Tài liệu Vocabulary for ielts part 18 ppt

LIFESTYLES Nouns activity /eek'trvati/ aspect /‘aespekt/ attitude /‘zetitjuid/ achieve a balance /'beelans/ competition /,kpmpa'tifan/ creativity /,krizer'trvoti/ daily routine desire

Trang 1

LIFESTYLES

Nouns

activity /eek'trvati/

aspect /‘aespekt/

attitude /‘zetitjuid/

(achieve a) balance /'beelans/

competition /,kpmpa'tifan/

creativity /,krizer'trvoti/

daily routine

desire /di'zato/

disappointment

/,disa'paintmant/

experience /Ik'spIarians/

fulfillment /fol'filmant/

goal /gaul/

hobby /‘hobi/

insight /‘msat/

leisure /‘lezo/

lifestyle /‘larfstasl/

optimist /‘pptrmist/

outlook /‘autluk/

opportunity /,ppa'tju:noti/

personality /,ps:son'zloti/

pessimist /‘pesimist/

priority /prar'proti/

pressure /'prefo/

realist /‘rralrst/

risk-taker /rrsk 'tetke/

self-expression /self 1k'sprefan/

sense /sens/

Adjectives

active /‘aktrv/

bored /ba:d/

confused /kan'fju:zd/

dissatisfied /dis'szetisfaid/

intense /in'tens/

materialistic /ma,traria'listik/

negative /‘negativ/

outdoor /,aut'do:/

positive /'ppzatrv/

recreational /\rekri'e1fanal/

successful /sak'sesfol/

Verbs

achieve (a goal) /a't firv/

appeal /a'pirl/

attract /o'treekt/

choose /tfuzz/

express /1k'spres/

enjoy /in'd3o1/

fulfil /fol'fil/

improve /tm'prurv/

motivate /‘mautivert/

participate /pa:'tisipert/

regret /ri'gret/

relax /rI'leks/

satisfy /‘seetisfat/

Verb phrases

lead a happy life

live life on the edge

live life to the full

168

make a choice make a decision make a living meet a need miss (an opportunity)

play a role put pressure on set (a goal)

take part (in) work hard for a living Phrases with life or living all walks of life

cost of living lifelong ambition

living expenses once ina lifetime opportunity

standard of living way of life

Buntrs

STUDENT LIFE Nouns

assignment /a'sarnmont/

college /'kplidz/

controversy /‘kontravaisi/

curriculum /ka'rrkjalom/

dissertation /,disa'terfan/

education /,edzu'ke1fan/

exam /ig'zeem/

field (of study) /#fi:1d/

findings /'faindinz/

funding /‘fandin/

grade /greid/

graduation /,gredzu'ei[an/

grant /gra:nt/

high school /hai sku:l/

homework /‘haumwatk/

junior school “dzu:nia sku:l/

kindergarten /‘kinda,ga:ton/

learning disorder

lecturer /‘lektfara/

library /‘larbrari/

limits /‘Iumits/

Masters /‘marstaz/

nursery /'nsisri/

PhD /,pi:eit ƒ*di:/

primary school /'prarmari sku:l/

program /'praugrem/

project 'prpdzekt/

research /r1's3:t [/

resources /r1'zorsiz/

results /ri'zalts/

scholarship /‘skplafip/

scope /skaup/

secondary school /‘sekandri

sku:l/

sources /'sorsiz/

syllabus /'stlabas/

task /ta:sk/

theory /‘@tari/

thesis /'Oizsis/

tutor /'tjurto/

topic /tppIk/

university /,]u:n!'v3:sati/

Adjectives academic /,œka'demik/

eligible /elidzabl/

mixed /“mIkst/

postgraduate /,pous'gred3uat/

relevant /'relavont/

senior /'si:nia/

single-sex /sipgl'seks/

studious /'stju:dias/

work-related /watk ri'lertrd/

Verbs adopt (an approach) /a'dopt/

analyse /‘zenalarz/

conduct /'kandakt/

concentrate /'kpnsontrert/

consider /kan'stdo/

find out /farnd aut/

graduate /grœdzuat/

learn (about) /Is:n/

organise /‘o:gonarz/

overcome /,auva'kam/

review /rI'vjui/

revise /TI'Va1z/

struggle /'strAgal/

take (a course) /tek/

Adverbs relatively /‘relatrvli/

Munte

EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION Nouns

accuracy /‘ekjarasi/

communication

/ka,mju:ni'kerfan/

concept /'kpnsept/

conjecture /kan'dzekt fa/

dialect /‘daralekt/

fluency /'flu:ansi/

gesture /‘dzestfo/

hesitation /,hezi'te1fan/

language /‘lengwid3/

language barrier

linguist /‘lingwrst/

linguistics /Im'gwistiks/

means of communication

mother tongue native speaker

pronunciation /pra,nansi'erfon/

sign language /sain 'lengwid3/

vocabulary /va'keebjalari/

Adjectives

incoherent /,inko'hrarant/

inherent /m'herant/

sophisticated /sa'fistikertid/

spontaneous /sppn'teinias/

Verbs clarify /‘kleertfai/

communicate /ka'mju:nikett/ comprehend /,komprr'hend/ conclude /kan'klu:d/

confirm /kon'fsim/

converse /'kpnv3:s/

define /di'farn/

demonstrate /'demonstreit/ distinguish /di'stipgwif/ emerge /t'm3:d3/

evolve /1'vplv/

explain /tk'splern/

express /1k'spres/

gesture /‘dzestfa/

illustrate /‘tlostrert/

imply /im'plai/

indicate /'indrkeit/

pronounce /pro'nauns/

recall /r1'ka:l/

refer (to) /rI'f3:/

signify /‘srgnifai/

state /stert/

stutter /‘stato/

suggest /sa'dzest/

translate /treenz'leit/

Idioms there is something to be said for

needless to say have a say

when all is said and done having said that

to say the least you can say that again! that is to say Mu:

ON THE MOVE Nouns

accommodation /a,kome'deifan/

attraction /a'treakJon/

community /ka'mjuinati/

countryside /'kantrisaid/

destination /,destr'nerfan/

eco-tourism /‘itkau,tuarizom/

effect /1'fekt/

facilities /fa'stlatiz/

identification

/at,dentrfi'kerfan/

inhabitant /m'habrtont/ itinerary /ai'tinarari/

journey /'d3a:ni/

landscape /"lensketp/

luggage /‘lagid3/

peak /pi:k/

tourism /‘tuarizom/

tourist /‘tuartst/

transport /‘traenspoit/

travel /‘traeval/

travelling /‘trevalin/

trend /trend/

Trang 2

trip /trip/

village /vilid3/

Adjectives

adventurous /ad'vent feres/

budget /'badgit/

breathtaking /"bre6,terkin/

coastal /‘kaustal/

cosmopolitan /,kpzma'politan/

diverse /dar'vars/

flexible /‘fleks1bl/

foreign /'formn/

local /‘laukal/

luxurious /lag'3uarias/

mountainous /màntines/

peaceful /'pi:sfel/

picturesque /,pIktƒar'esk/

polluted /pe'lu:trd/

quaint /kwernt/

remote /r1'mout/

rough /raf/

rural /‘ruaral/

scenic /'sizntk/

stunning /'stanin/

tough /taf/

traditional /tra'difanal/

unspoilt /An'spoult/

urban /'s:bon/

Verbs

affect /a'fekt/

fluctuate /‘flaktSuert/

Hunts

THROUGH THE AGES

Nouns

age /e1d3/

archaeologist /,a:ki'plad3ist/

century /'senfari/

decade /‘dekerd/

era /Iera/

evidence /'evidens/

excavation /,ekska'vetƒan/

generation /,d3eno'rerfon/

the Middle Ages

millennia /mr'lenia/

period /‘prariad/

phase /ferz/

pioneer /,pato'nto/

timeline /‘tarmlarn/

Adjectives

ancient /‘einfont/

chronological /,krona'lpd31kal/

consecutive /kan'sekjutiv/

historical /hi'stprikol/

imminent /‘iminont/

middle-aged /,midal'erd3d/

nostalgic /nps'teld3rk/

prehistoric /,prist'stprtk/

prior (to) /praro/

punctual /‘panktjuol/

time-consuming

/tarmkon,sjurmin/

Verb erode /1'raud/

infer /in'f:/

predate /,pri:'dert/

span /speen/

Phrases with time

in time

lose track of time

on time save time

spend time take so long the right time Adverbs chronologically /,krono'lpd3ikali/

formerly /'formali/

previously /‘pri:viasli/

subsequently /'sabstkwontli/

Munito ˆ

THE NATURAL WORLD Nouns

agriculture /‘zegrikaltfa/

animal kingdom burrow /'barau/

climate /'klarmot/

crop(s) /krpp/

decline /di'klarn/

den /den/

disaster /di'za:sto/

ecological balance ecology /i:'kplad3i/

evolution /,i:va'lu:fan/

extinction /1k'stipkfan/

fauna /‘forno/

flora /'flo:re/

genetics /dga'netiks/

habitat /‘hebitet/

human nature insect /'insekt/

Mother Nature pesticides /‘pestisardz/

predator /'predata/

prey /prei/

repercussions /,ri:pa'kafanz/

scent /sent/

species /'spizJirz/

soil /soul/

vegetation /,ved3i'te1fan/

vermin /'va:min/

weed /wi:d/

Adjectives arid /‘zertd/

catastrophic /,keeta'strof1k/

disastrous /di'za:stres/

domesticated /do'mestikeitid/

endangered /in'deind3ad/

extinct /Ik'stipkt/

genetically-modified

introduced /,ntra'dju;st/

native /‘nertrv/

natural /‘netforal/

resistant /ri'zistont/

semi-arid /'semi ‘zerid/

tropical /‘troprkal/

vulnerable /'valnarabal/

wild /warld/

Verbs adapt /a'dept/

combat /'kombeet/

cultivate /‘kaltivert/

eradicate /1'reedikert/

evolve /1'volv/

hibernate /‘harboneit/

tolerate /‘tolorert/

Munitio

REACHING FOR THE SKIES

Nouns asteroid /œstaraid/

astronaut /'strena:t/

atmosphere /‘ztmasfio/

cosmos /'kozmps/

crater /‘krerto/

debris /‘derbri:/

Earth /s:0/

exploration /,eksplo'rerfan/

explorer /Ik'spl2:a/

galaxy /‘gzelaksi/

gas /gzes/

gravity /‘greevati/

horizon /ha'raizon/

launch /lornf/

meteor /'mi:tio/

moon /mu:n/

ocean /‘aufan/

orbit /‘orbit/

outer space /‘auta spets/

planet /‘pleenit/

radiation /,rerdi'etfon/

rocket /'rokit/

satellite /‘seetalait/

simulator /‘stmjaleita/

solar system /'saula 'ststam/

space /speis/

spacecraft /'sperskra:ft/

space shuttle /spers 'fatal/

space station /spets 'sterfan/

surface /'sarfis/

universe /‘ju:nivars/

weightlessness /‘weitlasnos/

Adjectives commercial /ka'ma:fal/

cosmic /‘kozmik/

extreme /ik'strizm/

gravitational /,grœv1'teiƒanal/

horizontal /,hori'zpntol/

inevitable /1'nevitabl/

lunar /‘lurno/

meteoric /,mi:ti'prik/

outer /auta/

solar /'seula/

terrestrial /ta'restrial/ toxic /'toksik/

uninhabitable /,anin'heebrtabl/

universal /,jurmi'va:sal/

unmanned /an'meend/ Verbs

acclimatise /o'klarmatatz/ colonise /'kplonarz/

explore /tk'spla:/

float /flout/

orbit /‘o:brt/

propel /pra'pel/

rotate /ra'tert/

sustain /so'stern/

simulate /'simjoleit/

undergo /,anda'gau/

Munit1

DESIGN AND INNOVATION Nouns balcony /'beelkani/

brick /brtk/

building /"bildin/

ceiling /'sizlin/

concrete /'kopkri:t/

construction /kan'strakfon/ cottage /'kotid3/

design /di'zain/

device /di'vars/

elevator /‘eliveito/

engineering /,end31'niarin/

frame /frerm/

gadget /'gœdzIt/

housing /‘hauzin/

innovation /,ma'verfan/ invention /in'venfan/

landmark /'lendmu:k/ lift shaft /ft ƒa:ft/

occupant /'pkjapent/

platform /‘platfo:m/

quarry /‘kwori/

residence /'rezidons/

skyscraper /'skat,skreIpa/ staircase /'steakeis/

steel /sti:l/

storage /'sto:rid3/

structure /'straktfa/

tension /‘tenfon/

timber /‘timba/

Adjectives airy /‘eori/

conventional /ken'venJanal/

cosy /'kauzi/

cramped /kreempt/

curved /ksrvd/

disposable /di'spouzobl/

domestic /đa'mestik/

169

Trang 3

exterior /1k'straria/

functional /‘fankfanal/

futuristic /,fjurtfo'ristrk/

high-rise /,har'rarz/

innovative /‘Inavativ/

internal /in'ta:nol/

mass-produced /,mœspra'dju:st/

modern /'modon/

multi-storey /,malti'stozri/

old-fashioned /,oul'faefand/

ornate /o:'nert/

prefabricated /,pri:'feebrikertid/

single-storey /'sipgal 'st2:ri/

spacious /'speIƒas/

state-of-the-art

traditional /tra'difanal/

two-storey /tu: 'st2:ri/

typical /‘trprkal/

ultra-modern /‘altra 'modan/

Verbs

activate /‘aktivert/

automate /'o:tomert/

build /brld/

condemn /kon'dem/

construct /‘konstrakt/

decorate /'dekorert/

demolish /di'mpliJ/

design /di'zain/

develop /dt'velap/

devise /di'varz/

haul /ho:I/

hoist /horst/

invent /in'vent/

maintain /mein'tein/

occupy /'pkjapat/

reconstruct /,rizkan'strakt/

renovate /‘renovert/

support /sa'p2:t/

trigger /'triga/

BW

unit 12

INFORMATION

TECHNOLOGY

Nouns

automatic pilot

computerisation

/kom,pju:terar'zerfon/

connection /ko'nekfan/

data /‘deita/

device /di'vars/

function /‘fankfan/

gadget /'gaed3it/

the Internet

keyboard /'kizbo:d/

keypad /'ki:paed/

laptop (computer) /‘laeptop/

the latest

memory /‘memari/

monitor /‘mpnita/

patent /‘pertont/

program /‘praugraem/

170

prototype /'prautataip/

remote control /ri'mout kan'troul/

silicon chip /'stlikan tƒ1p/

technology /tek'nplad3i/

telecommunications

?telika,mju:nr'keifenz/

vision /‘vizan/

wireless connection Adjectives compact /'kpmpekt/

computerised

/kam'pju:taraizd/

cutting-edge /'katijed3/

cyber /satbo/

dated /'dertid/

digital “didzrtal/

labour-saving /‘lerba,servin/

portable /'po:tabl/

state-of-the-art up-to-date /,apta'dert/

user-friendly /,ju:zo'frendli/

virtual /‘va:tfual/

wireless connection Verbs

access /‘akses/

connect /ko'nekt/

download /,daun'loud/

display /di'spler/

envisage /in'vizid3/

operate /'pporert/

revolutionise /,reval'u:fonarz/

scroll /skraul/

speculate /'spekjulert/

store /stox/

surpass /sa'pais/

Adverbs automatically /orta'meetikli/

unit 13

THE MODERN WORLD Nouns

attitude /‘ztitju:d/

brand /breend/

culture /‘kaltfo/

cycle /'satkal/

demographics /,demav'greftks/

development /di'velapmant/

diversity /dar'varsati/

globalisation /,glaubalar'zerfan/

hindsight /‘harndsait/

icon /atkpn/

identity /ar'dentati/

implication /,implr'keiƒan/

impact "rmpœkt/

increase /'Inkri:s/

influence /‘influons/

industry /‘indastri/

isolation /,arsal'erfan/

joint venture

(have a) monopoly /ma'nppoli/

market /‘mazkit/

modernisation /mpdanaI'zeiIƒan/

multiculturalism /mAlti'kAlt[aralizam/

percentage /pa'sentid3/

population /,pppju'lerfan/

prediction /pri'dikfan/

projection /pra'dzekfon/

proportion /pra'po:fan/

rate /rert/

statistics /sta'tistiks/

trend /trend/

Adjectives ageing /‘e1d31n/

current /‘karant/

demographic /,\dema'greefik/

elderly /‘eldali/

ethnic /‘e@nik/

exotic /1g'zptik/

global /'glaubal/

local /‘laukal/

long-term /Ipnt3:m/

mid-term /,mid'ts:m/

multicultural /,malti'kaltforal/

productive /pra'daktiv/

sceptical /'skeptikal/

short-term /,ƒ2:t't3:m/

subsequent /'sabstkwont/

wealthy /'wel®i/

worldwide /,wa:ld'waid/

Verbs compound /'kampaund/

contribute /ken'tribju:t/

decline /di'klarn/

diminish /di'mintf/

dominate /‘domineit/

dwindle /‘dwindol/

factor /‘feekta/

indicate /‘tndikert/

merge /ma:d3/

migrate /mar'grert/

URBANISATION Nouns

benefit /'benrfit/

challenge /'tfeelind3/

compromise /'kpmpremaiz/

difficulty /‘difikalti/

dilemma /di'lemo/

inhabitant /in'habrtant/

infrastructure /‘infra,straktfa/

isolation /,arsal'e1fan/

issue /‘1fu:/

megacity /megasiti/

migrant /‘maigrant/

obstacle /‘pbstakal/

overpopulation /2uva,pppj0'leI[an/

population /,pppju'lerfan/

poverty /‘ppvati/

resolution /,rezal'u:fan/ setback /'setbaek/

slum /slam/

solution /sa'lu:fan/

tolerance /‘tolorans/ traffic /traefik/

urbanisation /s:banar'ze1fan/ Adjectives

adequate /‘edikwat/ basic /"bersik/

booming /'bu:min/

catastrophic /,keeta'strpf1k/

crowded /‘kraudid/

decent /‘di:sont/

developing /di'velapin/ double-edged /dabl'ed3d/ isolated /‘atsalertid/ one-sided /won 'satdid/ long-sighted /Ipnsaitrd/ long-term /Ipnt3:m/

overpriced /,ouva'praIst/

overworked /,auva'w3:kt/

pressing /‘presin/

rural /‘ruaral/

short-sighted /fo:t 'sartrd/ short-term /,fo:t'ts:m/

staggering /'steegarin/

tolerant /'tolarant/

Verbs address /a'dres/

adjust /a'd3ast/

aggravate /‘eegravelt/

cause /ko1z/

compete /kam'pi:t/

compound /'kampaund/ deal with

deteriorate /dr'trariorert/ enhance /tn'ha:ns/

exacerbate /1g'zesabeit/

exclude /iks'klu:d/

face /fers/

flourish /'flarif/

identify /ar'dentifa/ improve /im'prurv/

include /in'klu:d/

linger "linga/

modify “mpdIfai/

overcome /,auva'kam/

present /prez'ant/

raise /rerz/

reform /rI'f2:m/

regulate /‘regjalert/

remedy /‘remadi/

resolve /r1'zplv/

tackle /'takol/

tolerate /‘tolorert/

transform /traens'form/ worsen /‘ws:san/

Verb phrases find a solution overcome a difficulty

Trang 4

reach/find a compromise

remedy a situation

resolve an issue

unit 15

THE GREEN REVOLUTION

Nouns

acid rain /‘zesid rein/

biodiversity /|baroudat'va:sati/

climate change

contamination

/kon,teemr'netfan/

deforestation /di:,for1'sterfon/

disposal /di'spouzal/

drought /draut/

ecosystem /‘izkou,ststam/

emission /i'mifan/

the environment

erosion /I'rau3zan/

exhaust (fumes) /1g'zo:st/

fertilizer /‘fs:tilarza/

flood /flad/

food chain /furd tfern/

fumes /fju:mz/

greenhouse gases

impact /‘impeekt/

pollutant /pa'lu:tont/

pollution /pa'lu:fan/

process /'prauses/

refuse /'refjuzs/

strain /strern/

threat /Oret/

waste /weist/

Adjectives

achievable /a'tfi:vabl/

advantageous /,advon'terdzas/

at risk /aet risk/

beneficial /,benr'fifal/

chronic /‘krontk/

conceivable /kon'si:vabl/

contaminated /kan'taemineitid/

devastating /‘devostertin/

doubtful /‘dautfal/

environmental

/in,vairan'mental/

environmentally friendly

feasible /'fi:zabl/

fruitless /'fru:tlas/

futile "fju:tail/

immune /t'mjuin/

impracticable /im'preekttkabl/

improbable /im'probabl/

in danger (of)

insoluble /in'spljabl/

irreparable /1'reprobl/

irreplaceable /,1r1'plersabl/

irreversible /,1r1'v3:sabl/

liable /‘larabl/

life-threatening /‘Iarf Oretantn/

pervasive /pa'verstv/

pointless /'pointlos/

pristine /‘pristi:n/

questionable /'kwest fanabl/

recyclable /,ri:'sarklabl/

sustainable /sa'sternabl/

taxing /‘taeks1n/

unattainable /,ana'temabl/

unlikely /an'larkli/

unprecedented /an'presidantid/

useless /juislas/

viable /'vatabl/

vital /'vartal/

worthwhile /,w3:0'waul/

Verbs confront /kon'frant/

contaminate /kon'teemmert/

dispose of

dump /damp/

threaten /'Oretan/

Adverbs inexorably /i'neksarabli/

inevitably /t'nevitabli/

WE unit 16

THE ENERGY CRISIS Nouns

atmosphere /'zetmasfio/

balance /'bœlens/

biofuel /baiaufjual/

carbon /‘karbon/

carbon dioxide /‘ka:ban dai pksaid/

crisis /'krarsis/

electricity /,lek'trisiti/

emissions /i'mifanz/

exhaust /ig'zo:st/

fossil fuel /‘fosal 'fjural/

fuel /'fjural/

fumes /fju:mz/

gas /gaes/

greenhouse gas /'griznhaus gzes/

hybrid /‘harbrid/

hydrogen /‘hardradgan/

petrol /‘petral/

resources /r1'zorsiz/

turbine /'t3:bain/

vehicle /'viakal/

Adjectives alternative /ol'ts:notiv/

critical /‘kritrkol/

disposable /di'spauzabl/

drastic /‘draestik/

eco-friendly /"i:keu,frendli/

efficient /r'frfont/

effective /1'fektrv/

environmentally friendly nuclear /'njurklio/

rechargeable /ri:t fa:dzabl/

renewable /rr'nju:abl/

solar /‘saula/

unleaded (petrol) /an'ledid/

Verbs absorb /ab'zoxb/

conserve /kan'ssiv/

consume /kon'sju:m/

convert /‘kanvait/

counter /'kaunta/

deplete /di'pli:t/

diminish /dr'mintf/

discharge /'distfa:d3/

dwindle /‘dwindol/

emit /1'mit/

expend /1k'spend/

limit /Iemit/

maintain /memm'tem/

outweigh /,aut'we1/

preserve /pri'z3iv/

retain /ri'tern/

waste /werst/

i unit 17

TALKING BUSINESS

Nouns

advertisement /ad'vs:tismont/

advertising /‘aedvotaizi/

boss /bps/

campaign /keem'pein/

candidate /‘kaendidat/

career /ka'ria/

clerk /klazk/

client /klaront/

colleague /'kpli:g/

company /'kampani/

consumer /kan'sju:mo/

credibility /,|kreda'brloti/

customer /“kAstema/

earnings /'3:nmnz/

employee /im'plaii:/

employer /im'pla1a/

employment /im'plormant/

experience /1k'sprarians/

goods /gudz/

income /‘inkam/

industry /‘indastri/

interview /‘intavju:/

job /dapb/

job satisfaction

labourer /‘letbara/

management /'mzenid3mant/

manual work /mœnjual w3:k/

market /‘mazkit/

marketing “mq:kitip/

meeting /'mi:tip/

money /'mani/

niche /nizf/

occupation /,pkja'perfan/

office /pfis/

overtime /‘auvetamm/

packaging /‘paekid31n/

pay /per/

perk /patk/

product /‘prodakt/

profession /pra'fefan/

prospects /'prospekts/ qualifications /|kwolifi'kerfanz/ retirement /r1'taromont/ salary /‘szelori/

shares /feaz/

shift work /fift w3:k/

skills /skrlz/

staff /sta:f/

supervisor /'su:pavaiza/

takeover /'terk,auva/

target /'ta:git/

trade /trerd/

trend /trend/

unemployment /,antm'plormant/ wages /'we1d31z/

workforce /'wa:kfozs/

workplace /'wa:kplers/ Adjectives

casual /'kee3jual/

demanding /di'marndin/ economic /,i:ko'npmik/ economical /,i:ka'npmikal/

exhausting /1g'zo:stip/

hospitality /,hpspr'teeloti/ monotonous /ma'nptanas/

part-time /,pa:t'tarm/

retail /‘ri:terl/

redundant /r1'dandont/ rewarding /r1'wo:din/

unemployed /,antm'plord/ unskilled /an'skild/

Verbs apply /a'plat/

compete /kam'pi:t/

earn /atn/

endorse /in'do:s/

invest (in) /m'vest/

persuade /pa'sweid/

to be promoted

request /ri'kwest/

retire /ri'taro/

unit 1s THE LAW Nouns actions /‘ekfanz/

arson /‘a:son/

authority /o:'@prati/

burglary /‘ba:glori/

consequences /‘kontstkwonts1z/ convict /‘konvikt/

crime /krarm/

crime rate /kraim rert/ criminal /'kriminal/

deterrent /di'terant/

evidence /‘evidons/

fine /fain/

fraud /fro:d/

imprisonment /im'prizonmont/ inequality /,m1'kwoloti/ intent /in'tent/

171

Trang 5

intrusion /in'tru:zan/

judge /daAdz/

jury /‘dguari/

kidnapping /‘kidnzepin/

lawyer /‘loro/

motive /'mautrv/

murder /‘ma:da/

offence /o'fens/

pickpocketing /prkppkitin/

prevention /pri'venfon/

prison /'prizan/

prisoner /'prizana/

property crime /‘propoti kraim/

prosecutor /‘prosikju:to/

protection /pra'tekfan/

punishment /‘pani{ment/

recklessness /‘reklasnas/

smuggling /'smaglin/

social system /'saufal 'sistam/

swearing /'swearin/

the accused

toxic waste /'tokstk werst/

vandalism /'veendalizom/

victim /viktim/

violation /,vara'lei[n/

Adjectives

criminal /‘kriminal/

drug-related /drag ri'lertid/

evil/i:vel/

guitty “gilt/

harsh /hq:[7

innocent /Inasent/

intentional /in'tenƒsnal/

law-abiding /‘lora,bardin/

non-violent /,npn'varalont/

offensive /a'fenstv/

on trial /pn traral/

petty (crime) /‘peti/

punishable /‘panifabl/

random /'reendam/

strict /strikt/

unintentional /,anin'tenfonol/

victimless /‘viktimlas/

Verbs

abide (by) /a'bard/

abolish /a'bolif/

combat /'kombet/

deter /di'ts:/

enforce /in'fors/

imprison /im'prizon/

monitor /‘monito/

obey /a'be1/

offend /a'fend/

perpetrate /‘ps:pitreit/

prevent /pri'vent/

protect /pra'tekt/

prove /prurv/

punish /‘pant{/

resent /r1'zent//

respect /ri'spekt/

violate /‘varolert/

172

Verb phrases accept the consequences

commit a crime convict a criminal

impose a fine

pass a law solve a crime

Munitio

THE MEDIA Nouns access /'ekses/

attitude /‘aetitjuid/

author /'2:0a/

bias /'bares/

censorship /'sensafip/

challenge /'tfzelind3/

credibility /,|kreda'bilati/

current affairs /'karont o'feoz/

editor /'edito/

exposé /ek'spouzet/

exposure /1k'spau3o/

fame /ferm/

free press /frit pres/

ideology /,a1din'lad3i/

influence /‘influons/

the Internet investigation /in,vestr'getfon/

issue /'1fus/

journal /'d33:nal/

journalism /'d33inalizam/

mass media /mezs 'mi:dio/

media /‘mizdio/

network /'netwszk/

the news

newspaper /'njuzs,perpa/

newsstand /'nju:zstaend/

opinion /a'pinjon/

Paparazzi /,peepor'ztsi/

press /pres/

privacy /'privasi/

publication /,pabli'kerfan/

publicity /pab'lisati/

publisher /‘pablifa/

relevance /'relovens/

safeguard /serfga:d/

source /sozs/

speculation /,spekja'lerfon/

tabloid /'teeblord/

the Web Adjectives alternative /pl'ta:nativ/

artificial /,axtr'f1fol/

attention-grabbing /a'tenfan

‘greebin/

biased /‘basast/

celebrity /sa'lebrati/

controversial /,kontra'vs:fal/

distorted /di'stoxtid/

entertaining /,enta'ternin/

factual /‘feektfual/

informative /in'fo:motiv/

intrusive /In'tru:s1v/

investigative /in'vestigattv/

mainstream /'mernstrizm/

pervasive /pa'verstv/

realistic /,rra'listik/

sensationalist /sen'sei[snalrst/

superficial /,surpa'fifal/

unbiased /an'batost/

well-informed /,welin'fo:md/

Verbs affect /a'fekt/

broadcast /"bro:dkarst/

censor /'sensa/

control /ken'traul/

exploit /‘eksploit/

expose /Ik'spauz/

inform n'f2:m/

intrude /n'tru:d/

invade /in'veid/

investigate /in'vestIgeit/

publicize /‘pablisarz/

publish /‘pablif/

report /ri'poit/

review /ri'vju:/

verify /'verifai/

Muunao

THE ARTS Nouns actor /‘eekto/

actress /‘ektras/

aesthetics /izs'@etiks/

appreciation /a,pri:Ji'erfan/

artefact /‘axtifaekt/

artist /‘artist/

atmosphere /‘zetmasfta/

audience /‘o:dians/

ballerina /,bœlar'i:na/

ballet /'beele1/

carving /‘karvin/

conception /kon'sepfan/

concert /‘kpnsot/

crafts /krarfts/

creation /kri'e1fan/

culture /‘kaltfa/

emotion /i'maufan/

exhibition /,eksi'bifan/

expression /1k'sprefan/

festival /‘festival/

gallery /'gzelori/

image /‘imid3/

imagination /1,maed31'ne1fan/

influence /‘influans/

inspiration /,mspir'eifan/

intimacy /‘intimosi/

literature /'Intrat fa/

mood /mu:d/

musician /mju:'zifan/

opera /'ppara/

orchestra /‘o:kistro/

painting /‘perntin/

performance /po'fo:mons/ the performing arts play /ple/

portrait /'poztrart/

proportion /pra'po:fan/

reflection /ri'flekfan/ response /ri'sppns/

sculptor /‘skalpta/

sculpture /'skalptfa/ stimulus /‘strmjalas/ style /starl/

taste /terst/

theatre /‘Orata/

theme /@i:m/

venue /'venju:/

works /wa:ks/

writer /‘rarto/

Adjectives abstract /‘zbstrakt/ accomplished /a'kamplift/ aesthetic /izs'@etik/

burgeoning /bidzanin/ classical /'klaestkal/ creative /kri'eitrv/

cultural /‘kaltfaral/

distracting /di'straektin/ eclectic /ek'lektik/

electric /r'lektrik/

emotional /I'maufanal/ fundamental /,fanda'mentoal/ imaginative /1'maed3inativ/ influential /,mflu'enfal/

inspirational /,nspor'erfanal/

interactive /inta'ektrv/ literary “"Iitarari/

live /larv/

magical /‘meed3tkal/

monotonous /ma'nptenas/ mundane /man'dern/ passionate /‘pefanot/ popular /'pppjala/

prominent /‘prominent/ relaxing /ri'laeksip/

stimulating /‘stimjalertin/ visual /‘vizual/

vivid /'vrvid/

Verbs choreograph /‘kpriagra:f/

create /kri'ert/

depict /dr'prkt/

enrich /in'ritf/

escape /I'skerp/

imagine /t'maed3rn/ influence /'influons/

inspire /in'sparo/

participate /pa:'trsrpert/ perform /pa'fa:m/

provoke /pra'vouk/

transcend /treen'send/

Trang 6

My thanks go to Martine Walsh for commissioning this

project, Caroline Thiriau for overseeing it and to my editor,

Christine Barton Geographically, we couldn’t have been

much further away from each other but all three have

helped to make the writing of this book a pleasure I’m

particularly grateful that Christine found enough ‘slips’ to

make me feel confident in the contents of the book and not

so many as to make me feel insecure!

Thanks also to Alex (7) and Fraser (9) for their

contributions to ‘Mum’s words’ Alex suggested the word

‘harsh’ for Unit 18 and Fraser’s current favourite word

‘random’ also made it into the same unit!

Pauline Cullen

The author and publishers are grateful to the following

reviewers for their valuable insights and suggestions:

Sean Choi, South Korea; Anthony Cosgrove, UK; Maria

Heron, UK; Julie King, UK; David Larbalestier, Australia;

Simon Raw, UK

The authors and publishers acknowledge the following

sources of copyright material and are grateful for the

permissions granted While every effort has been made, it

has not always been possible to identify the sources of all

the material used, or to trace all copyright holders If any

omissions are brought to our notice, we will be happy to

include the appropriate acknowledgements on reprinting

pp 19-20: Adam for adapted text ‘Stress’ from www

adam.about.com; p 23: Science Daily LLC for the article

adapted from ‘UF researcher leisure activities defy simple

classifications’ by Cathy Keen, from Science Daily, www

sciencedaily.com; p 33: The Economist for the adapted

Economist Newspaper Limited; pp 35-36: Australian

Museum for article ‘First words: let’s stick together’ by

Australian Museum 2006; pp 49-50: National Wildlife

Federation for text adapted from ‘Meet the hedgehog’ by

Lisa W Drew, June/July 2005, www.nwf.org; p 59: Luna

Media for adapted text ‘The elevator Going up from

Cosmos Magazine, July 2005, and for pp 102: for text

adapted from ‘Brain of the beholder’ by David Sokol,

‘2026: A vision for the nation’s future - part 2 from The Australian Supplementary Magazine, Copyright 2007 News Limited; p 69: for text and graph ‘Mind the globalization gap’ from www.brw.com.au © Business Review Weekly;

p 75-76: Media UK for the adapted article ‘Rags, bones and recycling bins’ by Tim Cooper, History Today, February 2006; p 94: Thomson Learning for the adapted text,

‘Crime’ from The World of Sociology, by Gale, © 2002 The Gale Group; pp 105-106: Dr Tom Sjéblom, University of Helsinki, for the article ‘Storytelling — Narratives of the mind’; p 112: for the text extracts for the word ‘choice’ from Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 2005, Cambridge University Press; p 119: US Environmental Protection Agency for the graph, ‘National Recycling Rates,

1960 — 2005’, www.epa.gov

The publishers are grateful to the following for permission to reproduce copyright photographs and material:

Key: | = left, c = centre, r = right, t = top, b = bottom

Photolibrary for p43, /©BAE Inc for p52, /©lmage State for p49, /OPhil Crow for p73, /OSemen Lihodeev for p102 (2), /OVehbi Koca for p102 (4), /OCharles Mistral for p102 (7); Corbis Images/©Bettmann for p59, /O©The Gallery Collection for p102 (1); Getty Images/©Stone for p65, /©Hulton Archive for p102 (3), /OPhotographers Choice for p102 (6); Photolibrary for p47; Punchstock/@IT Stock for p23 (1), /OComstock for p102 (5); Rex Features for pp72,

98, 99; Science & Society PL/Science Museum for p64; Shutterstock/OWizData, Inc for p38

Picture research: Hilary Luckcock Text design and page make-up: Kamae Design, Oxford Concept design: David Lawton

Illustrations: Robert Calow, Mark Duffin, Karen Donnelly, Dylan Gibson, Julian Mosedale, Roger Penwill

173

Trang 7

Recording CD Track Recording CD Track

Title Information sec

1a

1b

1c

2â:

2b

3a

3b

$c

3d

4a

4b

5a

5b

5C

6a

6b

ra

7b

8a

8b

9a

9b

10a

11a

11b

12a

12b .,

13a

13b

14a

14b

15a

15b

16

174

17b

18

19a

19b

19C

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QA sees

MePWner

174

Trang 8

Vocabulary

for lELTS

with answers

Are you preparing for the IELTS test? Do you want to practise all the vocabulary

you need to be confident in the test? Cambridge Vocabulary for IELTS covers the

vocabulary that occurs in the test and provides the following:

and Listening papers useful tips on how to approach exam tasks techniques for learning and remembering vocabulary

a full wordlist for easy reference vocabulary in a listening context

Cambridge Vocabulary for IELTS is informed by the

Cambridge International Corpus and the Cambridge Learner

Ề x The Cambridge International Corpus (CIC) Corpus to ensure that vocabulary is presented in genuine (eacollection off over 1 billion words @)

of real spoken and written English The

contexts and the book covers the errors students really make Aut: are staed im fclab see thư an bơ

searched to see how English is used The CIC also

includes the Cambridge Learner Corpus, a unique collection of over 90,000 exam papers from Cambridge

ESOL It shows real mistakes students make and

highlights the parts of English which cause problems for students

Also available: Book without answers

www.cambridge.org/corpus

We also recommend:

, CAMBRIDGE

at

lo

ISBN 978-0-521-70975-0

SE Pan Tey ISBN; 978 0 521 60462 8 ISBN: 978 0 521 69307 3 92 780521 709750 >

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