trdng Idai hinh chinh the nay, hinh thai y thiic nha nUdc cbinh la t h i n hpc ten giao, chfnh quyen nha nUdc van hanh dUdi sU chi dae va giam sat ciia quyen uy tdn giao, giae si triic t[r]
Trang 1Nghien ciJu Ton giao Sd'7 & 8 - 2009
TON GIAO - VAN DE U LUAN VA THl/C TIEN
/ s '
MOI QUAN HE TON GIAO VA CHINH TRI
^"^
NHUNG VAN DE LI LUAN VA MO THUC
T on giao v a c b i n h tri deu thuoc ve
k i e n t r u e thUdng t a n g cua n h a nU6c
GiUa c h u n g c6 mo'i q u a n h e vdi n h a u Tuy
vao thdi ki lich sii, tiiy vao t h e che n h a
nUdc m a moi q u a n h e gifla c h u n g co sU
k h a c n h a u
Ton giao t r o n g bai viet n a y dUdc hieu
la t h a n hoc vdi n h U n g tin If, tin dieu ve
vu t r u q u a n va n h a n sinh q u a n
Chi'nh tri t r o n g bai viet n a y dUdc bieu
la hoc t h u y e t lam n e n t a n g cho the che
n h a nUdc, cho viec xay dUng va p h a t trien
n h a nU6c Va vi vay no c u n g dUdc hieu
n h u t h e che n h a nUdc
C a n t i n b ciia ton giao dUdc quy dinh
bdi t h a n hoc Ton giao n a y k h a c ton giao
kia trUdc h e t va t r e n h e t la bdi sU quy
dinh cua t h a n hoc
T h e che n h a nUdc b a y c a n t i n h cua
n h a nUdc du'dc quy d i n h bdi hoc t h u y e t
chinh tri m a n h a nU6c do sii d u n g
Vi vay moi q u a n b e th&n hoc va chinh
tri la moi q u a n be chieu s a u cua t a n g vi
mo Mdi q u a n he n a y a n h hUdng tdi n h a u
nliU t h e n a o t a t yeu se tac dong vao can
t i n b ciia ton giao \kn t h e che n h a nUdc
Day la mot v a n de b e t siic q u a n trong
N g h i e n ciiu ve cac moi q u a n h e ton giad
vi v a y ' k h d n g t h e k h d n g n g h i e n ciiu ve
mm (juan h e ton giao ( t h a n hoc) va chi'nh
tri (the che n h a nUdc) V a n de n g h i e n cUu
NGUYfiN HONG DlfONG'"
se chi r a cac d a n g thUc cua moi q u a n he;
be qua ciia cac d a n g tbUc la mo thUc ciia
t h e che n h a nudc Dong thdi viec nghien ciiu c u n g chi r a dUdc sU tac dpng ciia
c h i n h tri den ton giad Viec nghien ciiu
t a t yeu p h a i dUa chac c h a n vad nen t a n g
t u tUdng chii n g h i a Mac - Lenin va tU tUdng Ho Cbi M i n h
C h i n h vi t h e ma bai viet nay t a p t r u n g vao hai noi d u n g chinh sau;
- Q u a n niem ciia Mac, Anggben va tU tUdng Hd Chi M i n h ve mO'i q u a n be ton giad va c h i n h tri;
- N h u n g bieu hien ciia moi q u a n he ton giao va c h i n h tri
I Q U A N N I E M C U A M A C , A N G G H E N
vA TU T U 5 N G HO CHI MINH VE
MOI Q U A N H E T O N G l A O v A
C H I N H TRI
1.1 Quan niem cua Mdc, Angghen ve mdi quan he ton gido vd chinh tri
C.Mac va P h A n g g b e n k h d n g phai la nhUng n h a n g h i e n cUu ve ton giao chuyen
n g h i e p De xay dUng hoc t h u y e t ciia minh
n h a m giai q u y e t nbUng n h i e m vu chinh tri thUc tien ciia p h d n g t r a d giai phong giai cap cdng n h a n , t r o n g mdt sd luan van POSTS Vien Ngliicii CULI Ton giao
Trang 28 Nghien ciiu Ton giao So7 & 8 - 2009
ve triet hdc va chinh tri hpc'" hai dng cd
gan vdi van de ton giad Trdng nhUng
luan van nay hai dng da "md xe" tdn giad
bang the gidi quan duy vat bien chiing va
lap trUdng chinh tri cua giai cap cdng
nhan Thdng qua nhUng "md xe" nay hai
dng hudng tdi xay dUng mot the gidi quan
kbda bdc cua giai cap cdng nhan va
phdng trao dau t r a n h each mang cua giai
cap cong nhan Van de moi quan he tdn
giad va chinh tri vi vay dUdc Mac va
Anggben de cap den dUdi gdc dd khac
nhau Chung ta cd the due rut ra mdt sd'
van de cd ban sau day
Thi2 nhat: Mac va Angghen cho ta mdt
each nhin khai quat ve sU ra ddi cua th&n
bdc, mdi quan he than hdc va chinh tri
qua trUdng hdp than hdc Kitd giad ma
ban dich dudi day goi la dao Cd Dd'c "Tdn
giad the gidi mdi, tiic dao Cd Ddc, da lang
le ra ddi tU sU hdn hdp ciia than bdc Ddng
PhUdng da dUdc khai quat, nhat la than
bdc Dd Thai, vdi triet hdc Hy Lap da dUdc
thong tuc hda, nhat la triet hoc khac ki
Mudn biet dad Cd Dd'c liic dau nhu the
nad, chung ta trUdc bet phai nghien ciiu
ti mi, vi hinh thUc quan phUdng dUdc
truyen lai den chiing ta, chi la hinh thUc
khi nd da trd thanh qud'c giao va da dUdc
hdi nghi Nikea lam cho thich hdp vdi muc
dich dd Chi cai viec la 250 nam sau khi
ra ddi, dao Cd Ddc trd thanh mdt qud'c
giad, cung dii chiing minh rang nd la tdn
giao thich hdp vdi hdan canh ciia thdi dai
Trdng thdi Trung cd, dad Cd Ddc cung
phat trien thed sU phat trien ciia che dd
phong kien ma nd trd thanh tdn giad phu
hdp vdi che dd ay, va cd mdt tdn ti phdng
kien tUdng ufng Va khi tang ldp thi dan
ra ddi thi di giad Tin Lanh, ddi lap vdi
dad Thien Chiia phdng kien, phat trien
trUdc bet trdng nbUng ngUdi Anbi d mien
Nam nUdc Phap, trdng thdi phdn thinh
nha't cua cac dd thi d mien dd Thdi Trung
cd da sap nhap vad than hdc ta't ca cac
hinh thUr khac ciia he tU tUdng triet hoc
chinh tri hoc phap luat hpc Dd dd nd budc mdi phong trad xa hdi va chinh tri phai mang hinh thiic th^n hpc; mud'n tad
ra mdt phdng trad nhU vu bad c^n phai dUa ra chd quan chiing ma tinh cam dUdc nudi dudng chi b4ng tdn giad nhiing ldi ich thiet than ciia hd dUdi bd ad tdn
g i a d '(2)
Luan de tren day dUdc Ph.Anggben
trinh bay trong tac pham; Lutuich
Phoidhdc vd sii cdo chung cua triet hoc co dien Diic Luan de tren, thed chiing tdi,
lam sang td 3 ndi dung sau;
a Khi nha nUdc sU dung th&n hoc thi th&n hdc phai dUdc nhad nan lai chd phu hdp vdi muc dich ciia nha nUdc Ban than tdn giad mud'n tdn tai, phat trien trdng long nha nUdc phai phat trien thed sU phat trien ciia nha nUdc ve linh vUc than hdc Cling nhu linh vUc he thd'ng td chUc
b Khi tdn giad trd thanh qude giad thi chinh tri chi la mdt phan ciia than hpc, hoan toan khdng ngang bang vdi tb&n hoc
va cang khdng diing tren than hpc, bad chiia than hpc
c Thdi ki phdng kien phdng trad chinh tri, xa hdi mud'n phat trien manh me phai mang hinh thUc than hpc
Luan de ciia Ph.Angghen nhin tU Kitd giad nhUng sdi dpi vad cac tdn giad khac nhu Phat giad, Nhd giad, Dad giad, Islam giad ve cd ban cung tha'y sU ra ddi ciia than hdc va mdi quan he giiia than hpc va chinh tri la tUdng tU Kitd giad Chdng ban nhu Nhd giao; Nha nUdc phdng kien (Trung Qud'c, Viet Nam ) sii dung Nho
1 Do la nhirng tac pham: Gop plu'in phe phc'iii tiiel
hoc phap quyen ciia Hegheii: Ban thcio kinh le - trie) hoc 1844: He tu tiiang Dire: Gop phan phe phan khoa kinh te- chinh tri: Chong Duynnh: Liitvich Phoiobcic va sif cdo chung ciia liiel hpc co dien Dire: Luan cirong ve Phoiffbac
2 Nguydn Due Su C Mdc-Ph Angghen ve van cle ton gido Nxb Khoa hoc Xa hoi Ha Noi 1999 tr
503-504 ,',.'; - , , , ! - '^
Trang 3Nghien ciJu Ton giao So7 &8 - 2009
giao va n h a o n a n chd nd p h u hdp Nho
giao p h a t t r i e n dUa t h e o mo b i n h cua n h a
nudc p h o n g k i e n Thdi Binh kinh cua Dad
giad dUdc d u n g l a m s a m vi p h u c vu c h i n h
tri De l a n h dad n d n g d a n khdi n g h i a
TrUdng Giac ( T r u n g Qud'c) dUa r a cau
s a m ndi tieng; ThUdng t h i e n di td., h d a n g
thien dUdng lap; T u e t a i G i a p ti, t h i e n b a
dai cat (Trdi x a n h d a chet, trdi v a n g dUdc
lap vao n a m G i a p ti, t h i e n h a t h a i binh)
Trdi x a n h chi n h a D d n g H a n Trdi v a n g
cbi q u a n khdi n g h i a , n e n d e u d u n g k h a n
vang (hdang can) ndi len vad n g a y Giap
Ti n a m G i a p Ti, tiic n g a y m o n g 5 t h a n g 5
n a m Giap ti ( n a m 184)*^*
Thii hai: N h a nUdc, xa hpi s a n s i n h r a
tdn giao Mdi tdn giao d e u gan vdi t h e che
n h a nUdc, p h a n a n h h i n h m a u n h a nUdc
L u a n diem n a y dUdc t h e b i e n t r c n g ddan
van s a u day c u a C Mac; N h a nUdc ay, xa
hdi ay s a n s i n h r a tdn giad*'"
Thi! ba: A n h bUdng q u a lai giiia hpc
t h u y e t c b i n h tri - tU tUdng ciia n h a nUdc
vdi t h a n hpc tdn giao a n h hUdng nay
dUdc t h e h i e n q u a t h e che n h a nUdc - tdn
giad vdi md h i n h c a p ddi nhU n h a nUdc
phong kien vdi Cdng giao, n h a nUdc tU
ban vdi Tin L a n h giao
T r d n g Ldi tiia viet chd lan xua't b a n
bSng t i e n g A n h tac p h a m Sii phdt trien
cua chu nghia xd hoi tii khong tiidng den
khoa hoc, P h A n g g h e n chd tha'y k h a rd
a n h bUdng q u a lai giiia Cdng giad va
phong k i e n T a y Au; "NhUng t r u n g t a m
quo'c te Idn ciia che dp p h o n g k i e n la Giad
bdi T h i e n Chiia R d m a Nd thd'ng nha't
tdan T a y Au p h d n g k i e n - b a t c h a p ca
nhUng cudc c h i e n t r a n h ndi bp - t h a n h
mot c b i n b t h e c h i n h t r i Idn do'i lap vdi t h e
gidi Hy L a p t b u p c giao p h a i H k h a i , ciing
n h u do'i lap vdi t h e gidi Hoi giao Nd
khotic chd che dp p h d n g kien mdt vong
bad q u a n g t h a n t h a n h Nd da xay diing
b e thd'ng c a p bac c u a b a n t h a n nd theo
mhu mUc ciia che dp p h o n g kien va riit
cue nd trd t h a n h mdt c h u a p h d n g kien Idn nhat, bdi vi it ra mdt phan ba da't dai ciia the gidi thed dad Thien Chiia la thude ve nd"'''
N g a y n a y vdi dp liii cua lich sii vdi each n h i n bien chUng va n g h i e m tuc chiing t a tha'y r e mdt dieu la C Mac, Ph
A n g g h e n n h i n n h a n t h a n hpc tdn giad chu yeu t h d n g q u a t h i n hpc Kitd giad Do vay, mdi q u a n h e giiia tdn giao va chinh tri dUdc C.Mac, P h A n g g h e n p h a n ticb chii yeu la dUa v a c mdi q u a n he phong kien vdi Cdng giad, thi d a n vdi Tin L a n h giad d PhUdng Tay Vi vay, nbUng l u a n diem m a C.Mac va P h A n g g h e n dUa r a
n e n dUdc xem la phUdng p h a p l u a n de
n h i n n h a n mdi q u a n he cap ddi n h a nUdc
- tdn giad d PhUdng Ddng nhU T r u n g Qude va Viet N a m c h a n g b a n Dd tinh dac t h u cua tdn giad PhUdng Ddng nen ve dai q u a t l u a n diem cua C.Mac,
P h A n g g h e n la p h u hdp, nhUng di vad tUng tdn giao cu t h e thi cd nhUng bieu hien dac t h u C h a n g b a n nhU P h a t giao mdt tdn giao "tuy d u y e n " da "cap ddi" vdi cac loai b i n h n h a nUdc, nen mdi q u a n be qua lai cd nhUng bieu hien dac t h u O dd tb&n bee va c h i n h tri it cd sU thdn tinh Idai trU n h a u ma thUdng hda quyen mdt each h a i hda
Ve mdi q u a n he tdn giao va chinh tri, Mac va A n g g b e n n g h i e n g ve phia phe
p h a n c b i n b t r i ldi d u n g tdn giao de thd'ng tri n h a n d a n Vi vay, tdn giao trd t h a n h ddi tUdng cua c h i n h tri T r d n g tac p h a m ;
Lutvich Phoidhdc vd sii cdo chung cua triet hoc co dien Diic, Ph Anggben viet;
"Seng vi bdi dd, c h i n h tri la mdt linh vUc
r a t gai gdc, n e n cudc d a u t r a n h chii yeu la
n h l m chd'ng tdn giad NhUng hdi dd, nha't
3 Nguyen Duy Hinh Ngirdi Viet Nam vai Dao fiuio
Nxb Khoa hoc Xa hoi Ha Noi, 2003 tr 71
4 Nguydn Dire Su (ehii bien) Cdc Mac - Ph
Angghen ve van de Idn gido Sdd tr 1 18
5 Nguydn Diic Su (chii bien) C Mdc - Ph
Ang-ghen ve van de ton gido Sdd tr 524-52.'i
Trang 410 Nghien cuu Ton giao So 7 & 8 - 2009
la tii nam 1840, dau t r a n h chdng tdn giad
cung gian tiep la dau tranh chinh tri"'^'
1.2 Tii tiidng Ho Chi Minh ve mdi
quan he ton gido vd chinh tri
Tu tUdng Hd Chi Minh ve mdi quan he
tdn giao va chinh tri b i t ngudn tii quan
diem cua C.Mac va Ph.Angghen ve tdn
giad Sdng nd cdn dUdc tham nhuan bdi
nen tang van hda - tdn giad PhUdng Ddng
dac biet la van hda - tdn giad Viet Nam
0 mdt dan tdc da ten giad, mdt dan tdc
ma tdn giad cd vai trd trdng van hda, dac
biet la chinh tri, gdp phan vad viec xay
dUng va phat trien dat nUdc, Hd Chi
Minh da cd nhan quan bien chiing ve mdi
quan he tdn giae va chinh tri
Thii nhat, Trong tU tUdng Hd Chi
Minh ve tdn giad ndi chung va ve mdi
quan he ten giad va chinh tri ndi rieng,
NgUdi chUa bad gid chu trUdng xda bd
tdn giad; ddi dau chinh tri vdi tdn giao
Khi phe phan tdn giad, NgUdi chi phe
phan chii nghia giae hdi, phe phan cac
the lUc chinh tri ldi dung tdn giae tham
gia vad nhUng hdat ddng di ngUdc lai ldi
ich dan tdc, nhiing banh ddng bdc lot
quan chiing tin do hoac nhUng viec lam
phan van hda
Thii hai He Chf Minh triet de khai
thac, van dung nhUng tU tUdng td't dep
ciia than hpc tdn giad vad hdat ddng
cbinh tri ma cu the la cudc dau tranh
danh dudi thUe dan de qud'c, gianh lai ddc
lap chd dan tdc va xay dUng met da't nUdc
Viet Nam mdi Vdi Nhd giad, ngUdi khai
thac cai tinb tuy cua nd la
TRUNG-HIEU Tii cai tmh tuy dd Hd Chi Minh da
dUa vad tU tUdng mdi la Trung vdi Nudc,
Hieu vdi Dan
Chd den khi tien h a n h cdng cudc cai
each md ciia, Trung Qud'c mdi quay lai
de cad nhUng gia tri dad diic, nhan van
ciia Nho giao va van dung vao xay dUng,
phat trien da't nUdc NbUng ngay tii
nam 1927, He Chi Minh vdi each nhin bien chiing va thien tai da gbi nhan cac
gia tri nay Trdng bai Khong Tu viet tai
Quang Chau ngay 20/2/1927 cua NgUdi
ed dean; "Vdi viec xoa bd nhUng le nghi tudng niem Khdng Tu, Chinh phu Trung Qud'c da lam m a t di mdt the che cii va t r a i vdi tinh t h a n dan chii Cdn nhUng ngUdi An Nam chiing ta bay tU hdan thien minh, ve m a t tinh t h i n bang each dpc cac tac pham cua Khdng Tii, ve mat each m a n g thi can dpc cac tac pham ciia Lenin"'^'
Nhiing tU tudng ciia Phat giad nbu tii
bi, ciiu khe, ciiu nan, ldi lac quan sinh, vd nga vi tha dUPc Hd Chi Minh hieu biet rat sau sac de rdi van dung, ke thiia vao cdng cudc dau t r a n h gianh dec lap dan tdc, xay dUng va phat trien dat nUdc
Viec triet de khai thac, van dung nhiing tU tUdng td't dep ciia than hpc tdn giao vad hdat dpng cbinh tri ciia He Chi Minh the hien cu the d quan diem sau day cua NgUdi; "Hpc thuyet cua Khdng Tii cd Uu diem ciia nd la sU tu dUdng dad
diic ea nhan ,, ,,fp ^f,\- i>i>.n
Ten giae Giesu cd Uu diem eua ne la long nhan ai cao ca Chii nghia Mae cd Uu diem cua nd la phUdng phap lam viec bien chiing Chii nghia Tdn Dat Tien cd
Uu diem cua nd, ehinh sach ciia ne thich hdp vdi dieu kien nUdc ta Kheng Tii, Giesu, Mac, Tdn Dat Tien c h i n g cd nbUng diem chung dd sad? Ho deu mud'n mUu h a n h phiic chd Idai ngudi, mUu phiic ldi cho xa hdi Neu hdm nay bp cdn sd'ng tren cci ddi nay, neu bp hdp lai met chd, tdi tin r i n g bp nha't dinh chung sd'ng vdi nhau r a t bean mi nhU nhUng ngUdi ban than thiet
6 Nguydn Dire Sir (ehu bien) C.Mdc - Ph Angghen
ve vein de ton gido, Sdd, tr.488
7 Vien Nghien eiru Ton giao Hd Chi Minh ve vd'n
de ton gido tin ngucJng Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi Ha
Noi, I998.tr 142
Trang 5Nghien curu Ton giao So7 &8- 2009 11
Tdi cd g a n g l a m ngUdi hoc trd nhd cua
cac vi ay"'*' • , , *,, , >;
Thii ha, X u a t p h a t tU viec k e thUa
nhUng t u tUdng td't dep cua t h a n hpc tdn
giao vao h e a t d d n g c h i n h t r i n e n H e Chi
M i n h c h u trUdng xay dUng mdt n h a nUdc
ma d dd c h i n h tri va tdn giao deu tU de
p h a t trien T r o n g Thii giii nhiing ngiidi
Idm cong tdc vdn hoa vd tri thUc Nam Bo
de ngay 23 t h a n g 5 n a m 1947, Hd Chi
Minh td rd q u a n diem nay: "Chfnh phii
cung t d a n t h e d d n g bad Viet N a m kien
quyet chie'n d a u , t r a n h q u y e n thd'ng nha't
va ddc lap chd nUdc n h a de chd van hda
Cling n h u chfnh tri va k i n h te, tin ngUdng,
dao dUc deu dUdc p h a t trien tU dd"'^'
Ngdai ra, cdn eac q u a n diem tU dd tin
ngUdng cua M a t t r a n Viet Minh, q u a n
diem tin ngUdng tU dd va lUdng giad ddan
ket ciia N h a nUdc Viet N a m D a n chii
Cong hda NhUng q u a n diem t r e n da t a e
ra sU ddng t h u a n giufa ngUdi cd tin
ngUdng, tdn giae vdi ngUdi k h d n g cd tin
ngUdng, tdn giad, ddng vien tdi da chUc
sac, n h a t u h a n h va tin dd cac ten giao
t h a m gia v a e h e a t ddng chfnh tri, c u n g cd
nghia la t h a m gia vao sU n g h i e p each
m a n g dUdi sU l a n h dao ciia D a n g Cdng
s a n Viet N a m , m e t D a n g lay chii nghia
Mac - L e n i n l a m n e n t a n g t u tudng
Thii tii, Hd Chf M i n h p h a n biet rd r a n g
nbUng gia tri tdt dep ciia t h a n hpc tdn giao
vdi viec ldi d u n g t h a n hpc va t h a n quyen
ciia cac t h e lUc chfnh tri p h a n ddng Tii dd
NgUdi sii d u n g mdt each tai tinh, khee lee
nbUng gia tri tdt dep ciia t h a n bee tdn giad
de chdng lai sU ldi d u n g nd Do chinh la
viec ddng ton gido de gidi quyet vdn de
chinh tri Hoac diing ton gido de gidi quyet
vdn de ton gido Q u a n diem nay hien d a n g
dUdc D a n g ta ap d u n g va bieu qua tii cudc
song la r a t td't dep
T u t u d n g Ho C b i M i n h ve mdi q u a n he
ton giao va chfnh trj dUdc de cap d t r e n
da gdp p h a n q u a n t r p n g vad viec lam
p h o n g p h u t u t u d n g n a y ciia C.Mac va
P h A n g g h e n
I I NHLTNG B I E U H I E N C U A M O I
Q U A N H E T O N G l A o v A C H I N H T R I
Q u a n diem cua C.Mac, P h A n g g b e n va
t u t u d n g Hd Chf M i n h ve mdi q u a n he tdn giad va chfnh tri la cd sd de c h u n g ta nhin
n h a n va p h a n t a c h m e t each cu t h e nhiJng b i e u h i e n ciia mdi q u a n be tdn giae va chi'nh tri T h e e c h u n g tdi cd ba loai bieu h i e u s a u day:
- C b i n b giae hdp nha't;
- C b i n b giad p h a n li;
- C b i n h giad boa hdp
S a u day c h u n g tdi l i n lUdt di vao tUng bieu b i e n
2.1 Chinh gido hdp n/idt
L u a n diem chinh giao hdp n h a t (nha nUdc va n h a thd/giao hdi hdp lam mot) dUdc Ph A n g g h e n de cap t r e n g tac p h a m ;
Phridrich Vinhem IV, vua nUdc Phd nhU
sau; "Trong n h a nUdc Tin L a n h , vua la
s u m m u s episcopus (giao chii tdi cae) va
k e t hdp t r d n g con ngUdi ciia minh quyen lUc tdi cad cua n h a thd va ciia n h a nUdc; muc dich cudi ciing cua b i n h thUc n h a nUdc n a y la sU hdp n h a t n h a nUdc va n h a thd, n h u H e g h e n ndi"'""
"Trong lich sii t h e gidi, h i n h thUc chinh giae hdp nha't la vd c u n g phong p h u
va k h a c n h a u r a t Idn N h a xa hdi hoc DUc, M a x Weber, da tien b a n h p h a n ticb
r a t cd h e thd'ng dac diem va loai h i n h ciia
c b i n h giao hdp nha't, t a p t r u n g t h e bien
t r e n g chUdng 6 ciia cudn Xd hoi hoc chi
phdi va t r o n g cudn Xd hoi hoc quyen thong tri ton gido N d i m e t e a c h k h a i
8 Vien Nghien euu Ton giao Ho Chi Minh ve vdn
de ton gido tin ngirang Sdd tr 185
9 Vien Nghien cuu Ton giao Ho Chi Minh ve van
de ton giao tin ngirang Sdd, tr 197
10 Nguyfin Dure Su (chu bidn) C.Mdc - Ph Angf>hen
ve van di- Ion gido Sdd tr 139
Trang 612 Nghien cijru Ton giao So7 & 8 - 2009
quat the che chi'nh giae hpp nha't tren
the gidi cd hai dac trUng cd ban; l T h i n
hpc tdn giad la chuan tac tdi cac cua hinh
thai y thiic nha nUdc, ke thd'ng tri hi t h i n
thanh hda trd thanh hda than hdac dai
dien cua t h i n thanh; 2 Nhan vien chiic
sac tdn giad trUc tiep tham gia quan li
hoac khd'ng che bd may nha nUdc Trong
lich sii the gidi cd ba leai md thUc chfnh
giae hdp nhat dien hinh; Thii nhdt la
chinh tri tang IQ (hierecracy), trong Idai
chinh the nay, lanh tu tdn giae ciing la
nguyen thu qud'c gia, ke chap chinh lay
giad si lam ehu dae, giae phap va t h i n
hpc tdn giae chinh la phap luat va hinh
thai y thiic cua qud'c gia, tieu bieu cua
leai nay la chi'nh quyen ngUdi Do Thai
cua Moses trong CUu Udc giad trieu
Rdma ciia Vatican va chinh quyen Tay
Tang cii d Trung Qud'c; Thi^ hai la chinh
tri t h i n quyen (theecracy) trdng Idai
hinh chinh the nay, hinh thai y thiic nha
nUdc cbinh la t h i n hpc ten giao, chfnh
quyen nha nUdc van hanh dUdi sU chi dae
va giam sat ciia quyen uy tdn giao, giae si
triic tiep dam nhan chiic vu lanh dae bd
phan cd cau hanh ehinh, tieu bieu cua
leai nay la chinh quyen phai Cahnn Anh
thdi ki thdng tri ciia Oliver Crcmwell d
giUa the ki XVII, hay chinh quyen Iran
thdi ki Khdmeini d thap nien 80 the ki
trUdc; Thii ba la the che quan chu giae
chii, nghia la nguyen thu qude gia cUng la
lanh tu tdi cad cua tdn giae, quan quyen
khdng che than quyen"''^' Ve trUdng hdp
nay Ph.Angghen trdng tac pham
Phridrich Vinhem TV, vua niidc Pho da
phan tich kha ki; "Seng cai dia vi giad
chu ciia qud'c vUdng - ciing nhU tdan bd
dad Tin Lanh - la mdt sU nhUdng bd ddi
vdi nguyen tac the tuc Vi dia vi giac chu
ciia qud'c vUdng thcfa nhan sU can thiet
phai cd ngUdi thu linh trdng tha'y rd cua
nha thd, cho nen nd la sU xac nhan va
chiing thuc dia vi diing dau ciia giae
hoang, nhUng, mat khac, nd tuyen bd'
quyen lUc t r i n tuc, quyen lUc the tuc tiic quyen lUc nha nUdc la toi cao tuyet ddi va
b i t quyen lUc nha thd phai phuc tung quyen lUc nha nUdc Day khdng phai la xac lap met sU binh dang nao dd giiia the tuc va giae hdi, ma la giad hdi phai phuc tung the tuc Bdi vi nha vua da la nha vua trUde khi la summus episccpus, va sau khi da la summus episcepus vua chii yeu v i n la vua, ma khdng dUdc ban mot chiic vi giao hpi nao ca Mat khac ciia van
de la gid day qud'c vUdng tap trung tdan
bd quyen lUc, quyen lUc tran gian va quyen lUc tren trdi vao trong con ngUdi cua minh, vdi tU each la ThUdng De cila
t r i n gian, dng ta la mdt bieu hien bean thien ciia nha nUdc tdn giae""^'
Md thiic chinh giae hdp nha't thU ba dUdc Ph Angghen lam sang td nhU viia trinh bay d tren chd tha'y net dac trUng la quyen lUc tdi cae cua chinh quyen va giao quyen nam trong tay mdt ngUdi Dd la the che Q U A N CHU - GlAO CHU Tren thUc te, vUdng quyen khdng che giae quyen, chinh quyen cae hdn giad quyen, dem giao quyen dat dudi sU khd'ng che cua minh, phuc vu sU thd'ng tri cua minh
2.2 Chinh gido phan li
Hinh thiic chinh giad phan li ngUdc lai vdi hinh thiic chinh giae hdp nhat 0 dd nha thd tach khdi nha nUdc Nha thd/giad hdi tdn giad hdat ddng thuan tuy tdn giao khdng can thiep vao boat ddng ciia nha nudc Deng thdi nha nUdc quan If nha thd/giad hpi b i n g phap luat Tieu bieu d day la nUdc Phap vdi Luat Phan li ban
h a n h ngay 9/12/1905 Md thiic chfnh giao phan li dUdc Ph.Angghen de cap den
trong tac p h a m ; Gop phan phe phdn dii
11 Tang TruySn Huy Gidi md tinh hinh chinh tri vd
Ion gido Tdy Tang dirang dai qua so sanh bdn vdn kien lich sir quan trpng Tap ehf Nghien cirii Tdn gido so 2-2009, tr 49-50
12 Nguydn Due Sir (chii bien) C Mdc - Ph
Angghen ve vdn de Ion gido, Sdd, tr 139-140
Trang 7Nghien cuu Ton giao S67 &8' 2009 13
thdo ciidng linh ndm 1891 cda ddng Ddn
chd - Xd hpi: "Tach ban nha thd ra khdi
nha nudc Tat ca nhung dean the tdn
giad, khdng trii mdt doan the nao, deu se
dUdc nha nUdc coi la nhiing hdi tU
nhan"<"'
2.3 Chinh gido hoa hdp • f • \ - ,
Cd the coi day la mot hinh thiic tdng
hdp vdi nhieu dang me thUc
Mo thiic tha nhdt: t h i n hoc tdn giae cd
vai trd chii dao treng he tU tUdng tri nUdc
va la ngudn gdc cua phap luat Nghien
ciiu ve nha nUdc Thd Nhi Ky ciing nbU
cac nha nUdc PhUdng Ddng, C.Mac chi rd;
"NhUng nha nUdc Thd Nhi Ky cung nhU
ta't ca cac nha nUdc Phu'dng Ddng, lai
dUdc xay dUng tren cd sd sU hda nhap bet
siic chat che va g i n nhU la sU deng nha't
giiia nha nUdc va giac hdi, giiia chinh tri
va tdn giae Ddi vdi de qud'c Thd Nhi Ky
va nha c i m quyen cua nd, thi kinh Islam
giao la ngudn gdc tin ngUdng viia la
ngudn gdc ciia phap luat""""
Md thufc nay kha phd bien treng lich
s i the gidi tii cd dai den nay O Trung
Qud'c khi Nho giao ra ddi, nha nudc
phdng kien Trung Qud'c sii dyng Nhd giad
lam he tU tUdng tri nUd'c va vi vay Nho
giad cbi phdi tU tudng ciing nhU phap
luat cua nha nUdc phcng kien Trung
Qud'c Nha nUdc phdng kien Viet Nam
thdi Dinh - Le - Ly - T r i n bi cbi phdi bdi
Phat giad thdi Le - Nguyin bi chi phdi
bdi Nhd giao Tuy nhien, vdi nha nUdc
pheng kien Trung Qud'c nha nUdc phdng
kien Viet Nam, dd trdng Idng xa hdi nd
tdn tai tam giad (Nho, Phat, Dad) chii
khdng phai la tdn giad ddc t h i n nen met
tdn giae nao dd trong mdt thdi ki lich sii
nad dd chi giii vai trd chii dad Bdi be tU
tudng nha nUde cdn bi bai tdn giad cdn lai
chi phdi Vi vay, cd nha nghien ciiu chd
ring, nha nUdc phdng kien Trung Qud'c
"lay Nho tri qud'c, lay Phat tri tam, lay Dao tri than""^'
Md thiic nay dang hien dien d hang Idat cac nUdc lay met tdn giao nao dd nhU Islam giao, Phat giao, Anh giao hay Chinh Thdng giao lam qud'c giao
Mo thUc thii hai: ve quan phUdng nha
nUdc la nha nudc the tuc nhUng nha nUdc
da khai thac, Ung dung nhiing tU tudng
t h i n hpc phu hdp de xay diing dat nUdc Giao hpi va cac ddan the tdn giae ddng thuan vdi nha nUdc Giad si, nha tu hanh trong nhiing chiing miic khac nhau tham gia vao td chiic cdng quyen: tdn giae dUdc huy ddng vad cac hdat ddng kinh te, van hda, xa hpi
Trong lich sU ciing nhU hien tai, md thiic nay dUdc the bien kha nhieu Nha nUdc Viet Nam Dan chu Cdng hda va nay
la nha nUdc Cdng hda xa hdi chii nghia Viet Nam thude ve md thUc nay
Cac tdn giao Idn ra ddi deu diia tren nen tang cbinb tri, van hda, xa hdi cua mdt nha nUdc nha't dinh Vi vay, tdn giad
va chfnh tri ludn cd mdi quan he vdi nhau Tuy thee mdi thdi ki lich sii, tuy thed vi trf mdi tdn giad (ddc than, da
t h i n , da phiem thin) ddng thdi tuy thee the che nha nUdc ma tdn giae va chfnh tri bay than hpc va nha nUdc cd mdi quan he khac nhau DUa tren quan niem cua C.Mac, Ph.Angghen va tU tUdng Hd Chf Minh ve mdi quan he tdn giae va chinh tri, chiing tdi dUa ra nbUng md thiic tren
Cd the cd nhUng each tiep can khac, ciing
cd the cdn cd nhiing md thUc khac Xin dUdc ban dpc cbi giad./
13 Nguydn Due Sir (chu bien) C.Mdc - Ph.Angghen
ve van de ton gido Sdd, tr.520
14 NguySn Due Su (chu bien) C.Mdc - Ph Angghen
ve vdn de ton gido Sdd tr.324
15 Trin Lam Thu, Trin Ha Ton gido hoc nguyen li
T6n giao van hoa xuai ban xa 1999, Tr.354 (ban tieng Trung)