Tai Dai hdi ba't thfldng dang Cfldng linh XHCN Mianma 18/10/1976, Ne Uyn da thfla n h a n "Khi cac quan he kinh te ciia mgt thdi ky nao dd khdng cdn phfl hdp vdi ldi fch ciia xa hgi va g[r]
Trang 1^
MOT SO VAN DE TRONG LICH SU
• • DONG NAM A TD 1945 DEN 1990
PHAM DU'C T H A N H *
Lich sti Ddng Nam A tfl 1945 de'n
1990 mang nhflng ndi dung bet sfle
phong phfl vdi nhieu mdc son ehdi lgi Dd
la thdi ky ciia mdt Ddng Nam A tfl than
phan nd le, phu thudc hi thd'ng tri bdi chu
nghia thflc dan phfldng Tay da lan Ifldt
dflng len gianh ddc lap dan tdc rdi tflng
bfldc dl len xay dflng dai nflde trd thanh
nhflng qud'c gia phat trien hien dai theo
nhflng con dfldng khac nhau Chinh tfl
thflc te' ay da ndy ra mdt so' va'n de can
dflcic trao ddi tfl gdc nhin lich sif,
1 Mdi quan he giiia phiftfng thflc da'u
tranh bang bao liic e a c h m a n g vdi
phfldng thiic dau tranh chinh t r i
Sau 1945, cac nflde Ddng Nam A ldn
Iflcit gianh dfldc ddc lap dan tdc bang cac
phfldng thflc da'u tranh khac nhau Cu the
la (1) Cudc each mang do giai ca'p vd san
lanh dao dfldc thflc hien bdng phfldng thflc
da'u tranh vfl trang Trong qua trinh dd cd
ket hdp vdi da'u tranh chfnh tri va ngoai
giao Dd la Viet Nam, Lao (2) Cudc dau
tranh do giai ca'p tfl san dan tdc lanh dao
dflcic thtic hien chu yeu bang da'u tranh
chinh tri, mdt vai nUdc cd ket hcip vdi da'u
tranh vu trang, nhUng da'u tranh chinh tri
la chu yeu Dd la cac nflde Inddnexia, Mianma, Philippin, Malaixia, Xingapo
Ben canh hai loai hinh dau tranh a'y,
cd trfldng hcip kha dac biet, dfldc trao tra ddc lap bang da'u tranh chfnh tri, nhUng trong thuc te lai dfla tren thanh qua ciia cudc da'u tranh vfl trang Dd la trfldng hdp Campuchia
Van de dat ra d day la mdi quan he gifla cac phfldng thflc da'u tranh dd nhfl the nao? Qua thtic te lich sif da'u tranh giai phdng dan tdc d Ddng Nam A, ngfldi
ta cd the cho rang cd nhieu con dUdng de gidi phdng dan tgc: con dfldng da'u tranh vfl trang; con dfldng da'u tranh chfnh tri
Van de la tuy thudc vao hoan canh cu the cua mdi nflde nhfl nen thd'ng tri cita chit nghia thflc dan, sfl hinh thanh cac giai ca'p, vai trd sfl menh cua giai ca'p tfl san dan tgc, vai trd cita giai ca'p vd san ma Ilia chgn con dfldng thich hcip de giai phdng cho dan tdc minh
Tuy nhien cung phai tha'y moi quan he gifla hinh thflc da'u tranh bao Itic vdi da'u
tranh chinh tri Mgt cai nhin rdng hdn,
bao quat hdn cd the thay da'u tranh bang
* PGS.TS Pham Duc Thanh, Vien Nghien cflu Dong Nam A
Trang 2Phgm Ddc Thdnh - Mot sd vd'n de Irong lich sdDong Nam A 47
bao lUc, vfl t r a n g da gdp p h d n d a n g ke
neu khdng mud'n ndi la ra't to ldn cho cac
cudc da'u t r a n h b d n g phUdng thflc chfnh
trj Tfl dd cflng cd t h e ndi dfldc r d n g
khong cd nhflng cudc da'u t r a n h bdng bao
lflc thi chfla chac cac nude thiic dan, de
qud'c de d a n g t r a o t r a ddc lap cho cac nflde
tien h a n h da'u t r a n h b d n g phfldng thflc
chfnh tri
Thi du rd n e t nha't la trfldng hdp
Campuchia Vao ddu nhflng n a m 1950 khi
each m a n g ba nflde Dong Dfldng dang t r e n
da t h a n g ldi Kha n a n g P h a p t h u a da ro
rang Chinh luc dd dng h o a n g N.Sihanuc
da thuc hien cudc t h a p tU chinh gianh ddc
lap (La croisade de I'Independence pour
Cambodge) Trong cudc t h a p tfl chinh do
dng h o a n g N S i h a n u c mud'n ep ngfldi
Phap phai trao t r a dgc lap cho Campuchia
bdi neu khdng ngfldi P h a p se phai hflng
chiu nhflng h a u qua cua cudc dau t r a n h
vfl t r a n g ciia nhflng ngfldi Khdme - Viet
Minh tien h a n h Trfldc sfle m a n h cua cudc
da'u t r a n h each m a n g cua n h a n dan ba
nflde Dong Dfldng ndi c h u n g cua
Campuchia ndi rieng d a n g t r e n da t h a n g
ldi ngay cang ldn (dfldc the hien ro n h a l la
chien cudc Ddng - X u a n 1953-1954 ma
dinh cao la chien dich lich sif Dien Bien
Phil), ngfldi P h a p da chgn giai p h a p trao
tra ddc lap cho C a m p u c h i a de cd the thflc
hien y dd h a u chien lau dai "budng ra
-nam lai" n h d m cd mdt C a m p u c h i a chiu
anh hfldng cua ngfldi P h a p ca ve chi'nh tri
va kinh te, van boa sau khi chien t r a n h
Ddng Dfldng ket thflc
Nhin rdng bdn, cd the chu nghia thflc
dan (Ha Lan, Anh, P h a p , My) cflng da
nhin thay sfl sup dd khdng t r a n h khdi cua
chu nghia thflc dan cfl d nhflng n a m dau
t h a p nien 50 vdi sfl ldn m a n h cua phong trao giai phdng dan tgc, nha't la nhflng cudc each m a n g tien h a n h bdng phfldng thflc da'u t r a n h vu t r a n g d i i n ra quyet het
d nhieu qud'c gia chau A, chau Phi Sil thd'ng tri thugc dia theo kieu cfl khong con thfch hdp nfla P h a i cd mgt hinh thflc thd'ng tri mdi Do vay, cac nflde thilc dan tflng bfldc trao trii dgc lap cho cac nflde tien h a n h da'u t r a n h chu yeu bang phfldng thflc chinh tri de co the gifl lai nhflng anh hfldng ve chinh tri va k m h te Do la thdi
ky cac dan tdc d h a u bet cac nflde hi tho'ng tri cua chu nghia thflc dan dfldc giai phdng ma ngfldi ta quen ggi la thdi ky giai thflc dan (decolonization)
2 L i e u cd c o n d i f d n g p h a t t r i e n thfl b a
h a y k h d n g ? Nhu tren da ndi nhflng cudc each mang
do giai ca'p vd san lanh dao, sau khi gianh ddc lap dan tgc, theo ly thuyet ve "Cach
m a n g khdng ngflng" cua Lenin, dfldng nhien giai ca'p vd san se xay dflng dat nflde
di len chii nghia xa hgi nhfl Viet Nam, Lao Cac nflde do giai ca'p tfl san dan tdc lanh dao, hfldng p h a t trien sau dgc lap dan tgc
la theo con dfldng tfl ban chu nghia nhfl mdt sd'nflde Ddng N a m A khac (Indonexia, Malaixia, Philippin, Xingapo )
Vdy CO con diidng phdt trien thd ba hay khong?
Dd la con dfldng di gifla chii nghia xa hgi va chit nghla tfl ban cua Campuchia
va mdt thdi ky nao dd la Mianma
Dflcic thflc dan P h a p trao tra dgc lap
n a m 1953, C a m p u c h i a dflng gifla hai con dfldng: Tfl b a n chii nghia va Xa hgi chu
Trang 348 Nghien cim Ddng Nam A 5/2009
nghia Ong hoang N.Sihanuc vdi tfl each
la "cha de nen ddc lap dan tdc" da chgn
cho dan tdc minh con dfldng di gifla
CNXH va CNTB Dd la con dfldng hda
binh trung lap va chii nghia xa hgi Phat
giao Khdme Dd la sfl ket hdp gifla nhflng
tfl tfldng XHCN khdng phai ciia Mac vdi
nhflng quy tac luan ly, triet hgc Phat giao
Dd la sfl ket hdp gifla truyen thd'ng dan
tgc vdi nhflng van de ciia xa hdi hien dai
Ong hoang Sihanue la ngfldi tha'm
nhuan Idi day ciia Dfle Phat ve con dfldng
gifla - Trung Id - con dfldng tim ra chan ly
Hdn nfla ong lai la ngfldi cd quan diem dia
- chfnh tri va hieu rang tinh hinh qud'c te
va khu vtic Ddng Nam A trong cudc chie'n
tranh lanh dang dien ra cang thang;
Campuchia chi la con kien gifla bdy voi
khdng id Ong cho rang Campuchia mud'n
tdn tai va phat trien, mud'n thoat khdi sfl
ldi keo ctia hai he thd'ng XHCN va TBCN
'thi phai di con dfldng rieng ciia minh
Ong la ngfldi khdng thich con dfldng
phat trien TBCN Ngay tfl nam 1956,
treng bai dien van "Dfldng ldi hanh ddng
chinh tri cua ngi cac thfl ba" dng da phe
phan: Chii nghia tfl ban la mgt trong
nhflng trd ngai chinh tren con dfldng tien
bd xa hdi Nhflng ten tfl ban chi quan tam
lam giau rieng cho minh, trang trcin bdc lot
nhan dan, vd vet cac tai nguyen cua da't
nflde va khong dem lai Icii fch gi cho dan
tdc La ke thfl "giet hai" cdng nhan minh,
ten tfl ban gid'ng nhfl con vat sd'ng bam
tren cay, an mdn than cay cho den khi cay
dd va giet chet nd" Trong bai dien van ctia
minh dng hoang da de ra luan diem ta't
yeu phai lam vo hai va phai lam cho che do
bdc lot lao ddng lam thue d Campuchia trd
nen nhan dao hdn bdng con dfldng md rdng sfl hoat ddng tfl thien cua cac ong chu xi nghiep ngUdi Trung Hoa d Campuchia ddi vdi ngudi Campuchia
Nhflng ddng thdi dng cung khdng thfch CHXH kieu cua Mac Ong cho r i n g CNXH kieu Mac cd the thanh cdng d nhieu ndi, nhUng khdng thich hdp va se khdng thanh cong d Campuchia
Dc dd dng dfla ra triet thuyet ma trong
dd nha nflde tang cfldng sfl lanh dao kinh
te qud'c gia, bao ve con ngfldi khdi sti bdc lot cua giai ca'p cd dac quyen, dam bao cho
hg quyen sd'ng, pham gia, trang hi cho hg nhflng phfldng tien vat cha't de hg tim tha'y hanh phflc Nam 1961 dng cdng bd' toan bg quan diem cua minh trong bai viet "Mgt vai suy nghi ve CNXH Khdme (Considerations sur le Socialisme Khmer)'"
Theo dng hoang Sihanue, chit nghia xa hdi Khdme da cd tfl nghin nam nay cl Campuchia, da tflng dfldc cac vi qudc vfldng thee dudi Con dfldng dd phfl hcip vdi tinh than dao Phat va con dfldng dd dam bao cho ngfldi Campuchia sti tien bg
va hanh phuc
N.Sihanuc phan biet: Chii nghla xa hgi Khdme khong phai la CNXH kieu Mac vi vdi nhflng dieu kien dac biet d Campuchia (nhfl nen van minh, dao ly, phong tuc tap quan, truyen thd'ng ) khac b i n vdi ndi san sinh ra hgc thuyet Mac Ong cho rdng neu ap dung CNXH kieu Mac se khdng cd
hy vgng thanh cdng d Campuchia va tham chf nguy hai cho the can bdng va tfldng lai ciia Campuchia Ong hoang nha'n manh
ve mat hgc thuyet kinh tectia CNXH kieu Mac cang khdng thfch hcip vdi Campuchia
Trang 4Pham Ddc Thdnh - Mot sd vdn de trong lich su Dong Nam A 49
vi da't nflde nay k h d n g cd va'n de rudng da't
de phai tien h a n h cai each rudng d a i va
thtic h a n h hdp tac xa
Ket qua ciia viec Ifla chgn con dudng di
gifla CNXH va C N T B tfl 1955 den trfldc
1965, da kha t h a n h cdng d Campuchia
Thdi ky nay dfldc ggi la "hoang kim" ciia
Campuchia
Tuy nhien vao cudi nhflng n a m 1960,
mdt phdn do cudc chie'n t r a n h dien ra ac
liet d ba nflde Ddng Dfldng, mgt p h a n
trong ly t h u y e t ve CNXH P h a t giao cua
dng hoang cd n h i e u diem khong phfl hdp
vdi quy l u a t p h a t t r i e n ciia xa hgi hien dai
nhfl va'n de giai ca'p va da'u t r a n h giai
cap Cudi cflng dng h o a n g N S i h a n u c
cflng CNXH P h a t giao Khdme da bi lat dd
vao 18/3/1970
6 M i a n m a , hai van kien nen t a n g ciia
che do la "Cfldng Iinh con dfldng M i a n m a
di len CNXH" cdng bo 30/4/1962 va "He
thd'ng tfldng q u a n gifla con ngfldi va mdi
trfldng" cdng bd 7/1/1963 Tfl tfldng triet
hgc the hien t a p t r u n g trong "He thd'ng
tfldng q u a n gifla con ngfldi va mdi trfldng"
dd U Chit Hlaing mgt n h a Mac Xit bien
soan Dd la sfl pha trgn gifla tfl tfldng
P h a t giao va tfl tfldng Mac Xit, gdn b a n
chat con ngfldi vao nhflng va'n de cua da'u
t r a n h giai cap nay sinh khi xua't hien m a u
thudn gifla he thd'ng s a n x u a t va td chflc
xa hdi va coi con ngfldi la lflc Ifldng s a n g
tao chan chfnh cua lich sif
• • Trong "Cfldng linh con dfldng M i a n m a
di len CNXH", cac n h a l a n h dao dfla ra ly
thuyet ve sti giai thoat Con ngfldi phai
dfl(?c giai t h o a t khdi nhflng dieu ba't h a n h
hfldng tdi sti giai phdng, tfl do, h a n h phflc,
con ngfldi cdn dfldc sd'ng trong mgt h$
thd'ng mdi Dd la che do XHCN
Ve muc tieu cua che do, CUdng linh viet: Nen k i n h te XHCN khong nhdm phuc vu ldi ich cua mdt nhdm nao; viec ke hoach hda nen kinh te m a n g muc tieu duy nha't la n h a m thda m a n cao nha't nhfl cau
ve v a t cha't, t i n h t h a n , v a n hda cua toan dan tdc"'^\ Cfldng linh cflng ndi ve viec xay dilng che do dan chu, binh dang, doan ket cac dan tgc, tao ra nen giao due dUa tren cac gia tri dao dfle XHCN va viec lam nd
rd mgt nen van hda va y te can doi vdi nhflng t h a n h qua p h a t trien
N h a nflde XHCN pha'n da'u vi ldi ich cua n h a n dan lao dgng Dgi tien phong, ddng thdi cflng la ngfldi bao ve Nha nflde nay trfldc bet la ndng dan va cdng n h a n va cac giai t a n g lao ddng liem khiet trung
t h a n h khac
Nen kinh te'XHCN p h a t trien theo cac quy l u a t sau: (1) Thda m a n cao n h a t nhu cdu vat chai, van hda ciia toan dan; (2) Lam theo n a n g liic, p h a n phdi theo lao dgng; (3) t a n g n a n g s u a t lao ddng; (4) Tfch Ifly XHCN; (5) Khdng ngflng nang cao mflc sd'ng cua n h a n dan, nang cao nang
s u a l va hieu qua san x u a l tren cd sd tien
bg ve khoa hgc va ky t h u a t
Ve cd cau kinh te, dd la nen kinh te nhieu t h a n h p h d n gdm k h u vUc n h a nflde, tap the va tfl n h a n , trong dd khu vUc nha nude la nen t a n g , k h u vUc help tac xa cdn dUcic n a n g dd; k h u vUc tfl n h a n chi dfldc phep tdn tai t r e n g k h u o n khd n h a l dinh
T r u n g t h a n h vdi triet t h u y e t cua Aung Xan "Khong cd ddc lap ve kinh te thi dgc lap ve chinh tri chi la mgt trd he"'^), Ne Uyn da thi h a n h chinh sach kinh te tti Itic canh sinh mdt each cUc doan, M i a n m a da
Trang 550 Nghien cifu Dong Nam A 5/2009
tfl chdl nhan vien trd va sfl giup dd ciia cac
nflde tfl ban nhat la My Mianma cd thien
cam chflt it vdi cae nflde XHCN, nha't la
vdi Lien Xd Tuy nhien quan he vdi cac
nflde XHCN cung khong mat thiet
Mianma chu y de'n quan he vdi cac nflde
lang gieng, nha't la vdi Trung Qud'c Tuy
nhien quan he Mianma - Trung Qud'c
cflng khdng duy tri dfldc lau Nam 1971
tai Dai hdi Dang Cfldng linh XHCN da
dfla ra chu thuyet ve "Tam giac mau
thuan My - Trung - Xo" khang dinh dfldng
ldi ban che nhan vien trd ciia Mianma la
hoan loan phfl hdp vdi viec bao toan nen
ddc lap''" Dudng ldi ngogi giao co minh
lgi ud chu trUdng hgn che' nhdn vien trd
nUdc ngodi dd dUa Mianma vdo the ddng
cda, mdt minh xay diing CNXH kieu
Mianma Dfldng ldi xay dflng va phat
tnen nay dfldc goi la con dUdng biet lap
cua Mianma
Viec tfl chdl vien trci va ddu tfl nflde
ngoai da khien Mianma thieu vd'n nen sfl
phan bd' dau tfl trong nen kinh te khdng
hdp ly De tu lUc canh smh, Mianma phai
tap trung sd'vd'n it di cua minh dau tfl vao
cdng nghiep (44,9% ngan sach), nha't la
xay dflng cd sd ha tdng, giao thdng van
tai, xay dflng dac biet, dich vu xa hdi
(23,3% ngan sach) va an ninh nen dau tfl
vao ndng nghiep ra't it (chi chiem khoang
9,96%) Chfnh vi the ndng nghiep khdng
cd dieu kien de phat trien Mac du trong
nhflng nam sau dgc lap nha nflde da ra't
quan tam de'n ndng nghiep, ndng dan
Nha nflde da giflp ndng dan vay tin dung
de thoat khdi sfl le thudc vao bgn cho vay
nang lai Nam 1963 - 1964, nha nflde cho
ndng dan vay 48 t n e u kyat, 1973-1974
vay 167 trieu kyat Lai sua't giam tfl 12%)
xud'ng 9% Nhflng thflc te nong dan khdng thanh toan day du va dflng ban Sd' nci dgng ngay cang tang len (420 trieu kyat nam 1964-65) Trfldc tinh hinh tren, chinh phii khdng cho ngfldi nd dgng vay tiep, ddng thdi ban che' cho vay Tdi 1972 chi cdn 1,8 trieu trong tong so' 4,4 trieu hg ndng dan dfldc vay
Trong khi dau tfl ft di, ngfldi ndng dan khdng cd dieu kien de gia tang san xual thi thdi tiet lai khdng thuan Idi san Iflcing Ifldng thflc giam dang ke Nam 1966-67, san Iflcing giam 17,7%
Vdng quay nen kinh te bi tri tre Nang sua't Ifla giam dan de'n xua't khau gao giam, va ngudn thu ngoai te giam dang ke Nam 1962- 63 Mianma xua't khau 1,521 trieu ta'n gao, nam 1973-74 chi xua't khau dUdc 196 ngan tan, Cflng chinh vi the dfl trfl ngoai te giam ro ret Nam 1963, dfl trfl ngoai te la 183 trieu USD, nam 1972 giam xud'ng cdn 52 trieu USD Dti trfl ngoai te giam, lam giam kha nang nhap khau Do khdng nhap dti nguyen lieu dau vao nen hau bet cac nganh cdng nghiep khdng boat ddng bet cdng sua't San xua't cdng nghiep tri tre cflng vdi sfl tri tre trong ndng nghiep lam cho toan bd nen kinh terdi vao tinh trang dinh ddn keo dai
Va hau qua nang ne nha't la ddn de'n khimg hoang kinh te vao gifla nhflng nam
70 Nhflng nam 1972-73 ty le lam phat tang cao (20%) nam 1974 la 25%, nam 1975-76 la 35,5% Lam phat lam cho gia
ca tang Nam 1973, gia tieu dflng cao ga'p
10 lan nam 1963, nha't la gia Ifldng thflc tang vgt Chi so'gia tieu thti d Rangun vao ddu nam 1970 khdng ngflng tang Trong
khi dd thu nhap thtic te ciia ngfldi lao
Trang 6Phgm Difc Thdnh - Mc)t so vdn de trong lich sd Dong Nam A 51
dgng giam N a n tha't nghiep gia tang,
nam 1971 cd tdi 20.000 ngfldi khdng cd
viec lam d cac dd t h i Ta't ca da ddn tdi sfl
cang thdng xa hdi va dieu khdng t r a n h
khdi la cudc k h i m g h o a n g chinh tri da nd
ra vo gifla nhflng n a m 1970 Sinh vien
xud'ng dfldng da'u t r a n h va nguy hiem hdn
la mdt nhdm q u a n n h a n da cd ke hoach
dao chfnh, a m s a t nhflng ngfldi dflng ddu
da't nflde
Tai Dai hdi ba't thfldng dang Cfldng linh
XHCN M i a n m a 18/10/1976, Ne Uyn da
thfla n h a n "Khi cac q u a n he kinh te ciia
mgt thdi ky nao dd khdng cdn phfl hdp vdi
ldi fch ciia xa hgi va gay can trd cho tien bd
ciia ddi sd'ng n h a n dan thi cac lflc Iflcing,
cac chiing tdc, cac giai ca'p, cac dang phai
va ca chinh phii tien bd se xung dot vdi
nhflng ngfldi t a n t h a n h hien trang"'^'
Nguyen n h a n cd b a n ciia sti khdng
t h a n h cdng ciia con dfldng p h a t trien
XHCN M i a n m a la do k h d n g cd dinh nghia
rd r a n g va khdng cd cd sd ly l u a n logic
n h a l q u a n ve CNXH va con dfldng di len
CNXH Cd sfl ldn ldn gifla CNXH va chu
nghia dan tdc Trong khi U Ba Xue, Tong
Bf thfl D a n g Xa hgi cho r i n g chu nghia
Mac mdi cd the dfla each m a n g M i a n m a
tdi t h a n h cdng thi U Nu lai cho rdng chi cd
the hgc dfldc chflt it tfl chii nghla Mac
Trong khi chfla rd ve CNXH cua Mac thi
nhflng ngfldi l a n h dad each m a n g M i a n m a
lai vien den cac gia tri t r u y e n thdng ma
tieu bieu la P h a t giao Nhflng ngfldi lanh
dao da't nflde M i a n m a thdi dd da Itia chgn
thfl Chu nghia xa hdi hdn hdp gifla triet
thuyet P h a t giao vdi Chii nghia xa hdi
kieu ctia Mac nhU mgt giai p h a p ddc dao
sang tao ciia minh de p h a t trien da't nflde
Dinh hfldng p h a t trien la nhfl vay! Them vao dd la t h a i do cflc doan ve dgc lap dan tdc va t r u n g lap, chinh vi the Mianma
da rdi vao t i n h the cd lap trong quan he qud'c te, Ket qua la M i a n m a mgt da't nflde
cd ngudn tai nguyen phong phfl va nhieu
cd hdi de p h a t trien k m h te - xa hgi, van hda giao due, nhflng da trd t h a n h mgt trong nhflng nflde ngheo, kem p h a t trien nha't k h u vfle Ddng N a m A
Do vay cd the ndi r d n g cflng nhfl Campuchia thdi dng hoang N.Sihanuc,
M i a n m a thdi Ifla chgn CNXH m a n g mau sdc cflc dean, biet lap deu da khdng t h a n h cong Bfldc vao nhflng giai doan sau, n h a t
la tfl sau khi hai nflde da trd t h a n h t h a n h vien cua ASEAN, hai nflde da dieu chinh, Ifla chgn con dfldng p h a t trien ciia minh
de cflng cac nflde t r e n g khu vfle di len con dfldng p h a t trien hien dai./
C H U T H I C H
1 Realites Cambodgiennes, Phnompenh,
1966, no 490
2 Fistie,P La Birmanie, ou la quete de
r U n i t e , Ecole Francaise d' Extreme -Orient, Paris, 1985, tr 169
3 Malov, A Architecte de llndependence Temps nouveau No 2, 1/1978, tr 21
4 M i a n m a b a n che tdi da vien trd nflde ngcai, Vien trd My danh chd dfl an nang cap tuye'n dfldng bd tfl Mandalay di Rangun hi dinh chi Tdng so'tai trd nflde ngoai trong 10 n a m dau cua che do chi
la 257,2 trieu USD, trong dd Trung Qud'c chiem 28,5%, Nhat 26,2%, CHLB Dfle 14,9%; Tiep Khde 5,8%, My 5,4%
5 Fistie, P, tldd t r a n g 280,281