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K05T07 Calculus Early Transcendentals, 6e James Stewart iii Preface xi To the Student xxiii Diagnostic Tests xxiv A PREVIEW OF CALCULUS 2 FUNCTIONS AND MODELS 10 1.1 Four Ways to Represent a Function 11 1.2 Mathematical Models: A Catalog of Essential Functions 24 1.3 New Functions from Old Functions 37 1.4 Graphing Calculators and Computers 46 1.5 Exponential Functions 52 1.6 Inverse Functions and Logarithms 59 Review 73 Principles of Problem Solving 76 LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES 82 2.1 The Tangent and Velocity Problems 83 2.2 The Limit of a Function 88 2.3 Calculating Limits Using the Limit Laws 99 2.4 The Precise Definition of a Limit 109 2.5 Continuity 119 2.6 Limits at Infinity; Horizontal Asymptotes 130 2.7 Derivatives and Rates of Change 143 Writing Project N Early Methods for Finding Tangents 153 2.8 The Derivative as a Function 154 Review 165 Problems Plus 170 2 1 CONTENTS DIFFERENTIATION RULES 172 3.1 Derivatives of Polynomials and Exponential Functions 173 Applied Project N Building a Better Roller Coaster 182 3.2 The Product and Quotient Rules 183 3.3 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions 189 3.4 The Chain Rule 197 Applied Project N Where Should a Pilot Start Descent? 206 3.5 Implicit Differentiation 207 3.6 Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions 215 3.7 Rates of Change in the Natural and Social Sciences 221 3.8 Exponential Growth and Decay 233 3.9 Related Rates 241 3.10 Linear Approximations and Differentials 247 Laboratory Project N Taylor Polynomials 253 3.11 Hyperbolic Functions 254 Review 261 Problems Plus 265 APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 270 4.1 Maximum and Minimum Values 271 Applied Project N The Calculus of Rainbows 279 4.2 The Mean Value Theorem 280 4.3 How Derivatives Affect the Shape of a Graph 287 4.4 Indeterminate Forms and L’Hospital’s Rule 298 Writing Project N The Origins of L’Hospital’s Rule 307 4.5 Summary of Curve Sketching 307 4.6 Graphing with Calculus and Calculators 315 4.7 Optimization Problems 322 Applied Project N The Shape of a Can 333 4.8 Newton’s Method 334 4.9 Antiderivatives 340 Review 347 Problems Plus 351 4 3 0 y 0 π 2 m=1 m=_1 m=0 π 2 π π iv |||| CONTENTS CONTENTS |||| v INTEGRALS 354 5.1 Areas and Distances 355 5.2 The Definite Integral 366 Discovery Project N Area Functions 379 5.3 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus 379 5.4 Indefinite Integrals and the Net Change Theorem 391 Writing Project N Newton, Leibniz, and the Invention of Calculus 399 5.5 The Substitution Rule 400 Review 408 Problems Plus 412 INTEGRALS 414 6.1 Areas between Curves 415 6.2 Volumes 422 6.3 Volumes by Cylindrical Shells 433 6.4 Work 438 6.5 Average Value of a Function 442 Applied Project N Where to Sit at the Movies 446 Review 446 Problems Plus 448. TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION 452 7.1 Integration by Parts 453 7.2 Trigonometric Integrals 460 7.3 Trigonometric Substitution 467 7.4 Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions 473 7.5 Strategy for Integration 483 7.6 Integration Using Tables and Computer Algebra Systems 489 Discovery Project N Patterns in Integrals 494 7 6 5 vi |||| CONTENTS 7.7 Approximate Integration 495 7.8 Improper Integrals 508 Review 518 Problems Plus 521 FURTHER APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION 524 8.1 Arc Length 525 Discovery Project N Arc Length Contest 532 8.2 Area of a Surface of Revolution 532 Discovery Project N Rotating on a Slant 538 8.3 Applications to Physics and Engineering 539 Discovery Project N Complementary Coffee Cups 550 8.4 Applications to Economics and Biology 550 8.5 Probability 555 Review 562 Problems Plus 564 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 566 9.1 Modeling with Differential Equations 567 9.2 Direction Fields and Euler’s Method 572 9.3 Separable Equations 580 Applied Project N How Fast Does a Tank Drain? 588 Applied Project N Which Is Faster, Going Up or Coming Down? 590 9.4 Models for Population Growth 591 Applied Project N Calculus and Baseball 601 9.5 Linear Equations 602 9.6 Predator-Prey Systems 608 Review 614 Problems Plus 618 9 8 PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS AND POLAR COORDINATES 620 10.1 Curves Defined by Parametric Equations 621 Laboratory Project N Running Circles around Circles 629 10.2 Calculus with Parametric Curves 630 Laboratory Project N Bézier Curves 639 10.3 Polar Coordinates 639 10.4 Areas and Lengths in Polar Coordinates 650 10.5 Conic Sections 654 10.6 Conic Sections in Polar Coordinates 662 Review 669 Problems Plus 672 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES 674 11.1 Sequences 675 Laboratory Project N Logistic Sequences 687 11.2 Series 687 11.3 The Integral Test and Estimates of Sums 697 11.4 The Comparison Tests 705 11.5 Alternating Series 710 11.6 Absolute Convergence and the Ratio and Root Tests 714 11.7 Strategy for Testing Series 721 11.8 Power Series 723 11.9 Representations of Functions as Power Series 728 11.10 Taylor and Maclaurin Series 734 Laboratory Project N An Elusive Limit 748 Writing Project N How Newton Discovered the Binomial Series 748 11.11 Applications of Taylor Polynomials 749 Applied Project N Radiation from the Stars 757 Review 758 Problems Plus 761 11 10 CONTENTS |||| vii viii |||| CONTENTS VECTORS AND THE GEOMETRY OF SPACE 764 12.1 Three-Dimensional Coordinate Systems 765 12.2 Vectors 770 12.3 The Dot Product 779 12.4 The Cross Product 786 Discovery Project N The Geometry of a Tetrahedron 794 12.5 Equations of Lines and Planes 794 Laboratory Project N Putting 3D in Perspective 804 12.6 Cylinders and Quadric Surfaces 804 Review 812 Problems Plus 815 VECTOR FUNCTIONS 816 13.1 Vector Functions and Space Curves 817 13.2 Derivatives and Integrals of Vector Functions 824 13.3 Arc Length and Curvature 830 13.4 Motion in Space: Velocity and Acceleration 838 Applied Project N Kepler’s Laws 848 Review 849 Problems Plus 852 PARTIAL DERIVATIVES 854 14.1 Functions of Several Variables 855 14.2 Limits and Continuity 870 14.3 Partial Derivatives 878 14.4 Tangent Planes and Linear Approximations 892 14.5 The Chain Rule 901 14.6 Directional Derivatives and the Gradient Vector 910 14.7 Maximum and Minimum Values 922 Applied Project N Designing a Dumpster 933 Discovery Project N Quadratic Approximations and Critical Points 933 14 13 12 LONDON O PARIS CONTENTS |||| ix 14.8 Lagrange Multipliers 934 Applied Project N Rocket Science 941 Applied Project N Hydro-Turbine Optimization 943 Review 944 Problems Plus 948 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS 950 15.1 Double Integrals over Rectangles 951 15.2 Iterated Integrals 959 15.3 Double Integrals over General Regions 965 15.4 Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates 974 15.5 Applications of Double Integrals 980 15.6 Triple Integrals 990 Discovery Project N Volumes of Hyperspheres 1000 15.7 Triple Integrals in Cylindrical Coordinates 1000 Discovery Project N The Intersection of Three Cylinders 1005 15.8 Triple Integrals in Spherical Coordinates 1005 Applied Project N Roller Derby 1012 15.9 Change of Variables in Multiple Integrals 1012 Review 1021 Problems Plus 1024 VECTOR CALCULUS 1026 16.1 Vector Fields 1027 16.2 Line Integrals 1034 16.3 The Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals 1046 16.4 Green’s Theorem 1055 16.5 Curl and Divergence 1061 16.6 Parametric Surfaces and Their Areas 1070 16.7 Surface Integrals 1081 16.8 Stokes’ Theorem 1092 Writing Project N Three Men and Two Theorems 1098 16 15 x |||| CONTENTS 16.9 The Divergence Theorem 1099 16.10 Summary 1105 Review 1106 Problems Plus 1109 SECOND-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 1110 17.1 Second-Order Linear Equations 1111 17.2 Nonhomogeneous Linear Equations 1117 17.3 Applications of Second-Order Differential Equations 1125 17.4 Series Solutions 1133 Review 1137 APPENDIXES A1 A Numbers, Inequalities, and Absolute Values A2 B Coordinate Geometry and Lines A10 C Graphs of Second-Degree Equations A16 D Trigonometry A24 E Sigma Notation A34 F Proofs of Theorems A39 G The Logarithm Defined as an Integral A50 H Complex Numbers A57 I Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A65 INDEX A131 17 [...]... applications and proofs REAL-WORLD DATA My assistants and I spent a great deal of time looking in libraries, contacting companies and government agencies, and searching the Internet for interesting real-world data to introduce, motivate, and illustrate the concepts of calculus As a result, many of the examples and exercises deal with functions dened by such numerical data or graphs See, for instance, Figure... Stokes Theorem, and the Divergence Theorem are emphasized 17 Second-Order Differential Equations Since rst-order differential equations are covered in Chapter 9, this nal chapter deals with second-order linear differential equations, their application to vibrating springs and electric circuits, and series solutions 13 14 N 15 N N N N ANCILLARIES Calculus, Early Transcendentals, Sixth Edition, is supported... sections of this chapter serve as a good introduction to rst-order differential equations An optional nal section uses predator-prey models to illustrate systems of differential equations Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates This chapter introduces parametric and polar curves and applies the methods of calculus to them Parametric curves are well suited to laboratory projects; the two presented here... a working scientist or engineer Calculus is an exciting subject, justly considered to be one of the greatest achievements of the human intellect I hope you will discover that it is not only useful but also intrinsically beautiful JAMES STEWART xxiii DIAGNOSTIC TESTS Success in calculus depends to a large extent on knowledge of the mathematics that precedes calculus: algebra, analytic geometry, functions,... performance mathematical computation engine with fully integrated numerics & symbolics, all accessible from a WYSIWYG technical document environment Available for bundling with your Stewart Calculus text at a special discount STUDENT RESOURCES TEC Tools for Enriching Calculus by James Stewart, Harvey Keynes, Dan Clegg, and developer Hu Hohn TEC provides a laboratory environment in which students can... index (perceived air temperature) as a function of the actual temperature and the relative humidity Directional derivatives are estimated from contour maps of temperature, pressure, and snowfall Multiple Integrals Contour maps and the Midpoint Rule are used to estimate the average snowfall and average temperature in given regions Double and triple integrals are used to compute probabilities, surface... that students can try working them before watching the solution To help students evaluate their progress, each section contains a ten-question web quiz (the results of which can be emailed to the instructor) and each chapter contains a chapter test, with answers to each problem Study Guide Single Variable Early Transcendentals by Richard St Andre ISBN 0-495-01239-4 Multivariable Early Transcendentals... relative brevity is achieved through briefer exposition of some topics and putting some features on the website Essential Calculus: Early Transcendentals resembles Essential Calculus, but the exponential, logarithmic, and inverse trigonometric functions are covered in Chapter 3 xi xii |||| PREFACE N N Calculus: Concepts and Contexts, Third Edition, emphasizes conceptual understanding even more strongly... than this book The coverage of topics is not encyclopedic and the material on transcendental functions and on parametric equations is woven throughout the book instead of being treated in separate chapters Calculus: Early Vectors introduces vectors and vector functions in the rst semester and integrates them throughout the book It is suitable for students taking Engineering and Physics courses concurrently... TEC also includes Homework Hints for representative exercises (usually oddnumbered) in every section of the text, indicated by printing the exercise number in red These hints are usually presented in the form of questions and try to imitate an effective teaching assistant by functioning as a silent tutor They are constructed so as not to reveal any more of the actual solution than is minimally necessary . AUSTRALIA N BRAZIL N CANADA N MEXICO N SINGAPORE N SPAIN N UNITED KINGDOM N UNITED STATES CALCULUS EARLY TRANSCENDENTALS SIXTH EDITION JAMES STEWART McMASTER. topics and putting some features on the website. N Essential Calculus: Early Transcendentals resembles Essential Calculus, but the expo- nential, logarithmic,