Tài liệu Figure Drawing - Giraffe - Camel - Hippopotamus ppt

164 GIRAFFE » ANATOMYGiraffe characteristics: Very tall with long neck elongated neck vertebrae and long limbs.. Long, mobile, prehensile lips; long tongue.. Large eyes with long lashes.

164 GIRAFFE » ANATOMY

Giraffe characteristics: Very tall with long neck (elongated neck

vertebrae) and long limbs Bony prominences of neck vertebrae

can be seen on the surface; brachiocephalicus and

omotransver-sarius muscles, which usually cover the neck, begin low on the

side of the neck, rather than up at the skull and first neck

vertebra Back line slopes downward toward rear Usually three,

permanent, bony "horns" in both male and female, covered with

skin and fur Two located on either side of rear of skull (may be

topped with hairy tufts); third horn (sometimes only a knob)

wider, stubbier, and of variable size, located on midline in front

of the other horns, is more developed in the male Long, mobile,

prehensile lips; long tongue Nostrils closable Large eyes with

long lashes No front teeth in upper jaw Two digits with hoofs

per limb Walks on toes Long tail with long hair from tip Upright

mane on midline of neck.

AbDIL Abductor digit! I longus; Brach Brachialis; Brcph

Brachiocephalicus Bucc Buccinator; Canin Caninus; DelAc Deltoid,

acromial portion; DelSc Deltoid, scapular portion; ECR Extensor carpi

radialis; EDC Extensor digitorum communis; EDLat Extensor digitorum

lateralis; EDLon Extensor digitorum longus; ExAbO External abdominal

oblique; FCR Flexor carpi radialis; FCU Flexor carpi ulnaris; FDP Flexor

digitorum profundus; FDS Flexor digitorum superflcialis; Front Frontatis;

GasLa Gastrocnemius, lateral head; GasMe Gastrocnemius, medial head;

Glubi Gluteobiceps; GluMe Gluteus medius; Ilioc Iliocostalis; Infra

Infraspinatus; Inttr Intertransversarii; LatDo Latissimus dorsi; LeNas

Levator nasolabialis; LLaMx Levator labii maxillaris; LngCa Longus

capi-tis; LngCo Longus colli; LonAt Longissimus atlancapi-tis; LonCa Longissimus

capitis; LonCe Longissimus cervicis; Long! Longissimus; Malar Malaris;

Mass Masseter; OCCau Obliquus capitis caudalis; Omohy Omohyoid;

Omotr Omotransversarius; OrOc Orbicularis oculi; OrOr Orbicularis oris;

PecAs Pectoralis ascendens; PecDe Pectoralis descendens; PecTr

Pectoralis transversus; PerLo Peroneus longus; PerTe Peroneus tertius;

Pop Popliteus; RecFe Rectus femoris; ScalV Scalenus ventralis; SemCa

Semispinalis capitis; SerVC Serratus ventralis cervicis; Smemb

Semimembranosus; Splen Splenius; Stend Semitendinosus; Sthy

Sternohyoid; Stman Sternomandibularis; SusLi Suspensory ligament;

Temp Temporalis; TenFL Tensor fasciae latae; TibCr Tibialis cranialis;

Trach Trachea; Trap Trapezius; TriLa Triceps brachii, lateral head; TriLo

Triceps brachii, long head; UlLat Ulnaris lateralis; VasLa Vastus lateralis;

GIRAFFE > ANATOMY 165

BARINGO GIRAFFE (FEMALE)

Giraffa cametopardatis

(after murie;soluonias;rear limb from dissections;

166 GIRAFFID > PROPORTION

GIRAFFID * PROPORTION 167

168 CAMEL » ANATOMY

DROMEDARY CAMEL

Camel characteristics: Dromedary with one hump; Bactrian, with two.

Same family as the wild guanaco and vicuna, as well as the

domesticat-ed llama and alpaca (both derivdomesticat-ed from the guanaco) Cleft upper lip,

slit-like nostrils, which can be closed Long, thin, upcurved neck,

flat-tened side-to-side Thin legs (Bactrian with shorter legs) Ulna and fibula

reduced Long, vertical femur and low knee joint keeps thigh away from

abdomen and makes leg appear very long Two digits per limb, splayed

outward to widen foot Last two toe bones almost horizontal Undivided

sole of foot expanded into broad pad Nail, not hoof, on toe Single

can-non (metacarpal/metatarsal) bone divided at lower end for attachment

of two toes When lying on belly, knee touches ground (femur angled

downward); sole and heel of foot rest on ground Heavy skin calluses on

front of wrist (carpus), knee, and bottom of rear end of sternum (on

enlarged portion of bony sternum) for kneeling and resting on ground.

Brachiocephalicus muscle reduced—does not cover neck Hump made of

soft, fatty tissue—largest when well fed.

AbDIL Abductor digit! I longus; Bleep Biceps brachii; Brach Brachialis; Brcph

Brachiocephalicus; Bucc Buccinator; Canin Caninus', Coccy Coccygeus; DelAc

Deltoid, acromial portion; DelSc Deltoid, scapular portion; DiNAp Dilator nan's

apicalis; DLaMx Depressor labii maxillaris; ECR Extensor carpi radialis; ECU Extensor carpi ulnaris; EDC Extensor digitorum communis; EDLat Extensor digito-rum lateralis; EDLon Extensor digitodigito-rum longus; ExAbO External abdominal oblique; FCR Flexor carpi radialis; FCU Flexor carpi ulnaris; FDP Flexor digitorum profundus; FDS Flexor digitorum superflcialis; Front Frontalis; GasLa Gastrocne-mius, lateral head; GasMe GastrocneGastrocne-mius, medial head; Glubi Gluteobiceps; GluMe Gluteus medius; Grac Gracitis; Ilioc Iliocostalis; Infra Infraspinatus; InDCe Intertransversarii dorsalis cervicis; InVCe Intertransversarii ventralis cervicis; LatDo Latissimus dorsi; LeNas Levator nasolabialis; LLaMx Levator labii maxitlaris; LonAt Longissimus atlantis; LonCa Longissimus capitis; LonCe Longissimus cervicis; Long! Longissimus; Mass Masseter; Ment Mentalis; Myloh Mylohyoid; NuLig Nuchal ligament; OCCau Obliquus capitis caudaiis; OCCra Obtiquus capitis cranialis; Omohy Omohyoid; OrOc Orbicularis oculi; OrOr Orbicularis oris; PecAs Pectoralis ascendens; PecDe Pectoralis descendens; PecTr Pectoralis transversus; PerLo Peroneus longus; PerTe Peroneus tertius; Pop Popliteus; RecAb Rectus abdominis; RecFe Rectus femoris; ScalV Scalenus ven-tralis; SemCa Semispinalis capitis; SerDC Serratus dorsalis caudaiis; SerVC Serratus ventralis cervicis; SerVT Serratus ventralis thoracis; Stcph Sterno-cephalicus; Stend Semitendinosus; Sthy Sternohyoid; Supra Supraspinatus; SusLi Suspensory ligament; Temp Temporalis; TenFL Tensor fasciae tatae; TibCr Tibialis cranialis; Trap Trapezius; TriLa Triceps brachii, lateral head; TriLo Triceps brachii, long head; UlLat Ulnaris lateralis; VasLa Vastus lateralis; VasMe Vastus medialis; Zyg Zygomaticus.

(after smuts;blainville)

CAMEL » ANATOMY 169

DROMEDARY CAMEL

DROMEDARY CAMEL (FEMALE)

(after smuts)

I/O CAMEL > PROPORTION

CAMEL + PROPORTION 1/1

172 HIPPOPOTAMUS > ANATOMY

Hippopotamus characteristics: Large tusk-like incisors and canines,

especially inner pair of lower incisors Lower canines much larger than

upper canines Wide snout; nostrils on top of snout Nostrils and ears

can be closed under water Huge mouth opens very wide to display

tusks Rear of lower jaw projects downward Four digits per limb; all

sup-port weight Nail-like hoofs on toes Massive, barrel-shaped body; short,

stocky legs Belly close to ground Hairless Thick layer of body fat Skin

glands produce oily reddish-pink secretions ("blood sweat") Short tail.

Good swimmer and diver.

AbDIL Abductor digit! I longus; AbDiS Abductor digit! V; Anc Anconeus; Bleep

Biceps brachii; Brach Brachialis; Brcph Brachiocephalicus; Bucc Buccinator; Canin

Caninus; Clmas Cleidomastoid; ClOcc Cleido-occipitalis; DelAc Deltoid, acromial

portion; DelSc Deltoid, scapular portion; Digas Digastric; DLaMn Depressor labii

mandibularis; ECR Extensor carpi radialis; EDBr Extensor digitorum brevis;

EDC Extensor digitorum communis; EDLat Extensor digitorum lateralis; EDLon Extensor digitorum longus; ExAbO External abdominal oblique; FCR Flexor carpi radialis; FCU Flexor carpi ulnaris; FDP Flexor digitorum profundus; FDS Flexor dig-itorum superficialis; GasLa Gastrocnemius, lateral head; GasMe Gastrocnemius, medial head; Glubi Gluteobiceps; GluMe Gluteus medius; Ilioc Iliocostalis; Infra Infraspinatus; LatDo Latissimus dorsi; LeNas Levator nasolabialis; LLaMx Levator labii maxillaris; Long! Longissimus; Mass Masseter; Omotr Omotransversarius; OrOc Orbicularis oculi; OrOr Orbicularis oris; PecAs Pectoralis ascendens; PecSu Pectoralis superficialis; PerLo Peroneus longus; PerTe Peroneus tertius; Pop Popliteus; RAOL Retractor anguli oculi lateralis; RecAb Rectus abdominis; RecFe Rectus femoris; SerDC Serratus dorsalis caudalis; SerVT Serratus ventralis tho-racis; Smemb Semimembranosus; Stend Semitendinosus; Stmas Sternomastoid; Stthh Sternothyrohyoid; Subcl Subclavius; Supra Supraspinatus; Temp

Temporalis; TenFL Tensor fasciae latae; TibCr Tibialis cranialis; Trap Trapezius; TrILa Triceps brachii, lateral head; TriLo Triceps brachii, long head; UlLat Ulnaris lateral's; VasLa Ifosfus lateralis; Zyg Zygomaticus.

(after blainville;skull from specimen)

HIPPOPOTAMUS > ANATOMY 1/3

Hippopotamus amphibius

after curvier

1/4 HIPPOPOTAMUS > PROPORTION

HIPPOPOTAMUS

HIPPOPOTAMUS > PROPORTION 1/5

PYGMY HIPPOPOTAMUS