MINISTRY OF EDUCATIONAND TRAINING MINISTRY OF AGRICULTUREAND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAMESE ACADEMY OF FOREST SCIENCES ================== NGUYEN THANH MINH STUDY ON BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERIS
Trang 1MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
AND TRAINING MINISTRY OF AGRICULTUREAND RURAL DEVELOPMENT
VIETNAMESE ACADEMY OF FOREST SCIENCES
==================
NGUYEN THANH MINH
STUDY ON BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND
PLANTING TECHNIQUES OF Terminalia calamansanai
(Blanco) Rolfe IN THE SOUTHEAST REGION
Specialized: Silviculture Code: 9.62.02.05
SUMMARY OF THESIS ON FOREST DOCTORATE
Hanoi - 2021
Trang 2This work has been completed at the Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences
Full name of instructor: Assoc.Prof.Dr Pham The Dung
Dr Giang Van Thang
At the hour minute day month year 2021
The dissertation can be found at National Library and Library of
Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences
Trang 3PUBLISHED SCIENTIFIC WORKS RELATED TO THE THESIS
1 Nguyen Thanh Minh, Do Thi Ngoc Ha (2017), Propagation results of Terminalia calamansanai Rolfe by cutting, Journal of Forestry Science, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, specialized in journals 2017,
Trang 41 The urgency of the subject
Terminalia calamansanai (Blanco) Rolfe belongs to the family
Combretaceae, a large tree species, up to 30-40 meters high, and the diametercan reach 60 - 80 cm, even 2 meters This plant species is widely distributed inthe provinces of the Southwest, Southeast, Central Highlands, South Central
regions Terminalia calamansanai wood has white color, smooth, straight grain
and easy to process Therefore, its is used to make planks, plywood, householdfurniture and construction wood
Terminalia calamansanai flowers every year, creating good conditions for
breeding and afforestation Up to now, this tree species has not been interested
in in-depth research on breeding, propagation, planting techniques andenrichment planting techniques Previous studies on this species just stop atdescription and classification Research on the use of indigenous timber speciesfor afforestation for large timber supply is an important task of the forestrysector
However, up to now, the number of indigenous tree species selected forafforestation and forest enrichment in Vietnam is very rare In order to
"Improve productivity, quality and value of planted production forests" and
"Enhance value of processed wood products" (Decision 774 & 919, MARD),the forestry sector needs to plant large timber forests, especially for withindigenous tree species However, at present, the forestry sector still lacks notonly high quality seed sources, but also planting and nurturing techniques forplanted forests from indigenous trees This limitation leads to difficulties inachieving the goals of the forestry sector Therefore, research on breeding,propagation, planting techniques and enriching poor natural forests with someindigenous tree species with large natural distribution, rapid growth, largetimber is a matter to be interested today
The project "Study on biological characteristics and planting techniques
Terminalia calamansanai (Blanco) Rolfe in the Southeast" is necessary and
meaningful to contribute an afforestation development for large timber of wood
Trang 5processing industry in our country.
2 Objectives of the study
In theory: Provide main information as a scientific basis for breeding,
propagation, planting and nurturing Terminalia calamansanai forests, in order
to improve forest productivity and diversify indigenous forest species in theSoutheast
About practice:
- Identify some biological characteristics of Terminalia calamansanai, as a
basis for proposing appropriate silvicultural techniques
- Choosing the provenance and family Terminalia calamansanai has the ability
to grow fast and meet the requirements of planting indigenous trees
- Determination of Terminalia calamansanai propagation techniques by seeding
and cuttings
- Identifying planting and tending techniques for pure and mixed Terminalia calamansanai plantations on some major soil types in the Southeast.
3 Scientific and practical meanings
Scientific value: Supplement some scientific information on the biological
characteristics of Terminalia calamansanai as a basis for breeding, propagation
and afforestation with high yield and quality in the Southeast
Practical value: The research results of the thesis can be applied to the
development of Terminalia calamansanai plantations to provide high quality
and productive timber in the Southeast
4 New contributions of the thesis
- Firstly, provide some scientific basis from forestry characteristics, artifacts,
seed characteristics to breeding, propagation and Terminalia calamansanai
planting
- Secondly, 1 provenance and 4 families of Terminalia calamansanai have
been identified, meeting the standards of the forestry sector to recognize newvarieties
Trang 6- Thirdly, perfecting techniques for seed propagation and cloning anddetermining seedling standards and some major techniques for planting
plantations from 1- 5 years old and 9 years old, respectively
5.2 Scope of the study
Research content: This thesis studies on some of biological characteristics as silvicultural characteristics; fruits and seeds phases of Terminalia calamansanai; provenance trial combined with family trial; propagation
techniques by sowing seeds and cuttings; techniques of planting pure, mixed
and enrichment forests by Terminalia calamansanai.
Research location: Research on silvicultural characteristics, flowers and fruits
were investigated in the tropical humid forest in Ma Da, Dong Nai Selection of
plus Terminalia calamansanai was done in 4 ecological regions: South Central
(Ninh Thuan), Southwestern (Kien Giang), Southeast (Dong Nai, Tay Ninh)and Central Highlands (Gia Lai) Seed preservation and propagationexperiments were conducted in Trang Bom, Dong Nai Trials of provenancecombined with family trials are carried out in Tan Bien, Tay Ninh province.Experiments on seedling standards for afforestation, fertilizers, density andmixed afforestation were implemented in Vinh Cuu, Dong Nai province Theexperiment of enrichment planting with natural poor forest with Ter species wascarried out in Tan Lap, Binh Phuoc province
Research time: Seed preservation experiments were carried out for a period of
24 months The nursery experiment was followed at 6 months old Cuttingsexperiments were followed until fully rooted after 1 month of age Trials ofprovenance combined with family trials to 5 years old Planting techniquesexperiments are followed up until the forest reaches 4 years old and 9 years old
Trang 76 Dissertation Layout:
The thesis consists of 113 pages with 15 pictures and 55 tables, including:Introduction (4 pages); Chapter 1: Overview of research issues (23 pages);Chapter 2: Content, materials and research methods (22 pages); Chapter 3:Research results and discussion (61 pages); Conclusion, existing andrecommendations (3 pages)
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH ISSUES
1 Research situation in the world
1.1 Plant classification and morphological characteristics
Its scientific name is Terminalia calamansanai (Blanco) Rolfe Trade name
is Kwako, Yellow terminalia This is a wooden tree of the genus: Terminalia,the family: Combretaceae
In the Indochinese plant, Lecomte (1911) described, Terminalia calamansanai is 25 to 30 meters high, diameter can reach from 50 to 80 cm.
The trunk is gray, the bark is not separated The leaves are oblong, dark green,the underside is slightly pale; length 7 - 15 cm, width 2.5 - 6 cm; 4 - 6 pairs ofveins; petiole small, smooth, 15-25 mm long, with 2 glands at the base Thehermaphrodite flowers are hairy, do not have coronary petals, stamens 10 Thesepals are united at the base into a shape, on the 5 triangular petals Thecylindrical pistil has thick bristles that is easy to separate, 2 mm long, with 2hanging ovules The fruit has rhombohedral wings about 1 cm long, 2 wingsalmost rectangular to 2 - 3 cm long
1.2 Ecological characteristics
In Southeast Asia, Terminalia calamansanai is distributed in Vietnam,
Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Papua NewGuinea, Solomon Islands Trees distributed mainly in lowlands, altitudes below500m above sea level, grow best where the average annual temperature is from
28 – 34 0C, the trees can tolerate the average temperature from 18 – 38 0C Thetree is suitable for an average annual rainfall of 3.000 – 4.000 mm and can
expand at 2.000 – 5.000 mm Terminalia calamansanai prefer good soil,
Trang 8drainage, soil pH from 5.5 - 6.5 and can expand 4.5 - 7.5 It grows very fast, canreach the yield at 25-30 m3/ha/year.
1.3 Forest planting situation
Nile (1989) in the study of plantation species selection in Western Samoadivided the scale of 100, in which wood quality and use: 40 points; stem shapeand growth: 30 points; weed competition: 15 points; seed source: 10 points;
nursery care: 5 points According to the author, Terminalia genus has 5 species, Terminalia calamansanai ranked 2nd out of 5 species of Terminalia genus and
12th (66 points) out of 47 selected species, wood quality reached 23 out of 40points, tree shape and growth reaching 24 points out of 30 points, proving that
Terminalia calamansanai is a species with good wood quality, standard stem
shape and rapid growth
Burslem & Whitmore (1996) have been studying Terminalia calamansanai
at Kolombangara Solomon since 1964 According to the author, the researchresults on the experiment of opening the natural forest canopy for the average
diameter growth of 0.9 mm/year for the Terminalia calamansanai trees with the
diameter less than 10cm; 1.6 mm/year for trees with a diameter of 10-20cm andthe highest one is 4.8 mm/year for trees with a diameter of 30 -50cm
1.4 Use of Terminalia calamansanai wood
According to Anon (1976), Terminalia calamansanai wood tends to crack
vertically, with medium wood density and moderate hardness The wood color
ranges from light yellow to light brown Terminalia calamansanai wood can very effectively pick up verneer Terminalia calamansanai wood is also used
for high quality furniture (Pleydell, 1970) In addition to the value of wood,
Terminalia calamansanai bark contains tannins used in dyeing technology.
Especially, the leaves of this species contain some acetone that can be used asanti-cancer drugs (Lih-Geeng Chen et al., 2009)
2 Research situation in Vietnam
2.1 Plant classification and morphological characteristics
Scientific name is Terminalia calamansanai (Blanco) Rolfe; Terminalia papilio Hance belongs to the family: Combretaceae, Order: Myrtales.
Trang 9Terminalia calamansanai is a deciduous tree in the dry season, 15-30m high,
average diameter 50-70cm, but there are also trees up to 2 m in diameter.Branchlet is fat, tall, single leaf, spaced, usually concentrated at the tip of thebranch Hard leaves are spear-shaped, with pointed tips tapering toward thebase, 6-10cm long, 2 - 3cm wide The leaf blade is smooth on the upper surface,the lower surface is slightly coarse, the lateral ribs are 4 - 6 pairs, prominent onthe lower surface, slightly visible on the upper surface, the network tendon isnot clear The leaf stalk is 2 - 3cm long, hairless, has 2 glands at the base, theflower cluster is very thick, the flowers grow in the leaf axils at the tip of thebranch, 10 - 15cm long, the common stalk is covered with fine yellow hair.Ivory white hermaphrodite flowers with a dark aroma, small bracts, 1-2mmlong, hairy, deciduous The sepals are united at the base into a shape, on 5triangular wings with many feathers There are no wings 10 stamens, 2 - 3 mmlong, attached with the sepals hairy segmental disc The lower gourd is coveredwith a lot of hair, 1 cell, 2 ovules, 3mm long, with feathers below The fruit isflattened, has 2 wings, has smooth white feathers, is 2 - 5cm wide, 1.5 - 4cmhigh One seed, 7-10mm long, 3 - 6mm wide (Tran Hop and Nguyen BoiQuynh, 1993)
2.2 Ecological characteristics
Terminalia calamansanai is a deciduous tree in the dry season The tree is a
light-prefer tree, commonly found at the edge of the forest, prefers sandy, moistclay, has a lot of humus In Vietnam, the tree grows in the mountainous areas ofGia Lai, Kontum and grows popular in the Southeastern provinces, Ba Ria -Vung Tau, in the low mountainous areas of Kien Giang, Ha Tien, Phu Quoc InSoutheast Asia, this species is also distributed in countries such as Cambodia,Thailand, Myanmar, the Philippines, Malaysia (Tran Hop and Nguyen BoiQuynh, 1993)
2.3 Forest planting situation
In the country, Terminalia calamansanai has not been studied in cultivation
techniques, but only very few studies in the nursery stage
Nguyen Van Them, Pham Thanh Hai (2004) studied the effect of potting
medium mix on growth of 6-month-old Terminalia calamansanai in nursery
Trang 10stage In this study, the good fertilizer content for Terminalia calamansanai in
the nursery stage is NPK 1.0%, super phosphate 1.0%, and decomposed organicfertilizer is 15 - 20%
According to Nguyen Thanh Minh (2010), when sowing Terminalia calamansanai, seeds need to be soaked in water at room temperature for 2 days,
incubated and washed every 2 days From day 6 the seeds start to germinate.The highest germination rate was 86% The potting medium has a ratio of 25%-50% coir for the seedlings to grow well in the nursing stage
2.4 Use of Terminalia calamansanai wood
According to Tran Hop and Nguyen Boi Quynh (1993) Terminalia calamansanai wood is white, medium, smooth, easy to process, furniture, used
in construction
According to Pham The Dung et al (2018), Terminalia calamansanai wood
has many low physical and mechanical properties, so the use of wood can beused for many purposes that do not require force, good impact resistance, so it
can make wooden boats Terminalia calamansanai wood can be used as a raw
material for the manufacture of laminated boards, relatively suitable for makingraw materials for peeling boards, indoor wood and common furniture The
wood is less shrinking and expanding, so it is convenient for use Terminalia calamansanai wood is susceptible to fungus attack immediately after felling, so
it is necessary to take measures to cut, dry immediately after cutting or againstfungus
3 General comment
The scientific name is Terminalia calamansanai (Blanco) Rolfe belongs to
the genus Terminalia of the family Combretaceae Taxonomy and
morphological characteristics of Terminalia calamansanai have been described
in detail in many different documents In the world, Terminalia calamansanai
is distributed in some Asian countries (India, Thailand, Malaysia, Laos,Cambodia, Papua New Guinea) and some African countries In Vietnam,
Terminalia calamansanai is often found in tropical moist evergreen closed
forest and tropical semi-evergreen semi-evergreen forest in the Southeast
Trang 11provinces (Dong Nai, Tay Ninh, Ba Ria Vung Tau), the South West (KienGiang), the Central Highlands (Kon Tum, Gia Lai, Dak Lak) and the SouthCentral Coast provinces (Ninh Thuan, Binh Thuan).
Currently, information about seed sources, propagation techniques, planting
and nurturing techniques of Terminalia calamansanai is very limited This
thesis focuses on researching three basic contents: i) The biological and
silviculture characteristics of Terminalia calamansanai; ii) Techniques of breeding and propagation Terminalia calamansanai; iii) Techniques for planting and nurturing Terminalia calamansanai forest.
CHAPTER 2 CONTENT AND METHOD OF RESEARCH
1 Research content
(1) Study on some biological characteristics of Terminalia calamansanai
(2) Plus tree selection, provenance trial combined with family trial of
Terminalia calamansanai
(3) Study on breeding techniques of Terminalia calamansanai
(4) Study on planting techniques of Terminalia calamansanai
2 Research Methods
2.1 Perspectives and approach methods
The thesis combines both experimental ecological method and applied research.Arrangement of laboratory experiments (seed techniques) and propagationexperiments in nurseries Seed trials and techniques for afforestation and forest
enrichment with Terminalia calamansanai.
2.2 Specific research methods
2.2.1 Identify some biological characteristics of Terminalia calamansanai.
(a) The role of Terminalia calamansanai in tree species structure and forest structure
Method of linear survey, establish 3 temporary standard plots of 2,500 m2 onforest types (rich forest and medium forest) to collect data, density, species
Trang 12composition, forest layer distribution of N/D and N/H and natural regenerationcharacteristics.
(b) Study on flowers, fruits and leaves phases characteristics
Using the method of description, observation and recording to study the
flowers, fruits and leaves of Terminalia calamansanai for 4 years
(c) Study on seed characteristics
Determine the seed size, seed weight (m), moisture in seeds (W%)
(d) Seed preservation methods
Treatment 1: In the cooler of the refrigerator at a temperature of 3 – 5 0CTreatment 2: In the freezer of the refrigerator at -5 -10 0C
Treatment 3: In a ceramic jar at normal temperature
Implementation time in 24 months, testing once every 2 months
2.2.2 Plus tree selection, provenance trial combined with family trial
(a) Plus tree selection
Base on technical regulations on building seed forests and seed orchards (QPN/15-93) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural developvement
(b) Provenance trial combined with family trial
The method of breeding trial with 42 families of 5 provenances was carriedout base on 04-TCN-147-2006 standard of Ministry of Agriculture and Ruraldevelopvement
The total number of families in the trial is 42 of 5 provenances, which isKien Giang (10 families); Ninh Thuan (4 families); Gia Lai (5 families); DongNai (19 families); Tay Ninh (4 families)
The trial was arranged in columns with 8 replications Total 32 trees perfamily, each replication 4 trees/family Arranged in a straight line (4 plants * 42families = 168 plants/repeat) Planting density 1.110 trees/ha (3 * 3m)
2.2.3 Study on breeding techniques
(a) Propagated by seed
- Seed treatment method
Treatment 1: Soak seeds in water at normal temperature (20 – 25 0C)
Trang 13Treatment 2 Soak seeds in water with temperature 52 - 55 0C
Treatment 3 Soak seeds in water with temperature 68 - 70 0C
Time to soak seeds in water is 2 days
- Effect of coir rate in potting medium on growth of seedlings
The experiment includes 4 treatments with the percentage of coir by weight
of potting medium:
Treatment 1: 5% manure + 1% NPK fertilizer + 94% topsoil (Control)
Treatment 2: 25% coir + 5% manure + 1% NPK fertilizer + 69% topsoil.Treatment 3: 50% coir + 5% manure + 1% NPK fertilizer + 44% topsoil.Treatment 4: 75% coir + 5% manure + 1% NPK fertilizer + 19% topsoil
(b) Propagated by cuttings
- Effects of stimulant categories and it’s concentrations
This experiment included 13 treatments Treatment (NT1) - (NT4): IAA = 500,1,000, 1,500 and 2,000 ppm Treatment (NT5) - (NT8): NAA = 500, 1,000,1,500 and 2,000 ppm Treatment (NT9) - (NT12): IBA = 500, 1,000, 1,500 and2,000 ppm Treatment NT13: Control (Without using stimulants)
- Effects of stimulant treatment time
This experiment has 3 treatments: T1: 30 seconds, T2: 60 seconds and T3: 90seconds
- Effects of potting medium in cuttings
This experiment included 3 treatments GT1: 100% of topsoil GT2: 70% oftopsoil + 30% coir GT3: 50% of topsoil + 50% coir
- Effects of the age of the mother tree on cuttings
This experiment includes 6 treatments:
NT1: Cuttings from 6-month-old plants;
NT2: Cuttings from a 1 year old tree;
NT3: Cuttings from 2 years old tree;
TN4: Cuttings from a 3-year-old tree;
TH5: Cuttings from a 2-year-old mother plant are rejuvenated;