Sau day la khai q u i t ve bieu hien quan he tren cac cap do, trUdc het tit chieu tdn giao tac ddng den chi'nh tri: - Tdn giao ddi dau, hoac chd'ng ddi cdng khai vdi chinh tri; than quye[r]
Trang 1Jr
V TON GIAO - VAN DE Li LUAN VA THlTC T I I N
• \ j
^
MOI QUAN HE GI0A CHINH TRI V 6 l TON GIAO
^^
MOT SO VAN DE LI LUAN VA THUC TIEN
B ieu h i e n ciia moi q u a n h e bien
chiing giuta c h i n h tri va ton giao la
stf p h a n a n h k h a c h q u a n ve thiic t r a n g va
b a n c h a t q u y e n lUc ciia moi h i e n tiiOng
T r e n t h e gi6i va d Viet N a m , til lich sii
den diidng dai, moi q u a n he giiia ton giao
v6i c h i n h tri luon diidc siJ q u a n tam ciia
cac liic lifdng chi'nh tri, n h a t la liic liidng
chinh tri c a m q u y e n O Viet N a m hien
nay, viec n h a n thiic ve moi q u a n he giiia
c h i n h tri v6i ton giao diidc d a t ra n h a m
h o a n t h i e n c h i n h sach p h a p l u a t doi vdi
ton giao, tao tien de cho sii p h a t trien ben
viing xa hoi M u o n vay, van de nay doi
hoi p h a i diJdc n h a n thiic t h a u dao tu!
phiidng dien li l u a n cd b a n cho den thiic
tien t r e n t h e gicii va d nxidc ta
I Td: phildng dien li l u a n , cac n h a k i n h
dien ciia Chii n g h i a Mac- L e n i n t r o n g giai
quyet mo'i q u a n he giiia c h i n h tri v6i ton
giao da ke t h i i a q u a n diem ciia giai cap tii
san, la: "Giai p h o n g ton giao r a khoi
chinh tri" de xay diing mot n h a niidc t h e
tuc N h i i n g cac n h a k i n h dien ciia C h u
n g h i a Mac- L e n i n da r a t k h a c h q u a n va
diing d i n khi diia ra q u a n diem: "Giai
phong n h a niidc khoi ton giao k h o n g p h a i
la giai p h o n g con ngiidi h i e n thiic khoi
ton giao"'" NhU vay, viec giai p h o n g n h a
niidc c h i n h tri r a khoi ton giao h o a n t o a n
k h o n g p h a i la v i c e t h i i t i e u liay xda bd
NGO Hlltl THAO'*'
ton giao Tii tiidng q u a n t r o n g n a y da difdc A n g g h e n p h a n tich r a t s a u sac
t r o n g t a c p h a m " C h o n g D u y r i n h " , k h i
p h e p h a n D u y r i n h , mot t r i e t gia m a n g lap t r i i d n g tii s a n nhifng gia d a n h la
b a n ciia giai c a p cong n h a n , da cd tif tiidng thii t i e u ton giao k h i chii n g h i a
xa hoi b a t d a u x u a t h i e n t r e n h i e n thiic
va chi t r i c h n h a niidc tif s a n Pho, vao giiia t h i n g 5 n a m 1873 diidi thdi
B i x m a c , da t h o n g q u a " N h i i n g dao l u a t
t h i n g N a m " de c h o n g lai gidi t u h a n h Cong giao, t a o cho ho va t i n do " m e m
v i n h q u a n g tii vi dao"
Ve noi d u n g moi q u a n he giiia chinh tri vdi ton giao ciia Chii nghia Mac-Lenin, cd the khai q u i t tren mot so'luan diem sau: 1) Mdi q u a n he giuta c h i n h tri vdi ton giao la moi q u a n h e ciia h a i hien tufdng thuoc ve thiidng t a n g k i e n triic, difdc quy
d i n h trifdc h e t va c a n b a n la do h a t a n g
cd sd, s a u niia la do quy l u a t r i e n g ciia moi h i e n tiidng
2) Tii khi c h i n h tri h i n h t h a n h cho den nay da trd t h a n h mot nguon goc xa hoi triic tiep ciia ton giao
3) Moi quan he giiia chinh tri vdi ton giao
* PGS.TS., Hoc vien Chinii tn - Himli chinh Qudc gia H6 Chi Minh
1 C.Mac, Ph.Angghen Todn lap Nxb CTQG HN
1995 tap l,tr 546
Trang 2Nghien cifu Ton giao So 9 - 2009
viia the hien sii tiidng dong hiiu cd, lai viia
cd sii doi lap, cd khi quyet liet dieu dd tuy
thuoc dang ke vao tinh chat chinh tri va vi
the ciia mdi giai cap dd'i vdi tdn giao
4) Ve thai do ngiidi cong san "khdng the
da kich vao tdn giao diidi moi hinh thufc thii
dich ciing nhif diidi hinh thiic khinh bao
chung ciing nhif rieng, nghia la ndi chung
khdng dddc da kich vao ton giao"*'^'
5) Trong mdi quan he nay thiidng cd
tinh trang giai cap thong tri phan ddng
sii dung tdn giao nhii la phiidng tien de
cai tri va xam lUdc Vi the, day phai la
mot quan tam thiidng xuyen ciia nhiing
ngiidi cong san
Dd'i vdi Ho Chi Minh, chinh tri cao
nha't la chinh tri phuc vu nhan dan Vay
nen trong sii ke thiia quan diem Mac - Le
nin ve md'i quan he giiia chinh tri vdi ton
giao, NgUdi tap trung vao mot so' luan
diem can ban:
1) NgUdi khang dinh, de qud'c thiic dan
da tiing ldi dung tdn giao nhU mot cdng
cu xam lUdc dat nUdc ta va nd dich dan
toe Viet Nam
2) Su nghiep giai phdng dan toe, thd'ng
nhat dat nUdc va xay diing Chii nghia xa
hoi d nUdc ta chi thanh cdng khi lUc lUdng
lanh dao doan ket, tap hdp dUdc moi tang
Idp, lUc lUdng xa hoi, trong dd cd dong bao
cac tdn giao
3) De doan ket lUdng - giao, chii the
chinh tri can phai tim kiem, xac dinh cu
the va ro rang ve ldi ich chung ciia cong
dong lUdng - giao Day la cd sd cho sU doan
ket lUdng - giao rong rai nha't, ciing nhU de
vUdt qua sU khac biet giUa lUdng va giao
4) Dd'i vdi nhiing ke ldi dung tdn giao
vao muc dich chinh tri phan dong, phai cd
thai do cUdng quye't xii li, nhUng van can
thiet phai cd sU khoan dung
Quan diem ciia Chii nghia Mac-Lenin va
tu tudng Ho Chi Minh ve chinh tri va tdn giao, neu dUdc van dung dam bao tinh khach quan va lich sii cu the, se cd y nghia nen tang cho viec chii dong xii li thanh cdng mdi quan he nay d nUdc ta hien nay
II Quan he giiia tdn giao vdi chinh tri
tren the gidi, dUdi thdi ki co dg,i, phan anh
ve qua trinh chuyen xa hoi loai ngUdi tU thdi ki cong san nguyen thuy sang thdi ki
cd che do tU hiiu, cd giai cap va cd nha nUdc Thdi ki nay, h^u het cac tdn giao ldn ciia the gidi da ra ddi, trong dd cd tdn giao (Kitd giao va Phat giao) da the hien nhU la
sU phan khang ciia cac giai cap, dang cap
bi ap biic trUdc che do chinh tri thd'ng tri bao tan Vi the giai cap thd'ng tri dUdng thdi coi cac tdn giao dd la ta dao, nen da xua dudi, don ep, nhUng ve sau, do khdng
cd ket qua, nen da phai thiia nhan, hdn the, cdn sii dung triet de cac tdn giao dd (trUdng hdp Kitd giao) Liic dd d Chau Au, viec dieu hanh, quan li xa hoi va he tU tUdng do ca nha nUdc chinh tri va giao hoi tdn giao thUc hien Cdn d Chau A, nhU An
Do va Trung Qud'c, tdn giao viia la be dd,
la mdi trUdng phat trien chinh tri (dao Balamdn), lai viia phan khang che do chinh tri (Phat giao)
Thdi tii phong fzien, tdn giao cd vai tro
dac biet to ldn trong ddi song xa hoi ndi chung va trong linh viic chinh tri ndi rieng, nd la chd dUa ciia che do chinh tri,
k h i n g dinh che do sd hutu phong kien Thdi ki nay hien tUdng hdp nhat giiia chinh tri va tdn giao, sU n h a t the hoa cac chUc s i c tdn giao va nha chinh tri diln ra
d mot so nUdc Liic dd, Giao hoi Cong giao
La Ma cd dia vi tdi cao, khdng chi la to chUc kinh te, chinh tri, v a n hda, ma cdn
2 C.Mac Ph.Angghen Todn lap, Nxb CTQG HN,
1995 tap I.tr.23
Trang 3la dai bieu ciia h e tU tUdng C h i n h vi t h e
cac p h o n g t r a o xa hdi k h i dd deu "phai
m a n g h i n h thUc t h a n hoc; m u d n tao r a
mot p h o n g t r a o m a n h nhU vu bao, c i n
p h a i dUa cho q u a n c h u n g m a t i n h cam
dUdc nudi dUdng chi b i n g tdn giao, nhUng
ldi ich t h i e t t h a n ciia ho dudi bo ao tdn
giao"''" Thdi ki dd d C h a u Au, t i n h t r a n g
ddi d a u giUa tdn giao vdi c h i n h tri va sU
t r a n h c h a p giUa c h u n g vdi n h a u dien r a
k h d n g ngdt Dac biet, da dien r a cuoc
t h a n h chien keo dai gan 2 the' ki, k h d n g
diing lai d m u c tieu tdn giao, m a m a n g
d a m m a u sac c h i n h tri
N h i n c h u n g , dudi thdi p h d n g k i e n d
C h a u Au, tdn giao l a n ludt, chi phdi c h i n h
tri, nen tU nd d a n h m a t n h i e u gia tri,
t h a m chi cdn di ngUdc m u c tieu tdn giao
ciia m i n h va dd la n g u y e n n h a n chinh
lam nd r a p h o n g t r a o cai each tdn giao
r a m rd vao t h e k i XV, XVI
Cdn d PhUdng Ddng dUdi thdi ki nay,
nhin c h u n g c h i n h tri cd t i n h ddc lap
tUdng ddi, k h d n g bi tdn giao t h a o t u n g
n h u d PhUdng Tay H d n t h e , chinh tri cdn
diia vao tdn giao de keo dai sii trUdng ton,
Cling cd' sUc m a n h c h i n h tri c i m quyen Vi
nhu, hien tUdng t h a n bi hda cac v u a chiia
hay dong n h a t v u a vdi mot vi t h a n , n h a m
d a m bao ldi ich c h i n h tri can b a n ciia giai
cap dia chii p h o n g k i e n
Chii nghia tii bdn d Chau Au thdi ki dau
giai cap tU s a n do can cd mot n h a nUdc the
quyen m a n h , nen mot mat, p h a n ddi tinh
trang cat cU phong kien, m a t khac, chia mui
nhon n h i m vao giao hipi Khi dd, hoc thuyet
ve n h a nUdc, chinh tri chii quyen la mot
thach thUc ldn ddi vdi t h a n hoc va giao hoi
Cac dai bieu ciia phong trao cai each tdn
giao chii trUdng k h u biet giUa cai thudc the
tuc va cai thuoc t h a n t h a n h : giUa chinh tri
hoc va t h a n hoc; di tdi k h i n g dinh dia vi
tnvot dn'i pi'ifl nuvfin lUc chinh tri trUdc
quyen liic giao hdi Theo ho, giao hdi va n h a nUdc la hai td' chUc khac nhau, nhUng giao hdi c i n phai phuc vu cho n h a nUdc chinh tri, tii dd h a be Giao hdi La Ma de khdng cdn la liic lUdng chinh tri chii yeu n h u trUdc
Thdi ki nay d Chau A, chang h a n cac tdn giao ban dia, n h u P h a t giao, bi suy vi nghiem trong, khien cho cac n h a hoat dong tdn giao va ca mot sd' n h a chinh tri p h i i suy nghi den viec chan hUng nd Mat khac, chinh tri cdn phai doi m a t vdi cac tdn giao ngoai sinh t r a n vao, ma ke chdng, ngUdi theo, tao r a sU p h a n hoa trong chinh tri Mot so' n h a each m a n g tU san, nhU Tdn
T r u n g Sdn cua T r u n g Qud'c, theo dao Tin Lanh, dii t h a y vai trd dang ke ciia tdn giao nay vdi chinh tri luc dd
N h u vay, n g a y tU b a n d a u xa hdi tU
s a n da cd yeu cau t a c h n h a nUdc r a khdi giao hdi, xay diing t h e che p h a p li phi tdn giao, k h d n g de giao hoi can thiep hoac thiic hien b a t ki chUc n a n g nao ciia n h a nUdc T u y n h i e n , n h a nUdc tU s i n van thUa n h a n va d a m bao vai trd ciia giao hoi, xem q u a n he ciia cdng d a n vdi tdn giao la cdng viec r i e n g ciia ho • '
Ngdy nay, d cdc niidc tit hdn mdi q u a n
he giUa tdn giao vdi c h i n h tri d a n g dien
r a vdi n h i i n g bieu h i e n mdi, dd la:
1) Cd nhUng giao p h a i tdn giao trUdc kia d a tUng l a n g t r a n h , xa l a n h chinh tri thi n a y lai bi t h u h u t vao xu t h e chinh tri hda tdn giao
2) X u a t h i e n n h i e u td chUc tdn giao
m a n g t i n h t o a n c i u , t h a m gia vao h o a t dong chinh tri vdi y dd t h a y ddi the gidi theo h u d n g m a ho cho la td't hdn
3) Mot so' nUdc van duy tri che do giao hoi n h a nUdc, h a y qud'c giao, tai dd cd sU
3 CMiic Ph.Anggiien Tocut tap Nxb CI'QG UN,
1995 tap 21 ir 446
Trang 4Nghien ciiu Ton giao So 9 - 2009
hdp nhat giiia tdn giao vdi chinh tri
4) 0 nhieu qud'c gia da tdn giao cac
giao hoi tdn giao deu binh d i n g trong
quan he vdi chi'nh tri, phap luat
5) Quan he giiia tdn giao vdi chinh tri
cdn dUdc ca loai ngUdi quan tam bdi "cac
td chUc tdn giao - chinh tri" ciia the gidi
Islam giid Trong dd, cd nhUng to chUc
tham gia vao chinh tri theo hUdng tuan
thii phap luat, nhUng mot so' khac lai td
ra cUc doan, thUdng sii dting bao liic Tat
nhien, sd'ciic doan chi la mot bd phan nhd
trong toan bd the gidi Islam giao, khdng
nen dong nha't nd vdi toan bd dao Islam,
mot tdn giao vd'n cd nhieu dac trUng van
hda, dao dUc dien hinh
6) Tdn giao van dUdc mot sd' the' lUc
chinh tri sii diing nhu la cdng cu de tan
cdng, lat do nen chinh tri ciia cac phe
phai chinh tri ddi lap, tham chi, ciia cac
nUdc khac ma ho khdng thien cam
CJ cdc niidc xd hoi chu nghia trUdc day,
tieu bieu la Lien Xd, chii trUdng tii do tin
ngUdng va hUdng tdi viec xoa bd d i n quan
he chi phdi ciia tdn giao ddi vdi chinh tri
Trong dd quy dinh, nha nUdc khdng nen
lam cac cdng viec ciia tdn giao va tdn giao
khdng nen gan vdi chinh tri - nha nUdc;
nha nUdc khdng cam tdn giao, cdng dan cd
quyen tU do tin ngUdng tdn giao va ca tU do
tuyen truyen chii nghia vd than; hoat ddng
tdn giao phai tuan thii phap luat'""
Cdn hien nay, theo tinh than doi mdi,
chinh tri xa hoi chii nghia da k h i n g dinh
ve sU ton tai lau dai, ve nhiing gia tri dao
dUc, van hda td't dep ciia tdn giao va phai
"lam cho tdn giao thich Ung vdi chii nghia
xa hoi"'^'; hoac "Tdn giao la nhu cau tmh
t h i n ciia mot bo phan nhan dan, dang va
se ton tai ciing dan tdc trong qua trinh
xay dung chii nghIa xa hdi""^' Dieu dd the
hien tinh khach quan cua chinh tri xa hdi chii nghia trong hoat ddng nhan thiic va thiic tien tren linh vUc tdn giao
Nhu vay, tii lich sii den dUdng dai, dudi cac nen chinh tri khac nhau, mdi quan he giiia chinh tri vdi tdn giao dien
ra theo cac chieu: Tdn giao tac ddng tdi chinh tri va ngUdc lai, tti chinh tri den tdn giao Sau day la khai q u i t ve bieu hien quan he tren cac cap do, trUdc het tit chieu tdn giao tac ddng den chi'nh tri:
- Tdn giao ddi dau, hoac chd'ng ddi cdng khai vdi chinh tri; than quyen tdn giao bat the quyen chinh tri phai phuc tiing
- Tdn giao tham gia vao ddi sd'ng chinh tri ke ca vao bd may nha nUdc va dang phai chinh tri
- Tdn giao khdng can thiep vao cdng viec chinh tri, chi chuyen tam den nhiing van de thuan tuy ciia tdn giao, de thoa man nhu cau tdn giao ciia tin do
Cdn tii chieu chi'nh tri tac ddng tdi ton giao cd nhiing bieu hien:
- Nha nude ludn dau tranh de thoat khdi anh hUdng va sU kiem soat ciia tdn giao, tren cac yeu to' cau thanh tdn giao,
de k h i n g dinh tinh the tuc
- Nha nUdc giup dd va hd trd tdn giao
ve nhieu phUdng dien
- Chi'nh tri sii dung tdn giao nhU la cdng cu de bao dam ldi ich chi'nh tri triic tiep va can ban cua minh
- Nha nude khdng can thiep vao ndi bo tdn giao, khdng kiem soat quan he ciia cdng dan va khdng danh gia cdng dan theo dau hieu tdn giao
4 Ngay 23-1-1918 Lenui ki Sac lenli: Ve viec tach giao hgi ra khdi nhii nirdc va tnrang hoc ra khdi nlia thd
5 Quiin diein chinh sach ddi vdi ton giao cua Tmng Qudc
6 Quan diem, chinh sach ddi voi ton giao ciia Viet
Nam
Trang 5• Cd sU can b i n g trong quan he giiia
tdn giao vdi chinh tri, bieu hien d chinh
tri khang dinh quyen tU do tin ngUdng
ton giao nhU mot nguyen t i c phap li, cdn
tdn giao xem day la mot cdng cu dai dien
ldi I'ch ciia minh, vdi tU each la mot to
chUc trong linh viic chinh tri - p h i p luat
ciia ddi sd'ng xa hoi
Nhu vay, trong mdi quan he nay, ca
tdn giao va chi'nh tri deu cd muc di'ch duy
tri, md rdng anh hudng quyen liic va phat
trien ldi ich cua minh, tii dd triic tiep quy
dinh tinh chat, ndi dung va phUdng thUc
mdi quan he giiia chiing
TU mdi quan he giiia chinh tri vdi tdn
giao cd the riit ra mot sd' nhan xet:
Mgt Id, ca tdn giao va chinh tri, xet tii
gdc do quyen lUc, ca hai deu cd tham vong
thau tdm nhau, nhUng tren thiic te,
nhieu khi chiing budc phai chia xe cho
nhau Dieu nay cd y nghia quan trong
khdng chi li giai tai sao trong mdi quan
he giiia chinh tri vdi tdn giao tii trUdc den
nay cd nhieu kieu, loai khac nhau, tham
chi chinh tri va tdn giao, ludn phai tU y
thUc de cd the lUa chon dUdc phUdng thUc
ling xii thich hdp
Hai Id, quan he giiia chinh tri vdi tdn
giao, ve lich sii, cd the xuat hien tinh
t r a n g " t h u a n t u y tdn giao", nhUng ve
logic la khdng the Vi the tinh chat phUc tap ciia ca chinh tri va tdn giao la tat nhien va xuyen sudt, van de la, giai quye't
de lam sao tien tdi ngay cang gan hdn sii hai hoa ve ldi Ich ciia ca hai Hay ndi each khic, chinh tri va tdn giio cd the chap nhan nhau
Ba Id, quan he giUa nha nUdc vdi tdn
giao, khi vi tri ciia nha nUdc cao hdn giao hdi tdn giao, thi "tdn giao phai ling hd chinh quyen the tuc, nhUng la de cho chinh quyen the tuc khdng phuc tung tdn giao"'^' Cap do nay ciia mdi quan he dang dUdc nhieu nha nUdc hien dai mong mudn
va hudng tdi
Bd'n Id, cd nhiing che do chinh tri mac
dii ap dung chinh sach binh d i n g giiia cac tdn giao, nhUng ciing khd tranh khdi viec p h i i quan tam hdn den mot tdn giao nao dd Trong trUdng hdp nay, chinh tri khdn ngoan la tuyet nhien khdng dUdc ha thap hoac phii dinh cac tdn giao cdn lai Chi cd nhu the chi'nh tri cam quyen mdi tao ra dUdc sU doan ket toan dan, doan ket tdn giao, theo dd ma chinh tri dUdc Cling cd'./
7 C.Mac, Ph Angghen Todn tap, Nxb CTQG, HN,
1995, tap l,tr 25