen town, Quang Ninh province

- Identify causes of mangrove fluctuation

2.2 Scopes

- Mangrove forests in Ha An district, Quang Yen town, Quang Ninh province

- This thesis used images Landsat 5 (1993 &2003), Landsat 7 (2003 & 2014) and

Landsat 8 (2014)

2.3 Methods:

2.3.1 Data Sources:

This thesis used images Landsat 5 (1993 &2003), Landsat 7 (2003 & 2014) and

Landsat 8 (2014) to detect fluctuations of mangrove forests

Table 2.1 Landsat Data used for data analysis

This thesis was conducted in 3 phases: (1) data collection, analysis and data

processing and interpretation conduct, (2) established the current map status in 2000, 2005,

2010 and 2014 maps of mangroves fluctuation periods 2000-2005, 2005-2010, 2010-2014,

(3) summary statistics and evaluation results

2.3.2 Field survey method:

Figure 2.1 Location of studied areas: Viet Nam, Quang Ninh province, Quang Yen town,

Ha An district

Forests are affected by many biological, physical processes, and are highly impacted

by society Researchers need to gather information, collect data with surveys in the field,

process analyze data obtained, using specialyzed equipment, tools and software Steps of

overall study is shown in Figure 2.2

Figure 2.2 Overview classification methods and image processing of Landsat remote sensing

The first, step was to survey the research area to identified a list of research

objectives and scopes Then, combined with satellite images and map the research area,

Defining the suitable object, remote sensing

Statistics report Remote

sensing data

GIS data Field survey data

Analysis, image processing

Evaluate the accuracy

Map of mangrove forest

Map of fluctuations mangroves

surveyed the area, confusing objects in the image, establish the key for satellite image

interpretation of the study area Finally, check the accuracy of the image classification at

the sample point as a basis for mapping the current state of forest resources Sample

collected information on natural characteristics, socioeconomic by interviewing with local

people to find the causes of mangrove fluctuation in the study area

2.3.3 Image classification method

Thesis using the method: Using high-resolution images (Google maps, Google

Earth) to model key for handling low-resolution images (Landsat) The process of visual

image interpretation show accurate results with some clear recognizable objects or distinct

spectral features Some objects however have similar spectral characteristics close to each

other, the classification process auto usually inaccurate results To response content

mapping fluctuations mangrove forests, some object to the visual image interpretation

incorrect results and combined with supporting documentation to identify these objects

Specifically, using GPS to check the accuracy of these objects Method category with

selected range sample execute the above ENVI 4.5 combined with software other

applications are ArcGIS 10.1

2.3.4 Method mapping fluctuations mangrove forests:

After determining the accuracy of thematic maps for each period, GIS layers were

overlayed to detect the fluctuations of mangroves in each period Mangrove map images

from 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2014, were composed using ArcGIS 10.1 software Principles

for assessing changes in classification of the two images is based on the change matrix

2.3.5 Characteristics of Landsat images for the study area:

Documentary images, maps and specifications of Landsat image:

 Documentary images:

Satellite images used in the thesis are Lansat5, Landsat7 and Landsat8 with 30 m

spatial resolution The image has been taken at the time of 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2014 The

material was transferred to the images coordinate system VN-2000 at level 3 and was a

combination of natural color

 Features and specifications of the Landsat image:

From 1972 to now, NASA has launched 8 satellites observing resources (Landsat);

3 first satellite (1972 - Landsat 1, 1975 - Landsat 2, 1978 - Landsat 3) only multispectral

sensors equipped MSS (Multispectral Scanner System) with a resolution of 80m In 1982,

NASA launched Landsat 4, Landsat 5 in 1984 was put into orbit; 2 are both equipped with

new sensors TM (Thematic Mapper) image with 7 bands, spatial resolution is 30m to 120m

resolution for the visible spectrum is infrared heating solutions Landsat 6 and 7 was

launched in 1993 and 1999 with a new sensor ETM (Enhanced TM) Landsat 8 was

launched in 2013, carrying two sensors: the image acquisition surface (OLI - Operational

Land Imager) and thermal infrared sensor (TIRS - Thermal Infrared Sensor) These sensors

are designed to improve performance and reliability over previous Landsat sensors

The specifications of the Landsat images are summarized in Table 3.1