INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Vietnam is undergoing significant industrialization and modernization, transitioning from a subsidized to a market economy This shift presents substantial challenges, particularly in balancing economic growth with environmental protection efforts.
In recent years, rapid urbanization and industrial growth have elevated living standards, resulting in a diverse and increasingly toxic range of waste generated by human activities.
The management and treatment of daily waste in many cities across the country fall short of hygiene and environmental standards Inconsistent solutions and inadequate policies for managing solid waste in urban areas contribute to environmental degradation, posing risks to public health and hindering societal development.
In Bac Ninh province, economic development has significantly improved people's lives, but achieving sustainable development requires a balance between economic growth and environmental protection Provincial authorities and relevant agencies are increasingly focused on the management and treatment of solid waste Despite enhancements in facilities and personnel, the current garbage collection and treatment systems fall short of meeting actual demand This highlights the ongoing challenges in solid waste management in Bac Ninh city.
Effective domestic waste management is essential for maintaining public health, enhancing urban landscapes, and minimizing environmental impact Timely solutions to this issue are crucial for ensuring sanitary conditions and promoting a healthier community.
The Advanced Education Program Office at the University of Thai acknowledges the critical role of effective waste management amidst various challenges, with the endorsement of the management board.
Nguyen, under the direct guidance of teacher Dr Hoang Hai Thanh, so I studied the topic: "Assessment of waste management and treatment in Bac Ninh city ".
Objectives
- Assessing the current situation of collecting, transporting and treating household waste in Bac Ninh city, Bac Ninh province
- Providing some recommendations to improve the efficiency of solid waste management in Bac Ninh city.
Contents of work
Project has been implemented during the internship:
Investment project to build pollution treatment system of Khac Niem noodle village
Description of my activities
Week 1: Go to internship area, learn about the facilities and works
Week 3: Learn about the topic, read the documentation
Week 13,14,15,16: Join the other project.
Timeline
The scientific basis of the topic
Garbage refers to solid waste generated from human activities, encompassing everyday home waste This type of solid waste is a key component of the broader category of waste produced by daily living.
Waste is generated from various human activities, including industrial production, agriculture, transportation, and everyday life in residential areas, schools, restaurants, and hotels Additionally, waste includes emissions from vehicles used in transportation and metal chemicals derived from other materials (Nguyen Xuan Nguyen, 2004).
- Recycling: In fact, people take back the material from the old product and use it to create new products
The reuse of waste involves utilizing products or raw materials that have a long lifespan and can be repeatedly used without altering their physical form or chemical composition (Nguyen The Chinh, 2003).
Waste sorting encompasses various methods, yet a standardized classification is lacking However, based on economic activities and insights from waste management research, waste can be categorized in several distinct ways.
Household waste, also known as waste or household waste, is generated by households
+ Wastes from production, business and trade activities are those originating from economic sectors such as industry, agriculture and services
- Classification of waste according to physical properties: solid waste, liquid waste, gas waste
- Classification of wastes by chemical nature: In this way, organic, inorganic or physical waste is disposed of, such as metal waste, plastic, glass, paper, newspapers
Waste can be classified based on its potential harm to humans and organisms into two main categories: toxic waste and special waste This classification serves a crucial purpose in facilitating effective research, utilization, and management of waste materials (Nguyen The Chinh, 2003).
Discarded materials refer to products or substances that are removed from the production or consumption cycle and are instead repurposed for recycling and reuse, serving as raw materials for the creation of new products.
* Managing daily garbage: It is the planning and management of investment, construction of waste management facilities to collect, store, transport, reuse, recycle and treat waste to reduce environmental pollution
* Garbage collection is the gathering, sorting and temporary storage of garbage at many collection points and establishments approved by competent agencies
* Garbage transportation means the process of transporting garbage to the place where it is generated, collected, stored, transported to the place of disposal, recycling, reuse or landfill
* Waste treatment means the process of using technology solutions to reduce, eliminate or destroy harmful or useless components in garbage, recover, recycle or reuse, useful ingredients in garbage
The rising volume of domestic waste is driven by population growth and socio-economic development, leading to increased consumption patterns in both urban and rural areas Key contributors to this waste generation include household activities, commercial enterprises, and industrial processes.
- From residential areas (one household, many households )
- From industrial zones (light industry, chemical industry, energy industry, building materials )
- From agriculture (hulls, bottles of pesticides )
- From urban areas (bus stations, parks )
- From trade, services (shops, markets )
- From health facilities (waste of patients, staff )
Evaluating the origins of solid waste has provided valuable insights, enabling us to implement scientific and technical strategies to reduce the environmental impacts of solid waste in schools.
2.1.3 The impact of solid waste on the environment and the health of the community
2.1.3.1 Impact on the water environment
Solid waste, particularly organic waste, is highly biodegradable in water When garbage landfills interact with various water sources, such as rainwater and groundwater, they can produce leachate, which enhances the biodegradability of waste and facilitates the spread of environmental contaminants This leachate may contain harmful pollutants, including COD, N-NH3, BOD5, TOC, numerous microorganisms, and heavy metals, posing significant risks to water quality if not properly treated (National Environment Report, 2011).
2.1.3.2 Impact on the air environment
Biodegradable waste, including food scraps and organic materials, decomposes under optimal conditions of 35°C temperature and 70-80% humidity This decomposition process, facilitated by microorganisms, generates unpleasant odors and various pollutants that adversely affect urban environments, human health, and overall productivity (National Environment Report, 2011).
2.1.3.3 Impact on the soil environment
Organic waste in soil undergoes decomposition by microorganisms under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions With adequate moisture, this process generates various intermediates that ultimately convert into simple minerals like water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4) When there is an ample supply of waste and water, the soil's self-cleaning capacity reduces the pollution potential of these substances.
Excessive waste accumulation leads to soil overload and contamination, introducing pollutants, heavy metals, toxic substances, and microbes into the soil These harmful elements can infiltrate groundwater, resulting in water pollution.
For non-degradable garbage such as rubber, plastic if no suitable treatment solution, they will be the risk of degeneration and soil fertility reduction (National
Improper collection and treatment of urban waste can lead to environmental pollution, adversely affecting community health and degrading urban landscapes The complex composition of solid waste includes human and animal germs, organic matter, and deceased organisms, creating ideal breeding conditions for disease-carrying pests like flies, mosquitoes, and rodents This scenario increases the risk of diseases such as malaria, skin infections, typhoid, diarrhea, and helminth infections, which can escalate into epidemics.
Classifying, collecting and disposing of garbage in contravention of regulations is a serious danger for sanitation workers and refuse workers, especially when they encounter waste from hospitals or industry
Unregulated landfills pose significant risks to both the environment and surrounding communities, leading to serious air, water, and soil pollution These hazardous conditions can create environments conducive to disease transmission, further threatening public health.
Garbage that is not well collected will also be one of the factors that hinder flow, reducing the drainage capacity of rivers and urban sewage systems (National
The legal basis of the topic
a) Legal documents of the state
- 1992 Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam
- Environmental Protection Law 2014 No 55/2014 / QH13
- Decree No 59/2007 / ND-CP 9/4/2007 on solid waste management
- Circular No 13/2007 / TT-BXD dated December 31, 2007 of the Ministry of Construction guiding a number of articles of the Government's Decree No 59/2007 / ND-CP on solid waste management
- Document No 2272 / BXD-VP dated November 10, 2008 of the Ministry of Construction announcing the norms for estimation of collection, transportation and disposal of urban waste
- The Ministry of Finance's Circular No 121/2008 / TT-BTC dated December 12,
2008, guiding the mechanism of incentives and financial supports for investment activities in solid waste management
- Pursuant to the Government's Decree No 04/2009 / ND-CP of January 14, 2009, on preferences and support for preservation activities b) Profile of the cooperating agency
Address: at number 7 - Hai Ba Trung - Suoi Hoa - Bac Ninh City - Bac Ninh Province
The Department of Natural Resources and Environment in Bac Ninh Province operates as a specialized agency under the Provincial People's Committee, functioning under the management of the provincial government and the guidance of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment.
The Department plays a crucial role in assisting provincial People's Committees with the management of natural resources and the environment, covering areas such as land, water, meteorology, hydrography, climate change, geodesy, cartography, and mineral resources Its responsibilities include implementing approved legal documents, plans, and projects related to natural resources and environmental management, as well as conducting inspections, registrations, and licensing in these fields.
Bac Ninh Urban Public Works and Environment Limited Company
4 Nguyen Dang Dao, Suoi Hoa, Bac Ninh
+ Collect, transport waste treatment from households, market area, restaurant, shopping centers and tourist spots
+ Street sweeps and water sprinklers, clearing, dredging sewers urban
+ Planting and tending trees, managing urban flower gardens, ensuring street lighting
- Garbage collection capacity of the company:
+ Number of collectors: 154 (divided into 10 groups)
+ Number of specialized junk trucks: 9 cars,7 specialized vehicles ironing waste
2.3 Situation management and treatment of domestic waste in the world and Vietnam
2.3.1 The situation of managing and treating domestic waste in the world
In recent years, environmental issues and waste management have been overlooked due to factors such as underdeveloped economies and limited technological advancements However, waste management in urban areas has become a significant concern, as cities are hubs of economic, political, cultural, and technological growth The diverse waste generated in these urban centers poses serious risks to public health, the environment, and urban landscapes Current estimates indicate that the global annual waste volume ranges from 2.5 to 4 billion tonnes, excluding waste from construction, mining, and agriculture.
High urbanization levels correlate with increased per capita waste generation, as noted by Nguyen Thi Anh Hoa (2006) For instance, current waste statistics show that Canada produces 1.7 kg of waste per person per day, Australia 1.6 kg, and China 1.3 kg.
Table 2: Solid waste generation in some countries
Volume of urban solid waste (Kg / person / day)
(Sources: Department of Environmental Health, 2006)
As waste generation continues to rise, effective classification, collection, and treatment of waste has become a critical concern for nations worldwide Innovative waste management solutions, including heat treatment, landfill methods, Seraphin technology, and biotechnology, are essential for addressing this growing challenge.
Typically, some countries already have very specific waste management and treatment models:
Singapore is recognized as the world's cleanest and fully urbanized city, thanks to its significant investment in waste management infrastructure and a robust legal framework that promotes efficient waste disposal Waste collection in Singapore utilizes plastic bags for sorting, with recyclable materials sent to specialized recycling plants, while non-recyclable waste is managed through incineration and burial Over 300 licensed private companies operate under the supervision of the Department of Science, Technology and Environment, focusing on industrial and commercial waste collection Additionally, residents and businesses are incentivized to manage their waste by transporting it directly to collection companies, with fees structured to encourage participation—$17 per month for home collection versus $7 for communal collection services.
After collection, garbage from multiple sources is delivered to a waste separation center, where it is categorized into flammable and non-flammable materials The flammable waste is then sent to an incineration plant, while non-flammable items are transported to the Semakau landfill, located on an island off the coast of Singapore.
Singapore's waste management system consists of interconnected stages, including collection, sorting, transportation, and incineration or burial The treatment of waste gases from incinerators follows a stringent process to prevent the release of solid pollutants into the atmosphere, while burial sites are managed under strict safety protocols to ensure environmental protection.
In Japan, families categorize their waste into three distinct types, using color-coded bags for organic waste, inorganic waste, and recyclables like paper, cloth, glass, and metal Organic waste is sent to a treatment plant to produce microorganism fertilizers, while the remaining materials are taken to recycling facilities for processing.
Organic waste transported to the plant is processed in a sealed lagoon, where it is subjected to strong airflow in a water stream that thoroughly dissolves the matter This process results in fine sand and wastewater, effectively reducing pollution Additionally, unsourced scales are compressed into high-quality sidewalk tiles that absorb rainwater, contributing to sustainable urban infrastructure (Danida Project).
In Bulgaria, organized urban waste collection services cover 84.2% of the population, primarily benefiting urban residents, whereas rural areas have a significantly lower coverage of nearly 40% Additionally, the processes for classifying and recycling waste are progressing at a slow pace.
Waste generation: Urban per capita emissions in 2004 were 427 kg, below the EU-
In 2004, Bulgaria implemented a structured urban waste collection system that served 1,801 residential areas, catering to a population of 6,551,181, which represents 84% of the national populace Following this initiative, the Ministry of Environment and Water (MOEW) began funding separate waste collection systems in urban regions to enhance waste management practices.
2004, pilot projects were funded in 12 cities, four licensed packaged waste registrations, and 446 thousand tonnes of marketed packaging
In Bulgaria, waste management involves the collection of waste, the reuse of recyclable materials, and various disposal methods, including incineration, burial, and reprocessing through mechanical, chemical, and physical means Currently, burial remains the predominant method, responsible for 86.5% of the waste generated in the country (Tran Quang Ninh, 2008).
The average solid waste generation in China is currently 0.4 kg per person per day, significantly lower than Japan's 1.1 kg and the global average of 2.1 kg However, projections indicate that by 2030, this figure will surpass 1 kg per person per day, driven by rising living standards and a rapidly growing urban population, leading to a substantial increase in solid waste across the country.
Waste Composition: China's urban waste contains large amounts of ash (approximately 25 million tons / year or 13%) of organic waste, accounting for 40- 65% Waste is paper, plastic and plastic coated rapidly
In China, around 20% of urban waste is collected and treated, supported by an investment of approximately 30 billion yuan (3.7 billion dollars) in solid waste management, leading to significant improvements in the sector Major cities are increasingly adopting sanitary landfilling and advanced incineration technologies to enhance their waste management practices.
Overview of natural and socio-economic conditions in Bac Ninh city 23 1 Natural condition
Bac Ninh city is located in the south of Cau river, north-east of the province,
30 km south of the center of Hanoi, 20 km north of Bac Giang city, boundary line as follows:
- The North borders on Yen Phong and Bac Giang;
- To the south, it borders on Tien Du distric - The east borders with Que Vo;
- The West borders on Yen Phong district
Figure 2.1 Administrative map of Bac Ninh city, Bac Ninh province
Figure 2.1 Administrative map of Bac Ninh city, Bac Ninh province
Bac Ninh, situated in the economic triangle of Hanoi, Hai Phong, and Quang Ninh, comprises 19 administrative units and three communes, including Tien An, Ninh Xa, and Hoa Long Located over 100 km east of the Hai Phong Industrial Center, Bac Ninh boasts vital transportation routes such as National Highways 1A, 1B, 38, and 18, along with the Bac Ninh - Noi Bai road, Hanoi - Lang Son railway, and the Cau River for waterway travel These strategic connections have fostered favorable conditions for the province's socio-economic development, enhancing its geographical and natural resource potential.
Topography: The terrain of Bac Ninh is relatively flat with elevations of between +4.0 to +2.5 m, including plain terrain and transition terrain between the
25 average and midland The main slope of the terrain in the direction of northeast - southwest
The geomorphology of the area features delta regions characterized by an average slope of less than 2%, alongside hillside slopes ranging from 8% to 15% at elevations of 40 to 50 meters Notably, mountainous areas represent only 0.25% of the city's total natural landscape, with significant locations including Qua Thien Mountain in Hoa Long Commune, Ong Tu Mountain in Dap Cau, Thi Cau, and Vu Ninh, as well as Cua Vua and Ban Co mountains in Van Duong and Nam Son, and Va Mountain in Hap Lung Ward (Geography-Natural, Resources and Environment of Bac Ninh Province).
In the area of Bac Ninh city, there are following areas:
The Na Khuat Formation (T2nk) primarily consists of shale, interspersed with siltstone, sandstone, and lime clay This geological formation is notably present in various locations, including Thi Cau, Dap Cau, Hap Linh, Van Duong, and Nam Son.
The Mau Son Formation (T3cms2) in Bac Ninh City features a middle subsurface composed primarily of slate, lime clay, and quatidite, interspersed with siltstone This geological formation is prominently displayed across extensive areas of the surrounding hills, where the rocks exhibit moderate levels of folding and cracking.
Resources and Environment of Bac Ninh province)
Climate: In tropical monsoon climate, with cold winter
Bac Ninh city experiences a generally high thermal regime, with an average annual temperature ranging between 23°C and 27°C The hottest months are typically June and July, where average temperatures reach 28°C to 33°C Conversely, January records the lowest monthly average temperature, approximately 23°C.
Table 2.1 Average monthly air temperature
Month I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
(Source: Bac Ninh city irrigation planning to 2020)
Bac Ninh city experiences an average of 1,400 to 1,700 hours of sunshine annually, with the sunniest months being from July to September, where monthly averages range from 160 to 200 hours In contrast, February and March are the least sunny months, averaging only 40 to 50 hours of sunshine each.
Evaporation rates in the river basin are influenced by various climate factors such as air temperature, sunshine, wind, and humidity Bac Ninh city experiences a high temperature background and significant wind speeds, leading to elevated evaporation levels, which range from 950 to 990 mm per year in some years.
- Humidity: Air humidity is closely related to air temperature and precipitation In the rainy season, humidity can reach 80 - 90% In the dry season, humidity is only
Table 2.2 Total amount of evaporation per month
Month I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Year
(Source: Bac Ninh city irrigation planning to 2020)
Table 2.3 Characteristics of air humidity Bac Ninh city
Month I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Average
(Source: Bac Ninh city irrigation planning to 2020)
- Wind, storm: The prevailing wind direction in the city in the summer is the south and southeast wind, in the prevailing wind direction winter is the northeast’s wind
Over the past 12 years, the province has recorded an average of 1,417 sunshine hours annually, peaking in July with 168 hours of sunshine In contrast, January sees the least sunshine, averaging just 64 hours Additionally, the province experiences an average wind speed that contributes to its unique climate.
1.5 - 2.5 m/s The maximum wind speed observed at Bac Ninh is 28 m/s
Table 2.4 Average monthly wind speed
Month I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Average year
(Source: Bac Ninh city irrigation planning to 2020)
The city is situated within the hydrographic regime of the Cau River basin system, which originates in the Bac Kan mountainous province The segment of the river that flows through the city extends for approximately 30 km, accounting for about one-fourth of its total length in the region.
Bac Ninh province features riverbeds that range from 60 to 80 meters wide during the dry season and expand to 100 to 120 meters in the rainy season Historical data from Dap Cau indicates that the highest recorded water level was 8.09 meters in 1971, while the lowest was 0.17 meters in 1960 Additionally, the maximum flow measured was 1780 m³/s, with a minimum flow of 4.3 m³/s.
2.2.2 Social and economic conditions a) Population and labor
In 2013, the city's population reached 183,828, with 157,196 residents (85.51%) living in urban areas and a natural growth rate of 11 ‰ The population distribution across commune and ward administrative units is uneven, resulting in an average density of approximately 2,225 people per km² Urban areas, particularly those with robust economic development and comprehensive infrastructure, exhibit higher population densities, such as Tien An ward at 20,237 people per km², while the lowest density is found in Nam Son commune at 855 people per km².
Table 2.5 Population of Bac Ninh city in years
(Source: Bac Ninh Statistical Office in 2013)
In the city, trained social workers make up approximately 44.1% of the population, totaling around 70,084 individuals The quality of these human resources is largely influenced by education and technical expertise A recent survey indicates that the city's workforce includes about 40% in science and technology roles, surpassing the provincial average Additionally, the urban unemployment rate stands at 4.4%, while rural areas report a working time rate of approximately 82%.
According to the report on socio-economic development in Bac Ninh city in
2013, the average GDP growth rate reached 16.89%, an increase of 0.39% against the plan
Economic structure: Trade - Services accounted for 47.2%; Industry - Construction 48.4%; Agriculture 4.4%
The province's industrial production value reached VND 9,866.6 billion, surpassing the plan by 101.7% and reflecting a 22.33% increase compared to the same period in 2012 Additionally, the production value of agriculture, forestry, and fishery amounted to VND 2,457 billion, achieving 101% of the planned target.
Revenue: State budget revenue reached 651.1 billion VND, equaling 105% of the provincial budget and 98% of the city budget (Population- Economy-Culture- Society of Bac Ninh province ) c) Culture – education
The size of the disciplines studied, developed and expanded
Preschools: 24 schools, in which kindergartens have 6825 students, kindergartens are 3291 students ; elementary school: 22 schools with 11,272 students;
The lower secondary school sector comprises 19 institutions serving 9,274 students, showcasing a significant enhancement in educational quality The Department of Education and Training is recognized as a robust entity committed to excellence across all academic disciplines In preschool education, all children demonstrate exemplary behavior, characterized by obedience and politeness.
Recent assessments show that 99% of 5-year-old children possess strong knowledge, while elementary school students achieve an impressive full implementation rate of 99.9% In contrast, junior high school students have an average grade of 0.6%, with 0.1% performing below this average compared to the previous year Overall, there are noticeable improvements in cultural quality within both primary and secondary schools.
SUBJECTS, CONTENTS AND METHODOLOGY
Object and scope of the study
Study on the status of garbage in the Bac Ninh city (source, composition, volume of waste) and waste management status (collection, transportation and treatment of garbage)
Research project on waste management and treatment in Bac Ninh city, Bac Ninh province.
Location, study time
- Location: Bac Ninh Department of Natural Resources and Environment
The study was carried out across 19 communes and wards in Bac Ninh province, including Tien An, Dap Cau, Thi Cau, Vu Ninh, Suoi Hoa, Dai Phuc, Kinh Bac, Ninh Xa, Vien An, Vo Cuong, Van An, Hap Linh, Van Duong, Khuc Xuyen, Phong Khe, Khac Niem, Hoa Long, Kim Chan, and Nam Son.
- Time to proceed: Research topics from March 2018 to June 2018
Research content
3.3.1 Survey, assess the natural, socio-economic conditions of the Bac Ninh city
- Geographic, location, climatic conditions, topography, traffic, economy, hydrology
- Population, labor, resources, infrastructure, economic growth
3.3.2 Survey and evaluate the current status of waste in the Bac Ninh city
- Investigate and assess the sources of waste and daily life in Bac Ninh city from households in wards, from households, markets, schools, offices
- Assessment on the status of collection, treatment and transportation of domestic waste in Bac Ninh city
- Awareness of people in environmental protection in general and waste collection, transportation and treatment
3.3.3 Proposing some solutions to manage and treat the waste in the Bac Ninh city
3.4.1 Method of collecting secondary data
- Collecting and compiling relevant documents such as: natural conditions, socio- economic conditions of the locality, current status of domestic waste, collection and transportation through the city's agencies Bac Ninh
- Data collected through Department of Natural Resources and Environment of Bac Ninh province
- Make survey questionnaire including the following contents:
+ The amount of waste generated from the household
+ The fee for collection of garbage of the subject shall be collected
+ The awareness of the people about the environment
+ The working attitude of the collectors
The study conducted interviews with 100 randomly selected households and individuals in Bac Ninh city, ensuring a balanced representation across education, income, and age demographics, with a particular focus on female participants.
+ Interview form: direct interview, questionnaire
3.4.3 Method of surveying the local survey in combination with the interview
Conducting direct surveys in each ward to examine waste management and garbage collection points allows for an objective and accurate assessment of the status of waste collectors, transportation, and treatment processes in each area.
3.4.4 Analytical method of data synthesis
Use software such as word, excel to synthesize and analyze the collected data
3.4.5 Method of determining the volume and composition of garbage
In Bac Ninh city, garbage collection and sorting are conducted in two randomly selected urban areas, with rubbish counts performed three times a month over a three-month period The collection schedule alternates between weekdays and weekends, ensuring a balanced approach After collection, the waste is weighed and transported to designated garbage collection points within each zone.
A random selection of 52 households was conducted to weigh their trash, ensuring representation based on income levels: 10% high-income, 40% good-income, and 50% medium-income households Each month, participating families receive two distinct colored plastic bags—one for organic waste and another for other types of garbage—to facilitate proper waste segregation.
The trash weight usually takes place in the late afternoon around 17h, then the garbage is classified and weighed up on 30 kg type of scale
DISCUSSION AND LESSON LEARNED
Assessment of waste management and treatment in the area of Bac
4.2.1 Source of waste and components of domestic waste in the Bac Ninh city
Bac Ninh city has emerged as a dynamic hub of rapid economic, cultural, and social development in recent years This growth has significantly improved the quality of life for its residents, leading to an increased demand for natural resources and a consequent rise in solid waste production Human activities, which generate varying amounts of waste, contribute to pollution that detracts from the urban landscape and negatively impacts residents' quality of life Addressing this issue is crucial, as solid waste sources in Bac Ninh city continue to grow.
Table 4.1 The amount of domestic waste generated at the source
Sources Volume (tons / day) Ratio (%)
(Source: Bac Ninh Urban Public Works and Environment Limited Company, 2012)
Domestic waste in Bac Ninh City predominantly originates from households, representing 77.9% of the total waste generated Additionally, waste from markets contributes a significant portion, accounting for 10.76% The city is home to three major markets, further emphasizing the importance of addressing waste management in these areas.
Mem, Do Market, Thi Cau market) and many small markets in the commune, trading activities are busy with many categories of goods
Bac Ninh city generates a significant amount of domestic waste, with daily totals reaching approximately 200 tons The volume and composition of waste vary based on the area's living standards and seasonal changes, with summer months producing more waste than winter Notably, during festive occasions, particularly the Lunar New Year, the amount of waste sharply increases.
Table 4.2: The amount of waste generated in households at wards in the Bac Ninh city
Average amount of waste per person per day (kg/person/ day)
Volume of waste(ton/ day)
The city has a total population of 82,609, generating 154.8 tons of waste daily, which equates to an average of 0.83 kg per person per day This waste generation varies based on living standards and economic conditions across different wards For instance, wards closer to the city center, such as Ninh Xa, Kinh Bac, and Dai Phuc, exhibit higher waste production, averaging between 0.85 and 0.91 kg per person per day In contrast, surrounding wards like Phong Khe, Vien An, and Suoi Hoa generate less waste, ranging from 0.80 to 0.83 kg per person per day, while Hoa Long ward records the lowest at 0.72 kg per person per day.
Total waste generated in Bac Ninh ward from households and other sources (mainly from schools, offices and markets) is shown in the table below
Table 4.3: Total waste generated from sources at wards in the Bac Ninh city
The total daily waste generated is 254.91 tons, with households contributing significantly at 154.8 tons (60.7%), while other sources account for 100.11 tons (39.3%) Waste is particularly concentrated in densely populated areas and institutions, such as Dai Phuc Ward (24.76 tons/day), Vo Cuong Ward (25.16 tons/day), and Vu Ninh Ward (21.86 tons/day) In contrast, wards located further from the city center, like Hoa Long Ward (7.06 tons/day) and Khuc Xuyen Ward (4.48 tons/day), generate lower amounts of waste, ranging from 4.48 to 10.3 tons per day.
The composition of garbage at the points is shown in Table 4.4
Table 4.4: Composition of garbage at wards in the Bac Ninh city
Figure 4.1: Percentage distribution of waste components at wards
Organic waste constitutes 46.1% of the total waste, primarily consisting of vegetable and fruit scraps, while other components like paper shreds and glass represent smaller percentages at 3.2% and 3.4%, respectively Additionally, although plastic and nylon make up only 5.7% of the waste, their significant presence poses a serious environmental threat due to their slow decomposition rates These materials are commonly found littering roadsides, ponds, and drains Furthermore, the practice of burning plastic waste releases toxic gases, which not only pollute the environment but also adversely affect human health.
4.2.2 Collection status transport Waste treatment of the Bac Ninh city
4.2.2.1 Solid waste management in Bac Ninh province
Currently, the management of domestic solid waste in Bac Ninh province, especially in Bac Ninh City, is the responsibility of specialized units within the local environmental protection system The waste management model in Bac Ninh is illustrated in the accompanying figure.
Figure 4.2: Domestic solid waste management flow chart in Bac Ninh city
- Provincial People's Committee is responsible for state management
The Department of Natural Resources and Environment, a specialized agency under the provincial People's Committee, oversees state management of the environment and is tasked with waste management to ensure environmental protection Its primary responsibilities include implementing policies and regulations that promote sustainable practices and safeguard natural resources.
The provincial People's Committee is advised to issue legal documents regarding solid waste management, while also promoting awareness and education on the relevant laws Additionally, guidance will be provided for the implementation of environmental regulations related to solid waste management.
To ensure effective solid waste management in compliance with regulations, it is essential to guide the collection and treatment processes This support aids the People's Committee in preparing both regular and extraordinary reports on the province's waste management situation.
Department of Natural Resources and
Bac Ninh Urban Public Works and Environment Limited Company
Resources and Environment, district, town
+ Inspectorate to inspect and handle violations of law in the management of solid waste
+ Coordinating with Department of Construction and People's Committees of districts in the selection of landfill sites
Various departments collaborate with the Department of Natural Resources and Environment to enhance solid waste management The Department of Science and Technology focuses on researching and implementing scientific and technological solutions for waste processing Meanwhile, the Department of Construction is tasked with designing and constructing sanitary burial sites Additionally, the Department of Culture and Information works alongside media outlets and local authorities, while the Department of Education and Training develops educational initiatives to promote public awareness and responsibility regarding solid waste collection.
Bac Ninh Urban Public Works and Environment Limited Company is currently contracted by the City People's Committee to manage waste collection in the area The fees for this service are funded through the annual non-business environmental budget allocated to the city's People's Committee, as well as contributions from organizations and individuals that produce waste.
4.2.2.2 Collection status, transport and handling of domestic solid waste
4.2.2.2.1 Current situation of collecting and transporting domestic solid waste in the city a) Collection
In Bac Ninh city, domestic waste management is primarily handled by Bac Ninh Urban Environment One Member Limited Company and Bac Ninh Urban Public Works Limited Company, along with assistance from local schools in communes and wards Despite a concentrated effort in solid waste collection, the current practices fall short of meeting the demands of modern development.
The waste collection process involves gathering garbage using hand trolleys or specialized vehicles from various sources, including markets, commercial centers, services, and households The collected waste is then transported to a transshipment point, where it can be compacted by specialized equipment before being taken to the municipal waste treatment facility.
Collection time of daily life in Bac Ninh city is twice a day (morning from 3h00 to 5h00 and afternoon from 13h00 to 15h00)
Most household waste is not sorted at the source, leading to mixed waste collection In the city, the average daily garbage collection rate ranges from 80% to 86% The remaining waste, which is not collected, accumulates in villages and neighborhoods, contributing to environmental pollution and diminishing the city's aesthetic appeal.
The rate of recovery of recyclable and reusable substances such as scrap paper, metal, plastic, glass, iron is very low and mainly spontaneous, fragmented, unmanaged b) Transportation:
Some problems in waste management in Bac Ninh city
In recent years, waste management in Bac Ninh city has garnered significant attention from authorities and agencies, leading to notable improvements However, challenges and limitations still persist in the management process.
- Activities of propagating and mobilizing the people to participate in maintaining hygiene and environmental protection are only launched, not yet regularly and deeply implemented
While most people have a good understanding of environmental protection, a minority still lacks awareness, leading to issues like littering in public spaces such as roads and waterways This highlights the need for consistent education and effective propaganda, as well as regular enforcement of sanctions to address these behaviors.
In Bac Ninh province, awareness of waste classification remains low, leading to a lack of proper garbage sorting practices Many residents believe that since garbage is inherently waste, there is no need to classify it This misconception hinders effective waste management and recycling efforts in the area.
Effective waste classification is crucial, yet many individuals remain unaware of its significance When garbage is not sorted at the source, it complicates the treatment process, as waste is collected in a mixed manner This lack of pre- and post-collection sorting hinders efficient waste management and recycling efforts.
- In waste burial sites, domestic waste and some other garbage such as hazardous waste and industrial waste shall be buried together
- Collected garbage is not treated in full and dumped at the landfill, which is mainly buried, causing environmental pollution which affects the health of people living around area.
Proposed measurements to manage and address daily garbage in wards in
wards in the Bac ninh city
4.4.1.1 Solutions on raising awareness of waste management
Any policy that is put into practice will not be successful without the support of the people The people are directly affected by the impacts from the environment
The community plays a crucial role in waste collection and transportation, with the efficiency of these processes heavily influenced by public awareness Environmental protection awareness is not innate; it is cultivated through educational initiatives and community-driven activities, including engaging puzzle games To foster a widespread sense of environmental responsibility, it is essential to implement various strategies aimed at mobilizing local populations.
Propaganda plays a crucial role in transforming perceptions and behaviors, especially in today's rapidly industrializing and modernizing society Information has become essential for every citizen, as we increasingly rely on mass media—including books, newspapers, magazines, radio, and television—to access vital environmental and general knowledge.
Communication programs are designed to be appropriate for each target group, ie to be specific, clear and understandable and in various forms of
To effectively promote environmental sanitation, a multi-faceted approach is essential, utilizing various communication methods such as local radio and informative leaflets Engaging the community through village meetings can help resolve environmental disputes, while integrating environmental education into school curricula will raise awareness among students The Department of Natural Resources and Environment should enhance efforts in disseminating knowledge about environmental sanitation, collaborating with mass organizations to conduct training sessions in schools and agencies to foster a sense of responsibility among the populace.
To effectively promote environmental protection, departments such as the Youth Union, Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Culture and Information Division, Economic Division, and Division of Education and Training must collaborate closely Integrating environmental education into the training curriculum will raise awareness among students from an early age, fostering a culture of environmental responsibility within the community.
Build "Green, Clean, Beautiful" emulation movements in schools and residential areas, thereby educating people about environmental protection
Organizing contests focused on environmental protection in schools and households serves as an engaging educational tool These competitions, broadcast on local radio and television, play a crucial role in raising environmental awareness and fostering a sense of responsibility towards the planet.
Youth union and local authorities should combine the building of groups and volunteer groups to collect solid waste in residential areas
Youth Union in conjunction with schools, organizers of picnics, solid waste collection in the residential areas, and then sweeping the emulation movement for environmental protection
Addressing garbage-related issues requires active community participation, as waste is fundamentally a social problem tied to human activities This challenge is largely influenced by individual consciousness, highlighting the need for a shift in personal perceptions Effective waste management and the promotion of environmental sanitation depend on changing how each person views their role in maintaining a clean environment.
51 behavior The most effective way to raise awareness of the community is through good communication
4.4.1.2 For activities of collecting and treating domestic waste
+ Piloting the classification of solid wastes at source
Efficient waste collection is essential, particularly in busy markets, tourist resorts, and densely populated residential areas Regular monitoring of collection schedules and methods is crucial to optimize efficiency while minimizing costs Additionally, it is important to manage and oversee the disposal of solid waste to ensure proper environmental practices are followed.
To improve waste management in Bac Ninh, it is essential to strengthen the capabilities of the Bac Ninh Urban Public Works and Environment Limited Company This involves increasing the fleet of specialized vehicles for efficient waste transportation and strategically planning the placement of public waste bins throughout the city.
+ To raise the capacity of garbage collection and transportation of environmental sanitation groups in localities in the province
+ For garbage collectors, it is necessary to equip workers with the basic knowledge on composition, classification, treatment and disposal of waste
The landfill of waste bury sites, the construction of waste burying sites, ensuring environmental sanitation standards and meeting the requirements of local solid waste burial (at least 25 years)
Apply appropriate technologies for waste treatment to ensure environmental sanitation standards There are measures to treat leachate in landfills, and measures to address environmental pollution caused by former landfills
4.4.2 Solutions for environment at city level
To enhance the management and processing of domestic solid waste in Bac Ninh city, relevant ministries should implement targeted solutions based on a comprehensive survey and analysis of the current waste management status.
- Long-term strategic solution is to train and improve environmental management staff in order to improve the environmental management capacity in general and the special training environment in particular
Each year, the Department of Natural Resources and Environment collaborates closely with the district and town people's committees to create the provincial management plan, ensuring effective implementation of state budget management at the provincial level.
To prevent waste disposal by production, business, and service establishments into ponds, lakes, canals, and streets, it is essential to implement specific measures Regular inspections should be conducted to identify and address violations in accordance with the Environmental Protection Law and other relevant regulations in Vietnam.
- Applying the principle "polluters pay," the amount of money each household pays depends on the amount of waste they emit
Effective waste collection, transportation, and management are crucial for keeping pace with socio-economic development Investing in solid waste management and leveraging technological advancements are essential for improving overall waste management and enhancing the socialization of domestic waste collection and transportation The implementation of six key tasks is necessary to achieve these goals.
- To conduct research and application of scientific achievements on solid waste treatment technology, environmental forecasting and prevention of environmental incidents
- Studying on specific solid waste treatment technology in Bac Ninh city
- General orientation of science and technology solutions towards the green economy by promoting more effective waste management measures, minimizing the environmental impact of the "3R”: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
- To step by step apply advanced technologies in production establishments in order to save both natural resources and contribute to environmental protection
- To intensify the application of scientific and technological achievements and solve a disruptive environmental problem if applying scientific and technological achievements in a synchronous and effective manner The city's environmental
The 53 management department plays a crucial role in fostering favorable conditions, accelerating progress, and prioritizing tasks while mobilizing labor Collaborating with state environmental agencies, it focuses on efficiently addressing environmental issues through the application of scientific and technological advancements.
- Make a list of priority environmental pollution issues
To achieve significant improvements in environmental management, it is essential to develop a cohesive system of technical infrastructures This includes establishing common waste collection points in communities, villages, neighborhoods, and wards to facilitate effective waste management practices.
Promoting the adoption of innovative technologies is essential for tackling environmental challenges, including green productivity, clean production, and recycling This approach emphasizes addressing pollution at its source, assessing the environmental viability of new initiatives, and prioritizing recycling capabilities.
- Priority is given to low-pollution options, using recycled materials, which do not have a significant impact on the environment
- Drastically classify daily garbage at source synchronously with transportation and handling
- Establish a reusable waste collection network
- Carrying out audits and inspections of the environment for industrial establishments
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
After 3 months of investigating the collection, transportation and treatment of domestic waste in Bac Ninh city, I have some conclusions as follows:
Bac Ninh city serves as the political, economic, and cultural hub of Bac Ninh province, characterized by a densely populated area The province is rich in historical relics and hosts renowned annual festivals, which draw significant visitor numbers, leading to a substantial increase in waste generated in the environment.
Another difficulty that the city is facing is the garbage collected when it is not classified at the source causing difficulties for processing
The city generates a total of 254.91 tons of domestic waste daily, with households contributing the majority at 154.8 tons per day, representing 60.7% of the total Other sources account for approximately 100.11 tons per day, making up 39.3% of the waste generated.
Organic waste constitutes 46.1% of total waste, while other components like plastic make up a mere 5.7% Despite their small proportion, these materials significantly harm the environment, highlighting the urgent need for effective waste management measures.
The Bac Ninh Urban Environment One Member Limited Company and Urban Public Works achieve an impressive average garbage collection rate of 83% across the wards With a dedicated team of 154 sanitation workers and a fleet that includes 9 vehicles, 215 hand trolleys, and 7 specialized bulldozers, the company successfully collects approximately 224.54 tons of waste daily, accounting for about 86.22% of the total daily garbage volume.
After 4 months of practicing at the Department of Natural Resources and Environment of Bac Ninh Province, I learned a lot of experience Firstly, I learned the professional working style of the staff Secondly , I learned a lot about the legal documents related to environmental issues, learned how to handle some mistakes related to environmental issues Next, I learned practical experience on how to get water pollution and air pollution indicators through factory visits I learned some
55 experience in operating wastewater treatment plant in my place of environmental project
For better implementation of environmental protection, we propose some specific solutions and make some recommendations as follows:
Organizations and mass groups in the region collaborate to promote and engage communities in environmental protection initiatives They focus on raising awareness about waste management issues through effective communication strategies.
Investing in garbage collection and transportation is crucial for improving urban cleanliness, particularly through the enhancement of Bac Ninh Urban Environmental Protection and Environment Limited Company This involves increasing the fleet of specialized vehicles for waste transportation and strategically planning the locations of public waste bins to ensure efficient waste management.
- Apply appropriate technologies to treat waste to ensure environmental sanitation standards There are measures to treat leachate in landfills, and measures to address environmental pollution caused by former landfills
- Comprehensive solutions should be taken from classification, collection, transportation and disposal, especially recycling of domestic waste
Bac Ninh Urban Environmental Protection and Environment Limited Company is the sole provider of domestic waste collection in the city, resulting in a lack of competition that negatively impacts service quality and fails to meet the growing demand for efficient garbage collection and transportation To address these issues, it is recommended that additional companies be allowed to participate in environmental sanitation tasks, ensuring a more effective waste management system that alleviates the current overload.
Department of Environmental Health (2006), Solid Waste Management, University of Public Health, pp 70-75
Nguyen The Chinh (2003), Environmental Economics and Management, Hanoi
Danida Project (2007), Capacity Building for Urban Environmental Planning and
Management, Hanoi University of Architecture, Hanoi, p 22
Nguyen Thi Anh Hoa (2006), Environment and Solid Waste Management, Lam
Dong Department of Science, Technology and Environment, pp 116-123
Le Huynh Mai, Nguyen Mai Phong, "Socializing Environmental Protection,
International Experiences and Suggestions for Vietnam", Journal of Natural
Resources and Environment, March 1, 2009 5), page 12
Tran Hieu Nhue, Ung Quoc Dung, Nguyen Thi Kim Thai (2001), Solid Waste Management (Volume 1), Hanoi Construction Publishing House, pages 4-8
Nguyen Xuan Nguyen (2004), Waste Technology and Solid Waste, Science and
Tran Quang Ninh, National Center for Scientific and Technological Information
(2008), "Introduction to Solid Waste Technology in a number of countries and in Vietnam", pages 3-9
Bac Ninh People's Committee (2012), Socialization of environmental sanitation in
Bac Ninh city, period 2013-2017, page 2
People's Committee of Bac Ninh Province (2012), Promulgating regulation on solid waste management in rural areas of Bac Ninh province, page 1
Bac Ninh People's Committee (2014), Decision 105/2014 / QD-UBNB on promulgating regulations on solid waste management in Bac Ninh province
Bac Ninh Statistical Yearbook, 2014, pp 41-42
Integrated Solid Waste Management, McGraw-HILL 199, pp 7-13
Official Journal of ISWA (1998), Wastes Management and Research, International Solid Waste Association, pp 4-6
Offcial Jouiranal of ISWA (2005), Wastes Management and Research, International Solid Waste Association, 23
I don't know!
371147.aspx [Accessed 11/09/2018] http://ctk.bacninh.gov.vn/news/-/details/7868686/nien-giam-thong-ke [ Accessed 12/07/2018] http://quantracmoitruong.gov.vn/Portals/0/Bao%20cao/SOE%202011/Baocaomoitr uongquocgia2011.pdf [ Accessed 5/07/2018] http://bacninh.gov.vn/news/-/details/20182/-ia-ly-tu-nhien-tai-nguyen-va-moi- truong [ Accessed 11/09/2018] http://bacninh.gov.vn/news/-/details/20182/dan-cu-kinh-te-van-hoa-xa-hoi-tinh-bac- ninh [ Accessed 8/07/2018]
Photo 1.1 Dong Ngo rubbish park - Bac Ninh city
PHIẾU ĐIỀU TRA PHỎNG VẤN
Phần 1: Thông tin cá nhân
Họ và tên người được phỏng vấn: ………
Trình độ học vấn: Cấp 1 Cấp 2 Cấp 3
THCN CĐ ĐH sau ĐH
Mặt hàng sản xuất, kinh doanh (nếu có):………
Phần 2: Nội dung phỏng vấn
Câu 1: Rác thải của gia đình được thu gom và xử lý như thế nào?
Tự xử lý bằng cách chôn lấp, hoặc đổ ra sông, suối, khu đất trống
Câu 2: Gia đình có phân loại rác để bán đồng nát (chai, lọ, giấy, sắt, nhôm, …) không?
Câu 3: Gia đình có phân loại rác làm thức ăn chăn nuôi (cơm thừa, rau, hoa quả, …) không?
Câu 4: Lượng rác thải phát sinh hàng ngày của gia đình khoảng:
Câu 5: Hàng tháng gia đình phải đóng bao nhiêu tiền cho việc thu gom rác?
Các điểm chứa rác thải không chỉ ảnh hưởng đến việc di chuyển mà còn tạo ra mùi hôi thối, gây tác động tiêu cực đến sức khỏe cộng đồng và làm giảm mỹ quan của khu vực.
Câu 7: Rác trong nhà mình có thường xuyên được thu gom không?
Câu 8: Việc thu gom rác như hiện nay đó đảm bảo vệ sinh môi trường chưa?
Có đảm bảo Bình thường
Chưa đảm bảo Ý kiến khác ………
Câu 9: Có nên tiến hành phân loại rác ngay tại nguồn không?
Câu 10: Tại tổ dân phố có tổ chức đội tự quản về giữ gìn vệ sinh môi trường ,
Câu 11: Có cần phải tiến hành thu gom nhiều lượt hơn nữa không (để đảm bảo hết lượng rác phát sinh ra)?
Câu 12: Cô, chú có theo dõi các thông tin về môi trường hay biết các luật, văn bản môi trường không?
Câu 13: Cô,chú thấy thái độ làm việc của công nhân vệ sinh môi trường như thế nào?
Chữ ký người dân Sinh viên phỏng vấn
Educational background: Primary school Junior high school High school College University Postgraduate school
Goods of production or business (if any):………
Question 1: How is household waste collected and treated?
Handle it by burial, or pour into rivers, streams, or vacant land
Question 2: Does the household sort waste to sell crushed (bottles, vials, paper, iron, aluminum )?
Question 3: Does the family classify garbage for animal feed (redundant rice, vegetables, fruits etc)?
Question 4: How much waste does a household discharge?
Question 5: How much money is required for garbage collection?
Question 6: Do garbage spots affect travel, cause stench, affect the health of everyone and the beautiful area ?