Applying GIS and remote sensing to assess water surface area change in hanoi city from 1994 to 2016

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAM FORESTRY UNIVERSITY STUDENT THESIS Title Applying GIS And Remote Sensing To Assess Water Surface Area Change In Hanoi City From 1

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

VIETNAM FORESTRY UNIVERSITY

STUDENT THESIS

Title Applying GIS And Remote Sensing To Assess Water Surface Area Change

In Hanoi City From 1994 To 2016

Major: Natural Resources Management

Code: D850101

Faculty: Forest Resources and Environmental Management

Student: Nguyen Van Duc Student ID: 1253090007 Class: K57 Natural Resources Management Course: 2012 - 2016

Advanced Education Program Developed in collaboration with Colorado State University, USA

Supervisor: Assoc Prof Phung Van Khoa

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This thesis would not have been possible without the support and help from my teachers, friends, families and several people I would like to express our special appreciation of following people who supported me with my sincere gratitude:

I would like to express my sincere thanks and appreciation to my supervisor Dr Phung Van Khoa for his untiring and excellent guidance, valuable suggestions in my dilemmas His comments and advices have helped me to finish my thesis

I am also thankful to Prof Lee MacDonald for his enthusiasm in guiding me to construct thesis proposal His comments and criticism on my proposal helped me to present better final thesis

Further, I would like to thank the Department of Natural Resources and Environment in Hanoi for support and giving me the chance to study in Besides, I also thank the local authorities in Hanoi for providing valuable information and data of the area

I wish to thank the Center of Laboratory and Practice of Vietnam Forestry University for providing me with survey instrument (GPS Garmin) for field survey I also thank my friends for their enthusiastic help in the process collected data in field survey

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i

ABSTRACT v

I INTRODUCTION 1

LITERATURE REVIEW 3

Water surface related study 3

II GOAL AND OBJECTIVES 5

2.1 Study Goal 5

2.2 Specific objectives 5

2.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 5

III METHODS 6

3.1 Data collection 6

3.1.1 Interview data 6

3.1.2 Field survey method 7

3.1.3 Integration of multi-temporal Landsat data and GIS 7

3.1.4 Materials and data 9

IV STUDY SITE, NATURAL AND SOCIAL FEATURES 10

4.1 STUDY AREA 10

4.1.1 Climate 11

4.1.2 Topography 11

5.2.2 Accuracy assessment of Water surface cover classification 28

5.2.3 Spatial Water surface area change in the study time 30

5.3 Recommendations for better management of water surface area in Hanoi 31

VI.GENERAL CONCLUSION, LIMITATIONS AND FURTHER STUDY 33

6.1 General conclusion 33

6.2 Limitations 34

6.3 Further studies 34

VII REFERENCES 36 APPENDIX

List of Tables

Table 5.1 List of Points for Image Classification

Table 5.3 Summary of area of water surface area classes from 1994 to 2016 (ha) Table 5.4 Changes in area of Water surface covers in different periods

Table 5.5 Changes in area of Water covers in 2016 in comparison with previous years

(ha)

Table 5.5 Accuracy assessment Points

List of Figures

Figure 3.1: method proportion of each objectives

Fig.3.2: Flowchart of methodology for image classification and change mapping Figure 4.1 Study site

Figure 5.1 Thematic Land cover of Hanoi in 1994

Figure 5.2 Area of Water Surface in Hanoi in 1994(ha)

Figure 5.3: Thematic Land cover of Hanoi in 1998

Figure 5.4 Area of Water Surface in Hanoi in 1998(ha)

Figure 5.5: Thematic Land cover of Hanoi in 2000

Figure 5.6: Area of Water Surface in Hanoi in 2000(ha)

Figure 5.7: Thematic Land cover of Hanoi in 2005

Figure 5.8: Area of Water Surface in Hanoi in 2005(ha)

Figure 5.9: Thematic Land cover of Hanoi in 2010

Figure 5.10: Area of Water Surface in Hanoi in 2010(ha)

ABSTRACT

Water surface is considered as a fundamental component for sustainable management of natural resource and monitoring environmental changes In recent years, with increasing in anthropogenic activities and climate change, water surface cover is dramatically changed; and impact adversely affected to environment Hanoi is the capital city of Vietnam, it has vital role in contributed immeasurable socio-economic, cultural, and environmental value at local, provincial, regional, national level Therefore Hanoi’s Water surface area is facing with decline in function and natural resource of the area by human activities and natural calamities This study is carried out with aim to assessing water surface change in Hanoi from 1994 to 2016 using multi-temporal Landsat data combine with GIS technique From that, would have an overview about the trend of water surface cover change which contributed better management of water surface cover in Hanoi city

For this study, multi-temporal Landsat imagery includes Landsat 5 TM, Landsat 7 ETM+ and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS were analyzed using ArcGIS software; and Global Position System (GPS) was acquired for collected ground control points in the field Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was chosen to extract information from satellite data with two land cover classes were identified including water, and Non-water The change detection of water surface cover is divided into four periods (1994-1998, 1998-

2000, 2000-2005, 2005-2010, 2010-2013 and 2013-2016)

I INTRODUCTION

Water is one of the prime elements responsible for life on earth Water circulates through the land just as it does through the human body, transporting, dissolving, replenishing nutrients and organic matter, while carrying away waste materials In Vietnam, there are totally 2360 rivers totaling to more than 10 km and it would appear that this should provide copious supply of water to the nation However, due to the lack of physical infrastructure and financial capacity there is low utilization of the supply along with an uneven distribution of rain fall resulting in water shortages throughout the country (Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water – 2015 update and MDG assessment)

Realize the significance of water issues in Vietnam, Hanoi city in particular, this research conducted with hope to provide insight information of how water surface area change in Hanoi city between 1994 and 2016

Hanoi is the capital of Vietnam where water surface degradation is seriously happened Water surface cover in Hanoi is decreased 80% compared with past 50 year and water cover in Hanoi declined 72,540 m2 from 2010 to 2015 (Department of Statistic, 2015)

With the remote sensing technology widely applied in people’s lives today, the use

of that technological applications in the scientific research are also widely applied The remote sensing and GIS technology is a powerful tool to help people go deeper, discover, describe, identify, supervise and assess the natural resources problems of the Earth Many

assessment study the mangrove environment, forest classification survey Despite the advantages of GIS and remote sensing for conducting researches, there are no pre-existed study about water cover change in Hanoi with application of GIS and remote sensing

Because of that, we conduct the study: “Applying GIS and Remote Sensing to Assess Water Cover Change in Hanoi City from 1994 to 2016”

* Hypothesis:

Hanoi water surface cover is decreasing significantly over 22 years between 1994 and 2016

LITERATURE REVIEW Water surface related study

Hanoi faces many challenges before every inhabitant has a secure water supply connection meeting his/her needs Water resources are distributed between households, industry, hospitals and farms close to the urban area The main water source is, at the moment, groundwater but overexploitation of this resource calls for new sources of water (FINNIDA, 1993) The city of Hanoi is constantly growing in size and number of inhabitants The water supply network does not keep up with the rate of urbanisation During recent years, much has been done to upgrade and expand the system These efforts have off course had a positive impact on the development, but much is still needed to be done The urbanisation seems to be a newer ending process; therefore, the development of the network must also be a continuous process Management of water resources in Hanoi is not a new occurrence Hanoi City’s Water Master Plan was developed in 1986-87 based on data and documents compiled by Russian experts during the 70’s and 80’s (FINNIDA, 1993) The plan was in great need of revisions and updating something the Finnish International Development Agency (FINNIDA) did between the years 1985 and 1997 During this time, the Hanoi Water Supply Programme was implemented Currently support

to the water sector comes mainly from the World Bank, Asian Development Bank and the Japanese Overseas Economic Co-operation Fund (UNDP, 2000) The long-term development objective of the Hanoi Water Supply Programme (HWSP) is: “To secure

well prepared the authorities are to realize their ambition The overall responsibility for water resources rests with the Office of Transportation and Urban Public Works Service Four companies have been established to assist the Office in its task They are (FINNIDA, 1993): - Hanoi Water Business Company, responsible for management, operation and maintenance of water supply in the urban areas of Hanoi City - Hanoi Sewerage and Drainage Company, responsible for operation and maintenance of the sewerage and drainage system 20 - Environmental Company responsible for the collection and processing of domestic wastes - Design Company for Urban Public Work, which carries out all the design work for distribution pipelines and home connections Effective management of water use requires cooperation between these groups as well as the whole consumer population Until recently, water has been provided at an unmetered, fixed flat rate heavily subsidized by the Government This circumstance made water conservation and at the same time keeping a well-functioning water network difficult (FINNIDA, 1993) Integrated water management and a more aware population of water users should be the main objectives for water planners in Hanoi Currently interaction between stakeholders is weak, causing ineffective management Public participation in the water sector is very limited (SIDA, 2003)

II GOAL AND OBJECTIVES

(iii) Make recommendations for better management of water surface in Hanoi

2.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

- Temporal scope

To achieve the study objectives, a series of multi-temporal Landsat imagine from 1994 to

2016 is selected based on their availability on USGS website and qualities

- Timeline of the study

- Spatial scope: the entire area of Hanoi city, captured in one Landsat image, is selected

III METHODS

This part describes the methods and materials that were used and applied in the study, including data collection, data processing, data analysis with a view to achieve the set objectives First of all, flowchart below (Figure 3.1) will provide an overview about method proportion of each object

3.1 Data collection

3.1.1 Interview data

Interview data was collected from interviews which are considered as a good way

to get information directly from people live in there Due to they understand clearly about this study site, so collecting information from them is very true and useful for research

Investigate current status of water

From interview, we can know the status current of land cover, schemes or regimes of management, as well as driving factors of land cover change To interview has good result, survey questionnaire were designed

3.1.2 Field survey method

In this study, GPS is used for marking points for image classification and checking accuracy of the study

3.1.3 Integration of multi-temporal Landsat data and GIS

An integration of multi-temporal remote data and GIS provides a useful method to quantify Water surface change in Hanoi from 1994 to 2016 To have an overview of Water surface change in Hanoi during 22 years, the study firstly constructed a single map of land cover types in Hanoi each year of 1994, 1998, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2013 and 2016 to evaluate and common status of water surface cover through each year

Materials

Fig.3.2: Flowchart of methodology for image classification and change mapping

GPS Field survey Landsat images

Of 7 years

Boundary of study area

Clip study

Composite bands

Image Classification

NDVI

Accuracy assessment

Raster calculation

Area of water surface cover

Land cover change during 4 periods 1994-2000; 2000-2005; 2005-2010; 2010-2016

3.1.4 Materials and data

3.1.4.1 Landsat images

In this study, Landsat 5 TM imagery in 1994, 1998, 2000, Landsat 7 ETM+ imagery in 2005, 2010; and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS imagery in 2013 and 2016 were used These images are freely available from the Landsat archive in the United States Geological Survey (USGS)

This study site is the center of the north of Vietnam, the feature of area is easily changed by natural factors such as cloud and smog Therefore, choice in satellite image is crucial for analyze water surface change in this area An image without cloud is obviously preferable But the date of acquisition images ensures fewer differences in solar illumination and atmospheric conditions between years In addition, to study water surface change between 20 years, it is crucial to have an exact time period of choosing satellite images Therefore, time period from November to March (dry season) is selected All of the images are acquired in the dry season, so the differences in water surface in these 22 years might be the changes of water surface

IV STUDY SITE, NATURAL AND SOCIAL FEATURES

4.1 STUDY AREA

Hanoi Vietnamese: Hà Nội is the capital of Vietnam and the country's second largest city Its population in 2009 was estimated at 2.6 million for urban districts and 7 million for the metropolitan jurisdiction The population in 2015 was estimated at 7.7 million people From 1010 until 1802, it was the most important political centre of Vietnam It was eclipsed by Huế, the imperial capital of Vietnam during the Nguyễn Dynasty (1802–1945), but Hanoi served as the capital of French Indochina from 1902 to

1954 From 1954 to 1976, it was the capital of North Vietnam, and it became the capital of

a reunified Vietnam in 1976, after the North's victory in the Vietnam War (Wikipedia)

The city lies on the right bank of the Red River Hanoi is 1,760 km (1,090 mi) north

of Ho Chi Minh City and 120 km (75 mi) west of Hai Phong city

Figure 4.1 Study site

4.1.1 Climate

Hanoi features a warm humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa) with plentiful precipitation The city experiences the typical climate of northern Vietnam, with 4 distinct seasons Summer, from May until August, is characterized by hot and humid weather with abundant rainfall September to October is fall, characterized by a decrease in temperature and precipitation Winter, from November to January, is dry and cool by national standards The city is usually cloudy and foggy in winter, averaging only 1.5 hours of sunshine per day in February

Hanoi averages 1,680 millimetres (66.1 in) of rainfall per year, the majority falling from May to September There are an average of 114 days with rain

The average annual temperature is 23.6 °C (74 °F) with a mean relative humidity of 79% The highest recorded temperature was 42.8 °C (109 °F) on May 1926 while the lowest recorded temperature was 2.7 °C (37 °F) on January 1955

4.1.2 Topography

Hanoi is located in northern region of Vietnam, situated in the Vietnam’s Red River delta, nearly 90 kilometers (56 miles) away from the coastal area Hanoi contains three basic kind of terrain, which are the delta area, the midland area and mountainous zone In general, the terrain is gradually lower from the north to the south and from the west to the east, with the average height ranging from 5 to 20 meters above the sea level The hills and mountainous zones are located in the northern and western part of the city The highest

political center This population growth also puts a lot of pressure on the infrastructure, some of which is antiquated and dates back to the early 20th century

The number of Hanoians who have settled down for more than three generations is likely to be very small when compared to the overall population of the city Even in the Old Quarter, where commerce started hundreds of years ago and consisted mostly of family businesses, many of the street-front stores nowadays are owned by merchants and retailers from other provinces The original owner family may have either rented out the store and moved into the adjoining house or moved out of the neighborhood altogether The pace of change has especially escalated after the abandonment of central-planning economic policies and relaxing of the district-based household registrar system

4.1.3.2 Economic

Hanoi has the highest Human Development Index among the cities in Vietnam According to a recent ranking by PricewaterhouseCoopers, Hanoi will be the fastest growing city in the world in terms of GDP growth from 2008 to 2025 In the year 2013, Hanoi contributed 12.6% to GDP, exported 7.5% of total exports, contributed 17% to the national budget and attracted 22% investment capital of Vietnam (Wikipedia)

V.RESULT AND DISCUSSION

5.1 Image Classification

in this study, GPS is used for marking 30 points that are water surface cover( Rivers, Lakes and Ponds) and from the table below, I concluded that NDVI ranging from minus to 0.05 is defined as water

Number Latitude Longtitude NDVI Note

1 21° 7'54.04"N 105°40'20.98"E -1.33429 Red river

2 21° 7'56.59"N 105°40'42.90"E -1.21371 Red river

3 21° 7'52.83"N 105°40'43.19"E -0.78167 West lake

4 21° 8'16.77"N 105°41'18.93"E -1.21371 Red river

5 21° 8'37.09"N 105°41'26.49"E -0.79169 West lake

6 21° 8'6.39"N 105°42'23.66"E -0.05763 Trucbach lake

7 21° 8'34.95"N 105°42'26.56"E -0.05905 Trucbach lake

8 21° 8'10.44"N 105°42'21.27"E -0.02182 Van Quan Lake

9 21° 7'53.15"N 105°42'38.91"E -0.12131 Van Quan Lake

10 21° 4'20.97"N 105°48'55.62"E -0.01291 Pond( unknown name)

11 21° 4'16.63"N 105°48'52.44"E -0.02315 Pond( unknown name)

12 21° 4'8.22"N 105°48'46.78"E -0.0105 Pond( unknown name)

13 21° 3'59.81"N 105°48'43.02"E -0.12131 Pond( unknown name)

14 21° 3'46.03"N 105°48'42.30"E -0.14913 Pond( unknown name)

15 21° 2'29.90"N 105°47'45.77"E -0.18236 Nghia Tan Lake

16 21° 2'26.38"N 105°47'42.76"E -0.19022 Pond( unknown name)

17 21° 1'50.77"N 105°48'21.57"E -0.14575 Pond( unknown name)

18 21° 1'52.64"N 105°48'36.81"E -0.22467 Linh Dam lake

19 21° 0'26.90"N 105°51'14.62"E -0.14851 Yen so lake

20 21° 0'26.58"N 105°51'15.77"E -0.1492 Pond( unknown name)

21 21° 0'18.74"N 105°51'11.55"E -0.21962 Linh Dam lake

22 21° 0'17.13"N 105°51'12.71"E 0.45131 Yen so lake

23 20°59'9.80"N 105°51'17.16"E 0.38351 Pond( unknown name)

24 20°59'8.18"N 105°51'16.85"E -0.15551 Linh Dam lake

25 20°59'6.18"N 105°51'16.48"E -0.14092 Yen so lake

26 20°59'4.03"N 105°51'17.79"E 0.04921 Yen so lake

27 21° 2'43.44"N 105°49'42.09"E 0.034921 Vinh ninh lake

5.2 Changes in Water surface cover in Hanoi from 1994 to 2016

5.2.1 Thematic Water surface cover in Hanoi

5.2.1.1 Water surface covers in Hanoi in 1994

The Water surface cover in 1994 are shown in Figure 5.1; 5.2 as illustrated in the figure 5.1 with 17% of the total study area (equivalent to 39652.5 hectares) covered by water bodies as lakes, rivers, aqua-cultural ponds and others, which is commonly found in the Northern, Eastern and Southern parts of study site, bot more frequently found in the Central part of Hanoi The next Land cover class is No-water which constitute 83% of total land cover in Hanoi (equals to 199132.2 hectares)

Figure 5.1 Thematic Land cover of Hanoi in 1994

5.2.1.2 Water Surface cover in Hanoi in 1998

The land cover patterns in 1994 are shown in Figure 5.3; 5.4 as illustrated in the figure 5.3 with 16 % of the total study area ( equivalent to 39053.1 hectares) covered by water bodies as lakes, rivers, aqua-cultural ponds and others, which is commonly found in the Northern, Eastern and Southern parts of study site, bot more frequently found in the Central part of Hanoi The next Land cover class Non-water which constitute 84% of total land cover in Hanoi (199731.5 hectares)