Application of geospatial technology to assess forest changes in cao phong district hoa binh province

Research objectives: Goal: Contribute to the scientific basis for the application of remote sensing and GIS technology to propose solutions to improve the management of forests in Yen

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

VIETNAM FORESTRY UNIVERSITY

STUDENT THESIS PROPOSAL

Tittle APPLICATION OF GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGY

TO ASSESS FOREST CHANGES IN CAO PHONG DISTRICT,

HOA BINH PROVINCE

Major: Advanced Curriculum in Natural Resources Management Code: D850101

Student: Bui Nhat An Student ID: 1254040579 Class: K57 -Natural Resources Management Course: 2012 – 2016

Supervisor: Assoc.Prof Phung Van Khoa

Dr Nguyen Hai Hoa

Ha Noi, 14/10/2016

ACKNOWLEDGMENT First of all, I would like to express sincere gratitude to my mentors Assoc Prof Dr

Phung Van Khoa and Dr Nguyen Hai Hoa have supported me in my studies and related research, their patience, motivation and extensive knowledge Thanks to the guidance of the two people who helped me during the research and writing of this thesis

I sincerely thank Mr Cuong, Mr Thang and Director Cao Phong FPU Mr Hien I am

extremely thankful and grateful to him for sharing experiences, and sincere and valuable guidance and encouragement extended to me

I also put on record, my feelings of gratitude to one and all who directly or indirectly,

has lent their hand in this venture

Hanoi, October/ 2016

Bui Nhat An

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

ABSTRACT 1

I, INTRODUCTION 4

1.1 Overview of research issues: 5

1.1.1 Definition: 5

1.1.3 Map the current status of forest resources: 9

1.1.4 Forest changes: 9

II, GOALS AND (SPECIFIC) OBJECTIVES: 11

2.1 Objective Research: 11

2.2 Research content 11

2.2.1 Research forest management situation in Yen Lap, Cao Phong district, Hoa Binh province: 11

2.2.2 Research mapping forest status and fluctuations in Yen Lap, Cao Phong district, Hoa Binh province: 11

2.2.3 Research fluctuations cause regional forest research: 11

2.2.4 The study recommended effective measures to improve forest management in Yen Lap: 12

III, STUDY AREA AND DATA: 13

3.1 Study Area: 13

IV METHOD: 15

4.1 Image classification method 15

4.1.1 Image data research use 15

4.1.2 Methods of visual image interpretation 15

4.1.3 Classification method using NDVI images 15

4.1.4 Real investigative methods 16

4.2 Method of mapping the forest area 17

V RESULTS DISCUSSION 5.1 Current status of forest management in Yen Lap Commune, Cao Phong district, Hoa Binh province : 18

5.2 Results forest changes through the years of research : 19

5.2.1 Results of sample collected: 19

5.2.2 Construction image classification: 26

5.2.3 Map of forest status through years of research: 27

5.3 Causes of regional forest change research : 35

5.3.1 Social and economic factors affecting forest management activities: 35

5.4 Research suggest solutions to improve the efficiency of forest management in Yen Lap: 37

5.4.1 Management solutions for forest protection and forest fire prevention: 37

5.4.2 Solutions for scientific research and technological applications: 38

VI RECOMMENDATION OF THESIS 40

VII CONCLUSIONS 41

7.1 Conclusions 41

7.2 Recommendations for the research and assessment of forest change in Yen Lap commune: 42

VIII REFERENCE I Vietnamese documents: IX APPENDICES

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1 sensors Features of Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 (LDCM) 7

Table 1.2 The main application of Landsat 8

Table 4.1 Landsat data collected in the topic 15

Table 5.2: Forest land area Yen Lap Commune over the years studied (ha) 27

Table 5.3 Assessing the accuracy of the maps in 2015 31

Table 5.4 Assessment of the map precision, 1995, 2005 31

Table 5.5 The forest change area stages from 1995 to 2005 31

Table 5.6 The forest change area stages from 2005 to 2015……….…… 33

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 3.1: Location of the Yen Lac commune in Cao Phong District 14

Figure 4.1 The steps to build maps of forest cover and change 17

Figure 5.1: Results NDVI study area in 2015 26

Figure 5.2: Map the spatial distribution of forest status study area (Landsat 1995) 28

Figure 5.3: Map the spatial distribution of forest status study area (Landsat 2005)……… 29

Figure 5.4: Map the spatial distribution of forest status study area (Landsat 2015)…… .30

Figure 5.5 Map of forest cover in the period 1995 - 2005 32

Figure 5.6 Chart of YEN LAP commune forest changes in 1995 – 2005 33

Figure 5.7 Map of forest cover in the period 2005-2015 34

Figure 5.8 Chart of YEN LAP commune forest changes in 2005 - 2015 35

ABSTRACT

1 Thesis: “APPLICATION OF GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGY TO ASSESS

FOREST CHANGE IN CAO PHONG DISTRICT, HOA BINH PROVINCE”

2 Students implementation: Bui Nhat An

3 Instructors: PGS Phung Van Khoa

T.S Nguyễn Hải Hòa

4 Research objectives:

Goal: Contribute to the scientific basis for the application of remote sensing and

GIS technology to propose solutions to improve the management of forests in Yen Lap

Commune, Cao Phong district, Hoa Binh province

Objective:

- Assessing the current state of forests in Yen Lap

- Proposed solutions to effectively contribute to improving forest management in Yen Lap

5 Research content:

Research to assess the status of forest management in Yen Lap, Cao Phong district, Hoa Binh province

- Forest management activities in the buffer zone area of research

- Forest area and distribution space research area

- The forms of forest management with the participation of local people study area Studies assessing changes in forest area of Yen Lap

- Mapping forest cover changes over the years studied (1995, 2005 and 2015)

- Mapping forest cover changes over the study period

- The rating change causes forest area over the period studied

Studies assessing the factors affecting forest management

- Assessment of factors affecting forest policies to forest management activities the study area

- Evaluate the population, society: The development of population and population density

- Assessing the impact of infrastructure quality: The quality of roads, about the roads to forest areas to distribution

- Assessing the impact of scientific and technological factors, effective techniques

to forest management research areas

Research suggest solutions to improve the efficiency of forest management at the commune

- Economic - social solutions group

- Group technical solutions, science and technology

6 The results achieved:

Research results on the status of forest management in the area of the subject has shown that the management of forest protection still faced many difficulties due to the poor people's lives, people are not fully aware of the responsibility management and protection of forest resources, not timely capture the policies of the Party and the State on forests and forest land, or even indifferent, failing to take measures to prevent the exploitation of forest products, hunting wild animals in an area of forests and forest land allocated

From the application of remote sensing and GIS technology topics have successfully built a database and maps of the forest in 1995, 2005, 2015, map changes in forest resources and forest land 1995-2005, 2005 to 2015 for Yen Lap commune

By means of the application of remote sensing technology and GIS Landsat This study evaluated changes in forest resources is faster, saves time, effort and ensures a

relatively high accuracy (82.3%) The study results showed that the study area is relatively well preserved, the area of forest land have continuous forest, 1995-2005, 2005-2015 is 463.89 ha lost The forest area is decreasing over the period However, the results show that there is still a part of the area of forest land has not been used

Research results on the status of forest management in the area of the subject has shown that the management of forest protection at the difficulties faced by poor people's lives, people are not fully aware of the responsibility responsible for management and protection of forest resources, not timely capture the policies of the Party and the state of forests and forest land, or even indifferent, failing to take measures to prevent the exploitation of forest products, hunting catch wild animals in the forest area and forest land allocated

Causes of decline forest research area is due to adverse effects of local people on forest resources and by the economic policy - society does not work, has not improved the lives of people

From the results collected, investigations have shown the difficulties and advantages in management, protection of forest resources at the same lifetime propose appropriate solutions to management On this basis, the project has set out some solutions for a sustainable development of forest land areas of study include:

- Solution Management organization

- Management Solutions forest protection and forest fire prevention

- Solutions for scientific research and technological applications

- Solutions for Land Management

- Solutions to attract investment

I, INTRODUCTION

Forest is the extremely precious resources of each nation The value of the forest resources depends on the their function and proper use Forest is gold if there are management solution to protect and develop it effectively This problem needs more considerate, specially in this time, forest resources are being reduced seriously It affects our ecology and stable development To protect our forest, Vietnam and worldwide issued many politics, law, decree… and to make them become more and more effective, we need more support in technique and technology

Nowadays, the development of science and technology we need satellite images and remote sensing GIS to support human in researching forest movements and propose management methods about the environment and natural resources without direct contact Satellite data has multi time, multi spectral, cover vast area quality, which allow us to update information and do research quickly, effectively It also help us to save time and labor By using satellite images in researching current status and forest resource movements proved prominent advantage in updating information and analyzing movements The using of high pixel satellite images in management resources is the new step in planning natural forest resources

Yen Lap commute, Cao Phong district, which locates in the south west of Hoa Binh province, has various natural and economical condition Besides, it has many eco-tourist attractions and resorts But forest area has been reduced in recent years for many objective and subjective reasons We can confirm that forest movements have impact on this local resource management and protection

At the present, there is no student thesis on application of landsat satellite images and GIS in evaluating current status of forest resource in buffer zones of Yen Lap commute, Cao Phong District, Hoa Binh province Therefore, there is a limitation of space and time data in this local area

Application of landsat satellite images and GIS can provide local data for many

years It will be scientific basis with high reliability In researching and proposing management methods to develop forest resources stably in buffer zones of Yen Lap commute

So, stable forest resource managements, using tools, modern methods such as remote sensing and GIS with the high accuracy is necessary for today and the future They contribute to the forest resource recovery and development in this local area.

Because of this reasons I have above, titled “APPLICATION OF GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGY TO ASSESS FOREST CHANGE IN YENLAP COMMUTE, CAO PHONG DISTRIC, HOA BINH PROVINCE” was made

1.1 Overview of research issues:

1.1.1 Definition:

Remote sensing is the science and technology to obtain information about an object,

a region or a phenomenon through the analysis of documents obtained by the media This means there is no direct contact with the object, area or phenomenon under study

Remote sensing employed to collect objective information about the Earth's surface and atmospheric phenomena thanks to sensors installed on the aircraft, satellites, spacecraft or orbital station located on the Remote sensing technology to allow remote sensing technology to record the change of environment and natural resources, has helped the monitoring and inventory of natural resources and the environment more effectively Provides fast remote sensing digital image materials with high resolution, as basic data for the establishment and adjustment of system maps and databases National Geographic Separation of remote sensing information can be classified into 5 categories:

- Classification is the process of split or consolidation of information based on the universal nature, space and time given by the image of the object to be studied

- Detection of fluctuation: the detection and separation of the volatility based on multi-temporal image data

- Separation of physical quantities: extraction of natural information such as temperature, atmospheric conditions, the height of the object based on the spectral characteristics of the image or stereoscopic parallax

- Separation of the indicators: calculation determining the new index (NDVI vegetation index )

- Identifying characteristics: determining disaster, the signs serve archaeological search…

GIS (Geographic Information System) or geographic system is formed from three geographical concepts, information and systems

- Geographical concept relating to the characteristics of the space They can be physical, cultural, economic, etc in nature

- The concept of information refers to data that is managed by the GIS It is the attribute data of the object and space

- The concept of GIS systems are built from modules The modules help create favorable in the management and consolidation

Remote sensing data is a source for the GIS database on the basis of the information layers of different topics; use of overlapping functions or analysis of GIS to create a richer results Therefore, the coordination of remote sensing and GIS technology will become very efficient integration to build and update spatial data serve many different fields

1.1.2 Features and specifications of the Landsat image:

Landsat is the generic name for the satellite systems used exclusively for purposes

of resource exploration Earth Landsat satellite system to date can be said is a satellite system of international nature The first satellite designed to monitor the Earth's surface, Landsat-1, was launched by NASA in 1972 Initially called ERTS-1 (Earth Resource Technology Satellite - Remote Sensing Technique Left probe land), Landsat was designed

as an experiment to test the feasibility of collecting data monitoring multi-spectral earth Since then, the program has collected extensive data from around the world from a Landsat satellite Subsequent generations 1975 Landsat 2, 1978 - Landsat 3 Two types of Landsat MSS only equipped (Multispectral Scanner System - multispectral sensor systems: optical sensor is designed to collect receiving radiation from the light spectrum sunlight strikes the

earth's surface under 4 different spectral channels, is integrated by the optical system and sensors) Landsat 4 was launched into orbit in 1982 and Landsat 5 in 1984, both satellites are equipped with sensors TM (Thematic Mapper), used to observe the Earth under 7 spectral bands ranging from visual spectrum see to infrared Landsat 6 and 7 was launched

in 1993 and 1999 with new innovative sensor ETM (Enhanced TM) Landsat 8 satellite was successfully launched to orbit dated 12.2.2013, with the task of monitoring changes in forest ecosystems on Earth

Table 1.1 sensors Features of Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 (LDCM)

(µm)

Resolution (m)

Table 1.2 The main application of Landsat

developments and are

most commonly used,

at low cost, following

the statistical topics

Used to measure the peak reflectance spectrum of plant continent, identify vegetative state, identifying other objects

Used to determine the moisture content of vegetation and soil, the study of mineral rock, snow and clouds separated

1.1.3 Map the current status of forest resources:

Map of forest status as thematic maps of forest resources is marginal draw on the same terrain ratio, which shows full on and the exact location, the area of forest status type matching results statistics, forest resource inventory periodically By using colors and symbols proper show forest conditions, terrain and different materials, it clearly shows the distribution of the entire region

Forest status maps and important documents necessary for the management and development of forest resources and for the economic sector, other techniques are used and exploitation of forest resources Map of forest status was established for the purpose: Demonstrate results statistics, forest resource inventory to the drawing; Basic building materials for management and development of forest resources; Documentation for construction Forestry planning options, plan rational use of forest resources, protection plans, forest management, forest land and inspect the implementation of the forestry plan was approved by regions and economic sectors

Forest status map is built for each administrative level: commune, district,

provincial, national, and is a very important tool for assessing changes in forest resources

1.1.4 Forest changes:

Forests represent our country the basic characteristics of tropical rainforest According to the Forest Inventory and Planning Institute, our country's natural forests in the period 1976 - 1990 decreased 1.7% is 2.7 million ha / year In recent years our country's forest resources change is complex, difficult to control tightly To have a reliable basis to serve a strategy to protect and develop forest resources rationally and protect the ecological environment State to investigate the forestry sector assessment and monitoring

of changes in forest resources in cycles: the first cycle (1991 - 1995), second cycle (1996 - 2000), the third cycle (in 2001-2005) and fourth cycle (in 2006-2010) In particular,

investigate, assess forest changes are an important part of the program Forest always change over time under the influence of nature and man If the positive impact of forest will grow, whereas if you experience negative impacts will be degraded forests So the main forest resource volatility is a characteristic so fundamental review of its status In Forest Resources Assessment forest when people often use the two groups of indicators are: fluctuations in quantity and quality fluctuations, including:

- Fluctuations in the number assigned to the following principal types of changes is

as follows:

+ Variation in the total forest area

+ Variation in forest conditions

+ Variation in metabolism between forest and other land

+ Movements forest functions: production, protection and special use

+ Movements forest management forms

- Fluctuations in quality: variation in species composition, structural changes in the forest the decline in forest quality is referred to as the degradation of forests As a change from closed forest to open forest, from forest to forest rich poor, from wood to bamboo forest, from forest to barren land

In subjects authors studied changes forest assessment methods volatility has a combination of remote sensing and GIS To assess changes in this manner, we need to establish status maps at various times (1995, 2005, 2015) and then use the software to overlay two layers Arcgis this situation we will have a map fluctuations between two specific times Among them in two maps of the time it is established based on the results of integration between automatic image interpretation, visual image interpretation and fieldwork

II, GOALS AND (SPECIFIC) OBJECTIVES:

2.1 Objective Research:

Overall objective: To contribute to the scientific basis for the application of remote sensing and GIS technology to propose solutions to improve the management of forests in Yen Lap Commune, Cao Phong district, Hoa Binh province

Detail goal:

- Assess the situation of forests in Yen Lap

- Proposed solutions to effectively contribute to improving forest management in the buffer zone of Yen Lap

2.2 Research content

2.2.1 Research forest management situation in Yen Lap, Cao Phong district, Hoa Binh province:

- Forest area and distribution space research area

- The form of local forest management research areas

2.2.2 Research mapping forest status and fluctuations in Yen Lap, Cao Phong district, Hoa Binh province:

- Develop key image classification

- Mapping of forest status over the years studied (year )

- Mapping of forest area changes over the study period

2.2.3 Research fluctuations cause regional forest research:

- Evaluation of the factors affecting forest policies to forest management activities the study area

- Evaluate the population, society: The development of population and population density

- Assess the impact of infrastructure quality: The quality of roads, about the roads to forest areas to distribution

- Evaluate the impact of scientific and technological factors, effective techniques to forest management research areas

2.2.4 The study recommended effective measures to improve forest management in Yen Lap:

- Solutions forestry policy towards restructuring of the forestry sector

- Economical Solutions Group - social

- Group technical solutions, science and technology

III, STUDY AREA AND DATA:

3.1 Study Area:

Yen Lac is a mountainous area commune of Cao Phong district The commune is a mixture of diverse land covers/land uses Statistical report in web portal of Yen Lac showed that Yen Lac have total 2.247 ha and The Commune has 508 households and 2147 inhabitants Distributed in 7 villages are: Chầm, Quà, Đảy, Ngái, Thôi, Thang, Bạ which

accounted for 98.68% of Muong ethnic Kinh accounted for 1.32% Commune influenced climate and weather are two distinct seasons, harsh but high humidity, good conditions for crops and vegetation growth

- The average rainfall is 2000 mm

- The rainy season from May 4-10, 1800 mm rainfall

- The dry season from November to April last year following the year of about 300

mm of rainfall

- Hoarfrost usually occurs in December last year to January next year

- Hot wind (wind pipe) usually occurs in June and July in the year

3.2 Data Source:

Source remote sensing data available for this study is not much Only a few photos

on the Map Info system and some Landsat The scene is stored in GeoTIFF format and featured in a map projection UTM (UTM-48N, WGS-84 mark) and a map of where the research department

Figure 3.1: Location of the Yen Lac commune in Cao Phong District

IV METHOD:

4.1 Image classification method

4.1.1 Image data research use

Topics using Landsat images of 1995, 2005, 2015 to track changes of forest area (Table 4.1)

Table 4.1 Landsat data collected in the topic

1995 LT51270461995175BKT00 24/06/1995 30 x 30m 127/046

2005 LT51270462005314BJC00 10/11/2005 30 x 30m 127/046

2015 LC81270462015262LGN00 19/09/2015 30 x 30m 127/046

4.1.2 Methods of visual image interpretation

For classification methods can be more effective testing, the subjects used more methods visual image interpretation This method is based on the experience of the analyst and the document is available for image interpretation The method uses a number of support tools such as Google Earth, However, due to use of the subject is not high resolution (30 meters), so this is the only method of support to help sorting method has tested more effectively

4.1.3 Classification method using NDVI images

A large number of studies have mapped forest changes around the world from the perspective of forest resource use and land cover change However, information about the area with actual forest resources are limited There have been a number of studies to develop a simple algorithm for rapid mapping of forests through the physical characteristics of forest resources Using vegetation index (NDVI) from satellite images to study areas at different stages to analyze The study area forest resource fluctuations can be detected using one or two remote sensing channel Thus, NDVI algorithms highlight the vegetation cover in the study area and can help in mapping forest status and volatility

NDVI vegetation index image is a special form of image ratio first suggested by Rouse et al, 1973, to emphasize the negative carry on the photo NDVI is a measure of the difference in reflectivity between the oscillation wavelength For Landsat, NDVI vegetation index is usually calculated as follows:

NDVI = (NIR-Red / NIR + Red)

Where: NIR near infrared channel

Red is red channel

NDVI value between -1 and 1, with values from 0 to 0.5 is the region with sparse vegetation 0.5 - 1 for the show dense vegetation and the value <0 indicates no vegetation squeeze NDVI vegetation canopy and dense clouds will tend to have positive values (0.3 to 0.8)

- Countries (such as oceans, seas, lakes and rivers) have a relatively low reflectance

in both spectral channels (at least as far from the coast) and thus lead to a very low value or low NDVI

- Land usually represents a spectral reflectance infrared has largely than red, and therefore tends to generate positive NDVI value is quite small (0.1 -0.2)

- Very low value of NDVI (0.1 and below) correspond to barren areas of rock, sand,

or snow

- Value moderate represent shrub and grassland (0.2-0.3),

- High values represent the temperate rainforests and tropical (0.6-0.8)

4.1.4 Real investigative methods

To build key research object classification in 2015, based on the subject material and advanced remote sensing to collect waypoints forest and non-forest with the help of GPS Through the course of the investigation, the subject was up 160 points to the object of study, including 80 points and 80 points forests are other objects The total number of study sites distributed evenly across the entire study area

GPS positioning points on the field, after synthesis and firing up the map with ArcGIS 10.1 Through the interpretation methods, subjects identified forest developments

in the period

4.2 Method of mapping the forest area

After determining the accuracy of the maps of each year, subject evaluation method used after the classification changes to study fluctuations in forest area over the period Specifically, from the forest status maps 1995, 2005, 2015 overlay conducted to obtain the map volatile periods forests periods 1995-2015 and 2005-2015

Topics were calculated using ArcGIS software forests of years, build maps of the corresponding Forest over the years Once there is a map which shows the forest area, conducting export data to process and complete data on excel

Figure 4.1 The steps to build maps of forest cover and change

Satellite Photos Of Years

Data analysis

CLipping

Overlay

Result

V RESULTS DISCUSSION

5.1 Current status of forest management in Yen Lap Commune, Cao Phong district, Hoa Binh province :

The main source of income comes from farming, livestock and agro-forestry

operators such as bamboo shoots, cardamom, medicinal

Farming practices: Settlement and agricultural production is key, however, local production still practices shifting cultivation, slash and go to bed at night hunting This is also the risk of forest fires caused the burning pot when her children back new fields, cooking, medication, fire when hunting, Also the grazing buffalo, cows and cattle of the people on popular localities still lead to the protection of forests, especially plantations under 3 years old were difficult

In recent years a number of communes bordering neighboring Tien Thuong Kim Boi district, Xuan Phong, Phong Dung Cao Phong District exploitation, deforestation, illegal forest burning is not complicated as before but not so that the work is not considered

significant BVR

- Overview of illegal deforestation for cultivation:

Once done the allocation of forest land under Decree 02, QD 672.- Then Forestry forests and are home to the situation of illegal deforestation for cultivation has basically ended

However the state purchases of forest land and change of purpose arbitrarily to citrus

in the province very complex place Besides the hunting, catching bees, reclamation, coal

combustion In which form the focal forest fire potential in causing fire hazards

- The implementation of agro-forestry combination, farming, afforestation

Although there is a communal forest areas and forest land belonging to large type in the communes of the district Average size / average household is 3.18 ha / household, but

by the work of land allocation has been inadequate plus low intellectual level, so the agroforestry model towards less farm , the application of scientific advances, the model on sloping land cultivated in a sustainable way to bring high economic efficiency is not there Status of land use planning is not reasonable in most villages, the agricultural cultivation is next to a natural forest blocks

The area of forest plantations mostly domesticated species, mostly plants: Acacia,

5.2 Results forest changes through the years of research :

5.2.1 Results of sample collected:

Non - Foest