General, organic biological chemistry, 5e chapter 5

Answer: B Objective: 5.1 Global Outcomes: GO2 5 A positron is a particle emitted from the nucleus that has the same mass as an A electron but has a positive charge.. A wearing a lead apr

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General, Organic & Biological Chemistry, 5e (Timberlake)

Chapter 5 Nuclear Chemistry

5.1 Multiple-Choice Questions

1) What is the nuclear symbol for a radioactive isotope of copper with a mass number of 60? A) Cu

B) Cu

C) 29Cu

D) Cu

E) Cu

Answer: A

Objective: 5.1

Global Outcomes: GO2

2) The nuclear symbol of helium, He, is also the symbol for designating a(n)

A) proton

B) neutron

C) gamma ray

D) beta particle

E) alpha particle

Answer: E

Objective: 5.1

3) The symbol e is a symbol used for a(n)

A) proton

B) neutron

C) gamma ray

D) beta particle

E) alpha particle

Answer: D

Objective: 5.1

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4) The symbol e is a symbol used for a(n)

A) proton

B) positron

C) gamma ray

D) beta particle

E) alpha particle

Answer: B

Objective: 5.1

5) A positron is a particle emitted from the nucleus that has the same mass as a(n) A) electron but has a positive charge

B) neutron but has a positive charge

C) alpha particle

D) beta particle

E) proton emitted from the nucleus

Answer: A

Objective: 5.1

6) Which of the following types of radiation has the highest energy?

A) α-particles

B) β-particles

C) γ-rays

D) visible light

E) All of these have the same energy

Answer: C

Objective: 5.1

7) The damaging effects of radiation on the body are a result of

A) the formation of unstable ions or radicals

B) the formation of radioactive atoms in the body

C) transmutation reactions in the body

D) extensive damage to nerve cells

E) the production of radioactive sodium ions in the body

Answer: A

Objective: 5.1

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8) Which of the following is suitable as a minimum shielding for beta particles?

A) air

B) 1 m of water

C) gloves

D) 1 m of concrete

E) 1 cm of lead

Answer: C

Objective: 5.1

9) For Sr, there are

A) 85 protons and 38 neutrons

B) 47 protons and 38 neutrons

C) 38 protons and 47 neutrons

D) 38 protons and 85 neutrons

E) 85 protons and 47 neutrons

Answer: C

Objective: 5.1

10) Which is NOT a way to minimize your exposure to radiation?

A) wearing a lead apron

B) keeping a good distance

C) standing behind a thick concrete wall

D) wearing lead-lined gloves

E) staying a longer time

Answer: E

Objective: 5.1

11) The process in which a nucleus spontaneously breaks down by emitting radiation is known as

A) transmutation

B) transformation

C) fusion

D) a chain reaction

E) radioactive decay

Answer: E

Objective: 5.1

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12) Gamma rays require the heaviest shielding of all the common types of nuclear radiation because gamma rays have the

A) highest energy

B) most intense color

C) lowest energy

D) largest particles

E) heaviest particles

Answer: A

Objective: 5.1

13) If absorbed internally, alpha particle emitters are the most damaging because alpha particles

A) have the largest charge

B) have the greatest energy

C) have the greatest mass

D) consist of high energy electrons

E) consist of pure energy

Answer: C

Objective: 5.1

14) A nuclear equation is balanced when

A) the same elements are found on both sides of the equation

B) the sum of the mass numbers and the sum of the atomic numbers of the particles and atoms are the same on both sides of the equation

C) the same particles and atoms are on both sides of the equation

D) different particles and atoms are on both sides of the equation

E) the charges of the particles and atoms are the same on both sides of the equation

Answer: B

Objective: 5.2

15) The nuclear reaction shown below is an example of what type of process?

Th → Rn + He

A) fusion

B) fission

C) translation

D) alpha decay

E) betadecay

Answer: D

Objective: 5.2

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16) When a positron is emitted from the nucleus of an atom, the nuclear mass

A) increases by two units

B) decreases by one unit

C) increases by one unit

D) decreases by two units

E) remains the same

Answer: E

Objective: 5.2

17) When an alpha particle is emitted from the nucleus of an atom, the nuclear mass A) increases by two units

B) decreases by four units

E) remains the same

Answer: B

Objective: 5.2

18) When a gamma ray is emitted from the nucleus of an atom, the nuclear mass A) increases by two units

B) decreases by one unit

E) remains the same

Answer: E

Objective: 5.2

19) In the nuclear equation of a beta emitter

A) the new nucleus contains 2 fewer protons

B) the new nucleus contains 2 more protons

C) the mass number of the new nucleus is 4 less than that of the original nucleus D) the new nucleus contains 1 more proton

E) the new nucleus contains 1 less proton

Answer: D

Objective: 5.2

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20) The product from the alpha decay of U is

A) Np

B) Pu

C) Th

D) Ra

E) U

Answer: C

Objective: 5.2

21) Nitrogen-17 is a beta emitter What is the isotope produced in the radioactive decay? A) C

B) B

C) N

D) F

E) O

Answer: E

Objective: 5.2

22) The nuclear reaction

Sn → Sb + ?

is an example of

A) fusion

B) fission

C) translation

D) alpha decay

E) beta decay

Answer: E

Objective: 5.2

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23) What is the radioactive particle released in the following nuclear equation?

Sr → Y + ?

A) alpha particle

B) beta particle

C) gamma ray

D) proton

E) neutron

Answer: B

Objective: 5.2

24) What is the radioactive particle released in the following nuclear equation?

W → Hf + ?

A) alpha particle

B) beta particle

C) gamma ray

D) proton

E) neutron

Answer: A

Objective: 5.2

25) What is missing in the nuclear reaction shown below?

B + He → N +

A) gamma radiation

B) a positron

C) a neutron

D) an alpha particle

E) a beta particle

Answer: C

Objective: 5.2

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B + He → + n

A) a neutron

B) B

C) N

D) N

E) N

Answer: D

Objective: 5.2

Zn + p →

A) a proton

B) Ga

C) Ga

D) Zn

E) Cu

Answer: B

Objective: 5.2

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28) What is the radiation particle used in the bombardment of nitrogen-14?

N + ? → C + H

A) alpha particle

B) beta particle

C) gamma ray

D) proton

E) neutron

Answer: E

Objective: 5.2

29) When aluminum-27 is bombarded with a neutron, a gamma ray is emitted What radioactive isotope is produced?

A) silicon-27

B) silicon-28

C) aluminum-28

D) magnesium-27

E) magnesium-28

Answer: C

Objective: 5.2

30) Radium-226 decays by alpha decay to

A) barium-131

B) cobalt-60

C) carbon-14

D) polonium-218

E) radon-222

Answer: E

Objective: 5.2

31) Iodine-131 decays by beta decay to

A) iodine-132

B) tellurium-131

C) iodine-130

D) bromine-131

E) xenon-131

Answer: E

Objective: 5.2

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32) A sample of cerium-141 for a diagnostic test was dissolved in saline solution to an activity of 4.5 mCi/mL If the patient undergoing the test needs a dose of 10 mCi, how much

of the solution should be injected into the patient?

A) 45 mL

B) 45 mL

C) 2.2 mL

D) 22 mL

E) 4.5 mL

Answer: C

Objective: 5.3

33) The unit used to measure the amount of radiation absorbed by a gram of material is called then

A) rad

B) RBE

C) curie

D) rem

E) MPD

Answer: A

Objective: 5.3

34) A patient receives 4.2 × 103 mrads of iodine-131, which emits β-particles If the factor that adjusts for biological damage is 1 for β-particles, how many rems did the patient

receive?

A) 4

B) 0.4

C) 0.3

D) 2

E) 40

Answer: A

Objective: 5.3

35) A patient receives 10 mrads of gamma radiation If the factor that adjusts for biological damage for for gamma radiation is 1, how many mrems did the patient receive?

A) 2 mrem

B) 5 mrem

C) 10 mrem

D) 20 mrem

E) 200 mrem

Answer: C

Objective: 5.3

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36) Gamma rays may be detected using

A) a Geiger counter

B) a film badge

C) X-ray film

D) all of the above devices

E) none of the above devices

Answer: D

Objective: 5.3

37) A sample of technetium-99m has an activity of 1.5 Ci How many disintegrations occur in the technetium-99m sample in 5.0 sec?

A) 5.6 × 1010

B) 2.8 × 1011

C) 1.1 × 1010

D) 7.5

E) 2.0 × 10-10

Answer: B

Objective: 5.3

38) A person begins to suffer radiation sickness at an exposure level of

A) 25 rem

B) 5 rem

C) 500 rem

D) 100 rem

E) 600 rem

Answer: D

Objective: 5.3

39) The recommended dosage of I-131 for a test is 4.2 microcuries per kg of body weight How many mCi should be given to a 55 kg patient? (1 mCi = 1000 μCi)

A) 230 mCi

B) 0.23 mCi

C) 0.076 mCi

D) 760 mCi

E) 13.8 mCi

Answer: B

Objective: 5.3

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40) One symptom of mild radiation sickness is

A) a lowered white cell count

B) a raised white cell count

C) a lowered red blood cell count

D) a raised red blood cell count

E) a white cell count of zero

Answer: A

Objective: 5.3

41) Why is it important that radioisotopes used in diagnostic tests have short half-lives? A) These radioisotopes have a greater activity so they are easier to monitor

B) This minimizes the harmful side effects of the radiation

C) This is necessary so the radioisotopes will have high energy

D) These radioisotopes are less expensive

E) These radioisotopes are more abundant in nature

Answer: B

Objective: 5.4

42) Sodium-24 has a half-life of 15 hours How many hours is three half-lives?

A) 60 hours

B) 45 hours

C) 30 hours

D) 15 hours

E) 7.5 hours

Answer: B

Objective: 5.4

43) The half-life of a radioisotope is

A) one-half of the time it takes for the radioisotope to completely decay to a nonradioactive isotope

B) the time it takes for the radioisotope to become an isotope with one-half of the atomic weight of the original radioisotope

C) the time it takes for the radioisotope to become an isotope with one-half the atomic number of the original radioisotope

D) the time it takes for the radioisotope to lose one-half of its neutrons

E) the time it takes for one-half of the sample to decay

Answer: E

Objective: 5.4

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44) Iodine-123, which is used for diagnostic imaging in the thyroid, has a half-life of 13 hours If 50.0 mg of I-123 were prepared at 8:00 A.M on Monday, how many mg remain at 10:00 A.M on the following day?

A) 50.0 mg

B) 25.0 mg

C) 12.5 mg

D) 6.25 mg

E) 3.13 mg

Answer: C

Objective: 5.4

45) A wooden object from a prehistoric site has a carbon-14 activity of 10 counts per minute (cpm) compared to 40 cpm for new wood If carbon-14 has a half-life of 5730 years, what is the age of the wood?

A) 1430 yr

B) 5730 yr

C) 11,500 yr

D) 17,200 yr

E) 22,900 yr

Answer: C

Objective: 5.4

46) Krypton-79 has a half-life of 35 hours How many half-lives have passed after 105 hours? A) 1 half-life

B) 2 half-lives

C) 3 half-lives

D) 4 half-lives

E) 5 half-lives

Answer: C

Objective: 5.4

47) The half-life of bromine-74 is 25 min How much of a 4.0 mg sample is still active after

75 min?

A) 0.50 mg

B) 1.0 mg

C) 2.0 mg

D) 0.25 mg

E) 4.0 mg

Answer: A

Objective: 5.4

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48) An imaging technique in which a computer monitors the degree of absorption of X-ray beams is known as

A) positron emission tomography (PET)

B) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

C) computerized tomography (CT)

D) radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU)

E) a scan

Answer: C

Objective: 5.5

49) An imaging technique that detects the energy emitted by hydrogen atoms in a magnetic field is known as

A) positron emission tomography (PET)

B) computerized tomography (CT)

C) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

D) radioactive tracer study

E) supermagnetic tomography (SMT)

Answer: C

Objective: 5.5

50) The most widely used medical isotope in nuclear medicine is

A) Tc-99m

B) I-131

C) P-32

D) I-125

E) Co-60

Answer: A

Objective: 5.5

51) The dosage of technetium-99m for myocardial imaging is 280 μCi/kg of body weight How many mCi should be given to a patient weighing 65 kg? (1 mCi = 1000 μCi)

A) 0.0043 mCi

B) 4.3 mCi

C) 18 mCi

D) 230 mCi

E) 1.8 × 104 mCi

Answer: C

Objective: 5.5

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52) A patient receives 3.0 mL of a solution containing technetium-99m for a breast image If the activity of the technetium-99m is 9.5 mCi/mL, what is the dose received by the patient? A) 3.2 mCi

B) 29 mCi

C) 320 μCi

D) 9.5 mCi

E) 28.5 mCi

Answer: B

Objective: 5.5

53) When an atom of uranium-235 is bombarded with neutrons, it splits into smaller nuclei and produces a great amount of energy This nuclear process is called

A) fission

B) fusion

C) decomposition

D) chain reaction

E) ionization

Answer: A

Objective: 5.6

54) In the Sun, nuclei of hydrogen combine to form a larger nucleus and release a great amount of energy The process is known as

A) fission

B) fusion

C) metathesis

D) chain reaction

E) ionization

Answer: B

Objective: 5.6

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5.2 Short Answer Questions

1) One symbol for the β particle is β Another symbol for the same particle is .

Answer: e

Objective: 5.1

2) Tc → Tc +

Answer: γ

Objective: 5.2

3) U + n → + Kr + 3 n + energy

Answer: Ba

Objective: 5.2

4) Sr → + e + energy

Answer: Y

Objective: 5.2

5) The radiation dose required to produce death in one-half of the exposed subject animals

is termed the

Answer: LD50

Objective: 5.3

6) A sample of phosphorus-32 with an activity of 2.0 mCi produces disintegrations per second

(1 Ci = 3.7 × 1010 disintegrations/sec)

Answer: 7.4 × 107

Objective: 5.3

7) The common unit of radioactivity which is used to measure the biological damage is the

Answer: rem

Objective: 5.3

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8) The time needed for a radioactive sample to decay to one-half of its original activity is called the

Answer: half-life

Objective: 5.4

9) The radioisotope used as a diagnostic tool to measure thyroid function is

Answer: I-131

Objective: 5.5

10) The diagnostic imaging technique that depends on magnetic fields and radio waves, not radioactivity, is called

Answer: MRI or magnetic resonance imaging

Objective: 5.5

11) The process by which a large nucleus breaks into smaller pieces, releasing large

amounts of energy is called nuclear

Answer: fission

Objective: 5.6

5.3 True/False Questions

1) The production of nitrogen-13 and a neutron from boron-10 by bombardment with a helium-4 nucleus is an example of radioactive decay

Answer: FALSE

Objective: 5.1

2) The correct symbol for hydrogen-3 is He

Answer: FALSE

Objective: 5.1

3) An alpha particle is emitted when Am-241 decays to Np-237

Answer: TRUE

Objective: 5.1

4) A beta particle is emitted when Co-60 decays to Fe-60

Answer: FALSE

Objective: 5.1

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