IELTS academic words English lesson 2 pdf

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ACADEMIC VOCABULARY FOR IELTS

LESSON 2

ACADEMIC VOCABULARY FOR IELTS

¢ Nouns Verbs

¢ Unless the authorities continue increasing expenditure on healthcare in real terms, the quality of patient care is likely to fall

¢ Companies which expend a great deal of time and effort on recruiting and retaining top-quality staff are usually successful and profitable

¢ Children need to realize that they have to expend energy in order to burn off the calories taken in as food Prepare for {IELTS}

EXPENDI TURE

¢ Governments are sometimes criticized for reducing expenditure on long-term infrastructure projects because the benefits will not be seen for generations

¢ Unless the authorities continue increasing expenditure on healthcare in real terms, the quality of patient care is likely to fall

¢ Companies which expend a great deal of time and effort on recruiting and retaining top-quality staff are usually successful and profitable

¢ Children need to realize that they have to expend energy in order to burn off the calories taken in as food

ADDITIONALLY

¢ A word used to give extra/ supporting information; furthermore

¢ The amount of fruit consumed by teenagers fell slightly during the period for which we have data Accitiona ly, those in their twenties and thirties appear to have eaten a smaller amount of fruit

¢ There are clear economic benefits to maintaining public parks and gardens in large cities {nm acdition, ensuring that metropolitan areas contain green areas can have positive psychological implications

¢ In the previous paragraph, the economic case for protecting wild animals was outlined It is worth adding that there is also a moral or ethical argument

¢ Large companies sponsor major sporting events It should be added that without this financial backing, prize money would be considerably lower

¢ Although athletes participate principally for the glory of winning, they also compete for additional reasons such as prize-money and fame

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ADDITIONALLY

¢ There are clear economic benefits to maintaining public parks and gardens in large cities In addition, ensuring that metropolitan areas contain green areas can have positive psychological implications

¢ The amount of fruit consumed by teenagers fell slightly during the period for which we have data Additionally, those in their twenties and thirties appear to have eaten a smaller amount of fruit

¢ In the previous paragraph, the economic case for protecting wild animals was outlined It is worth adding that there is also a moral or ethical argument

¢ Large companies sponsor major sporting events It should be added that without this financial backing, prize money would be considerably lower

¢ Although athletes participate principally for the glory of winning, they also compete for additional reasons such as prize-money and fame

THEORETICALLY

¢ On paper; not in a practical sense; not likely

¢ [Theoretically at least, there should be no difficulty in eradicating starvation and disease

¢ in theory, everyone entering the country is registered and the authorities should know where suspected terrorists are However, in practice, it is almost impossible

to keep tracks on every person who crosses an international border

¢ From a theoretical standpoint, it should be possible to travel back in time

Obviously, major scientific breakthroughs will need to be made before this dream can be realized

¢ It is probably futile to theorize about what preceded the so-called ‘Big Bang’, 13.8 billion years ago There will never be sufficient proof to confirm any particular

hypothesis

¢ Darwin’s Theory of Evolution is probably one of the most well-known and

successful pieces of scientific work

to keep tracks on every person who crosses an international border

¢ From a theoretical standpoint, it should be possible to travel back in time

Obviously, major scientific breakthroughs will need to be made before this dream can be realized

¢ It is probably futile to theorize about what preceded the so-called ‘Big Bang’, 13.8 billion years ago There will never be sufficient proof to confirm any particular

hypothesis

¢ Darwin’s Theory of Evolution is probably one of the most well-known and

successful pieces of scientific work

MANIPULATE

¢ To control people/things in a way which benefits you

¢ Politicians and public speakers seek to manipulate their audiences

¢ By manipulating certain variables, and holding others constant, scientists are able to carry out experiments and reach meaningful conclusions

¢ The manipulation of consumers is a key aim of advertising; those who create adverts aim to persuade consumers that they urgently need the goods and services being offered

¢ Both parents and children can at times accuse each other of being manipulative

MANIPULATE

Politicians and public speakers seek to manipulate their audiences

¢ By manipulating certain variables, and holding others constant, scientists are able to carry out experiments and reach meaningful conclusions

¢ The manipulation of consumers Is a key aim of advertising; those who create adverts aim to persuade consumers that they urgently need the goods and services being offered

Both parents and children can at times accuse each other of being manipulative

VALID

¢ Genuine; reasonable; acceptable

¢ There is no valid reason why anyone on our planet should lack food or clean

drinking water We have sufficient resources for everyone

¢ Although some gamblers claim that the addictive urge to bet money is too strong

for them to control, | do not consider this to be a valid excuse for their behavior

¢ It is invalid to suggest that children who under-perform in education are simply

lazy

¢ Some climate-change deniers have suggested that experiments prove that the planet is not warming as a result of human activity The validity of these findings is

questionable and needs to be challenged

¢ Statistics showing that ex-criminals are extremely likely to re-offend validate my assertion that prison is ineffective

¢ Recent investigations invalidate earlier beliefs that ours was the only planet in the

solar system which contained water Prepa re for {| ELT S}

VALID

¢ There is no valid reason why anyone on our planet should lack food or clean

drinking water We have sufficient resources for everyone

¢ Although some gamblers claim that the addictive urge to bet money is too strong

for them to control, | do not consider this to be a valid excuse for their behavior

¢ It is invalid to suggest that children who under-perform in education are simply

lazy

¢ Some climate-change deniers have suggested that experiments prove that the planet is not warming as a result of human activity The validity of these findings is

questionable and needs to be challenged

¢ Statistics showing that ex-criminals are extremely likely to re-offend validate my assertion that prison is ineffective

¢ Recent investigations invalidate earlier beliefs that ours was the only planet in the

solar system which contained water

EVIDENT

¢ Obvious; clearly true because there is proof; easy to see or know

¢ It is evident that for many citizens of developing countries, living in cities is a more attractive prospect than remaining in the countryside

¢ There is a considerable amount of evidence to support the notion that although some human behavior is genetic, a great deal of it is learnt

¢ Some commentators are concerned that in many of the world’s countries,

nationalism and even jingoism seem to be in evidence

¢ Although poverty is not much in evidence in city-centres, a significant proportion

of the population actually lives below the poverty line

¢ As parts of the developing world become more prosperous, meat consumption in these areas rises =vident y, wealthier individuals are keen to eat a protein-rich diet including chicken, pork or beef

¢ Evidently, life expectancy has more than doubled over the past century

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¢ Some commentators are concerned that in many of the world’s countries,

nationalism and even jingoism seem to be in evidence

¢ Although poverty is not much in evidence in city-centres, a significant proportion

of the population actually lives below the poverty line

¢ As parts of the developing world become more prosperous, meat consumption in these areas rises Evidently, wealthier individuals are keen to eat a protein-rich diet including chicken, pork or beef

¢ Evidently, life expectancy has more than doubled over the past century

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¢ The numbers for car-users, motorbike-riders, cyclists and

pedestrians involved in accidents on the roads were 43, 441.28 and

RESPECTIVELY

¢ According to the chart under discussion, the most popular forms of entertainment in Italy, Spain and France were cinema, theatre and live music performances respectively

¢ The numbers for car-users, motorbike-riders, cyclists and

pedestrians involved in accidents on the roads were 43, 441.28 and

PHAI SE

¢ To express admiration; to say that something is good

¢ Although parents should punish their children for unacceptably bad behavior, they should also remember to praise them when

Surely, the state should take responsibility and use taxpayers’ money

to support the most vulnerable

Surely, the state should take responsibility and use taxpayers’ money

to support the most vulnerable

DEPEND

¢ To rely on; to need

¢ Whether small businesses prosper often depends on how well they treat their

customers

¢ Solar energy is sometimes criticized as an unreliable source of power because it is dependent on the sun shining

¢ As teenagers mature, they usually want to become more independent from their

families This can lead to arguments and conflicts with parents and other family

¢ As teenagers mature, they usually want to become more independent from their

families This can lead to arguments and conflicts with parents and other family

GUIDELINES

¢ Official advice about how to do something

¢ It is essential for the authorities to publish guidelines on how prisoners should be treated so that those running prisoners clearly understand their duties and responsibilities

¢ It is sometimes argued that if clearer guidelines were published by the powers-that-be, hospitals would be safer as those working there would clearly understand their role

¢ Guidelines suggesting that children should have no more than one sugary snack a day have been praised by health experts

GUIDELINES

¢ It is essential for the authorities to publish guidelines on how prisoners should be treated so that those running prisoners clearly understand their duties and responsibilities

¢ It is sometimes argued that if clearer guidelines were published by the powers-that-be, hospitals would be safer as those working there would clearly understand their role

¢ Guidelines suggesting that children should have no more than one sugary snack a day have been praised by health experts

WHAT SHALL | DO NOW ?

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