Conditionals / Wishes / Unreal Past 0 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.. If he hadn ' t read the notice in the newspaper, George ...[r]
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'"
112511 Listen and repeat Then act out
I
Conditionals
If you exercised more, you would lose weight
How about golf?
and if I put it where I can see it , I can't hit it
• Conditional clauses have two parts: the if-clause (hypothesis) and the main clause (the result)
If you post the inv i tat i ons today , they will arrive on t i me
- - - - if-clause - - - - '- main clause /
• When the if-clause comes before the main clause, we separate the two clauses with a comma
If you work hard , you will succeed
We don't use a comma when the if-clause follows the main clause You will succeed if you work hard
There are four types of conditionals:
Type 0
general truth
or scientific
fact
-If-clause (hypothesis) Main clause (result clause) Use if/when + present
simple
present simple
If/When water freezes , it turns into ice
something which is always true
Type 1 if + any present form future/imperative/can/may/ something likely to
happen in the present or the future
real in the (present s., present might/must/should + bare
present/future cont or present perf.) inf./present simple
Type 2
unreal in the
present or
advice
Type 3
unreal in the
past
If you finish work early , we ' ll go for a walk
If you have finished your coffee , we can pay the bill
If you ' re ill , see a doctor ! If you burn yourself , it hurts
If + past simple or would/could/might + bare past continuous infinitive
imaginary situation contrary to facts in the present; also used to _ _ _ give advice
If I had money , I would travel round the world (but I don't have money - untrue in the present)
If I were you , I would take an umbrella (advice)
-If + past perfect or would/could/might + have past perfect + past participle
continuous
imaginary situation contrary to facts in the past; also used to express
If we hadn ' t left so early , we would have missed the plane
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• Conditionals are usually introduced by if or unless (= if not - normally used with type 1 conditionals) The following expressions can be used instead of 'if': providing, provided (that), as long as, in case, on condition (that), but for (= without), otherwise, or else, what
if supposing, even if, only if
It you don ' t reserve a ticket , you won ' t get a seat
Unless you reserve a ticket , you won 't get a seat (NOT: VR !o SS yo& dOR ' t FO S O tW 3 )
You will get a seat providing/provided (that)/as long as/only if you reserve a ticket
Only if you reserve a ticket will you get a seat (When we begin the sentence with "only if", we invert the subject and the verb of the result clause.)
Reserve a ticket , otherwise/or else you won ' t get a seat
What if it rains , will you still go for a picnic with him?
Supposing it rains , will you still go for a picniC with him?
Will you still go for a picnic with him even if it rains?
But for him , I wouldn ' t have been able to pass the test ~f it hadn't been for him - without his help)
• The future tense is not normally used with an if-clause Unless you leave now , you will be late (NOT: VR/ e ss yO& will / oa' ,,{) ) If you pay , you will get a receipt (NOT: Jf )'()& will p a y .)
• After 'if' we normally use were instead of was in all persons in type 2 conditionals in formal situations Was is mainly used in spoken English
If I were / was you , I wouldn 't buy such an expensive dress
• We do not normally use will, would or should in an if-clause However, we can use will,
would, should in conditionals to make a request or express insistence, annoyance, doubt
or uncertainty If you will/would calm down for a minute, I will be able to help you (request - Will you please calm down?)
If you will make that noise , I'll send you out (inSistence - If you insist on making that noise )
If you will take my iPod again without asking, I'll never lend you anything (annoyance - If you do that again, I'll be vel}' annoyed.)
If you should need any help , ask me (uncertainty - I am not sure you will need help.)
• We can omit 'if' When we omit 'if' should, were and had (past perfect) come before the subject
If he should turn up , tell him to wait for me -+ Should he turn up, tell him to wait for me
It I were you , I would speak to her -+ Were I you , I would speak to her
It he had known , he would have told us -+ Had he known , he would have told us
1 A friend of yours is going to New York City You have been there before What information do you give him/her? First, match the items in column A to the ones
in column B, then make sentences, as in the example
A OJ]] try New York cuisine
lID go clothes shopping
@IJ stay at a luxury hotel
8IJ get a great view of the city
[ [ [ ] enjoy thrilling rides
[I[J see an entertaining musical
B
a Broadway Avenue (the centre of the American theatre industry)
b The Plaza Hotel (has a pool and
a spa)
c The Empire State Building (the tallest building in New York City)
d Macy's (the second largest department store in the world)
e Coney Island (has a number of amusement parks)
Katz's Deli (famous for its hot dogs)
I f you want to try New York cuisine, go to Katz's Deli It's famous for its hot dogs
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2 Write sentences using the ideas in the pictures, as in the example
1 fly/around world 2 buy/mansion
3 find/part-time job 4 go/Athens
What would you do if you
1 had a private jet?
If.l h41d ~ prjv~tt;,j~t, J • would f/.'i tlr.QI.1M
the world
2 won a million pounds?
3 wanted to earn some money?
4 had a week off?
Complete the sentences for each picture using type 3 conditionals, as in the example
4 Rephrase the following using unless
If the neighbours don't stop shouting, I'll call the
police
Un1ef3~ :t)]~ lJei@bb.auJ;~ ~tap .fZbouting,
1Jl.~c;lU tbc pali'~
2 If he doesn't pay the fine, he may go to prison
3 If the traffic isn't heavy, we should arrive by
10 pm
not forget/set alarm -+ not wake up/late
I.f B.t{t] }]~dr;'t forgaH~t1 to ;3t;,t th~ 41(qJ;IY1, be w.auldlJ:t ~ Mlle 't,v'okt{t] up (qte
2 not wake up/late -+ not miss/bus
3 not miss/bus -+ not go/cafe
4 not go/cafe -+ not meet/singer
5 not meet/singer -+ not get/free tickets to concert
4 If the buses aren't running, we'll get a taxi
5 If the athlete doesn't improve his speed, he
won't break the record
6 If the weather doesn't act better, we will cancel
the football game
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5 Fill in: if or unless
Un/~p.Ei .• you take a taxi, you won't get to the airport on time
2 •• it rains heavily tomorrow, I won't go to football practice
3 you have booked a table, you won't be able to eat here tonight
4 .• I have enough time this weekend, I'll visit my grandmother
5 you are willing to study very hard, you'll never pass the test
6 I find a cheap flight, I won't be going abroad this summer
7 • he sets his alarm, he won't wake up on time in the morning
8 I go to Paris, I'll buy lots of souvenirs
6 Underline the correct item
A: Could we have a table for four, please?
B: Only if/Supposing you have a reservation, sir We are very busy tonight
2 A: Would you like to go bowling this evening, Steve?
3
4
5
B: I'd love to; providing/unless I finish this report by 5 o'clock
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
Unless/As long as you train hard, you won't be ready to run the marathon next month
I know; I'm trying to run a few kilometres every day
Hurry up or else/but for we'll miss the train!
I'm walking as fast as I can!
But for/Only if Tom's mistake, we would have won that game
I know, but we shouldn't blame him
6 A: Supposing /Provided you forgot your wallet at home, what would you do?
B: I'd probably borrow some money from a classmate
7 Look at the pictures, then use the ideas to write conditional sentences What type is each sentence?
Jack missed the train this ~=====
morning He was late for work
If Ja.c;k hadn.'t.mis;?~d.1{fJ~
tr~in tnip JVornitJg • n~
lYo.uldn't tJa v.e b.e~n Ia.t~ fOf • wark .(.T'yp~.3)
2 Tim is still studying He can't
go to the park
3 Grace has a headache today
She can't go to work
4 Put water in the freezer It becomes ice
5 Greg didn't read his emails
He missed the meeting
6 We must water the flowers They die
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8 Rewrite the sentences using inversion, as in the example
If he had known about the meeting, he would have come
Had bt; knQ"Yn f3:l.b.Ql,1t the ((1t;.e.t.ing, bt; w.Ql,llcj.b~.vt; ~.o.me.· ,
2 If the plane leaves on time, I'll arrive in Paris at noon Should .• •.• • •
3 If you had left earlier, you wouldn't have missed the bus Had
4 If I were you, I wouldn't tell anyone about it Were • • •
5 If you see Paul, tell him I want to see him Should • •• •
6 If he had studied harder, he would have passed the test Had
7 If you drink too much coffee, you won't be able to sleep Should .• •
8 If I were you, I would write him a thank-you letter Were •• • •.• • •
9 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense A: My mobile phone hasn't been working lately B: If you "Y~m (be) you, w,Ql.Ilci .(:J~t (get) a new one 2 A: If you (not/help) me, (never/pass) the driving test B: I was glad to be of assistance 3 A: Can I go to the cinema tonight? B: OK As long as you (do) your chores first 4 A: If you (go) to the chemist's, (you/get) me some vitamin tablets? B: No problem 5 A: Unless you (practise) regularly, you (not/become) a good golf player B: I know I'll try my best 6 A: That bag seems too heavy for the old woman B: If I were you, (offer) to carry it for her 10 Complete the following sentences with an appropriate conditional clause 1 If I won £1,000,000, 1 WQI,1Jd !?I,1y, mYf3.e.lf "Jxi}l;3.,b,y .th~.!7~g
2 If you do well in the interview, • •
3 If you had caught the bus, •.• • •• • •
4 Should you see Jane tonight, .• •• • • • •••
5 But for him,
6 Unless you take a taxi, .• • • •
7 She would have gone to work • •
8 Only if you save your money,
Trang 7Conditionals / Wishes / Unreal Past 0 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense
If he hadn't read the notice in the newspaper, George would n.e.v.t<r hfJv~.~pp.li~d (never/apply) for the job
2 Suppose you (lose) your house keys, what ••.• • (you/do)?
3 If I were you, (accept) the invitation
4 If Alan • • • (not/wake up) late, he would have arrived at work on time
S I (go) to the gym providing I have time after work
6 If Karen , (not/have to) finish an essay tonight, she would come to the cinema
7 If you (wear) your raincoat, you wouldn't have got wet
8 Unless the weather • (improve) , we • (not/go)
camping this weekend
9 Only if David (arrive) home soon, will we go to the cinema
But for one mistake, Brian (get) all the questions correct on the test
1 2 What do the if-clauses express: request, insistence, annoyance or uncertainty?
If you will wash up afterwards, I'll make lunch rc.qt.Je:3 t
2 If you will listen to that awful music, you could at least wear headphones
3 If you will lend me the money, I can pay you back on payday
If he should come, tell him to wait for me
S If the dog will keep barking, I'll let it out
6 If you will let me use your computer, I'll be very grateful
7 If you would stop shouting, we can try to sort this problem out
8 If you should have any difficulty, call me
9 If you will continue ignoring me, I will leave
If you should solve the puzzle, I'll give you a prize
Mixed Conditionals
We can mix type 2 and type 3 conditionals
Type 2 (You are not me , so you didn ' t invite her.)
(He is not a fast runner , so he d i dn ' t win the race.)
-I Type 3 If she had saved her money , she would be going on holiday
(She didn ' t save her money , so she i sn ' t going on holiday.)
-Type 3
-Type 2
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13 Rewrite the following as mixed conditional sentences, as in the example
She isn't at the meeting because she wasn't told about it
o e.h~)YPoL/ld iJ.~ ~t ot(b~olJ1~~tjIJ0o if ;;he; ,hqldo bt;.~r; .t(Q/ci o~b(JoL/t( .it 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • • 0 0 0 • • • • • •
2 They didn't eat any breakfast They're hungry now
3 Susan is inexperienced She didn't take the job
4 He didn't train every day He won't win the race
5 I didn't book seats We can't go to the concert tonight
6 He isn't driving carefully He crashed the car into a tree
7 I don't know him very well I didn't invite him to my party
8 You don't pay attention You made so many mistakes
Implied Conditionals
Often the if-clause is implied, not stated Conditional verbs are still used in the result clause (main clause)
He committed the crime , otherwise he wouldn 't have been arrested (implied conditional)
If he hadn't committed the crime , he wouldn ' t have been arrested
I would have stayed longer, but he didn ' t ask me to (implied conditional)
I would have stayed longer if he had asked me to
14 First underline the implied conditionals, then change them into if-clauses
I missed the early train, otherwise I wouldn't have been late
I.f.l mdn:"t.lJ1ipsed tn , e ~?1r.Iy' tmiIJ • I "Yp.L/ l dlJ'o t h~v.e b.~~n.ICJt~ 0 0 0 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 0
2 The soup would have been delicious, but you added so much salt
3 I don't know anything about cars, otherwise I would have changed the tyre myself
4 I would have lent her the money, but she didn't ask me to
5 They would be at the reception, but they weren't invited
6 I would have gone to the cinema with you, but I had to study
7 The film had a very original plot, otherwise the director wouldn't have won an Oscar
8 The play would have been a success, but the lead actor got ill
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f \
11261~ Listen and repeat Then act out
I had enough money to
buy a lot of food
Wishes
Form
(wish/regret about the
present)
I wish you studied more (It's a pity you don't.)
(wish/regret about the
present)
I wish I could drive a car (But I can't.)
(regret about the past)
Use wish/regret about a present situation we want to be different
wish/regret in the present concerning lack of ability
regret that something happened
or didn't happen in the past
I wish I had taken your advice (But I didn't It's a pity I didn't take it.)
(impossible wish for a (a 'wish' and 'would' should have unlikely to happen or wish to
future change) different subjects We never say: l express dissatisfaction; polite
wish I WQuld, He wishes he WQuld etG request implying dissatisfaction
is used to express the speaker's lack
of hope, or disappointment)
I wish he would drive more carefully (But I don't think he will - wish for a future change unlikely to happen)
I wish the children would be more co-operative (The children have refused to co-operate - dissatisfaction)
I wish you would be more patient with Jim (Please be more patient with him - request implying lack of hope)
I wish it would stop raining (But I'm afraid it won't stop raining - wish implying disappointment)
• In wishes we go one tense back This means that we use the past simple in the present or the past perfect in the past He ' s ill He wishes he weren't ill (present)
I overslept yesterday I wish I hadn't overslept yesterday (past)
• After I wish we can use were instead of was in all persons I wish I was/were richer
• If only means the same as I wish but it is more dramatic If only I was/were richer
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15 Read what Conrad says , then write what he wishes, as in the example
• I didn't check the forecast
• It has been raining all day
• My tent is leaking; I can't fix it
• I didn't buy a good tent
• The mosquitoes are biting me
• I didn't bring any insect repellent
2
3
5
6
16 Fill in the gaps with an appropriate auxiliary/modal verb
She can't type but she wishes she c' Qulc/
2 They didn't buy the antique vase but they wish
they • ••
3 I'm not going to the concert but I wish
4 I'm not very tall but I wish I
5 I didn't go to the meeting but I wish
6 I can't tell him the truth but I wish I "
7 I don't earn much money but I wish I
8 He probably won't listen but I wish he
9 She won't accept help but I wish she
10 They haven't got any pets but they wish they
11 I didn't see the programme but I wish I
12 She's not qualified enough for the job but she
wishes she •
13 He can't afford to buy her a diamond ring but he wishes he
14 I don't live close to the office, but I wish I
15 She hasn't got a fax machine but she wishes she
17 Match the items in column A with those in column B to make complaints, using
would/wouldn't Then, decide which person from the list is making each complaint
• librarian • zoo-keeper • actor • doctor • shop manager • journalist • referee
A
~ I wish readers
[]I] If only the politician
I3IJ If only the audience
[ [ [ ] I wish my staff
@I] If only the teams
B
a (eat) healthily
b (play) fairly
c (not write) on the books
d (arrive) at work on time
e (not talk) during the play
f (not feed) the animals
g (answer) my questions about the economy
I wish readers wouldn't write on the books
•• J i.b.rJi r itt!') •• •
3
5
6
7