RELATIVE CLAUSE REPLACED BY PARTICIPLES AND TO INFINITIVES 1/ Mệnh đề quan hệ có thể được rút gọn bằng cách dùng participle phrases a/ Nếu động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở thể chủ động ac[r]
Trang 1TRƯỜNG THCS & THPT ĐINH TIÊN HOÀNG
TỔ ANH VĂN
ĐỀ CƯƠNG ÔN TẬP ANH VĂN 11 HỌC KỲ II – NĂM HỌC 2020-2021 PART I – GRAMMAR POINTS
I RELATIVE CLAUSES
1 ĐẠI TỪ QUAN HỆ: who, whom, which, whose, that dùng để thay thế cho danh từ đứng trước nó
và nối kết hai mệnh đề với nhau
Đại từ QH
Chức năng
Chỉ
Chủ ngữ who, that which,
that
I thanked the man who/that showed me the way
The pen which/that is in the box is mine
Tân ngữ
who, whom, that
which, that
The girl who(m)/that you saw yesterday is my
sister
The story which/that I read yesterday is interesting
Sở hữu whose
Of which/
whose
The boy whose toy is broken is crying
You gave me a book the cover of which /whose cover is very beautiful
2 RELATIVE ADVERBS: Trạng từ quan hệ
* Trạng từ quan hệ when, where, why dùng để mở đầu cho mệnh đề quan hệ, thay thế cho danh từ chỉ
thời gian, nơi chốn hoặc lý do trước nó
Eg: 1 I’ll never forget the day when / on which I met you
2 The town where/in which Tom grew up is small
3 I didn’t know the reason why/ for which you left me
3 MỆNH ĐỀ XÁC ĐỊNH VÀ KHÔNG XÁC ĐỊNH (Defining and Non -defining relative clauses)
a Defining relative clauses: (Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định)
- Được dùng để làm rõ thêm ý nghĩa cho danh từ hoặc đại từ đứng phía trước nó Không có dấu phẩy (,) giữa danh từ và mệnh đề quan hệ Nếu ta lượt bỏ đi mệnh đề quan hệ thì câu không còn rõ ý nghĩa nữa
Ex: The man who told me this refused to give me his name
defining relative clause
- Thường theo sau: the / a / an + noun, danh từ số nhiều không có the, và những đại từ all, none,
anyone, someone, …và those
Ex: + The book is about the girl who lives in the forest
defining relative clause
+ I met someone who said he knew you
defining relative clause
* Lưu ý:
- Thông thường trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định, that có thể thay thế cho các đại từ quan hệ who,
whom, which
Ex: + This is the picture which / that I bought at the gallery
Trang 2- Người ta thường dùng that sau những đại từ bất định như all, someone, on one, everyone,… those, sau dạng so sánh nhất như It’s the first / It’s the most, It’s the + so sánh nhất…
Ex: + All the apples that fall are eaten by the pigs
+ It is the most interesting film that I have ever seen
+ This is the nicest hotel that I have ever seen
b.Non-defining relative clauses: (Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định)
- Được dùng sau danh từ đã được xác định cụ thể rồi Có dấu phẩy (,) giữa danh từ và mệnh đề quan
hệ Chúng ta có thể lượt bỏ đi mệnh đề quan hệ mà không ảnh hưởng đến ý nghĩa của câu
Ex: Peter, who came here yesterday, is my cousin
non-defining relative clause
Lưu ý: That không được dùng trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định
II RELATIVE PRONOUNS WITH PREPOSITIONS
Ex: This is the house I live in it
=> This is the house in which I live
Giới từ in bình thường ở sau động từ live nhưng ta cũng có thể đem nó ra trước which
Cần nhớ là chỉ có WHICH và WHOM mới có thể đi sau giới từ, còn các đại từ quan hệ khác như THAT, WHOSE, WHO thì không thể
This is the chair I sit on it
=> This is the chair on that I sit (sai)
=> This is the chair on which I sit (đúng)
Các bạn cũng chú ý các cụm từ chỉ định lượng đi với of: both of, none of, one of, two of, neither of, most
Ex:
I have many dogs You like none of them
=> I have many dogs none of which you like
Lưu ý:
Trong cấu trúc này ta sẽ gặp những giới từ không thể đem ra phía trước Đó là trừong hợp giới từ đó hợp với động từ thành một cụm động từ dính liền nên ta không thể tách rời chúng được Như các cụm từ:
Come across (tình cờ gặp), look after (chăm sóc), put up with (chịu đựng), give up (từ bỏ)
Ex:
This is the man I came across him yesterday
=> This is the man across whom I came yesterday (sai)
=> This is the man whom I came across yesterday (đúng)
III RELATIVE CLAUSE REPLACED BY PARTICIPLES AND TO INFINITIVES
1/ Mệnh đề quan hệ có thể được rút gọn bằng cách dùng participle phrases
a/ Nếu động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở thể chủ động (active), ta dùng present participle phrase thay cho mệnh đề đó (bỏ đại từ quan hệ và trợ động từ, đưa động từ chính về nguyên mẫu rồi thêm đuôi ING) EX1: The man who is sitting next to you is my uncle
==> The man who is sitting next to you is my uncle
EX2: Do you know the boy who broke the windows last night ?
==> Do you know the boy who broke breaking the windows last night?
b/Nếu động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở thể bị động (passive) ta dùng past participle phrase (bỏ đại từ quan hệ và trợ động từ, bắt đầu cụm từ bằng V3/ V-ed)
EX1: The books which were written by To Hoai are interesting
==> The books which were written by To Hoai are interesting
EX2: The students who were punished by teacher are lazy
==> The students who were punished by teacher are lazy
EX3: The house which is being built now belongs to Mr Brown
==> The house which is being built now belongs to Mr Brown
2/ Mệnh đề quan hệ có thể được rút gọn bằng infinitive hoặc infinitive phrase (có dạng for +O+ to-inf):
Trang 3Chúng ta sử dụng dạng này trong những trường hợp sau: gặp các từ the first, the second, the last, so sánh nhất (superlative), mục đích (purpose),
EX1: Tom is the last person who enters the room
==> Tom is the last person who enters to enter the room
EX2: John is the youngest person who takes part in the race
==> John is the youngest person who takes to take part in the race
EX3: English is an important language which we have to master
English is an important language which we have for us to master
EX4: Here is the form that you must fill in
==> Here is the form that for you must to fill in
Ghi chú: chỉ rút gọn được khi đại từ quan hệ làm chủ từ còn nếu làm tân ngữ thì ko rút gọn được
IV RELATIVE CLAUSES AND THE OMISSION OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS:
1 Relative clause as Subject:
- They got on the first train that came
- We don’t like the people who/ that talk a lot
* The pronouns who / which/ that can be the subject of a relative clause
2 Relative clause as Object:
They got the first train that we saw
I like reading the book which/ that you lent me yesterday
* The pronouns who / which/ that can be the object of a relative clause
3 Omission of relative pronouns:
Chúng ta có thể lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ who, which, that khi chúng là tân ngữ Chúng ta thường lược bỏ các đại từ quan hệ này trong văn nói)
That’s the lovely girl (who/ that) I met at Hai’s party
She show me the paintings (which / that) she had brought back from London
Khi các đại từ quan hệ làm chủ ngữ thì chúng ta không lược bỏ chúng được
- The woman who wrote this letter is a journalist
(NOT: The woman wrote this letter is a journalist.)
- The picture that took first prize was my uncle’s
(NOT: The picture took first prize was my uncle’s)
V CLEFT SENTENCES: CÂU NHẤN MẠNH (CÂU CHẺ)
Câu nhấn mạnh được sử dụng để giúp chúng ta làm nổi bật một phần nhất định của câu và nhấn mạnh điều chúng ra muốn nói bằng cách đưa vào nó hoặc xây dựng nó bằng một loại đại từ quan hệ
Ex: My brother bought his new car from our next-door neighbour last Saturday
-It was my brother who bought his new car from our neighbour last Saturday
-It was last Saturday when my brother bought his new car from our neighbour
-It was a new car that my brother bought from our neighbour last Saturday
-It was our next-door neighbour that my brother bought his new car from last Saturday
1 Subject focus (Nhấn mạnh chủ ngữ)
Ex: Sue sent me a letter yesterday
S
=>It was Sue who sent me a letter yesterday
2 Object focus (Nhấn mạnh tân ngữ )
Ex: Sue sent me a letter yesterday
O
=>It was a letter that Sue sent me
3 Adverbial focus (Nhấn mạnh trạng ngữ)
Ex: Sue sent me a letter yesterday
Adv
=>It was yesterday that Sue sent me a letter
Form: * It + be + ………+ that +………
Subject focus (Nhấn mạnh chủ ngữ) thì ta có thế dùng who (chỉ người) hay which (chỉ vật, sự việc) thay thế that
Trang 4
VI TAG QUESTION AND CLOULD, BE ABLE TO
1 Tag Question: Câu hỏi đuôi là câu hỏi ngắn gọn, đính kèm vào lời nói để xác định một điều gì (dùng
ngữ điệu xuống) hoặc để hỏi thông tin (dùng ngữ điệu lên)
* Câu hỏi đuôi được dùng theo cấu trúc sau:
- Affirmative statement, negative tag?
- Negative statement, affirmative tag?
Ex:
- We have finished, haven't we?
- Lan will come next week, won't she?
- We don't eat dinner at home, do we?
- It isn't raining, is it?
* Đại từ: Lấy chủ từ câu đầu đổi thành đại từ
Đàn ông >he
Đàn bà >she
Vật (số ít) >it
There >there
This >it
That >it
These >they
Those >they
Số nhiều >they
Các đại từnhư: they, he, she thì giữ nguyên
* Lưu ý: Some special cases: Một số trường hợp đặc biệt
a) Câu với I am thì câu hỏi đuôi là aren't I?
Ex: I am coming here, aren't I?
b) Câu với let's thì câu hỏi đuôi là shall we ?
Ex: Let's go to the movies, shall we?
c) Câu mệnh lệnh thì câu hỏi đuôi là will you?
Ex: Open the window, will you?
Ex: Take your seat, won't you?
d) Câu có từ phủ định: seldom, rarely, hardly, no, without, never, thì câu hỏi đuôi ở dạng khẳng định
Ex: He never goes to school late, does he?
2 Could, Be able to: Dùng chỉ khả năng trong quá khứ
1 Can: have the ability or opportunity to do st: Có khả năng làm một việc gì đó
Ex: He can speak three languages
2 Could:
- had ability in the past Some verbs: see, hear, smell, taste, fell, remember, understand
- express an ability
Ex: He could run fast five years ago
3 Was/ were able to: Dùng để chỉ khả năng làm được việc gì trong tình huống đặc biệt nào đó
- had the specific ability to do st
- express an effort to do Sth
Mr Minh has been to Hue, hasn't he?
Trợ động từ ở dạng phủ định + đại từ
Trợ động từ ở dạng khẳng định + đại từ
You don't like coffee, do you?
Trang 5Ex: His leg hurt but he was able to run fast
4 Had been able to: Dùng cho thì quá khứ hoàn thành
Ex: He said he had lost his passport and hadn't been able to leave the country
PART II - PRACTICE
A PHONETICS
I Circle the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from that of the other words
II Choose the word that has stress pattern different from that of the other words
8) A alternative B geothermal C environment D expensively
18) A uncertainty B satisfaction C psychology D approximate
B VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR * Circle the best answer for each sentence
1) The hotel staff is friendly and
2) We are proud of our staff, who are always friendly and efficient
A well-done B well-appointed C well-behaved D well-trained 3) EMS stands for
A Electronic Mail Service B Express Mail Service
C Economic Mail Service D Environment management Service
4) If someone want to send a document and does not want to lose its , facsimile service will help you
Trang 6A beginning B last C original D recent
5) People can buy daily in many local post office in early morning
6) All post offices in Viet Nam are equipped with advanced _
7) Fax transmission has now become a cheap and way to transmit texts and graphics over distance
A inconvenient B convenient C uncomfortable D comfortable 8) If you to your favourite newspapers and magazines, they will be delivered to your house early in the morning
9) Post offices offer a special mail service which is called
10) Your EMS mail will be in the shortest possible time
11) The message introduces the provided by the National Post Office
12) I cannot tell you all I heard
13) I can answer the question you say is very difficult
14) This is Mr Jones, invention has helped hundreds of deaf people
15) Tom, sits next to me, is from Canada
16) The volunteers, enthusiasm was obvious, finished the work quickly
17) Many scientists have claimed that like music are often good at mathematics
A children B children who C children whom D whose children 18) My friend, I visited lask week, is taking a holiday soon
19) The doctor reexamining a patient was taken to hospital last night
20) A pacifist is a person believes that all wars are wrong
21) My friend, hated horror film, refused to go to the cinema with me
22) Many rare of animals are in danger of extinction
23) People are destroying the environment by adding to it
24) Many efforts have been made to protect nature
25) Many species of animals are threatened and could easily become
26) Many animals are for their fur and other valuable parts of their bodies
27) They started a campaign to smoking among teenagers
28) Dinosaurs became millions of years go
29) The chemical from cars and factories make the air, water and soil dangerously dirty
Trang 730) Human beings are for the changes in the environment
31) By cutting down trees, we the natural habitat of birds and animals
32) aren’t effective anymore because insects have become resistant to them
33) They started a campaign to smoking among teenagers
34) He is the singer about I often tell you
35) The concert I listened last weekend was boring
36) That’s the girl to my brother got engaged
37) I like the village I used to live
38) I don’t know the reason she hasn’t talked to me recently
39) The little girl I borrowed this pen has gone
40) The speech _ we listened last night was information
41) The boy to I lent my money is poor
42) The knife we cut bread is very sharp
43) The authority gathered those villagers they explained the importance of forests
44) Non-renewable energy sources are running
45) In some countries people use wind or sea as the environment friendly energy sources
46) People have used coal and oil to electricity for a long time
47) Coal and oil are non-renewable sources
48) People on earth are need of more nuclear energy
49) energy uses natural sources of energy such as the sun, wind, or water for power and fuel, rather than oil, coal, or nuclear power
50) Oil, coal and natural gas are fuels made from decayed material
51) All fossil fuels are resources that cannot be replaced after use
52) We should develop such sources of energy as solar energy and nuclear energy
A tradition B alternative C revolutionary D surprising 53) The boy the piano is my son
A who is playing B that is playing C playing D All are correct 54) by his parent, this boy was very sad
55) We have apartment the park
Trang 856) Nellie Ross of Wyoming was the first woman _ governor in the United State
A who elected B to be elected C was elected D her election as 57) Johnny was the last applicant for a position in that energy station
A to interview B interviewing C to be interviewed D which is interviewed 58) The Vietnamese participants took in the 14th Asian Games with great enthusiasm
59) from several countries competed in many Asian Game
60) How many sports are there the 14th Asian Games?
61) The quiet country roads are ideal for cycling The word “cycling” is closest in meaning to “ ”
A driving a car B riding a bicycle C kicking a ball D playing football 62) The Olympic Games is one of the biggest sporting all over the world
63) Swimming is one of the sports
64) can help athlete to improve the strength of muscles and the appearance of the body
A Shooting B Table tennis C Weightlifting D Playing chess 65) On some special occasions, people often march and demonstrate to show their
66) Vietnam won 3 gold in the 15th Asian Games
67) This is the novel I’ve been expecting
68) I’m not the man you are looking for?
69) Fencing was first introduced at the 13th Asian Games, in Bangkok, Thailand in 1998
70) Each country sends its best athletes participation expresses the friendship and solidarity
71) He rang James, a good friend as well as his trainer
72) That is Mr Pike, a referee, I told you about
73) This is a picture in the newspaper of a high jumper leg was seriously hurt
74) I like the book you lent me last week
75) I know the man Miss White is talking to
76) My father is an guitarist
A accomplishing B accomplished C accomplish D accomplishment 77) He is very good at people singing with his guitar
78) My uncle is interested in stamps
79) She is a very accomplished pianist The word “accomplished” is closest in meaning to “ ”
80) A is a series of musical notes that is pleasant and easy to remember
81) If you a singer or a musician, you play one part of a piece of music while they sing or play the main tune
Trang 982) My for my mother is infinite
83) I am quite keen on my father’s valuable stamp
84) I had forgotten all about it about it because I had been so with other things
85) You should not indulge yourself anything that can form a bad habit
86) He keeps a lot of pictures and paintings He is at art
87) I really admire him, for his
88) I don’t know the title but I recognize the of this song
89) Yuri Gagarin became the first man to travel into space April 12th, 1961
90) A / an is a person who is trained for traveling in a spacecraft
91) Lisa’s been able to play the flute since she was six, ?
92) Neil seemed to have a good time at the party, ?
93) Despite the bad weather, he get to the airport in time
94) You’re Cynthia, you?
C READING
* Read the passage carefully then circle the correct answers
Many environmental experts are pessimistic about the future of our (1) They say that in the next few years harmful (2) will further damage the (3) layer, there will be more losses of irreplaceable tropical (4) , and serious (5) pollution will cause the (6) itself to change They also warm us that Third World (7) will continue to suffer ecological (8) , while the (9) countries consume the vast majority of the world’s (10) Animals are also at (11) It is feared that some (12) species may soon die out, as their natural (13) are destroyed In some cases, the only way to save rare species from (14) is to breed them in (15)
* Circle the item among A, B, C or D that best answers the question about the passage
Energy is fundamental to human beings, especially to poor people – the one- third of humanity that does not have modern energy supplies like electricity, with which their life could be improve
Trang 10Many people who live in countryside have to gather fuel wood This takes a lot of time Moreover,
it causes indoor air pollution because of heavy smoke For many people living in rural areas in developing countries of the world, biogas is the large energy resources available and costs almost nothing The main use of biogas is for cooking and heating As biogas is smoke-free, it helps solve the problem of indoor air pollution Moreover, plant waste and animal manure cost almost nothing
The tendency to use renewable energy sources is on the increase when non-renewable ones are running out In the near, people in the developing countries may use wind or sea waves as the environment-friendly energy sources
1) What is the role of energy to human beings?
2) What do poor people in countryside do to have energy?
3) How long does it take to gather fuel wood in the countryside?
A Not much time B A lot of time C Very little time D Half an hour a day 4) According to the passage, what energy sources do poor people often use for fuel?
5) What is the main use of biogas?
A It is used mainly for cooking and heating B It is mainly used for lighting
C It is mainly used for operating D It is mainly used for producing in factories
6) According to the passage, what is the most awful effect of using fuel wood?
A It causes indoor air pollution B It may cause fire
C It damages their houses D It affects the local scenery
7) Why, according to the passage, is biogas introduced to poor people?
A Because it is easy to use B Because it is not harmful
C Because they like it
D Because it is the largest energy resources available in the countryside and cheap
8) What, according to the passage, are the main advantages of using biogas?
C It is clean because it is smoke-free and costs almost nothing D It is clean 9) The tendency to use renewable energy sources
10) What, according to the passage, may be used as the environment-friendly energy sources/
A Nuclear energy B Coal C Wind and sea energy D Oil
* Read the passage carefully and choose the correct answer
The Asian Games owes its origins to small Asian multi-sport competitions The Far Eastern Championship Games were created to show unity and cooperation among three nations: Japan, the Philippines and China The first games were held in Manila, the Philippines in 1931 Other Asian nations participated after it was organized
After World War II, a number of Asian countries became independent Many of the new independent Asian countries wanted to use a new type of competition where Asian dominance should not be shown by violence and should be strengthened by mutual understanding In August 1948, during the 14th Olympic Game
in London, India representative Guru Dutt Sondhi proposed to sports leaders of the Asian teams the idea of having discussions about holding the Asian Games They agreed to form the Asian Athletic Federation A preparatory was set up to draft the charter for the Asian amateur athletic federation In February, 1949, the Asian athletic federation was formed and used the name Asian Games Federation It was formed and used the name Asian Games Federation It was decided to hold the first Asian Games in 1951 in New Delhi the capital of India They added that the Asian Games would be regularly held once every four years
1) The text is about
A the origin of the Asian Games B the Far Eastern Championship Games
C the Games in Manila D the relationship of Japan, the Philippines, and China 2) The Far Eastern Championship Games
A were held in Manila after World War II B were held in Japan