Summary of Doctoral Thesis of Vietnamese language: Modal particles at the end of utterances of the Southern people

Research aims: Clarify the semantic function of MP according to LA; Point out the characteristics of using MP at the end of utterances in the communication of NB by gender-based social stratification.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

VINH UNIVERSITY

NGUYEN MAI PHUONG

MODAL PARTICLES AT THE END OF UTTERANCES IN THE COMMUNICATION

OF THE SOUTHERN PEOPLE

Major: Vietnamese language

Code: 92 22 01 02

Summary of Doctoral Thesis VIETNAMESE LANGUAGE MAJOR

NGHE AN - 2021

The Word is completed in Vinh University

At hour day month year 2021

The thesis can be referred at:

- National Library of Vietnam

- Nguyen Thuc Hao Centre for Information and Library, Vinh University

INTRODUCTION

1 Rationale

1.1 Vietnamese has a diverse and rich modal particle (MP) system In addition

to all-people MPs, there are also local MPs in each dialectal region The local MPs are used in communication, through use contexts, not only express diverse and delicate modal meanings but also carry dialectal nuances Therefore, to find out the meaning of Vietnamese modality, in addition to studying all-people MP, it is necessary to find out the meaning of dialectal MP; this is necessary in terms of not only linguistics but also culture and society Research of modality in the dialect is to contribute to make the modal picture of Vietnamese more and more complete in the diversity and richness of Vietnamese

1.2 As a factor with semantic and pragmatic functions, when used, MP is one

of the factors that expresses regional habits, social awareness of gender, status, age, context, of communicator The MPs at the end of utterances is one of the important means to actualize the sentence, turn the clause content in form of potential material into an utterance in a certain communication situation Finding out the number of MPs in the end of utterance and their meaning in communication of the Vietnamese

in general and Southern people in particular is necessary to supplement the theory of the part of speech, including MP

1.3 Understanding the functional semantics of MP helps more clearly see the semantics and usage of a class of words in the Southern dialect (SD) so far that has not been studied in depth, systematized and also helps understand further unique language - culture of the people of the Southern river region

Above are the reasons that the thesis surveys and researches in dept "MP at the

end of utterances of the Southern people"

2 Research subject, scope and linguistic material resources

The research subject of the study are MPs at the end of utterances in the

communication of the Southern people, including: 1) All-people MPs used by the Southern people; 2) Southern dialect MPs

Research scope: MP at the end of utterances used by the Southern people in communication in the following aspects: 1) Semantic characteristics, usage of MP at the end of utterances in the communication of Southern people, in terms of linguistic action (LA); 2) Characteristics of using MP at the end of utterances in the communication of Southern people by gender-based social stratification

Linguistic materials used for the study are fieldwork result of 8531 utterances containing the MPs in the end of the Southern Vietnamese people, collected directly from the conversations of the residents people in Ho Chi Minh City, Long An, Tien Giang, Ben Tre, Tra Vinh, Tran De District - Soc Trang, Dong Thap, Vinh Long, An Giang, Can Tho, Bac Lieu, Ca Mau

3 Research aims and missions

1) Field survey, collect, do statistics and classify MP for the utterances with

MP in the end through direct communications and partly from literary text, dictionary and google fom;

2) Make an overview of the research situation of MP in the language in general and in the Southern dialect in particular; determine the theoretical bases of the topic;

3) Find out the general meaning of the MPs in Southern dialect on the basis of comparison with the all-people MPs to learn from the common points as well as the distinctive features of the MPs in the end of utterance of the Southern peoples;

4) Describe and analyze the MPs in Southern dialect in two aspects: semantics

- functions associated with LA in communication and the characteristics of using MP

at the end of utterances of the Southern people under gender-based social stratification

4 Research methods and techniques

4.1 Research Methods

a Field survey method

We record audo or live video of conversations in daily activities of subjects and make fom to share via google drive, answers will be sent back via email, via zalo

or facebook The conversational factors are distinguished based on the points: 1) Circumstances of utternance; 2) Content of utterances; 3) Age; 4) Job; 5) Relationship; 6) Gender: male, female Thereby, we stop the tape, take notes, convert

to text and classify the conversations with MP

b Descriptive method

The thesis uses this method to describe the semantic and pragmatic characteristics of the MP at the end of utterances in the communication of the Southern people

c Discourse analysis method

This method is used to analyze the dialogues associated with specific conversational factors by each context to accurately and closely identify the modal meaning based on the utterance type and LA

4.2 Research techniques

a Statistics and classification technique

We observe a large number of contexts with MPs to do statistics and classify MPs and verbal actions with the appearance of MPs in speech of the Southern people

b Analysis and synthesis technique

On the basis of statistics, classification and comparison, we conduct analysis to learn from each specific meaning, then synthesize the general meaning of the MPs and their meanings in groups of verbal actions and gender characteristics e shown through the use of MPs in the end of utterance of the Southern people

c Comparative technique

The thesis compares: the meaning and usage of MPs of Southern region with all-people MPs and other dialects, meanings of dialectal MPs with close sounds and characteristics of using MPs in dialogues between men and women

5 Contribution of the thesis

This is the thesis that researches in-depth MP at the end of utterances used by Southern people daily communication in Southern region The thesis systematically explores in-depth, analyzes and shows semantic features and use of this MP layer in the utterance forms associated with LA and communication hierarchy;

Determine the number of MPs used in the end of utterance in communication

of the Southern people, including Southern dialect MP system, point out the differences between men and women in using MP at the end of utterances

6 Structure of the thesis

In addition to the Introduction, Conclusion and References, the thesis includes

four chapters:

Chapter 1: Literature review and theoretical basis of the topic

Chapter 2: Identification of modal particles in the end of utterances and their semantics in communication of the Southern people

Chapter 3: Characteristics of using the modal particles in the end of utterances

in communication of the Southern people in terms of linguistic actions

Chapter 4: Characteristics of using the modal particles in the end of utterances

in communication of Southern people by gender-based social stratification

Chapter 1 LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BASIS OF THE TOPIC 1.1 Literature review of Modality and MPs at the end of utterances

1.1.1 Research situation overseas

1.1.1.1 Regarding the modality

Review the research history overseas of modality through the works of authors such as Charles Bally, Benveniste, Oswld Ducrot, J.Lyons, MVLiapol, B.Gak, FRPalmer, Halliday, John Bybee, The thesis point out that although the approach, concept and scope of research of modality are different, in general, these researchers all thought that the modality was a meaningful component expressing the speaker's attitude towards the reflected reality, or towards the communication subject The modality was a complex category, always associated with the order There were many different types and there were no clear boundaries between them

1.1.1.2 Regarding modal particle and modal particle in the end of utterance

Position, function and role of the MP at the end of utterances in relation to the sentence structure have more or less been discussed by foreign researchers, including the issue of MP in Vietnamese Some Russian linguists such as I I Glebova, V.M Solntsev, Yu Lekomtsev, Bystrov, mentioned the Vietnamese MP, but this kind of particle has not been studied in depth and systematically

1.1.2 Domestic research situation

1.1.2.1 Regarding the modality

In Vietnam, although the modality has only been mentioned since the 60s of the twentieth century, so far there have been many researchers who are directly interested in this issue The thesis reviews the tendencies, concepts and research results of researchers Cao Xuan Hao, Dinh Van Duc, Pham Hung Viet, Le Dong, Nguyen Van Hiep, Do Thi Kim Lien, , which shows that although there are many different approaches related to the modality, but in general, the opinions of the authors revolve around the basic characteristics of the modality, consider the modality as a category of large, diversified and complex semantic - functional phenomena, in which most common characteristic is to reflect the different relations

of an information content depicted in the actual utteranceas well as different perspectives, qualitative and qualitative evaluation attitude for the content described

in the sentence, considered in the relation with the listener, with the communication situation

1.1.2.2 Regarding modal particle and modal particle in the end of utterance

The thesis reviews the research history of MP and MP at the end of utterances, under the general issue and each specific aspect based on the research results of most domestic authors, from Tran Trong Kim, Truong Van Chinh and Nguyen Hien Le in the early period, the 60s to Nguyen Tai Can, Cao Xuan Hao, Hoang Phe, Nguyen Kim Than, Dinh Van Duc, Do Huu Chau, Diep Quang Ban, Pham Manh Hung, Nguyen Thi Luong, of the years before/ after 1990 to recent studies by Do Thi Kim Lien, Pham Hung Viet, Le Dong, Nguyen Van Hiep, Ngo Thi Minh, Hoang Thuy Ha,

Le Xinh Tom, based on which, it is possible to generalize and raise the issue:

1) The consideration of the meaning of the word is not only in the system but also in the human relationship - user, speaker's attitude, purpose of the speech, the situation of speech MP is a very special signal, often considered "dynamic", always associated with real utterances rather than "static" ones, so it is necessary to rely on the meaning of specific utterances to define the meaning of the MPs used in the context That is a very complicated but necessary, not only to detect the multiple meaning nuances of the modality of the elements but also is the basis for generalizing the general meaning of the MPs

2) Despite of being interested in from very early, for a long time, MPs acting

as means to actualize sentences have been favored to "speech", while events belonging to "speech" are often overlooked in linguistic research Therefore, it is

necessary to have much more adjustments in studying this MP layer associated with utterances taking place in daily life communication

3) Meaning content of the MPs is often diverse, including many nuances, latent meaning shades in the MP itself, meaning shades formed by the combination of

MP and the whole structure, also meaning shades formed by communication situations In other words, the meaning of real utterances, i.e illocutionary force or speech act, at different levels, always varies by the context

4) MP is the word type that best shows the user's attitude towards the reality being reflected and towards the communication subject In each region, because the habit of using language, behavioral relation in the family and in society has its own cultural characteristics, the imprint of language characteristics - dialectal culture of each region is shown in the MP word layer will be also clear Therefore, the study of

MP needs to be extended and deepened to the MP layer in dialects The MP at the end of utterances in Southern dialect has not been studied in depth and systematically, it is necessary to continue to study in depth this word layer

1.2 Theoretical basis of the topic

1.2.1 Concept of "modal particle" and "modal particle in the end of utterance"

1.2.1.1 Concept of modal particle

After giving the concept of linguistic researchers related to MP, we learn from

general way of understanding: MP is a special subtype belonging to the formal word,

used to express the meaning of modality in relation to the purpose of an utterance, express the speaker's emotion towards the content, the reality reflected in the utterance and the listener It is an accompanying element to actualize the meaning of

the sentence but not as a component of the core as well as the component of the phrase in the sentence, so MP is not/ or less affected by the changes of the word order and structure

1.2.1.2 Concept of modal particle in the end of utterance

On the basis of MP understanding and concept of predecessor researchers, we

determine that: The MPs at the end of utterances are the formal words lying in the

end of utterances to express attitudes, emotions, relationship between speakers to listeners or towards the reality reflected in utterances The MPs in the end of

Vietnamese utterances is one of the important means to realize sentences

The research scope of the thesis is the MPs when they appear in the end of utterances in communication of Vietnamese people in Southern Vietnam

1.2.2 Theory of communication act

1.2.2.1 Concept of communication

Language communication is the exchange of information by means of language between members in society for a certain purpose, taking place in a certain context Communication act includes many factors

1.2.2.2 Communication factors

a) Context

The content of context concept contains two concepts: "communicative character" and "reality beyond discourse"

- Communicative character is often understood as "the participant in

communication" When communicating, at least two people must be involved According to Do Huu Chau, the communicative character is: “Who talks to whom? Who talks and talks to whom? "

- "Reality beyond discourse (beyond language)", according to Do Huu Chau,

includes many components (quoting the core content interpreted by the author):

1) "Communication context" ( ): is the sum of "social - cultural - geographical environment” factors for the communications"; 2) "Communication

field": "It is the space, time of the communication"; 3) "Mentioned reality or topic reality" is the communication content that "talks about one or something in

communication context"; 4); "Context": the specific moment of communication

In the above manifestation aspects, contents (1) and (2) are commonly referred

to as communication context (wide and narrow)

b) Concept of "discourse": Speaking in a familiar and simple way, discourse

is a language and means used in language communication Discourse is referred as

language used in relation to the context, with the purpose of utterance

1.2.2.3 Concept of "utterance"

In linguistics, concept of "utterance" is closely related to the concept of

"sentence", but the distinction between these two concepts is not completely unified among researchers This thesis uses the concept of "utterance" in differentiation from

"sentence" under the linguistic concept, including two main aspects: aspect of system

of general abstract units such as phoneme, morpheme, word, sentence and aspect of performing the extroversion function of the system in which the rules governing the linguistic acts, specific linguistic acts and specific products created by the activities

of the language, text, discourse and units of conversation Therefore, the utterance is

referred to as a specific "sentence" in communication, appearing in a context, associated with the speaker and having a certain purpose In short, according to Do

Thi Kim Lien (2005) "One word we say corresponds to a unit of sentence is called a utterance"

1.2.3 Linguistic act

1.2.3.1 Concept of linguistic act

LA is a special kind of human act, only in human The LA is associated with human speech act, is a social act Based on the definition of Do Huu Chau (2001) and

the concept of other authors, we learn from a specific understanding: A linguistic act

is a human act of using language to perform one of the purposes: telling, asking, requesting, proposing, commenting, expressing a feeling, an emotion, in a specific context

1.2.3.2 Classification of linguistic acts

We choose the classification table of J.R Searle as a basis for the research of the thesis because his classification so far has been highly appreciated by researchers J.R Searle classified speech acts into five major groups

1.2.3.3 Illocutionary act (speech act)

The IAs are divided into five categories by Searle (also called layer) Each category consists of different large and small groups These are the categories: presentation, control, commitment, expression, statement In terms of effectiveness of

IA, it is possible to divide direct IA and indirect IA

1.2.3.4 Organization of modal particle in the end of utterance in the IA

a The MP at the end of utterances implements direct IAs: a.1 The MP

appearing in the structures of the question act: à, ừ, hả, hử, chứ; a.2 MPs appear in the structure of the imperative act: đã, đi, nhé; a.3 MPs appear in the structure of narrative act: đấy, kia

b The MP at the end of utterances implementing indirect IAs: b1 Its effect is

to question, but indirectly is to remind and urge; b2 Its effect is to question, but indirectly is to warn and intimidate; b3 Its effect is to question, but indirectly is to evaluate; b4 Its effect is to question, but indirectly is to repeat; b5 Its effect is to question, but indirectly is to reject; b6 Its effect is to question, but indirectly is to be

a greeting; b7 Its effect is to question, but indirectly is to an affirmation; b8 Its effect

is to question, but indirectly is to a sarcasm and blame; b.9 Its effect is to question, but indirectly is to confirm; b.10 Its effect is to question, but indirectly is to lament; b.11 Its effect is toquestion, but indirectly is to end the conversation; b.12 Its effect

is to test, but indirectly is to explain

The number of direct speech acts that the MPs participate in demonstrating above is not complete, but also shows the diversity of effect caused by the IAs, including the participation of MPs Due to the limitation of the topic's scope, in chapters 2, 3, 4, we only analyze and describe groups of direct IAs with the participation of MP

1.2.4 Southern dialect and MP analysis issue in the end of utterance of the Southern people

1.2.4.1 Concept of dialect

Dialect is often understood as a familiar voice used by a region, a geographic and residential area (geographical dialect) or a class in society (social dialect) with certain differences (about phonetics, lexicon - semantics, grammar) compared to the all-people language or other dialects

1.2.4.2 Southern dialect

According to Hoang Thi Chau (2004) and the majority of opinions of researchers, Vietnamese language has 3 dialectal regions, of which the the Southern dialect is the dialect from the south of Binh Thuan inwards and belongs to the Southern dialect region The Southern dialect is not only the result of a division of Vietnamese dialects but also has become a subject studied in many aspects That is

also the basis for us to conduct the research on MP at the end of utterances in the communication of the Southern people

Research on MP at the end of utterances in the communication of Vietnamese

in Southern region is the research on a word layer; Therefore, the thesis bases on Hoang Trong Canh's (2001) concept of "Nghe Tinh dialect" to determine: The Southern dialects are words that the Southern people are accustomed to using naturally, there is a certain difference (in terms of sound, meaning and grammar) compared to the all-people word

1.2.4.3 The issue of MP at the end of utterances in the communication of the Southern people

An outstanding feature of Vietnamese is that an abundant system of MPs, manifested in various dialects, including the Southern dialect The difference between local MP in comparison with the all-people MP in these cases is not only in phonetic form but more importantly in function - meaning indicating the modality and establishing linguistic acts

Thus, the MP at the end of utterances in the communication of the Vietnamese

in the Southern region is the subject that needs to be researched, and has a scientific and practical basis to study them

1.3 Sub-conclusion of chapter 1

Reviewing the research results of the predecessor authors, the thesis shows that the MPs at the end of utterances in the communication of the Vietnamese in the Southern region needs to continue to be deepened and expanded to contribute to show the characteristics of the MPs at the end of utterances in the colorful and diverse picture of Vietnamese MPs The thesis also identifies and theorizes concepts and related issues as the basis for the topic The thesis determines: The MPs at the end of utterances are formal words in the end of utterances to express the attitude, emotion, relationship between the speaker and the listener or the reality reflected in the utterances The MPs at the end of utterances are one of the important means to actualize sentences and means of expressing the speaker's attitudes and feelings that are always closely linked to linguistic acts and factors of communication role in terms

of gender and other aspects

Chapter 2

IDENTIFICATION OF MODAL PARTICLES IN THE END OF

UTTERANCES AND THEIR SEMANTICS IN COMMUNICATION

OF THE SOUTHERN PEOPLE 2.1 Identification of MPs at the end of utterances in the communication of the Southern people

2.1.1 Identification of MPs in utterances in terms of function

2.1.1.1 General perception on the function of MPs

Although there is a little difference in the specific perception of modal

meaning, there is a common point that Vietnamese linguists affirm that MP is one of the means of expressing modality that the subject of modal assessment always belongs to the speaker The role of the MPs is dedicated to expressing modal meaning (attitude, emotion ) in the relationship between the speaker and the listener, with the reflected content as well as the function of constructing speech act forms: interrogation, imperative, exclamation

MP can be at the first position or stand in the end of utterance The research of this thesis focuses on the MPs when they appear in the end of utterance

2.1.1.2 Interpersonal function of MP

MP plays the role of expressing modal meaning This meaning component mainly performs the interpersonal function Interpersonal function is the function that establishes relationships between communication hierarchy in specific communication situations: friendly or, unfamiliar, close, unclose or hateful, When performing the interpersonal function, the MPs express a variety of specific hierarchy

at the same time

2.1.2 Identification of modal particle in terms of part of speech

In the concept of the predecessor authors, the issue of relationship, position of the MP in the system of Vietnamese part of speech has many inconsistencies; see them as a single part of speech or put together auxiliary words in the same group This thesis considers MPs to be a subtype of the group of formal words Because, in terms of meaning, MPs have characteristics that do not carry authentic lexical meaning but have modal meaning In terms of function, the MPs do not act as the main component and sub-component of the sentence, but only appear in the sentences

to create sentences based on the speech purpose: imperative sentence, interrogative sentence

2.1.3 Specific criteria for identifying MPs and list of MPs in the end of utterance

2.1.3.1 Criteria for identification and list of MPs of predecessor authors

Regarding the specific division criteria and the number of MPs, opinions of Vietnamese linguistic researchers are not quite consistent List of MPs of Nguyen Van Hiep includes 27 words We consider it as all-people MPs and will choose (with addition) as the basis for comparison with the MPs in the Southern dialect (except for

word phỏng that has been currently rarely used)

2.1.3.2 Identification criteria of the thesis and list of the MPs at the end of utterances in the communication of the Southern people

a Identification criteria

From the criteria and classification results cited from many authors, the thesis draws the criteria to identify MP, in which MP has three characteristics: (1) It does not have lexical meaning nor the grammatical category, but only shows modal meaning - expressing the speaker's emotion, attitude and assessment of the notice content and the relationship of the notice content for the possible world, showing

whether the possible world is real or not, potential or has happened, an assumption or wish, agreed or questioned, negative or rejected, directed to dialogue making people who want to resonate, agree or express their own opinions when participating in the organization; (2) Do not use independently to answer questions; (3) In the sentence,

it is possible to omit without changing the content of the proposition, but their presence creates different meaning shades for the utterance

Using the above criteria, the thesis supplements, concretizes and emphasizes more criteria to identify the MPs at the end of utterances in the communication of the Southern people that: (1) MP is the factor accompanying descriptive utterance in the end of utterance This utterance is like a constant, not showing different modalities; (2) Factors considered as MP must show a certain attitude of the speaker towards the listener; (3) Factors considered as MP must be associated with a specific utterance appearing in a particular communication situation or context; (4) The MP appearing

at the end of an utterance has effect of making the utterance from the core of a proposition reflect and influence and show the direction of dialogue: interrogation,

imperative, narration, rejection, refusal, For example : Bạn làm à Bạn làm ư Bạn

b1 All-people modal particle

Applying the above MP identification criteria, comparing with words in

Vietnamese dictionary and the list of particles in the works of authors, the thesis

chooses the list of all-people MPs including 29 units synthesized by Hoang Thuy Ha

(2008) to survey practical use in the Southern region such as a, à, ạ, ấy, chắc, chăng,

cho, chứ, cơ, đã, đây, đấy, đi, hả, hẳn, hử, hỉ, kia, mà, nào, này, nhé, nhỉ, thôi, thế, ư, vậy, với, chứ lại/lị

b2 Modal particle used in the Southern dialect

Surveying the MPs in utterances of the Southern people, we meet the modal units used as words and format of words The modalities is the form of phonetic variant which has the same meaning, is considered the format of the word; if they have different meanings, they are considerred as two words

Through surveys and statistics, we meet 87 MPs at the end of utterances in the communication of the Southern people, including 32 all-people MPs and 55 Southern dialectal MPs, in which there are two forms: single MP and combined

MP Single MP: is the phenomenon when the MP appears in utterane with syllable structure For example: há, hà, nhen, nghen, hôn, hông…; Combined MP (combination, coordination): is the phenomenon in the end of utterance that the

single-elements combined each other to form the MP combinations consisting of two or

more components For example: mèn ơi, chớ bộ, thấy mồ, The specific result is as

follows:

- There are 40 single MPs appearing in communication of the Southern people,

of which: 19 all-people MPs used by the Southern people are à, ạ, cơ, chắc, chớ, chứ,

đã, đây, đấy, đi, mà, nào, nhé, nhỉ, hả /há/ha, thôi, vậy, với, ư and 21 typical single

MPs for the Southern dialect are: cà, chi, chớ, coi, đa, hà, há, he, hè, hen, hén, hôn, hông, mợi, nè, nhen, nghe, nghen, lận, ơi, ta In the 40 MP single above, there are

two variations: a) paired dialectal variations are: hen/hén; hôn/hông; nghen/nghe,

nhen; he/hè and b) variations are all-people factors: chớ/chứ; hả /há, ha

- There are 47 combined MPs used in the end of utterance, of which: 13

all-people MPs is: chắc à, cho mà, cơ mà, cơ đấy, đi mà, nào hả, thôi à, vậy đi, vậy hả,

vậy mà, vậy thôi, với nhé; 34 combined MPs of the Southern dialect are: à nha, chi

dzậy, chớ/chứ gì, chớ sao, đó hả, đó mà, đó nha, à nhen, hông đây, hông hả, hông

hà, hông nè, hông ta, nữa chớ, nữa đó, nữa hả, nữa hen, rồi đa, rồi nghen, rồi hen, rồi hà, lận nè, rồi há, sao nè, sao há, thôi nghen, thôi nghe, dzậy đó, nè mợi, lận mợi, dzậy nghen, mèn ơi, chớ bộ, thấy mồ

Thus, the MPs used by the Southern users in the end of utterance are very rich (87 units) with two types of structure, single structure (40 words, 45.98%) and combined structure (47 units, 54.02%), including all-people MPs and dialectal MPs,

in which dialect MPs have the number and rate nearly twice the population (55 units, accounting for 63.21% compared to 32 units, accounting for 36.78%)

2.2 Semantics of modal particle in the end of utterance in communication

of the Southern people

2.2.1 Single MPs used in communication of the Southern people

In 8531 investigated conversations of the Souther people, comparing the MPs

at the end of utterances in the communication of the Southern people with the MPs at the end of utterances in all-people Vietnamese, we divide into sub-groups: 1) MPs coincide with the words in all-people Vietnamese; 2) All-people MPs used in the dialect have a little difference in meaning; 3) MPs are the variations in phonetics and meaning - the typical MPs for the Southern dialect

2.2.1.1 All-people single modal particle used in the Southern region

a) Group of single modal particles coinciding with all-peopleVietnamese language

Surveying the utterance of the Southern people, we find 19 MPs that have the

same phonetics and meaning as in all-people Vietnamese: à, ạ, chắc, cho, chứ, cơ,

đã, đây, đấy, đi, mà, nào, nhé, nhỉ, hả, thôi, vậy, với, ư

b) Group of all-people single MPs used in communication of Southern people has a little difference in meaning and usage

In the list of single 19 MPs that are identical to all-people Vietnamese in terms

of phonetics, 6 MPs: ạ, nhé, đây, chứ, hả, when using the end of utterance in the

Southern region, have a different meaning and usage compared to all-people