Viec ngfldi Tay Nguydn hi6n sinh cho cac Iinh hdn ngfldi che't ndy sinh khdng chf ddn thudn tfl long thfldng tie'c ngfldi qua cd' ma cdn xua't phat tfl mdt sfl sd hai trflde mdt the' lfl[r]
Trang 1Nghien curu Ton giao Sd2 - 2010 41
DCfl SONG TIN NGI70NG CUA GAG DAN TQG
THIEU SO 6 TAY NGUYEN
T ay N g u y e n du'dc bie't de'n nhfl mdt
t r o n g bdy vflng vdn hda cfla ca
nflde, tiep giap vdi mien nui Q u d n g N a m
vd phfa Bac: d d n g b a n g Ddng N a m Bd vd
phfa N a m ; hai nufdc Lao va C a m p u e h i a vd
phfa Tay; ddng b a n g duyen bai Nam
T r u n g Bd vd phfa Ddng Tdng dien tfch tfl
n h i e n eua k h u vflc n a y khoiing 60.000
km'', chiem 20% dien tfch cfla ca nu'dc,
bao gdm n a m tfnh: L a m Ddng, Dak Ndng
Dak Lak, Gia Lai va Kon T u m Cho ddn
nay d T a y N g u y e n cd k h o a n g 50 tgc
ngfldi s i n h sd'ng vdi d a n s d ' t r e n 4,6 trieu
ngfldi, t r o n g dd cac tgc ngfldi cfl t r u k u
ddi chiem con so' 12, bao gdm: E De Gia
Rai, C h u Ru, Raglai, Ba Na, Xd Dang,
M'ndng, Kd Ho, Gie-Trieng Ma B r a u Rd
M a m : Hg ndi hai ngdn ngfl chfnh
Mdn-K h d m e (ngfl h e N a m A) va Ma Lai Da
Ddo (ngfl h e N a m Dao)
T a y N g u y e n k h d n g chi dfldc bfet ddn la
vflng v a n hda vdi k h o t a n g sfl thi phong
phfl cflng h a n g t r d m tac p h a m dfldc t r i n h
dien t r o n g s i n h b o a t cdng ddng nhfl ndn
am n h a e cdng c h i e n g m a tidn t h a n cfla nd
k nhflng bd d a n da tidn sii; Bd luiat tuc
b d n g v a n vdn t r u y e n m i e n g chfla dflng
nhflng tri thflc d a n gian p h o n g phfl; Dieu
k h a c tfldng n h a md, m ! t h u a t t r a n g trf
TRUNG THI THII THUY'*' ddc dao, v.v m a T a y N g u y e n cdn difdc bie't de'n nhfl la vflng d a t cfla le hgi vdi nhflng p h o n g tuc tfn ngfldng m a n g d a m
c h a t tfl n h i e n va n h a n van khie'n con ngfldi k h d n g chi gdn gfli va hda ddng vdi thien n h i e n md cdn hda ddng gifla con ngu'di vdi n h a u tao t h a n h mdt cdng ddng gdn kdt ben chac
1 L e h o i t r u y e n t h o n g - Sfl p h a n
a n h ddfi s o n g t i n n g u f d n g s i n h d o n g
Le hdi vdn k h a n h ddng n a y sinh t r e n
cd sd nidm tin tfn ngfldng tdn giao, vi vay
le bdi cfla ngufdi T a y N g u y e n k dip de hg bdc Id mgt each sd'ng ddng q u a n m e m vd
v a n viit hflu linh Hay ndi each k h a c , mdi
le hgi ddu hfldng ddn viec d a m bdo cho mdt sfl trfldng tdn cfla cdng ddng Nhflng
le hdi t r u y d n thd'ng cua ngfldi T a y
N g u y e n la sfl t h a m gia cu t h e cua nhflng
h u y e n t h o a i t r u y d n t h u y d t lien q u a n va ddn Ifldt nd, h u y e n thoai k i k suf cu t h e hda cua mdt q u a n niem tfn ngfldng tdn giao Vdi ngfldi Tay N g u y e n , h u y e n thoai
va nghi id dfldc lflu gifl tfl n g a y xfla, dfldc
t r u y e n k i q u a n h i d u the' he, nhflng gi
t h d n l i n h d a k m tfl budi khdi n g u y e n td
* ThS Khoa Van hoa va Phat tricii Hgc vien Chfnh tri-Hanh cliinh khu \urc III Da Niing
Trang 242 Nghien curu Ton g i j o ^ r / j - 2010
tien ndi tiep khdng thay ddi thi ngdy nay
con ngfldi phdi lap lai dung nguyen nhfl
vay, gid'ng nhfl ngfldi lfl hanh dam len
bflde chan nhflng ngufdi da vach nen
nhflng eon dfldng mdn khdng the phai md
vd mdt van ddng lien tuc
Tren cd sd ndn tdng kinh te-xa hgi ciia
cfl dan trdng trgt nfldng rdy, he thd'ng le
hdi cfla cac tgc ngfldi cfl trfl lau ddi d Tay
Nguyen dfldc binh thanh va phan chia
thanh hai true chfnh chi phdi sd'phan ciia
tflng ca nhan va cd cgng ddng Dd k le
hdi ndng nghiep va le hgi vdng ddi ngfldi
1.1 Le hgi gdn vdi sdn xudt nong
nghiep
Day dfldc xem k mang quan trgng
ciia le hdi Tay Nguyen Trong quan niem
cua ngfldi dan, cae le thflc tfl khi chgn
da't, phat rflng, dd't ray, tria hat, chdm
sdc va thu hoach la nhflng md'c quan
trgng cfla ca chu trinh canh tac trdng
lfla; Cac le thflc sfla lai Id ren trufdc mdi
mfla canh tac, cflng ben nflde, cung rfla
tdi ldi, cau mfla, sfla lai dfldng len ray,
dn lfla gidng cdn lai sau khi tria mflng
nam mdi, v.v la sfl hoan chinh cho he
thd'ng 16 hdi ndng nghiep truydn thd'ng
Thieu cac nghi le nay thi toan bd hoat
ddng canh tac ndng nghiep ddu bi ngflng
tre Dflng nghi cac nghi thflc nay la cai
ndm ngoai quy tririh canh tac ma nd
thflc suf tham gia vdo cac boat ddng ben
trong thiim chf la cai chfnh yeu ciia qua
trinh canh tac ay Dd la chudi cac le thflc
chuyen tidp hoan chinh mdt chu trinh
canh tde nfldng ray
Cd dufdc sfl nhii't quan dd k do trong
quan niem dan gian, hdn lfla, than Lua
mdi chfnh k cai quyet dinh suf sinh
trfldng eiia cay lua, mdi chfnh k sfl quyet
dinh cho sfl phong ddng cua cay trdng, thidu cai dd thi ngay ban t h a n hoat dgng lao dgng san xua't ciia con ngfldi cung trd nen vd nghia Do vay, md dau vu gieo trdng va sau khi p h a t dot, ngfldi ta lam nghi le rflde hdn lua tfl kho ra nfldng ray, gifl chan hdn lua sud't qua trinh chdm soc tai cac rdy thieng; kdt thflc vu thu hoach, ngfldi ta chang day rflde hdn lua trd ve kho lua v.v
Trong tam thflc ciia cac cfl dan ndng nghiep Tay Nguyen, hdn lua, thdn Lua hien len vdi hinh dang ciia mgt vi nui thdn Ngfldi Ba Na cd nhflng cau chuyen ke ve mdi tinh eua t h a n Lfla vdi
t h a n Sam Set; ngfldi Xd Ddng xem than lua hien t h a n dfldi hinh dang ciia con cdc xfl xi hay mdt ba gia xa'u xf; ngfldi M'ndng gdn thdn Lfla vdi hinh dnh cua ngfldi phu nfl trong gia dinh, ngfldi dfldc chgn de bat dau cho le thflc gieo tria ray thieng, v.v Vdi ngfldi Tay Nguyen, lua
la phu nfl, lfla k sfl sd'ng nen chi cd dan
ba mdi biet each cham lo cho nd tfl tren nfldng cho den trong bep nfle na'u nfldng Tuy nhien, cung d cdc tde ngfldi nay, hdn lua t h d n Lfla trong cac boat ddng nghi le, n h d t la le thflc tra hat va
le thflc thu hoach lai dfldc hien thflc hoa trong t h a n xdc me lua, thfldng la ngfldi phu nfl trong gia dinh, n h a n vat chfnh cua cac Id thflc Hg la ngfldi ddu tien ra rdy gieo nhflng h a t lfla dau tien tai rdy thieng; la ngfldi ddu tien ngdt nhflng bdng lfla chi'n tfl rdy thieng ve dd lam thfl Ifldng thflc dang cung t h a n Lua Sti gdn bd thdn bf gifla tfnh phi nhieu ciia ddt va sfle m a n h s a n g tao eua ngfldi phu nfl la mgt trong nhflng trfle cam ed ban cfla didu cd the ggi la y thflc ndng nghiep
Trang 3Trung Thi Thu Thuy LS hdi truyen thdng 43
Rd r a n g , chu t r i n h c a n h tac nfldng ray
ciia cac tgc ngfldi T a y N g u y e n , m a cac
chu t r i n h ndy lai dfldc quydt dinh bdi mdi
trfldng tfl n h i e n va khf h a u n h i e t ddi gid
mfla vdi h a i mfla mfla n a n g rd ret, tao
nen n h i p s i n h hgc va h a n g loat cae s i n h
b o a t v a n h d a tfn ngfldng, m a n g tfnh chu
ki Tfnh c h u ki cfla cae b o a t ddng le thfle
nay ngdy n a y q u a n g a y k h a c dfldc h d n
s a u va cd d i n h t r o n g nep sd'ng cfl dan
Chfnh didu n d y cflng gidi thfch vi sao khi
nhflng didu k i e n k i n h td t h a y ddi, c h u y e n
tfl c a n h tac nfldng r a y s a n g t r d n g trgt cac
loai cay cdng n g h i e p nhfl ca phe, cao su,
bdi ldi, tieu, didu, v.v thi cac b o a t ddng
le hdi g a n vdi t r d n g trgt nfldng r a y cflng
t h a y ddi theo, t a o n e n nhflng k h o a n g
trd'ng t r o n g nghi le va p h o n g tuc cua cac
tgc ngfldi ndi day
1.2 Le hoi gan vdi vdng ddi ngitdi
Day c u n g k h e t h d n g le hdi ddng vai
trd q u a n t r g n g k h d n g k e m t r o n g ddi sdng
t a m linh c u a tgc ngfldi T a y N g u y e n Cac
le bdi vdng ddi ngfldi h i n h t h a n h t r e n cac
ndn t a n g q u a n n i e m va (luan he xa hdi
k h a c n h a u Trflde hdt, nghi le vdng ddi
h i n h t h a n h tfl q u a n n i e m vd linh hdn
ngfldi Tfly t h e o tflng tgc ngfldi ma (juan
niem ve linh hdn cd sfl k h a c n h a u , sd'
Ifldng linh h d n t r o n g tflng con ngfldi cung
k h a c n h a u Dd k cai gd'c cua sfl h i n h
t h a n h , tdn tai t r o n g ddi sd'ng cua mdi con
ngfldi Ngfldi Ba N a q u a n niem con ngifdi
cd ba h d n vdi mdt h d n chfnh n a m d dfnh
ddu, h a i h d n p h u n d m d t r a n va t r o n g cd
t h e Ngfldi E De cho rdng: "Cd ba h n h
hdn k h a c n h a u t r o n g mdt ca the: m'gat
sinh ra cac giac md va dfldc cdu k h a n s a u
khi che't; m ' n g a b la hdi thd cua suf sd'ng,
nd di l a n g t h a n g s a u k h i con ngu'di che't,
trflde khi t i m dfldc t h e xac k h a c de ddu
t h a i ; t i e n g h e a ( ) k mdt t r o n g nhflng
h i n h thflc cfla linh bdn t r o n g t r f l d n g h g p nay k mdt con chim"'" Ngu'di M i i d n g cho rdng: "Mdi con ngufdi cd nhidu hdn (heeng), mdi hdn cd n h i d u d a n g va cd the ndi la cd each cfl xfl rieng; hdn t h a c h a n h
t r u d ngay s a u t r a n , hdn n h i e t t h o a t r a khdi ddu khi ngu, hdn t r a u dfldc cac t h d n (yang) nudi dfldng t r e n trdi"'-' Ngfldi Xd
D a n g b i n h d u n g t r o n g mdi con ngfldi binh thfldng bao gid c u n g tdn tai s a u linh hdn tdn ggi mdi linh hdn t h d n g thfldng dfldc ggi trflng vdi so' thfl tfl cfla linh hdn ay, vf du: linh h d n thfl n h a t dfldc xem k linh hdn chu, k linh hdn cua m a u , cfla hdi thd, cua n h i p tim, ciia sfl sd'ng; linh hdn thfl h a i k linh hdn cfla sfl hda hieu t r o n g gia d i n h : linh hdn thfl ba la linh hdn cfla sfl c h a m chi k o ddng kheo leo, tai ba; linh hdn thfl tfl k linh hdn cfla sfl hieu
k h a c h ; linh hdn thfl n a m k linh hdn cua sfl t h a t t h a , n g a y t h a n g ; linh hdn thfl s a u
k linh hdn d a m bao con ngfldi trflde t h a n linh r d n g con ngfldi se hi trflng tri ndu vi
p h a m quy c h u a n t r u y d n thd'ng, v.v
l.,inh h d n gan vdi t h e xac, do vay con ngfldi khi eii't t i e n g khde chao ddi da phdi thflc h i e n le k h a i t a m , le thdi tai Ldn hdn nfla phdi k m le trfldng t h a n h , 16 cfldi Khi d a u d'm, b e n h t a t tfle k lflc hdn di
l a n g t h a n g h a y hi cac t h d n ac bdt m a t phdi lam 16 ggi hdn, le an t r a u cdu sfle khde Va cudi e u n g k cuidc chia lia td't ydu xdy r a gifla l m h hdn va t h e xac b d n g nhflng Id thflc t a n g m a Id bd ma
So vdi 16 hgi n d n g n g h i e p , 16 hdi vdng ddi ngfldi g a n bd m a t thie't vdi mdi trfldng
1 Dam Bo Mien ddt huyen do Nxb I loi nha \'an
Hii Ngi 2003
2 G Condominas Chimg toi an rimg dd than Gd
Nxb The gioi Ha Ngi 2003
Trang 444 Nghien ctru Ton giao Sd2 -20W
xa hdi Dd la vice t h d n g q u a cac nghi 16 vd
p h o n g t u c mdi ca n h a n xac k p mdi q u a n
h e vdi cdng ddng cdng d d n g hda ca n h a n
k h i d n cho t r o n g xa hgi cd tru.\'6n con
ngufdi va cdng d d n g gan ket vdi n h a u lam
mgt, k h i e n cho ca t h e r a t kbd t n i t h i i n h
ca nhiin cd ca tfnh nhif t r o n g xa hoi bien
dai T h d n g (pia cac 16 hgi vdng ddi, cgng
ddng Ihfl'a nhiin suf h i e n dien va t i i n g na'c
trifdng t h a n h cfla mdi t h a n h vien t r o n g
cgng ddng Do vay, xet tfl phifdng dien
n a o dd, t u y cac 16 thflc vdng ddi ngifdi chi
n h a m vao tflng ca n h a n cu t h e , chi k h u d n
t r o n g p h a m vi gia d i n h nhifng nd bao
chfla tfnh cgng d d n g s a u sdc
Vdl cac tgc ngu'di T a y N g u y e n , mgi
q u a n h e xa hgi mgi 16 hdi g a n vdi c h u
t r i n h c a n h t a c nfldng r a y vdi vdng ddi
ngifdi va s m h hoiat v a n hda deu dfldc h i n h
t h a n h , tdn tiai t r o n g cai k h u n g xii hgi
budn lang, ndi nhfl G (Condominas, dd la
mgt diang " k h d n g gian xa hdi" T r o n g
k h d n g gian xa hgi nay tif b a n t h a n mdi
h a n h vi cfla ca n h a n dien r a t r o n g b u d n
k n g vd phufdng d i e n t a m linh h a y luiat
tuc ddu lien q u a n trfle tid']) de'n budn
k n g chiu suf che chd h a y trflng p h a t cuia
t h a n linh H a n h d g n g t r o n g cac 16 thflc
thfldng gaj) k lii'y m a u cfla con vat hi6n
s i n h bdi len ngfldi Ion mgi v a t t r o n g l a n g
n h d m xda di sif rui ro tdi ldi ma ke n a o
dd t r o n g l a n g da p h a m phai hoiac t r u e
tie'p xflc p h a m tdi thiin l m h • ' •'''
Gdp p h d n k h d n g nhd t a o nen sac dien
t r o n g b e t h d n g 16 hdi n d n g n g h i e p va 16
hgi vdng ddi ngu'di k kidu tfl duy "hien
thufc h u y e n do" (chu' d u n g ciia GS Ngd
Dfle T h i n h ) T r o n g q u a n m e m cua ngfldi
T a y N g u y e n , mgi v a t ddu cd l m h hdn,
didu n a y k h i d n cho con ngu'di cfl xfl vdi
moi Viit t h e o b e quy chi6'u n h a n tfnh chfl
k h d n g t h e o k i e u p h i n h a n tfnh nhfl con ngfldi h i e n d a i cfl xfl vdi cai tfl n h i e n vo tri giac H a y ndi each k h d e , dd la cung each m a con ngfldi cfl xfl vdi mgi vat vdi tif each la cai b e n t r o n g , cai cflng chu the chfl k h d n g p h d i la cai k h a c h t h e t h e o kieu tfl d u y c h u t h e - k h a c h t h e t r o n g tfl duy
h i e n dai ve mdi q u a n h e gifla con ngfldi
v d i tif n h i d n •/-• i ••
T r o n g cai tfldng tac m a n g tfnh "ben trong" a'y, con ngfldi t r o n g each thflc cfl xfl vdl mgi vat, d u hflu h i n h (tfl nhien) hay vo binh ( t h a n linh), ddu t h d n g qua kenh diem bao, ddu tin vao ,sfl m a e h bdo cua linh hdn Diem bao t r o n g nhflng giae md, vdi ngufdi
T a y Nguy6n, la mgt t h d n g diep a n va ngfldi
ta cd cd mdt h e thd'ng cac chia k h d a de giai
m a y nghia cfla nd Va chf lflc nay, quydn
n d n g cfla cac p d k u (thdy cung) mdi dfldc the Inen rd net Chi cd hg mdi du kbd nang
dc gidl d a p nhflng chdm bao t h d n g qua cac giiac md Nidm tin vao cac phfl thfly, vdi ngfldi T a y N g u y e n ed t h d xem k bdn dai nha't va m a n h me nha't'*
2 N h u ' n g b i e n d o i t r o n g 16 hoi
t r u y e n t h o n g T a y N g u y e n
Cd mdt thflc tc' la xa hgi v a v a n hda
T a y N g u y e n , t r o n g n h f l n g giai doian lich
3 Nguoi Tay Nguyen co cii mgt he ihong cliia klitia dc' giiii ma nhCrng giac mo vf dii:
- Mo thay song niroc: dirge mua
- Mo thiVy minh giau: minh ngheo
- Mo thay ca_\' da co nhieu canh: ngiroi den mua ilia dong nhu chim tren cay da
- Mo thay cau dtrgc ca tre ca trau: di buon dirge lifi to
- Mo thay bat du'Oc klii: thang giac va biit dtrgc nhieu tii binh
- Mo tliay nguoi lang khac bit dugc khi: bi thua tran \'a hi biit
- Mo thay chay cay cd: trong lang co dich
- Mo thay m'inli rung mgt rang: mgt ngiroi than Slip chei
v.v
Trang 5Trung ITii lliu ITiuy Le h()i truyen thi'mg 45
sfl, cd nhflng t h a y ddi r a t to ldn va c a n g
ngay, td'c do t h a y ddi dd didn r a cdng
n h a n h chdng Cd nhflng bid'n ddi chflng ta
cd t h e n h a n tha'y dfldc trflde mdt, cd
nhflng bie'n ddi didn r a a m t h d m d be
m a t chim cfla cd t d n g v a n bda-xa hdi
t r u y e n thd'ng nhflng c u n g m a n h me
k h d n g k e m Con do van hda tflng tgc
ngfldi tu'dng chflng vflng chdc nay trd n e n
mong m a n h , r a t cd n g u y cd t a n vd
Ddi vdi 16 hdi ndng nghiep khi cay ca
phe, cao su, bdi ldi, v.v thay the cho
nhflng rdy lua t r u y e n thd'ng; khi dicn tfch
lua nflde t a n g ddn len; khi con ngfldi bie't
dflng t r a u c u n g p h a n bdn cho n h u n g m a n h
rudng cua minh, v.v thi tfnh chfnh the
cfla nd da hi p h a vd d nhieu k h a u
T r o n g d i e u k i e n d i n h c a n h dinh cfl
nhfl h i e n n a y cflng c h i n h sach giao d a t
giao rflng cho cac hd n d n g dan ((udn If,
cac Id thflc chgn da't l a m ray, p h a t rflng,
dd't r i i n g l a m r a y v.v k h d n g cdn difdc
thufc h i e n p h d bidn H a n b u u cflng cd
nhflng trifdng hdp dfldc tidn h a n h nhflng
chf d vflng s a u v u n g xa nhfl Tu Md Rdng
hoae D a k Glei (Kon T u m ) , Ea H'leo (Dak
Lak), v.v Nhflng Id thflc sfla lai Id ren
trflde mdi mfla t r d n g tria: c u n g t h d n Lfla
trflde khi dd't rdy cdu cho mfla ray td't
tfldi; c u n g t h d n Sii'm, t h d n Nflde cdu mfla
t r o n g nhflng ldn b a n b a n ; cflng t h d n n h a
Rdng t h d n ben nifdc khi t r o n g k n g cd
nhflng k e q u a n h e ba't chfnh, v.v chi cdn
k bdng md t r o n g kf fle cua ngifdi gia
Nhflng le thflc n b u (4ign me Lfla 16 bdi
m a u cho lua Id d d n g cifa k h o lfla, 16 dfla
lfla 16n ehdi, 16 cflng lfla d a n g thi, 16 a n
lfla gid'ng, id lam dfldng, 16 m a n g nflde
da trd t h a n h q u a khfl; 16 dn t r a u mflng
dfldc mfla cdu ki va d a m miiu sac hi6n
s i n h k h d n g cdn chd dflng t r o n g cac k n g
k con c h i e n cua Chfla trfl phi cd sfl hd trd cua Sd Vdn h d a T h e t h a o va Du lich cac t i n h t r o n g viec p h u c dflng lai n g h i le
an t r a u c u n g nhfl nhflng nghi 16 cd
t r u y e n k h a c T r o n g nhflng ddt dien da vao cdc n a m 2004, 2 0 0 5 va 2008, gia
l a n g d cac k n g ngfldi Ba Na ven thi xa Kon T u m cho c h u n g tdi bidt, chi k h i n a o
Sd V a n h d a Thd t h a o va Du lich dai thg
k i n h phf thi l a n g mdi cd didu kien l a m 16
an t r a u mflng n a m mdi hoac le k h a n h
t h a n h n h a Rdng nhflng dd cflng k nhflng dip hidm hoi N h i e u k n g da b a bd'n n a m n a y k h d n g cdn td chflc 16 dn
t r a u nfla • •• "i' - •' '••• '''!' i
Tfl nhflng van dd trong viec t h a y ddi vd
n h a n thflc, mdi trfldng xa hdi, chuydn ddi
cd cau k i n h te-xa hgi, v.v cfla ngfldi b a n dia khidn cho he thd'ng 16 hgi lien q u a n tdi cay trdng bi suy gndm, cd ndi cd lflc bi mai mdt hoan toan ma he qud keo theo la tiao nen sti h u t b a n g vd ddi sd'ng t a m hnh, tao nen k h o a n g trd'ng de nhieu thfl t a m h n h khac thiim n h a p va khda lap
He t h d n g 16 hdi vdng ddi k h d n g m a t di nhfl he thd'ng 16 hdi ndng n g h i e p t r u y e n thd'ng m a thufdng la, mdt m a t , cac le hdi
dd hi mai mdt di, c h a n g b a n nhidu nghi 16 thi6n t a n g h a y t a n g m a eiia cai chet xa'u
da trd t h d n h q u a khfl; 16 bd md ctia n h d m Gia Rai M t h u r sd'ng tai cac budn Chai, Tring, Bdu, Bdng thudc vflng Cheo Reo
da t h a y thd cho tuc bda t h i e u : 16 chuy6n
k n g kbi t r o n g k n g cd ngufdi chd't du
c h a n g th6 xdy r a vdi nhflng l a n g da d i n h cuf, v.v M a t k h a c , lai dfldc bd s u n g cac
n g h i 16 mdi do giao lflu, ti6p xflc tfl cac tgc ngfldi k h a c , dac biet la tfl ngfldi
K m h , t h e h i e n rd d cac 16 cfldi xin, t a n g
Trang 646 Nghien cuu Ton giao Sd 2-2010
ma Ddn cii vf du, trflde day ngfldi Tay
Nguyen khdng lap ban thd tai gia dinh
de sung kfnh linh hdn ngfldi chd't ma hg
cd canh rflng thieng, ndi ay k diem gap
gd gifla hdn ngfldi sdng va linh hdn ngfldi
chet Bdi trong quan niem ciia ngfldi
dan, eai che't va sfl sdng k sfl tach biet
Ngfldi sd'ng khdng ed quydn xam pham
den thd' gidi cua ngfldi che't va cflng
tfldng tfl nhfl the', ngfldi che't khdng cdn
dfldc eai quyen thfldng xuy6n cfl ngu d
k n g ngfldi sd'ng Viec ngfldi Tay Nguydn
hi6n sinh cho cac Iinh hdn ngfldi che't
ndy sinh khdng chf ddn thudn tfl long
thfldng tie'c ngfldi qua cd' ma cdn xua't
phat tfl mdt sfl sd hai trflde mdt the' lflc
sieu nhidn vd'n ndm ngoai cdm quan cfla
con ngfldi nhflng lai cd vai trd to ldn
trong cuge sd'ng ciia hg Trong mdi giao
hm vdn hda vdi ngfldi Kmh, ngfldi Tay
Nguyen da bat ddu thd td tidn dng ba
ben canh cac 16 hien sinh thfldng nien
Hg lap ban thd dng ba ngay trong ngdi
nha ciia minh Dd k ldp van hda mdi da
de dang bam re trong ddi sdng tam linh
cua ngfldi ban dia Dac biet cdn lflu y la
sfl giao lflu, tie'p xflc nay lai khdng dufa
trdn sfl ngang bang ve trinh do, sfl tfl
nhan thflc ve gia trj bdn sac van hda ma
mang nang tinh tie'p thu thu ddng
Trong qua trinh van dgng ciia lich sfl,
nhieu id hdi ciia ngfldi Tay Nguyen da hi
mai mdt ddn, chf cdn k qua khfl hoae
trong kf fle ciia ngfldi gia Tuy vay, cd
nhflng nghi Ie van duy tri dfldc ddi sd'ng
cua nd nhfl l i cung nflde gigt, 16 mflng
nam mdi, le an lfla mdi, v.v trong he
thd'ng nghi le ndng nghiep; 16 khai tam, 16
cflng sfle khde, le cfldi, 16 tang, v.v
trong he thd'ng le hgi vdng ddi ngfldi
Nhflng id hdi edn dfldc bao lflu thi tfl ban
than nd cung da ed nhflng thay ddi vo cflng phong phfl, dfldc bieu hien d mat sau;
- StX thay dd'i ve khung thdi gian cua le hgi
Hdu he't ta't ca nhflng le hgi ndng nghiep hoac 16 hgi vdng ddi ngfldi cdn tdn tai trong ddi sd'ng cgng ddng cfl dan Tay Nguydn deu cd nhflng thay ddi nha't dinh
ve thdi gian Trflde he't, d thdi diem td chflc cua 16 hdi Ddn cuf nhfl le khai tam cua ngfldi Xd Dang, ne'u nhfl trflde day nd phdi dfldc td chflc vao ngay thfl ba khi dfla tre sinh ra thi bay gid, thdi gian dd khdng nha't thie't nfla Ne'u san phu qua yeu hoac sinh nd d benh 'vien, ngfldi ta se
td chflc sau dd cung vdi le eflng udng mflng rung rdn Khung thdi gian ciia 16 hdi cung da thay ddi theo hfldng gian tien Le an t r a u ki mflng sfle khde ciia ngfldi Ba Na theo quy dinh phai dfldc td chflc bay ngay va khach phai d lai k n g trgn bdy ngay nhflng bay gid thi khdng can nfla Hg cd the ra ve sau khi an mdt mieng thit t r a u va ud'ng mgt kang rfldu cdn Le bd ma eua ngfldi Gia Rai cung vay, thay vi phai td chflc bay ngay nhfl trflde day thi bay gid ehi keo dai trong khoang ba ngay Trong Id cflng mflng nam mdi, de do de'm thdi gian tie'n hanh cac Id, nhflng vi tinh tu, vi trf cua Mat Trdi, Mat Trang khdng edn tac dung, gia chu trdng cay vao quyen lich va chiec ddng hd deo tay Thdi gian vdi ngfldi Tay Nguyen dfldc dong dem khuc chiet
- Ldi cung cung Id mgt trong nhdng ye'u tdthay ddi khd dam net
O cac k n g theo Cdng giao, ldi khan giau hinh tfldng, phdn anh ldi tfl duy eu the, cam tfnh dfldc thay the bdng nhflng ldi cau nguyen dfldc trfch ddn tfl Kinh
Trang 7Trung Thi Thu Thiiy Li hdi truyen tluing 47
Thanh trong ta't ca eae 16 hdi Qua phdng
van nhflng ngfldi gia eua 5 k n g thudc xa
Dak Rd Wa, thi xa Kon Tum vao thang
7/2005, chung tdi dfldc bidt rang, nhflng
16 hgi cfla k n g thfldng dfldc bdt ddu bang
nhflng ldi cdu kinh cua giao phu, cau bien
cflng cae con chi6n, rdi gia k n g ndi trd'ng
bao hieu budi 16 chfl khdng he cd nhflng 16
thflc cung thdn cung cac ldi khan xfla
Ngay ca cac k n g ma tfn ngfldng cd
truyen dan dat tam linh con ngfldi thi ldi
cflng cd trong cac 16 hgi da khdng cdn
nhieu Ngfldi ta k p lai cac cau cdn nhd
nhflng ddi khi k vd thflc Ldi cung hien
gid trd nen gidn tien va ngdn ggn N6'u ldi
cflng trong cac 16 hdi dn trau xfla thfldng
dai va hay, ngan nga nhfl hat, ggi ta't cd
thdn linh va danh thflc linh hdn mudn
vat thi bay gid ngfldi ta qudn nhidu, cbi
cdn nhd mgt vai doan va cung khdng hay
nfla Trong tam thflc cua ngufdi Tay
Nguyen xfla, nhflng an fle ve lfla gao, vd
sfl binh yen trong cudc sd'ng, vd sfl no dfl
trfldng tdn cua cdng ddng, v.v tha'm
dam trong nhflng ldi khan Ngfldi ta cdu
xin, mac ca, tham chf ra didu kien vdi
than linh vd nhflng nhu edu gian di cfla
cudc sd'ng, thi hien tai, trong bat cfl le hgi
nao, ldi cflng eung deu gan vdi tfnh thflc
dung, ngfldi ta cdu xin xe may, may keo
cat set, ti vi, nha cfla, v.v
- Sii thay ddi ve le vdt
Mdt quy tde cfla hidn sinh k viec con
ngufdi dang 16n th6' lflc sieu nhien nhflng
thfl ma vdi hg k gia tri hdn cd Vi vay
khi he gia tri ft nhieu thay ddi lap tfle nd
di vao cac 16 hdi Khdng chi dang cho
thdn linh thfl rifdu ghe ma thdn ydu
thfch, ngfldi dan cdn dang cho cd thfl
rfldu trdng (rfldu d6) mua d cac quan eiia
ngfldi Kinh Trong 16 bd ma, nhflng 16 vat
dang cho ngfldi qua cd hien gid cflng khdng phdi k chieng, che, khd, vay, v.v
ma phd bien hdn k dd Tay, tidn mat cflng vdi con vat hidn sinh Tinh trang "chdy mau cdng chieng" khie'n cho nhflng bd chidng quy cfla ngfldi E De, Gia Rai, M'ndng, Ba Na, v.v thfla vang ddn trong ddi sd'ng 16 hgi, ddi sdng tam linh cfla chfnh hg ao qudn, tidn mat, v.v thi ludn san dd Cd the ra chd mua hay ddi nhflng vat pham ngang gia hoac ban di bat ki thfl gi dang gia trong gia dinh
- Sii thay ddi ve thde dn
Trong 16 hgi cua ngfldi Tay Nguyen, bfla an bao gid cung mang tfnh cdng cdm ldn nha't, ndi dd thd hien sfl phong phfl trong eac mdn dn, the hien sfl kheo leo khi pha cb6 bay ndu nfldng Hay ndi each khac, bfla an trong 16 bdi k suf kdt tinh
"nghe thuat dm thflc" cfla ngfldi dan Cbi trong mdt 16 bd ma md tac gia Ngd Van Doanh da thd'ng ke ra nhflng mdn an vdi nhflng chflc nang rieng eua nd Vf du, mdn d6 cflng ma (tai kidm) mdn d6 ud'ng rfldu (nhdm pai), thit dap 16 (nhdm he), thit chia cho nhflng ngfldi tham dfl 16 bd
ma (nham rd pa), thit d6 mdi ngfldi che't cflng an (nham pa), v.v hoac nhflng mdn dfldc che bien ngay tai 16 bd ma de mgi ngfldi cflng thfldng thflc nhfl thit d'ng (nham dmh), thit bdm (nham tab), thit ndi (nham go), cdm nfldng trong d'ng (brdng kuach), v.v '" Hien tai, tham duf bat ki
16 hgi nao cua ngfldi Tay Nguydn, dieu khi6n chflng ta d6 nhiin thii'y chfnh k sfl ngheo nan cfla nhflng mdn an truydn thdng va sfl pha trdn vdi mdn an cua ngu'di Kinh Ngfldi ta mua san nhflng gdi
4 Ngo Van Doanh Le hdi hd md {pa tlu) cdc ddn
ldc Bdc Tdy Nguyen - Ddn tde Gia Rai Ba Na Nxb
Van hoa dan toe Ha Noi, 1995
Trang 848 Nghien CU'U Ton giao Sd2 - 2010
mi an lidn na'u cflng vdi thfl rau hai d
rflng hoac vfldn nha; ngfldi ta ndu thit
theo each cua ngfldi Kinh vdi nhflng dd
gia vi mua sdn; mdn ca hap dufdc cac tidu
thfldng ngfldi Kinh dfla len cung tham gia
vao bfla an cgng cam v.v
- Sa thay ddi cu.a trang phue
Dieu nay eflng the hien kha rd trong
cac 16 hdi cdng ddng Trang iihuc truydn
thdng ft tha'y xudt hien, nhflng vay, ao,
khd, dfldc det mgt each tmh xao hdu nhfl
khdng cdn nhieu, thay vao dd ngfldi ta
mua san nhflng thfl vai re tien d chd cfla
ngfldi Kinh Trang phuc truyen thd'ng
dfldc ngfldi dan danh de ban cho khach
du lich hoac nhflng khach dat hang; Vdi
hg 250.000 ddng de'n 300.000 ddng/tam
vai qua la so' tien qua ldn so vdi "sfl chdi
vdi" ciia trang phuc truyen thd'ng khi nd
khdng cdn xua't hien nhidu d 16 hgi
Thanh nien vao 16 bgi vdi (jiidn jeans, ao
sd mi, ao pun Dieu cac cd gai quan tam
k ao (judn ma ban minh mac dfldc mua d
dau? Bao nhieu tidn? chfl khdng phdi la
cau hdi: ao nay det bao k u ? Vay nay theo
hoa van gi? ,, ,, ,,,
Ta't cd nhflng bieu hien cua sfl thay ddi
trdn ndi 16n mdt didu rdng dfl le hdi edn
dfldc bao lflu cung da cd mdt sfl thay ddi
ldn ve mat tinh than ciia nd Neu ngay
xfla 16 hdi dn trau mflng sfle khde hoae
mflng chie'n thang hay mflng ddi dfldc nd
k 16 hgi tdi linh thieng, bao trflm bdy
ngay nghi 16 la sfl e sd va kfnh can, con
ngfldi khdng bao gid dfldc phep nhdc ndi
ciia mieng cau "chflng tdi dn trau" thi bay
gid didu cam ki dy khdng chi dfldc ndi ma
cdn cham khde len cd trang thd trong gia dinh Hien nay, tham dfl nhieu 16 hdi ciia ngufdi Tay Nguydn, chung ta de nhan tha'y khdng khf trdn tuc ua vao cac cdng doan cua nghi 16 Ddi ndi ngfldi ta thflc hien ddn gian va qua loa Dam thanh nien thfldng say mdm va hat nhflng bai nhae tre Ngfldi ta den vi phdn bdi nhieu hdn phdn 16 Dan cdng chieng xfla kia dfldc coi la tieng ndi thieng lidng ciia con ngfldi thdng quan vdi thdn linh, chi vang 16n trong cac 16 thflc thi bay gid cdng chieng dfldc thd tuc hda, vang len trong
eac dip hgi he vui nhgn Trong cudc vui,
ngfldi ta cd thd danh nhflng bai chieng nhfl "chieng an com", "chieng ddng cfla kho lua", t h a m chf cd "chidng tang 16", v.v ma chang phdi lo sd hay kieng ki gi Nhflng thfle h a n h truyen thd'ng bi bo qudn, trdi dat vd mien qua khfl hay chi
"vfldng td long" vdi ngu'di gia
Ta't ca cac xa hdi va van hda loai ngfldi ddu thay ddi qua thdi gian dfl td'c do bien ddi cfla chung cd the khac nhau: dd la mdt qua trinh tfl nhidn, mgt sfl tdt ye'u eua lich sfl Ndu khdng he chuydn ddi gi
cd thi xa hgi dd, vfln hda dd se hi hda thach va chac chdn se tidu vong Tuy nhi6n, ndi nhfl nha n h a n loai hge ndi tieng ngfldi My, Franz Boas trong nhflng ndm ddu the ki XX, mdi ndn van hda nhan loai k mgt eai gi dgc dao va hdn the nfla, la mdt cai gi bet sfle quy bau Sfl ma't dl cfla bat cfl mgt nen van hda nao cflng k m cho ca nhan loai ngheo di Vi vay, viec bao tdn nhflng nen vdn hda thieu so', cho dfl chflng ludn thay ddi, cd tdm quan trgng to ldn./