Meat prodction performances of f1 choi x luong phuong chickens in rations containing different levels of metabolizable energy and crude protein with perionyx excavatus extract

i MEAT PRODUCTION PERFORMANCES OF F1 CHOI X LUONG PHUONG CHICKENS IN RATIONS CONTAINING DIFFERENT LEVELS OF METABOLIZABLE ENERGY AND CRUDE PROTEIN WITH Perionyx excavatus EXTRACT A Thes

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MEAT PRODUCTION PERFORMANCES OF F1 CHOI X LUONG PHUONG CHICKENS IN RATIONS CONTAINING DIFFERENT LEVELS OF

METABOLIZABLE ENERGY AND CRUDE PROTEIN WITH

Perionyx excavatus EXTRACT

A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the College of Agriculture Laguna State Polytechnic University

Siniloan, Laguna

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in Agriculture Major in Animal Science

HA ANH THU June 2019

Quality Policy

We, at LSPU are committed with continual improvement to provide quality, efficient services to the university stakeholder’s highest level of satisfaction through a dynamic and excellent management system imbued with utmost integrity, professionalism and innovation

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1 Graduate Education is at the apex of the education system In the field

of education, professional who aim to continued improvement of teaching and learning in the classrooms, delivery of student services and management of educational programs

2 Graduate education also one of the most effective means of developing capabilities related to ding research that will improve educational theory and practice in many aspects of educational process

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3 Establish a graduate school that is expected to be a molder of the Filipino minds and laboratory for the study of social, technological, economic problems besetting our people and the country today

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4 To gain advanced knowledge and skills in conducting various kinds of research in one’s field of study

Perionyx exavatus EXTRACT” prepared and submitted by HA ANH THU in

partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in

Agriculture Major in Animal Science has been examined and is hereby

recommended for approval

ROBERT C AGATEP, Ph.D Adviser

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master

of Science in Agriculture, Major in Animal Science

LOLITA L BEATO, Ph.D

Dean

Research Contribution No.:

ISABELITA DOMINGO, RPChE MA GRACIELA C PRADILLADA, R.G.C

Chairperson, Research Registrar III

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DISCLAIMER

The Laguna State Polytechnic University - Siniloan Campus nor the researcher does not constitute to the promotion of the brands mentioned and/or the demotion of the other brands not mentioned herein

Dr Lolita L Beato, Dean of the Graduate Studies and Applied Research, and to the group of panelist who gave the author permission to conduct this research,

Dr Robert C Agatep, for his kindness, guidance, advice, support and ideas which enable the author to finish this research,

Dr Lolita D Viyar, for giving her time, meticulosity and effort in checking this manuscript,

Her father Ha Van Doanh and mother Dinh Thi Hanh who gave their full support and for the ecouranging inspiration during the conduct of the study,

Nguyen Thi Lan, Pham Van Dien, Bui Ngoc Son and Le Cong Van, her friends who gave their opinion, concern, and care for the that lead to the successful completion of this study

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ABSTRACT

A 2x3 complete factorial experiment in a Randomized Complete Block Design was conducted in order to determine the meat production performances of F1 Choi x Luong Phuong chickens in rations containing different levels of

metabolizable energy and crude protein with Perionyx excavatus extract

Results show that the feed consumption, feed conversion efficiency, protein efficiency ratio and the gross profit margin in raising F1 Choi x Luong Phuong chickens up to 90 days of age were significantly affected by the interaction of the

inclusion of 1.8% (by weight) P.excavatus extract and the levels of metabolizable

energy and crude protein in the ration The higher levels of metabolizable energy

and crude protein in ration containing 1.8% P.excavatus extract significantly

increased the feed consumption of the chickens On the other hand, lowering the levels of metabolizable energy and crude protein in the ration containing 1.8%

P.excavatus extract significantly improved the feed conversion efficiency, protein

efficiency ratio and the gross profit margin Besides, significant main effects of the

inclusion of 1.8% P.excavatus extract and of the different levels of dietary

metabolizable energy and crude protein were observed on the final body weight, weight gain, average daily gain and energy efficiency ratio These varibles were

significantly improved by the inclusion of 1.8% P.excavatus extract in the feeds

irrespective of levels of metabolizable energy and crude protein in the ration On the other hand, significantly higher final body weight, gain in weight and average daily gain were posted by the experimental chickens fed with ration containing higher levels of metabolizable energy and crude protein, irrespective of the

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inclusion or absence of 1.8% P.excavatus extract in the feeds Significantly higher

energy efficiency ratio was observed among the chickens fed with experimental rations having lower levels of metabolizable energy and crude protein regardless

of the inclusion or non-inclusion of 1.8% P.excavatus extract in the feeds On the

other hand, the dressing percentage, cut-up parts yield and carcass color, tenderness and water holding capacity were apparently unaffected by the inclusion

of 1.8% P.excavatus extract in the feeds and the levels of metabolizable energy

and crude protein in the rations However, slight differences between sexes were observed on the dressing percentage, breast and fat yield The males have slightly higher dressing percentage and breast yield but not fat yield compared with the female F1 Choi x Luong Phuong chickens

The author therefore recommends that rations with 1.8% P.excavatus

extract and containing 2772 Kcal ME/kg with 21% crude protein at 1 to 45 days of age and 2790 Kcal ME/kg with 18% crude protein at 46 to 90 days of age can be fed to improve the meat production performances and profitability in raising F1 Choi x Luong Phuong chickens In addition, utilization studies on the use of other local-available feedstuffs in formulating feeds for F1 Choi x Luong Phuong chickens can be done to possibly lower feed cost and improve production performance Moreover, the evaluation of the metabolizable energy and crude protein levels required by other native chicken breeds can be done in order to come up with the optimum levels of these nutrients for improved performances and more profitable production

Chapter

Preparation and disinfection of the experimental

Preparation and formulation of experiment ration 31

4 PRESENTATION ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

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5 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND

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LIST OF TABLES

1 Feed Formula with 1.8% (by weight) Perionyx excavatus extract 32

3 Average final body weight of the chickens, in grams 38

6 Average feed consumption of the chickens, in grams 43

8 Average energy efficiency ratio (EER) of the chicken 46

9 Average protein efficiency ratio (PER) of the chickens 48

10 Average gross profit margin (GPM) of the experiment 49

14 Water holding capacity of experimental chicken meat 54

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LIST OF APPENDIX PLATES

3 Ingredients used in the preparation ration of feed 71

13 Samples sent to laboratory for determination of cacass

characteristics in terms of tenderness, water holding

of the new breeds of chickens that has been bred to meet the needs of consumers is the F1 Choi x Luong Phuong chickens This F1 breed has both the fast growth of Luong Phuong chicken and the deliciousness, strong health of Choi chicken In order to earn the advantages of the Choi chicken and Luong

Phuong chicken and remove their disadvantages at the same time, Mr Pham Dinh Dua from the Hai Duong poultry hatchery in Vietnam had successfully developed the F1 chicken by crossing the Choi male and the Luong Phuong female in 2008

The F1 Choi x Luong Phuong chickens are very well adapted to conditions and climate of Vietnam They have a lot of prominent features with smooth feathers, mostly is black feathers High and yellow foot, large body, meat is light yellow, firm and solid, tasty bold Besides, an easy raising way and rapidly growth, reaching 1.8 kg (hens) and 2.6kg (roosters) after about 115 days of age, they have higher price than other broiler chickens being raised in Vietnam

This new hybrid chicken has been started to be raised in some farms and bring economic profits for chicken raiser, although it is not that popular in whole Vietnam However, there are a lot of problems in the feeding process that exist, especially on some important issues in their ration and nutrition At present, the rations mostly are the free-ranging diets, which are mixed by the chicken raisers with the addition of by-products from the industrial processesing of alcohol, beer, beans, etc., to supplement with commercial bran This feeding scheme leads to feed wastage because the farmers can not balance the amount of the energy and protein for optimal chicken growth and meat production performances Meanwhile, if the feeding will only use the commercial bran, the cost of feed will take up considerable part of the profit because commercial bran is not only expensive, but also can supply more energy and protein than the actural nutritional requirement of the chicken

The energy requirement of poultry is presented by the value of metabolizable energy According to to Tu Quang Hien (2003), energy and protein have a certain correlation When the level of metabolizable energy is low, the body will resolve down protein to provide energy, so the feed conversion ratio will increase When the metabolizable energy is excess, the body will enhance fat accumulation The poultry meat production just can be increased when the ratio

of metabolizable energy (ME) and crude protein (CP) lies in their ability to regulate Therefore, the ME/CP ratio (Kcal/%CP) in rations is too high or too low are both affect the weight gain, the effective of using feed and the meat quality of the poultry The basic levels of metabolizable energy is 2,800 Kcal/kg of feed and

a basic level of protein are 23%, 22% and 18% (according to each stage) Increasing energy in the diet will increase fat intake Increasing protein will increase the ratio of water and protein in meat but reduces the amount of fat and energy in meat

Reducing the cost of feeding through decreasing the rate of commercial

bran and replacing it with other cheaper feeds such as Perionyx excavatus, corn

bran, rice bran and soybeans, without changing the ME:CP ratio to get the best FCR is a promissing way of improving the profitability in chicken raising At the

same time, establishing a basis for recommending the use of Perionyx excavatus

in the rations that provides fully the energy and protein requirements for the F1 Choi x Luong Phuong chicken breed has to be done Hence, this study

Background of the Study

Although Nguyen Cong Hau (2013) studied and compared between pure Choi chickens with F1 Choi x Luong Phuong, but his formulation of feed was only industrial bran with 2800 Kcal/kg and 21% protein And he had to feed their experimental chicken up to 14 weeks of age to achieve 1850 grams’ body weight

In order to reduce the time of raising chicken and reach the higher body weight, it is important to have a study and research another ration for F1 Choi x Luong Phuong chickens with different levels of metabolizable energy and crude protein to determine which level of metabolizable energy and crude protein is suitable with F1 Choi x Luong Phuong chickens in term of meat production performances

At the same time, in poultry production, feed often costs for about 70% of the total cost of poultry production, while the price of high protein feed is much higher than the high energy feed In recent years, the price of commercial bran increased due to the fact that Vietnam has to import a lot of feed ingredients, especially the ingredients to produce high protein feed This has greatly affected the cost of animal husbandry Therefore, the selection of ingredient sources has high protein, easy to find and cheap is very significant, contributing to the improvement of husbandry productivity, reduce production costs, bringing high economic efficiency According to Cao Thi Yen Chi (2008), one of the sources of high protein feed is worth paying attention to many of the preeminent features of

the Perionyx excavatus This is considered to be an excellent source of protein

for chicken because they contain all the nutrients necessary for the growth and

development of them (crude protein about 66.14% 7.4%, total minerals about

13.23%) Moreover, Perionyx excavatus is the favorite foods of poultry In addition, the Perionyx excavatus culture process is very simple, most of the

farmers are able to apply, because the feed source for worms is mainly available by-products and wastes are very cheap and available from cultivation and livestock

According to Vu Dinh Ton et al (2009), Perionyx excavatus is called

Redworm, genus Pheretima, family Megascocidae They belong to the faunal

earthworm group, often living in decaying organic matter A Perionyx excavatus

has a relatively small size, about 10-15 cm length, the width of the adult can reach 0.1 - 0.2 cm, red or plum color depending on age It has high protein

content so that Perionyx excavatus is considered as a valuable source of nutrition for cattle, poultry and ogratic species In addition, Perionyx excavatus is

also used in medicine and in technology for animal feed processing

However, the use of Perionyx excavatus or chicken production have been

studied just on broiler, not on F1 Choi x Luong Phuong chickens

Theoretical Framework of the Study

According to Oldenbroek and Van der Waaij (2014), the phenotypic variance or the productivity of the animals can be deetermined by the combined effect of the genotypic and the environmental variances, or simply by the genetic make-up and the environmental condition upon which the genotype has been exposed into In this study, to raise successfully the F1 chickens (Choi x Luong

Phuong) with maximum weight gain, not only does depend on the strain of chicken but also on feed quality It was claimed that over 70% of the total chicken production cost was incurred on feed management activities Thus, any activity to improve the performance of F1 Choi x Luong Phuong chickens through the modifiction of their diets can inevitably have a profound effect on the profitability

of chicken farming

Conceptual Framework of the Study

The conceptual model of the study is presented in the Figure 1 As shown

in the figure, left box contains the independent variables, which include the

Factor A: the rations with and without 1.8% Perionyx excavatus extract; and the

Factor B: the different levels of metabolizable energy and crude protein, in the ration which were maintained to be at 132 at 1 to 45 days of age, and at 155 at

46 to 90 days of age

In the ration for 1 to 45 days of age, B1 contain 3,036 Kcal ME/kg and 23% crude protein, B2 has 2,904 Kcal ME/kg and 22% crude protein while B3 has 2,772 Kcal ME/kg and 21% crude protein The ration intended for 46 to 90 days of age contain 3100 Kcal ME/kg and 20% crude protein for B1 and 2,904 Kcal ME/kg and 22% crude protein as well as 2,772 Kcal ME/kg and 21% crude protein for B2 and B3, respectively

The right box presents the dependent variables which include the indication of the production performances of the F1 Choi x Luong Phuong chickens in such as body weight, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio,

protein efficiency ratio, energy efficiency ratio, gross profit margin, dressing percentage, cut-up parts yield and carcass characteristics The arrow connecting the two boxes signify a cause and effect relationship between the independent and the dependent variables

 Factor A: Perionyx excavatus extract

A1: Rations with 1.8% (by weight) Perionyx

excavatus extract

A2: Rations without Perionyx excavatus

extract

 Factor B: ME and CP levels

B1: 3036 Kcal ME/kg and 23% CP at 1 to 45

Performance of 90-day old F1 Choi

x Luong Phuong chickens

1 Body weight

2 Feed consumption

3 Feed conversion ratio

4 Protein efficiency ratio

5 Energy efficiency ratio

6 Gross profit margin

Figure 1 The conceptual model of the study

Statement of the Study

This study was conducted to determine the performance of F1 Choi x Luong Phuong crossbred chickens under different levels of metabolizable energy

and crude protein in the ration with or without Perionyx excavatus extract

Specifically, this study sought to answer to the following questions:

1 Is the performance of the F1 chicken significantly affected by the inclusion

of 1.8% Perionyx excavatus extract in the feed?

2 Is the performance of the chicken significantly affected by the different levels of metabolizable energy and crude protein in the ration?

3 Is there a significant interaction between the effects of the inclusion of Perionyx excavatus extract and the different levels of metabolizable energy and

crude protein in the ration on the performance of the chickens?

Hypothesis of the Study

This study tested the hypotheses: 1) The different levels of metabolizable energy and crude protein in the ration did not affect significantly the production performances of F1 Choi x Luong Phuong chickens at 90 days of age in terms of body weight, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, energy efficiency ratio, gross profit margin, dressing percentage, cut-up parts

yield and carcass characteristics; 2) The inclusion of 1.8% Perionyx excavatus

extract in the ration have no significant effect on the performance of the chickens; and 3) The different levels of metabolizable energy and crude protein and the

inclusion of Perionyx excavatus extract in the ration have no significant

interaction effect on the performance of the chickens

Significance of the Study

The study figured out the meat production performances of F1 Choi x

Luong Phuong chickens fed with the inclusion of Perionyx excavatus extract in

ration containing different levels of metabolizable energy and crude protein under captive condition This will help the chicken raiser achieve the high gross profit margin through decrease the feed consumption and feed conversion ratio of chicken, thus saving cost of feeds in raising chicken

Scope and Limitations of the Study

A 2x3 complete factorial experiment in a Randomized Complete Block Design was followed in this study The study was conducted from May 2018 to August 2018 at Yen The district, Bac Giang province, Vietnam

This study was focused on determining growth of F1 Choi x Luong Phuong chickens in different levels of metabolizable energy and crude protein

with 1.8% Perionyx excavatus extract in term of: body weight, feed consumption,

feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, energy efficiency ratio, gross profit margin, dressing percentage, cut-up parts yield and carcass characteristics in terms of tenderness, water holding capacity and color

Definition of Terms

The following terms were defined operationally to fully understand the content of this study:

Breast yield: is calculated by dividing the total breast meat (with skin and

bones) by the live weight and multiplying the quotient by 100

Body weight refers to the live weight of the experimental chickens taken

initially at the start of the application of treatments and was repeated weekly until the end of the study

Carcass is the body of slaughtered chicken after the feathers, the head

and the internal organs were removed

Commercial Bran Seven F20: is the name of commercial bran for chickens

from 1 - 45 days of age which was produced by Lac Hong Company Limited, Hung Yen province, Vietnam Includes: 14% moisture, 21% crude protein, 2900 Kcal ME/kg, 5% crude fiber, 0.5 – 1.5 % calcium, 0.4 – 1% phosphorus, 0.9% lysine and 0.7% methionine + Cystine

Commercial Bran Seven F24: is the name of commercial bran for

chickens from 46 - 90 days of age which was produced by Lac Hong Company Limited, Hung Yen province, Vietnam Includes: 14% moisture, 17% crude protein, 2800 Kcal ME/kg, 7% crude fiber, 0.5 – 1.5 % calcium, 0.4 – 1.2% phosphorus, 0.55% lysine and 0.55% methionine + Cystine

Feed consumption is the total amount of feed consumed by the

experimental birds for from the start up to the end of feeding stage that is from day 1th to day 90th of the experiment

Gross profit margin is an indicator of probability of a business venture

taking into account only the direct cost as source of production expenses It measures the percentage of each sales remaining after deducting the direct cost

of production This was computed by following formula:

(total sales – total direct costs)

Total sales Direct cost includes cost of feeds, medicine and chicks

Growth is the accumulative process of organic matter through anabolism

and catabolism; the increase in height, length, width, weight of each body parts and the entire body of the animal on the basis of genetic nature from previous generations" (Tran Dinh Mien, 1992)

Legs yield is computed by dividing the legs weight (with skin and bones in

both drumstick and thigh) by the live weight then multiplying the quotient by 100

Metabolizable energy (ME) is essential in determining the nutritional

quality of animal feeds Metabolizable Energy is defined as the amount of energy available from feeds after the energy lost in the feces, urine, and combustible gases has been subtracted

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Various references were reviewed by the researcher to determine theories, concepts, principles, methodologies, and finding that are relevant and helpful to the conduct of the study and will serve as support in the discussion of the result

Metabolizable Energy and Crude Protein

The discovery of the role and identification of nutrient demand in husbandry created technical breakthroughs and contribute to the promotion of the nutritional science and feeding Finding the relationship and balance of nutrients in the ration contributed significantly to increase feed efficiency, reduce feed costs and production of high quality feed products

According to Nguyen Duy Hoan et al (1999), the types of energy of the

feed include: gross energy, digestible energy, metabolizable energy and net energy The presentation of poultry feed energy value is the metabolizable energy and is calculated as follows following the formula of Nehring (1973):

ME(kcal/kg) = 4.26 X1 + 9.5 X2 +4.23 X3 +4.23 X4

X1: Digestible Protein

X2: Digestible Fat

X3: Digestible Fiber

X4: Digestible Non-Nitrogen Extract (calculated as g/kg of feed)

The nitrogen content of the cumulative feed in the chicken body, mature chickens has N accumulation = 0%, starter period of growing chickens has N

accumulation = 40% N of food, and finisher period of growing chickens and laying hens have N accumulation = 30% N of food For convenience, using 35%

to calculate all poultry feeds

Energy is essential for the maintenance of all activities, growth and development Every living thing of the animal body is attached to the process of using and exchanging energy This process involves the extraction of nutrients to compensate for the burning of the body's material, generating energy that accumulates the body to grow and develop The energy in food is stored in the form of food material such as lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

To provide a full-fledged ration for poultry, the first factor is the appropriate level of energy needed to sustain the growth, development and growth of the body Energy for maintenance includes energy for basic metabolism and energy for normal activity The energy requirements for normal activity depend on the level of activity of the animal

The primary energy demand is the need for nutrients to compensate for energy expenditure, which are fast-digesting nutrients in standard conditions without working Basic metabolic energy is the level of energy required to sustain life, which is used for activities such as respiration, blood circulation, neural activity, organ function in irreversible conditions Energy for regulating body temperature, metabolism of tissues like epidermis, hair and the production of

hormones and enzymes (Nguyen Xuan Mui et al, 1996) In production practice,

the energy requirement for 1 kg of exchangeable mass (W0.75), 70 Kcal ± 15% and less variation between species is commonly calculated For chickens, the

basic metabolic energy requirement for 1 kg is 72 Kcal/day, while 1 kg W0.75 is 86 Kcal/day (Nguyen Duc Hung, 2006)

Nguyen Duc Hung (2006) recorded that in 1988, Singh scientist has formulated a net energy demand for maintenance (NEm) formula: NEm = 83 ×

W0.75 (W is body weight) Pure energy to sustain 82% of the energy exchanged for maintenance and energy for normal living activities by 50% of the basic metabolic energy Based on this, we can calculate the maintenance energy requirement of chickens for different weights

The demand of energy for production depends on the type of livestock product For livestock and poultry that are growing dependent on daily weight gain and carcass composition, the need for eggs depends on the yield, egg weight and birth rate or both (Vietnam Livestock Association, 2001)

On the other hand, the energy demand for mass increase can be calculated using this formula:

Pt (0.3 x 5.7 + 0.05 x 9.5) Pt x 2.185

Me tt = =

0.82 0.82

In detail:

ME tt: the demand of energy for increasing body weight/day

Pt: number of grams increase in body weight/day

0.3% protein in meat

5.7: number of Kcal/g of protein

0,05% fat in meat

9.5: number of Kcal/g of fat

0.82: performance of using energy for increasing body weight It was also mentioned that when the energy intake is low, some body fat is mobilized while the protein is accumulated The energy reserve values in protein and fat were estimated to be 0.66 and 0.86

Proteins are polymers made up of amino acid sequences Protein is the most important organic compound in the body In addition to being a key

component of cell and tissue structure, proteins have many other rich functions that determine the basic characteristics of life, such as the transmission of genetic information, the metabolism of substances Proteins play biological roles such as: shaping, catalysis, protection, transport, movement, storage and

nutrition, neurotransmitters, regulators, energy supply (Ho Trung Thong et al,

2015) For poultry, protein has many functions and also a major component of bones, ligaments, hair, skin, organs and muscles As protein is used for maintenance, growth and production, it must be routinely introduced into the body If the protein intake is lower than the demand, the growth and living conditions of the tissue was affected, leading to the slow development of necessary organs in the body (Nguyen Duc Hung, 2006)

Protein requirements for meat production chicken includes the demand for maintenance, growth and feather aggregation According to Singh (1998), overall protein requirements are as follows:

0.016 x P (g) + (0,18 x ∆P (g)) + (0.04 or 0.07 x ∆P x 0.82)

Pr(g)=

0.64

In detail:

Pr (g): necessary protein requirement (g/head/day)

P: body weight (g/head)

ΔP: weight gain (g/head/day)

0.0016: protein requirement (g) for maintaining 1 gram of P

0.18: protein ratio in meat is 18%

0.04: percentage of chicken feathers versus P of chicken under 4 weeks is 4% 0.07: percentage of chicken feathers versus P of chicken from 4 weeks is 7% 0.82: protein percentage in feathers is 82%

0.64: effectivity of using protein on chicken for meat production

Poultry's demand of crude protein is only valid if it is on the condition that it

is sufficient of essential amino acids Equivalent rations of crude protein may also

be very different in terms of the biological value of the protein (BV) To determine the need for essential amino acid, a nursing experiment should be conducted Animals were fed with different amino acid ratios and the remaining amino acids were maintained The poultry energy requirement often have unit is Kcal/kg while the other materials are represents by the percentage (%) value The amount of daily feed poultry received is opposite with the ingredients of the rations Poultry eat a lot of feed with low energy levels and eat less feed with high energy levels Poultry does not regulate the correct energy consumption When the diet is with high energy levels, they will accumulate fat in the body When the diet is low, poultry grows abnormal and may cause thin body In general, high energy levels make the body fat and low in energy to make the body lean Diets for chicks should correspond to the amount of protein, vitamins in it Energy requirement for chicks (native chickens) is 2950 - 3100 kcal/kg mixture feed

Performance of Chickens

According to the Vietnam Husbandry Institute (2017), the chicken population in Vietnam extended significantly from 152.7 million heads (2006) to 259.1 million (2017) With these, chickens raised for meat production about 200 million heads, but only 48.8 million broiler chickens Until the last quarter of 2017, scientists estimate that the volume of meat production will be reach more than 415,000 tons In Bac Giang, there are 11 million chickens (excluding the layer hens raised for egg production) and 75% of them are native chickens

Grazing is a semi-intensive method of rearing, which requires the chicken breeds to be suitable for common traits such as coat color, high adaptability, high disease resistance, high survival rate and the ability to give reasonably high, meat yield Most of the native chicken breeds in Vietnam are of the grazing type with many good characteristics such as the Mia, Choi and Dong Tao, among others They have good stature but late maturity and low breeding coefficient which makes them difficult to raise in large farms In order to overcome this phenomenon, the producer has to breed native roosters with Luong Phuong hens

to earn advantages of egg-laying capacity of this breed to meet the demand for breed In the past years, the F1 crossbred between the rooster Mia x hen Luong Phuong has been used popularly and appreciated in the grazing chicken farming movement in Vietnam However, in the local reality the crossbred between the rooster Choi x hens Luong Phuong also began to be used

According to Phung Duc Tien et al (2014), Choi chickens (as known as

Noi chickens) is one of the three types of Vietnamese native chickens that are raised for fighting General characteristics of this chicken is a large body, consistent muscles The neck is long and less feathers with thick skin which stacks look like a wave The body weight can reach about 2.8 kg to 4.0 kg The difference of Choi chicken from other breeds is its slow-feathering, ability, the chicks hatched from 8 weeks of age has only 3 to 4 wing feathers Choi rooster begins grow tail feathers at 3 months of age

According to Nguyen Minh Tri (2010), Luong Phuong chicken is also known as yellow chicken, which has high meat quality and high yield Hens have

elegant heads, solid body, solid muscle, straight leg and small There are a lot of black spots on the feather After slaughtered, Chicken skin is yellow, meat is smooth and delicious This breed of chicken is easy to raise because they are highly adapted to the hot and humid climate in the North of Vietnam Moreover, this chicken has good disease resistance, the nutritional requirements is low so they can be raised by all methods such as captive farming or semi-grazing and even grazing in the garden, the field or on the hill Their body weight at 20 weeks

of age reach 1.7 to 1.8 kg/head

According to Le Huy Lieu (2005), the survival rate is an important indicator that needs to be considered first in raising chicken, the survival rate reflects vitality, health status, disease resistance, the ability to adapt to the external conditions of the chicken The survival rate directly affects the economic efficiency and cost of production Survival rate of Choi crossbred chicken reached 100% in the first week and dropped to 99% in the second week From the second week to the third week, the survival rate was 98% The survival rate through weeks of age fluctuated from 100% in the first week to 98% until the third week Besides, the cumulative growth rate of Choi crossbreed chicken obeys the rule of ascending over the weeks In the first few weeks, the cumulative growth is high and evenly, but from the 11th week, cumulative growth begins to decline, as hens at this stage begin to decrease their ability to grow The average weight of the whole herd at the 14th week is 2kg The result of Le Huy Lieu is higher than the result obtained by Ho Xuan Tung (2008) when studying on Luong Phuong x

Ri crossbreed chickens from the 1st week to the 12th week The average of

absolute growth in the whole raising period (1 - 14 weeks of age) was 19.73 g/day The chicken grew steadily from the 1st week to the 4th week but from the

14th week onwards, the absolute growth rate of the chicken began to decline due

to the low growth of the hen From the 15th week onwards the hens almost did not increase the weight, this time is the most appropriate time to sell

Tran Thanh Van (2002) studied the growth ability of Luong Phuong chickens The body weight at 10 weeks of age was 1,993.27g/head The hereditary characteristics of the breed is important factor that is related closely to the growth and meat production ability of the chickens Based on that producers can select the breed then invest reasonable to reach the highest production efficiency

Bui Huu Doan and Hoang Thanh (2011) reported that the results of their

research on the meat production crossbred 3 breeds chicken (Mia x Ho x Luong Phuong) is recorded as follows "Strong and agile body; survival rate at 12 weeks

of age is 91.7% At this time, chickens weigh 1915 g, feed conversion ratio is 2.83; carcass percentage is 69.38%; proportion of thigh meat percentage is 22.16%; meat breast percentage is 22.86%; Other meat quality evaluation targets such as pH value; Dehydration rate after processing of chicken, meat color, meat toughness are good The result also shows that the feed intake of this chicken increases gradually over the weeks, the highest figure in the 7th to 12th weeks, an average of 71.56 g/head/day

According to Bui Huu Doan (2010), F1 chicken (Ho x Luong Phuong) has

an average carcass yield of 70.03% Le Thi Nga (1997) reported that the carcass

yield of three breeds chicken of Dong Tao, Jiangcun and crossbred (Dong Tao x Jiangcun) at 12 weeks of age are 70.01 to 71.42%; 69.17% to 71.27% and 70.9

to 72%, respectively

The ME:CP ratio was recorded by Kamran, Sarwar, Nisa (2008) that The ME:CP ratio was maintained at 132, 143, and 155 in starter, grower, and finisher diets, respectively Four experimental diets were formulated to have 4 levels of

CP and ME, respectively, in each phase: 23, 22, 21, and 20% CP with 3,036, 2,904, 2,772, and 2,640 kcal/kg in the starter phase; 22, 21, 20, and 19% CP with 3,146, 3,003, 2,860, and 2,717 kcal/kg in the grower phase; and 20, 19, 18, and 17% CP with 3,100, 2,945, 2,790, and 2,635 kcal/kg in the finisher phase Digestible Lys was maintained at 1.10, 1.02, and 0.90% of the diet in the starter, grower, and finisher periods, respectively, and remaining limiting AA like Met, Thr, and Trp were included according to Hubbard recommendations The nutrient composition of the diets either met or exceeded the Hubbard recommendations for broiler diets, except CP and ME, which were reduced in other diets maintaining a constant ME:CP ratio

Mbajiorgu et al (2011) studied on Venda native chicken and found that the

ME/CP ratio at 148 was optimal for intake feeding and growth; ME/CP ratio at

150 was optimal for FCR in stage of 1 - 42 days of age; ME/CP ratio at 143.6 was optimal for growth and rooster's FCR in stage of 43 - 91 days of age; However, ME/CP ratio at 148 was optimal for intake feeding of rooster in stage of

43 - 91 days of age The results confirmed that ME/CP ratio at 148 was optimal for intake feeding regardless of age and chickens characteristics

Nguyen Thi Mai (2001) said that the daily intake feed of poultry was negatively correlated with feed energy content in the diet Poultry eat a lot of food with low energy levels and eat less with high energy levels For example, at the same protein level of 23%, if the energy level is 3200 kcal, the feed consumption for Hybro and Isa chicken are 1.96 kg and 1.94 kg, if the energy level is 2900 kcal, the feed consumption for Hybro and Isa chicken are 2.35kg and 2.29kg

The Vietnam Livestock Association (2004) mentioned that poultry cannot regulate energy consumption correctly, when fed with high energy levels, they will accumulate fat in the body, when eating rations with low energy levels, poultry development is unusual and can be lean With broilers should use energy levels 3000 - 3300kcal / kg of food, laying hens not more than 3000 kcal/kg of food is appropriate

Anahtar Kelimeler (2017) suggested research conducted to date suggests that worms, that is rich in essential amino acids and a high digestible protein source can be used as substitutes while the protein requirement of poultry is provided usually by soy bean meal or fishmeal Worms as a source of alternative protein, they are consumed by their poultry in their natural habitat Their research recorded that worms include protein in dry matter at a rate of 64.5% and 72.9%, and are very precious protein sources (Lieberman, 2002) The level of the proteins, which are accepted as structural elements and which take part almost

in every physiological function, is directly related with the growth of worms (Hatti Shankerappa, 2013) In addition, worms contain carbohydrates at a rate of 8-

20% of the dry matters of their bodies (Edwars, 1985; Ghatnekar et al, 2000)

Aaron (2005) recorded that maize (corn) contributes approximately 65% of the metabolisable energy and 20% of the protein in a broiler starter diet and is far from the most commonly used cereal grain in the diets of intensively reared poultry One reason for the widespread use of maize in the diets of farmed livestock is that there is a perception that maize is a consistent and high nutritional value The nutritional value of maize for poultry is a function of the content of starch, oil, protein and antinutrients (primarily phytate, enzyme inhibitors and resistant starches) Starch, also known as carbohydrate, is one in the four groups of nutrients indispensable for the body It is considered to be the most abundant source of energy for the body without any nutrient groups, including protein and fat Starches, when they are not fully converted to energy, it can accumulate in the form of glycogen, when the body harbors too much energy from the starch, it stores it in the form of fat tissue Lipids are completely metabolized in the body

Hasanuzzaman et al (2010) determined the nutritional composition of Perionyx excavatus and fishmeal used by local fish-feed industry in Bangladesh

in order to evaluate the replacement potential of this earthworm species for

fishmeal Except for moisture content, the proximate chemical values in Perionyx excavatus did not differ significantly (P≥0.05) from fishmeal On the average, the earthworm had lower protein content (46.57 ± 0.97%) than fishmeal had (54.97 ± 7.49 %) On the other hand, the mean lipid content (8.03 ± 0.44 %) in this

Perionyx excavatus was found to be higher compared to fishmeal (7.97 ± 1.60

%) The average ash content in the P excavatus and fishmeal were 24.26 ± 0.68

% and 24.13 ± 8.44 %, respectively The results of the present study indicate that

this Perionyx excavatus species had almost similar nutritional values to the

fishmeal, and thus would be a potential source of animal protein in

supplementing fishmeal In an implication, year-round production of this Perionyx excavatus species through standard mass culture system, and its radical use

could play a pivotal role in sustainable fisheries and aquaculture production

According to Nguyen Van Bay (2000), the nutritional values of dried

Perionyx excavatus are as follows: dry matter 93.62%, crude protein 59.9%,

crude energy 402.09 Kcal, Crude fat accounted for 7.43%, calcium accounted for 0.11%, phosphorus accounted for 0.118%

On the other hand, Tran Thi Dan et al (2006), mentioned that the nutritional value of the Perionyx excavatus before processing were as follows:

19.24% dry matter, 13.41% crude protein, 1.48% total minerals After drying, the

dry matter content of Perionyx excavatus was 88.68%, protein was 57.14%, fat was 4.89%, total minerals were 7.9% After roasting, the dry matter of the Perionyx excavatus was 91.69%, protein was 41.07%, fat was 4.24%, total

minerals accounted for 36.88%

Another study was carried out by Vu Dinh Ton and Han Quang Hanh

(2010) where they measured the effects of Perionyx excavatus as a rich protein

feed in the diet on the growth performance, feed conversion and meat quality in broiler chicken There are three experimental groups corresponding to three

levels of Perionyx excavatus meal: Level 1: 8g and 6g/kg of feed; Level 2: 13g

and 10g/kg of feed; Level 3: 18g and 14g/kg of feed The results showed that

supplementation of Perionyx excavatus meal in the third level in the diets

resulted higher growth rate (P<0.05), lower feed consumption (reducing by 0.53

kg of feed/kg of weight gain, equal to 13.8%) and more improved of yellowness

value (P<0.05) than those of control group Addition of Perionyx excavatus meal

to chicken’s diets did not affect significantly other characteristics of meat quality (pH, drip and cooking loss, L* and a* values) If cost of worm is not calculated, feed price and feed cost per each kilogram of weight gain in group 3 was reduced by 287 VND/kg and 4278 VND/kg, corresponding to 4.51% and 17.47%

as compared with those of control one

And therefore, the experiment concluded that the Perionyx excavatus meal is one of the rich nutrient food type suitable for poultry The use of Perionyx excavatus meal to supply a portion of high protein food in diets that has

significantly improved the ability of increasing weight, feed efficiency, and meat production of broiler chickens

The formula of the create diet with corn bran and Perionyx excavatus is given by Tuan Tu Investment Joint Stock Company and recommended as

follows: The Component by percentage of mass: Rice bran, corn bran: 92-93%,

Green vegetables chopped: 5%, Fresh Perionyx excavatus: 2 - 3%

The website www.nonglam.net offers some tips to making chicken formular as protein requirements in chicken diets are calculated as follows: Chicken in a few weeks of age 19 - 21%; Young males (about 49 - 56 days of age) 18%; Layers 16 - 17%; Broiler: 12 - 15% Carbohydrates requirements in chicken diets are calculated as follows: Chicken in a few weeks of age 40 - 45%;

Young males (about 49 - 56 days of age) 50 - 55%; Adult chicken 54 - 60%; Layers 50 - 55%; Broiler 60 - 65%

According to Cao Thi Yen Chi (2008), Perionyx excavatus is considered to

be the ideal source of protein supplements for chicken because they contain all the nutrients necessary for the growth and development of livestock Moreover,

Perionyx excavatus are one of the favorite foods of poultry, consistent with their

eating habits In addition, the worm culture process is very simple, most of the farmers are able to apply, because the feed source for worms is mainly available by-products and wastes are very cheap and available for cultivation and livestock such as pig manure, cow dung, straw

Vu Dinh Ton et al (2009) reported supplementation of Perionyx excavatus

in the ration has increased the ability of accumulated lean tissue in chickens, thus increasing the ability of production of chicken meat At the same time, the

pH value in chicken was not affected by the addition of Perionyx excavatus meal

in the diet With the nutrient composition and excellent effects on Perionyx excavatus, more farmers and feed manufacturers were interested to add fresh Perionyx excavatus, Perionyx excavatus meal, Perionyx excavatus extract into

the supplement of animal feed to make different and improve the competitiveness in the market

Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the experiment materials, subjects of the study, experimental design and layout, experiment and data gathering procedure and the statistical treatment of data

metabolizable energy and crude protein in the ration of the F1 Choi x Luong Phuong chickens:

B1: 3036 Kcal ME/kg and 23% CP at 1 to 45 days of age

3100 kcal ME/kg and 20% CP at 46 to 90 days of age

B2: 2904 Kcal ME/kg and 23% CP at 1 to 45 days of age

2945 kcal ME/kg and 20% CP at 46 to 90 days of age

B3: 2772 Kcal ME/kg and 23% CP at 1 to 45 days of age

2790 kcal ME/kg and 20% CP at 46 to 90 days of age