hoa An Dp va Hai Nam nhU la mdt ndi xa xdi heo lanh ching ai biet tdi. Mac du ve mat dia ly, ehung n i m canh nhau, nhUng ba dia diem nay cd vi the rieng vdi mpt vfii hoac tham chi [r]
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MOT CACH NHIN Tir BIEN
• BOI CANH VUNG DUYEN HAI MIEN BAG VA TRUNG VIET NAM
(Tiep theo vd het)
LI TANA*
NGUvflN T I £ N DUNG (Dich)'
4 V a n D o n v a H a i DUdng
Tff nhiJng t r a n h lufin tren cd the thfi'y
r i n g Van Don - eang thi chfnh eiia Dai Viet
thdi Trfin va dau thdi Le sd - khdng phai do
chinh quyen lua chpn n g l u nhien, va vao
CUOI thdi Dudng, nd cQng khdng the phat
trien thinh dat ndu nhu Cao Bien khdng di
ddi nhQng chudng ngai vat dpc theo bd vinh
Bae Bp (Ca John Whitmore vfi Momoki
deu chl ra r i n g , cae eang thi eua Dai Viet
vfio giai doan sdm la thupe vCing Nghe An
-Ha Tinh) (46) Su that thi dudng nhu Van
Ddn, mpt dia diem n i m vifa each xa va vCla
tach biet lai dupe lUa chpn nhu mpt eang
thi chinh cua qud'c gia Dieu dd gdp p h i n
minh ehiing eho quan diem r i n g , eae trieu
dai Viet Nam mud'n cho boat dpng ngoai
thUdng dupc td chiSe b nhQng vj tri cfing xa
kinh dd cfing tdt vfi gia dinh r i n g nhQng
boat dpng nay rat quan trpng dd'i vdi nen
kinh td Thd nhung, ndu chiing ta lien
tudng den thd ky XV, con dudng thiiy chfnh
nd'i kinh dd ciia Dai Viet vdi bd bien Trung
Hoa chinh la sdng Bach D i n g (sau nay Ifi
mpt n h a n h chfnh ciia sdng Hong, ngfiy nay
la nhanh ehi'nh kdt nd'i Nam Dinh vfi Thai Binh), vfi nhu hien nay chiing ta thfi'y Van Ddn la mpt tuyen giao thdng chi'nh Tuydn dudng thiiy nay da phat trien trong "Cach mang thUdng mai" lan thQ nhfi't ciia Trung
Qudc dudi thdi Td'ng, va n i m b trung tam
eiia vung thudng mai vinh Bic Bp giQa Hai Nam va Kham Chau Ca hai ndi nfiy Ifi diem dQng chan thudng xuyen eiia cac thUdng nhan Phiie Kidn, Chfim vfi thUdng nhan Hoi giao (47) Chfnh sach Uu ai cua nhfi Nguyen vdi cac tin do Hoi giao vfi
thUdng n h a n b Phuc Kidn chic chfin la
dpng lUc thuc day sU vUdn dfiy ciia vung
thUdng mai do ngUdi Hdi giao giQ v\ tri
trung tam nfiy
Su ton tai ciia mpt vung thUdng mai ke tren eang trd nen ro rang khi ehung ta kdt nd'i ehiing vdi cae trung tam san xufi't gdm
sQ ciia Dai Vipt vao thdi gian nfiy Su phat trien dang kinh ngae ve dan sd vfio nhQng nam 1200-1340 (theo Yumio Sakurai thi dan sd tfing gfi'p ddi trong thdi gian nfiy)
' PGS.TS Trung tam Nghien cdu chau A vfi Thai Binh DUdng - DH Qudc gia Austraha
" Trudng DHKHXH&NV-DHQG HN
Trang 2chfic hfin da tao ra su phan hoa lao ddng vfi
khuyen khich phat trien cac mat hang thu
cdng (48) Gdm sQ dupe san xufi't d nhieu
ndi, chfing ban nhu Thanh Hoa, Thien
TrUdng (xem ben dudi) TQ nhQng nfim
1350 trd di, mpt so'Id go'm tu nhan dUde xay
dung d Hai Dudng da san xua't nhQng mat
hfing go'm sQ tinh xao, danh da'u mot budc
phat trien mdi ve san xufi't gdm sQ cua Dai
Viet H i u hdt trong sd tam Id go'm nfiy deu
dupe tim thdy b Chu Dfiu, dia diem n i m
khdng each xa Van Don la ma'y Thi
trudng tieu t h u cac san phdm gdm sQ nay
chu ydu Ifi b cac khu vUc eua ngUdi Cham
va Hoi giao vfi can phai nhfi'n manh r i n g
sU thinh dat eiia gdm sQ Viet trung hdp
vdi thdi hofing kim cua Champa dudi thdi
vua Chd Bong Nga Cd b i n g chQng cho
ring, go'm men lam dUdc san xua't la do
dfit hfing cua cac thudng nhan tdi tQ thi
trudng Tay A, tham chi nhQng san pham
tinh xao cdn dUdc xufi't khau den Ba Tu,
Ai Cfip va Thd Nhi Ky Do gdm Viet cung
dupe tim thdy cl cac khu vUc gan vdi ngUdi
Hoi, chang ban b Sulawesi vfi trung tam
vfi Nam Philippines Go'm Chfim tQ Gd
Sfinh cung dUdc tim thfi'y d cung cac dia
diem nay (49)
Vdi vipc thidt kd do gdm sQ de danh
rieng eho xufi't khau da cho tha'y moi tUdng
tae giQa qud'e gia vdi thi trUdng khu vUc
Chung ta biet r i n g nhQng do go'm vdi nhieu
hinh dang khae nhau dUde san xua't danh
rieng cho Ddng Java, theo mau dat hang
cua trieu dinh Majapahit Dua theo nhQng
hinh dang ciia do gdm dd, chiing ta cd the
doan dinh r i n g , ehung dupc s i n xufi't d
vung Hai Dudng (50) Mot dieu thu vi r i n g
nhieu dd gdm sQ Viet Nam dUde khai quat
tQ con tau d i m d Nam Philippines vao nam
1995 bao gom ea nhQng chuoi hat gdm va
nhQng vdng b i n g dong Dieu nay cho tha'y
su da dang trong hang hoa trao ddi thdng qua cae he thd'ng thUdng mai ndi tiep d Ddng Nam A NhQng md'i quan he giQa Cham - Philippines trong thdi ky nfiy dupc nghien cQu ky bdi Geoff Wade etmg cfi'p them bang chdng cho he thd'ng budn ban mang tinh phQc tap, rdi loan trong vung (51)
Chung ta cung ed the ap dung each nhin hudng bien dd'i vdi nganh nghe thii cdng d Hai Dudng Ra't nhieu thudng nhan d Thfing Long tdi tQ 36 phdphUdng co nguon gdc tQ Hai Dudng Hp la thd xay dung, thd mpc, thd nhupm, thd lfim da giay va nhQng thd thii cong lanh nghe chuyen ve due, khae go hoac la in a'n, hay la thd kim khi d phd Hang Dong, Hang Bac Mpt gia dinh ed nghe gia truyen lam kim khf gan day cung tim tha'y nguon gd'e ciia minh la d Hai Dudng (52) Ta't ca nhQng boat dpng buon ban khae biet nfiy gdi y ring, Hai Dudng dfi
cd lich sQ lau dfii ve buon ban hang thii cdng, my nghe, cd le la con hdn ca Hfi Npi
Qua thUc, vao dau the ky XIII, khu v\fc nay
da dupe biet den vdi nghe thu cdng ndi tieng do la lam ndn Ma Ldi, c6 nhieu diem khae biet so vdi nghe lam ndn cua Hud xufi't hien vao t h e k y XVIII (53)
Cac boat dpng trao ddi tren khong chi ddn t h u i n thu hut thd thii cdng; moi ngfinh nghe cd le phai cfin den hang nghin nhan eong Chfing han nhu nghe lfim gdm, c£n rfi't nhieu cdng doan Mpt san phfim ed the phai trai qua ban tay eiia it nhfi't 12 ngUdi Nghe lam gaeh cd ve it phQc tap hdn nhUng lai bao gom khdng chi thd thii cdng ma ca lao dpng thong thudng de c i t gd tren rQng lfim than
ciii va dfio, lam nhuyen da't set (54) d rieng
Van Don, cd bay ngoi den dd nat thdi Trfin,
cd the cho thfi'y ring, mpt khdi lUpng ldn vfit lieu xay dUng dfi dUde vfin chuyen tdi day
So nhan cdng lam viec trUc tidp trong cac
Trang 362 Rghien cuu Lich siir sd 8.2009
nganh nghe thii cdng b Hai DUdng chfing
ban nhu lam dudng, chuyen ehd dudng
thiiy chfic h i n cung rfi't ldn (55)
Day la nen tang cho "sU phat trien eiia
thi trUdng phd thdng" (56) nhu Momoki
Shiro da chi ra Nganh san xufi't gdm sQ
ciia Hai Dudng vi the khdng phai dUde hinh
thanh mpt each ngfiu nhien bdi ndng dan b
cac lang xa va khdng phai chiing tach biet
vdi viec trao ddi budn ban Gid'ng nhu nhieu
trung tam thUdng mai b Trung Hoa, nd Ifi
nganh thu cdng ed tfnh cha't dfic biet, cd
mdi lien he mat thiet vdi cac nganh khae
c h i n g ban nhu cac nganh da ke b tren, vfi
nd cung cd lien he mfit thidt vdi cac nghe
ddng tau thuyen, lam mud'i, hay may mac
Ket qua la, nganh s i n xufi't phuc vu xufi't
khau cua Dai Viet khdng the chi dupc danh
gia ddn gian dUa tren phan tram ddng gdp
eiia nd vdi tong the boat dpng ciia nen kinh
te qud'c gia, nhU Kishimoto Mio da chi
trong bdi canh Trung Hoa (57)
Trong khi ehung ta tiep tuc phai nghien
cQu nhieu hdn nQa cac td chQc s i n xufi't thii
cdng, thi eae den chua Phfit giao ed the
ddng vai trd chii dao trong viee ket ndi tang
ldp quy tpc, s i n lUdng, va thi trudng Cd
mpt dieu rd rang r i n g , den ehua Ifi ndi tieu
thu nhieu nhfi't gdm sQ vfi cac vat lieu xay
dung Chl rieng ve vai vdc dfi eho thfi'y nhu
ciu cua hp gfi'p nhieu Ian so vdi trieu dinh
Cung cd the ehinh nhfi chua dQng ra Ifim
chii hoac hfiu thuan cho cac ngfinh thii
cdng Mdi lien he cua hp vdi ngoai thudng
the hien ra't rd Qua nhieu the ky giao
thUdng, cac di vat tdn giao Ifi boat dpng
quan trpng trong thUdng mai Trung Hoa
-Nam chau A cung vdi cae loai hUdng lieu
phuc vu cho le nghi tdn giao (58) Nhieu
hpc gia b cac nUde Ddng Nam A luc dia
cung nha'n manh r i n g , sU phat trien ve
kinh te dUdc tfip trung cho viec xay dUng eae dinh chua vfi ngUdc lai, dinh chua phat huy vai trd phan phdi, dieu chinh lai kinh
td dia phudng Vdi each nhin nfiy, ehung ta
ed the cfi'u tnic lai mpt md hinh vdi nhieu boat dpng kinh td khae nhau trong cung mpt bdi canh vfi tha'y dUdc mdi lien he ciia chiing vdi xa hpi Dai Viet vfio thd ky XIV Dong thdi, nd cung chi ra phan tfch dinh lupng ve nhQng tac dpng cua ngoai thUdng trong ca'u tnic cua nen kinh te (59)
Mpt dieu thii vi khi ehung ta thay ring, nui Yen Tii, trung tam Phfit giao eua Dai
Viet vfio cudl thd ky XIII, lai n i m b vung
Udng Bf, thupc Quang Ninh ngay nay Day Ifi ndi ma vua Tran Nhan Tdng lfip nen mpt thien phai Phat giao eiia rieng Viet Nam Ifi Tnic Lam, n i m ngay trun^ tam ciia vung thUdng mai nay Mpt chua khae, Quynh Lam, cung dUdc xay dQng d khu vUc nay bdi mpt nha sU ndi tieng, Phap Loa, ngUdi da due 1.300 pho tUdng Phat trong sud't cupc ddi ciia minh (60) Viec lfim cua dng ta chfic chfin ddi hdi rat nhieu tien vfi cdng sQc, nhQng dieu dang chu y la ve sd lUdng dong dung de due, mfi n h u ehung ta dfi bidt Dai Viet thdi gian nay khdng san xufi't dong Cd ngudi cho r i n g Champa, thdng qua mdi quan he vdi cac thUdng nhan tQ Trung A,
cd the da cung cfi'p loai dong nfiy Bing chQng ve sU cung cfi'p ddng ciia Champa cd the tim thfi'y trong danh sach eae dd cdng tfing cua Lam Ap tdi Trung Hoa gdm 10,000
catties vang, 100,000 catties bae, vfi
300,000 catties ddng (61) Champa cd the
da dap Qng nhu cau ve eae dd cung te cho Dai Viet giai doan nay De nhfin ra r i n g
Phfit giao Dai ThQa (Mahayana Buddhism) deu giQ vai trd rat quan trpng b ca Dai Vipt
va Champa va dieu dd giai thich tai sao vua T r i n Nhan Tdng den tham "ngUdi hfing xdm phfa Nam" (62)
Trang 4Khu vUc nay ddng thdi eung Ifi trung
tam chfnh tri thUe thu eua trieu T r i n trong
vdng hdn 150 nfim Nhu nha T r i n da tU
thQa nhfin r i n g , ddng hp T r i n khdi dUng
ti!f vQng bien Vfio d i u nam 1239, trieu
dinh T r i n xay them mpt loat cac cung dien
cl que hUdng Thien TrUdng, gin vdi Nam
Dinh ngfiy nay, la ndi gin bien hdn ra't
nhieu so vdi Thfing Long Gid'ng nhu
Ayutthaya sau nay, trung tam ehinh tri nfiy
dupe bao bpc bdi eae eon nUdc va bd bien thi
trfin ngfip hoa thdm Thuyen be di lai vui ve
nhu chdn bdng lai Vua thudng xuyen d
Thien TrUdng hdn Ifi b Thang Long, lam cho
khu vUc nay mang dang ve ciia mpt kinh dd
Nhu Whitmore da ehi ra, mac du kinh dd
khdng gin bd bien nhu Pegu vfi Ayutthaya,
nhUng vung duyen hai thUe sU ddng vai trd
nhu Ifi mpt kinh dd (63)
NhQng trung tam ve ehinh tri, tdn giao,
vfi thUdng mai tren thudng d gin nhau va
thudng g i n vdi cac trung tam s i n xufi't gdm
sQ chinh Dieu nfiy giup k h i n g dinh md
hinh ciia cac chinh the thdi cd d mien
Trung Viet Nam, md hinh mfi cac hpc gia
Vipt Nam vfi Nhat Ban da ap dung tQ
nhieu the ky trUdc Chinh the dUa vao sdng
nude la td chQc bp ba quyen lUc, trong dd
trung tam tdn giao (thudng d vung nui),
trung tam chfnh tri (d ddng b i n g phu sa)
vfi eang thi dupe nol kdt vdi nhau bdi dUdng
thuy (64) Vi dy ve sU lien ket giQa trung
tam tdn giao vfi eang thi cd the ke den My
Sdn vfi Hpi An b mien Trung, giQa Cat Tien
(Lam Ddng) vfi C i n Gid (ngay nay Ifi quan
ngo^i thfinh cua Tp.Hd Chi Minh)
NhQng lap luan b tren da cho thfi'y mpt
viing vdi nhieu mdi tUdng giao khu vUc vfi
npi vQng mfi trUdc day da khong dUde ehi
ra Cac hpc gia da coi Dai Viet nhu la mpt
thi,le the n i m dudi anh hUdng ciia Trung
Hoa cdn Champa lai bi quy dinh bdi vfin
hoa An Dp va Hai Nam nhU la mdt ndi xa xdi heo lanh ching ai biet tdi Mac du ve mat dia ly, ehung n i m canh nhau, nhUng
ba dia diem nay cd vi the rieng vdi mpt vfii hoac tham chi la khdng cd diem ehung ve van hoa va kinh td NhQng bing chQng ve khao CO hpc d mien Trung Viet Nam trong vfii the ky qua da tiet lp nhQng bing chQng khdng the chdi eai ve sU anh hUdng cua vfin hoa Chfim, eung vdi An Dp Trong khi mpt vai anh hudng cua Trung Qud'c tdi trUc tidp
tQ Trung Hoa lue dia, phan ldn ehung dupe dUa tdi thdng qua vai trd trung gian cua Giao Chi, Hai Nam nhd vfio boat ddng thUdng mai NgUdc lai, anh hUdng cua Champa vfio dai Viet dUdng nhu sau sfic hdn nhQng gi ehung ta da thQa nhfin Kdt qua khai quat gfin day nha't d eung dipn cua nha Ly, T r i n va Le sd d Hfi Npi da cho tha'y nhQng anh hUdng manh me eiia nghp thuat va kien tnic Cham, qua dd gpi y ve
sU anh hUdng qua lai manh me giQa hai khu vUc nay (65)
5 Mot b a n dd sac toe k h a e NhQng thao lufin tren da gpi md eau hoi
ve nhQng ngUdi sd'ng quanh vung vinh Bic
Bp thdi gian nfiy Ddng bing song Hdng da dUdc md ta la bao tdn tinh thuan nhfi't cua ngUdi Viet trong sud't cac thdi ky lich sii Day gin nbU la trUdng hdp duy nhfi't trong so' cac qud'c gia Ddng Nam A Dieu nay c6
the xay ra sau the ky XV, nhUng Viet sit
luge, bp sii dupc viet vfio the ky XIII, ghi
chdp r i n g cudl nfim 1206, mpt phin ldn vung duyen hai dupc dat dudi sy kiem soat ciia cac thu linh dia phUdng Mot trong sd
dd Ifi tpc 'Xiao" (Lieu) trong tieng Hoa, cd
the dd ehinh la tpc Lao hoac mpt nhdm dan
tpc khae d ba't cQ trUdng hdp nao, hp
khdng phai la ngUdi Viet (66) Cung sdng vdi cac tpc khae d dpc theo vung bien gidi
Vipt - Trung, ngUdi Vipt phai trai qua B\f
Trang 564 Rghien cuu Lich si3r sd 8.2009
hda trdn sic tpc ea ve chieu rpng va sau
NhQng mdi quan he cung nhQ nhQng tiep
xuc dd khd cd the ddn gian hoa b i n g thuat
ngQ Viet hoac Han de tQdng phan vdi
nhQng eU dan mien nui, ma phai la ket q u i '
tQ qua trinh giao thoa va tich hdp lau dai
Sau qua trinh nfiy, tinh b i n sac mdi dUde
dinh hinh chat che va chic c h i n hdn d thdi
hien dai
Theo Linh ngogi dgi dap vfio the ky
XIII, mpt nUa dan so' Dai Viet den tQ vung
Nam Trung Hoa Chac chan day la con sd
phdng dai, nhUng nd cd the chQa dQng
trong dd mpt phan sQ that Gid'ng nhu the,
mpt ngudn tfii lieu quan trpng dupc bien
soan tQ thdi Td'ng ed chep ve dan tpc 'T)an"
(phd bien d vung Nam Trung Hoa) cd
ngudn gd'e tQ Giao Chi Hp dUdc ghi chep
nhQ Ifi "Dan Giao Chi" (Jiaozhi Dan) Dien
hinh cho each sd'ng sdng nUdc, hp la nhQng
ngUdi den tQ Kham Chau mang theo ca va
nhQng thQc pham tQ bien khae de trao ddi
vdi gao va quan ao (67) Khdng ed b i n g
chQng rd rfing r i n g , hp ed phai Ifi nhQng
ngUdi dupc mieu t i trong cud'n Dgi Nam
nhdt thd'ng chi la da di chuyen tQ dao tdi
ddng b i n g sdng Hdng va sd'ng dQa vfio
danh ca vfi lfim mudi, ben canh viec trdng
lua nQdc Vi nhQng cU dan dd khdng ndi
thao tieng Viet, ngdn ngQ cua hp dUdc cho
la "tieng vung bien" (68) Mpt so' ddi den
duyen hai Nam Trung Hoa, trd thfinh hofic
bda nhfip vdi dan tpc 'T)an" Mpt trong
nhQng ngUdi lam nghe chai lUdi Ifi Mac
Dang Dung, ngUdi thiet lap trieu Mac d Dai
Viet vfio the ky XVI, da xay dung va phat
trien quyen lUc sau nfiy Ong ta Ifi ngUdi
Hai Dudng, nhUng td tien cua dng ta la tpc
ngUdi "Dan" den tQ Quang Dong (69)
SQ pha trpn cU dan thUdng xuyen vfi lap
lai nfiy lfim tfing them sinh khi mdi cho
nha Ly va nha T r i n Nhu phan ldn cae
quo'c gia Ddng Nam A, b Giao Chi den giQa
the ky XIV thieu n h a n lUc mpt each t r i m
trpng Nhu da trinh bay b tren, ngudi Hoa
dupc mua ban nhu nhQng nd le NhQng tpc ngUdi du mue d Quang Tay thudng dot kfch
cU dan dia phUdng - hp cd the Ifi ngudi Nung (Zhuang- Choang d Trung Qudc) hofic cac nhdm tpc ngUdi khae trong vung
-va ban hp den Giao Chi (70) Hdn nhan eung dien ra giQa ngUdi Viet vfi ngUdi Hai Nam, nhu dudc chi ra trong truyen thuyet
ve ba chua Li TrUdc "Ky nguyen thUdng mai", Giao Chi la dia diem ly tudng nhat de ngUdi Hoa di cU va t n i an Khi Mdng Co xam lUdc Dai Viet, ehung da b i t hdn 400 quan chQc ty nan eua nhfi Tdng d Dai Viet,
vi thd khdng nghi ngd r i n g so' lUdng ngUdi Hoa cd the cdn nhieu hdn NgUdi Champa va
ngudi Lao cung cd the ed mat nhieu b Dai
Viet Chfnh quyen nhfi T r i n thUdng nhic lai sic lenh han chd nghiem ngat ddi vdi each ndi cua ngUdi Cham va ngUdi Lao eung vdi viec fin mac theo ldi ngUdi Hoa (71)
Theo nhu mpt eau chuyen tQ thdi Tdng, khu vUe thUdng mai Kham Chau Ifi ndi da
md dudng cho hoang tpc T r i n den Viet Nam Cau chuyen chi ra ring, vua T r i n d i u tien Ifi ngudi tQ huyen Changle cua Phuc Chau
(Fuzhou) Nha vua da mao hiem danh ddi si^
giau sang eiia gia dinh de tdi vung Kham Chau Vi nhiing quy tpc ngUdi Viet thUdng den dd de budn ban, dng gap chau gai cua nha vua, ngUdi ed tinh cam vdi dng ta vfi sau nay hp kdt hdn vdi nhau Trong khi eau chuyen nay dUdc xem nhu mpt cau chuypn
hu ca'u, nd bd sung cho eae cud'n sii bien nien
ve ngudn goc nha T r i n Do dd hofing de diu tien cua nhfi T r i n la hau due ddi thQ tU cua ngUdi nhap cU den tQ Phuc Kien (72) Nd
eung gdp phan xac minh ghi chep tQ Linh
ngogi dgi ddp, dd la budn ban tien hfinh cl
vung Kham Chau rfi't phdn thinh vfi qu^
Trang 6tdc ngudi Viet tharn, gia tich cue vfio cac
boat dpng
Ngudn gdc Hoa eiia nhfi Tran dUdc biet
den vfi dupc thQa nhan trong tfip sii bien
nien Todn thU Mpt cau hoi Ifi, sQ ndi len
ciia nhfi T r i n la tU t h a n vfi ngfiu nhien
nhu each hieu thdng thudng cho tdi nay,
hay Ifi hp dUa vao cac mang ludi lien minh
ciia minh? Ndu la lien minh, vay day la
kieu lien minh gi? Cac hpc gia da ddng y
r i n g chinh tfnh linh hoat trong the chd
chinh tri vfi xa hpi da giup nha T r i n phat
trien Chung ta cung e i n tha'y r i n g , mpt
quan cai tri dudc coi la thfinh dat d Ddng
Nam A Ifi ngUdi vupt len tQ mpt nhdm cae
thii linh dia phUdng hoac quy tpc rudng
da't khdng ngQng canh t r a n h l i n nhau
Moi ngQdi deu xay dung cho minh mpt he
thdng lien minh Trong bdi canh nay, cau
hoi dfit ra la lieu khu vUc mfiu dich vinh
Bie Bp cd eung cfi'p mpt vu dai cho nha
T r i n phat huy the lUc vUdt len cac ddi thu
khae NhQng gi da xay ra cd le la nhu vfiy
(73) G i n day, cae hpc gia Viet Nam dUa
ra quan diem r i n g , cd sd kinh te nha T r i n
bao gdm chai ludi va ndng nghiep da giup
hp gianh dUdc ngai vang (74) Quan diem
nfiy thQa nhfin nhQng t h a n h p h i n kinh te
khae hdn Ifi ndng nghiep da tham gia vao
qua trinh hinh thfinh lich sii kinh td Viet
Nam, cQng nhQ nha'n manh vai trd quan
trpng eua bien ddi vdi sQ phat trien ciia
nha T r i n Dat nhfi T r i n vfio bdi canh lich
sii ehung, ehung ta thfi'y hien ra mpt ddng
hp vdn xua't t h a n la ngUdi Phuc Kien, sdng
bing nghe di bien va thong gia vdi vUdng
trieu L^ nhd vao sU giau cd Day Ifi md
hinh lich sii ehung eua nhieu qudc gia
Ddng Nam A thdi ky nfiy Dat T r i n Qudc
Tufi'n trong bdi canh ljch sU nay cung nhfic
cho ehung ta thfi'y ngudn gdc Hoa cua
ngudi anh h u n g loi lac ciia dan tpc Viet
Nam, dupe coi nhu ngUdi "Cha" dan gian ciia ngudi Viet (75) Tfi't ea dieu nay giup ehung ta nhin nhfin lai tinh ddng nha't ve ban sic vfi vi tri dia ly cua dan tpc Viet, nhQng thQ da bi phQc tap hoa vfi xdi mdn bdi niiQng cau truyen t r i n g den, dung sai trong each chdp siJ mang dam tfnh dan tpc chii nghia
6 Ket l u a n NhQng thao lufin tren day dfit ra nhieu cau hoi hdn la giai dap de trong mpt chQng mQc nfio dd cd the lam hai long cac hpc gia Cach nhin hQdng bien da dfit ra nhQng nghi ngd ve nen tang ndng nghiep cua mo hinh kinh td, chi'nh tri vfi tpc ngUdi eua Viet Nam giai doan sdm, tUdng ddng vdi cac the ehe khae d Ddng Nam A NhQng gi mfi ehung ta vQa chi ra chi Ifi nhQng dieu khiem nhUdng trong bQc tranh tdng the ve viing duyen hai Dai Viet Cd the thfi'y nhQng mdi lien kdt da trai rpng tQ bd bien nfiy den bd bien khae d vung vinh Bic Bp cung nhu giQa vinh Bic Bp vdi vung hai dao va xa hdn nQa Qua la ehung ta eon bidt rat it ve vi the trung gian trong khu vQc mfiu dich nang dpng nay, chfing ban td chdc s i n xua't gdm, mdi quan he eua nd vdi
sQ phdn thinh va suy vong cua cac trung tam, khu vUc thUdng mai
Cach nhin hudng bien giiip ehung ta pha vd nhQng y niem ve bien gidi, lanh tho Viet Nam Viee thiet lap dUdng bien gidi hien dai vfi sQ tfip trung chu y ciia gidi hpe gia vfio cac thdi ky lich sii nha't dinh (chfing ban nhQ thdi Tdng, Dudng, Minh), hofic vao cac the ehe ddn biet nhu Viet Nam, Trung Qudc, Champa dfi lfim cho Giao Chi Dudng trd thanh mpt vung bien diy nhQng khdi bang thuan nha't va vQng chic Rfi't khd de cd the tUdng tUdng ring, trUdc khi nhQng khdi bfing trd thfinh vQng chfic vfi cd lfip, ehung tQ mpt bien vfi lien he vdi nhau
Trang 766 Rghien cijru Lich sir, sd 8.2009
tQ ngpn gd'e Vi the, ehung cd moi tQdng
quan ve ngudn go'c Cach nhin tQ bien cho
tha'y nhQng cau chuyen mang nang tinh
dan tpc da ehe da'u nhu the nfio sU nfing
ddng ciia mdt vung mfi tren cd sd dd cac qud'e gia dupe hinh thfinh sau nay
Hieu dinh: Pham Vdn Thuy
CHU THICH
(46) Whitmore, "Elephants can actually swim"
trong Marr va Milner, Southeast Asia, p 130;
Momoki, "Dgi Viet", pp 11 - 12
(47) VI "Cugc cfich mang thfldng mai" (the
cgmmercial revolution) dflde thao lufin trong Mark
Elvin, 77i,e pattern of the Chinese past, Stanford
University Press, Stanford, 1973; vl Bach Dang xem
Dfio Duy Anh, Ddt nUdc Viet Nam qua cdc ddi, p 37
(48) Victor Lieberman, Strange parallels:
Southeast Asia in global context, c 800 - 1830,
volum 1: integration on the mailand, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge and New York, 2003,
p 368, trich tfl tfii lieu vilt tay eua Sakurai nhan
de Vietnam after the Age of Commerce (Viet Nam
sau ky nguyen thfldng mai)
(49) Rosanna Brown, The ceramics of Southeast
Asia, Oxford Universityn Press, Singapore, 1988, pp
88 - 89; John Stevenson vfi John Guy, Vietnamese
ceramics: A separate tradition, Art Media Reosources,
Chicago, 1997, p.54 Do go'm nfiy trinh bfiy trong
tuyen tfip quo'c gia, e6 sfl tham gia hen kit vdi gom sfl
Trung Quoc d Van Nam va d diu thdi Minh VI Go
Sfinh xem Champa ceramics pnxiuction and trade
-Excavation report of the Go Sdnh kiln sites in Cental
Vietnam, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, 2002,
pp 8 - 9 Toi (Li Tana) xin giii ldi cam dn Mdmoki cho
ph6p sil dung ngudn tfl heu nfiy
(50) Brown, Ceramics of South - East Asia, p
23; Stevenson va Guy, Vietnamese ceramics, p 58
(51) ACRO Update, bien tfip bdi Ho Chuimei
(Chicago, 1996), no 1, p 3, trich trong ibid, p 56;
Geoff Wade, "On the possible Cham orign of the
Philippine scripts" Journal of Southeast Asian
Studies, 24, 1 (1993): 44 - 87
(52) Nguyen Thfla Hy, Thdng Long - Hd Ngi the
ky XVII - XVIII - XIX Hoi sfl hgc Viet Nam, Hfi Ngi,
1993, tr 230 - 248 CQng c6 t h i xem them nhQng ghi eh6p vl thfldng nhan Hai Dfldng d pho Hfing
Dfio, Hfi Ngi, trong Tuyi'n.tdp vdn bia Hd Ndi, Nxb
Khoa hgc xa hgi, Hfi Ngi, 1978, tfip 11, pp 146 - 8
VI pho Hfing Dong vfi Hfing Bac xem Nguyin Vinh
Phiic vfi Trin Huy Ba, Dudng phdHd Ngi, Nxb Hk
Ngi, 1979, tr 153 - 9, 176 VI gia dinh thi? kim hofin dflde tham khao trong mgt phdng sU tren Vi§t Nam
TV channel 3, 30 thang 4 nfim 2004
(53) Yuean lishi, Renmin Chubanshe, Beijing,
1977, p 212
(54) He Xiling et al., Daogung Fuliang xiamhi (Gazetteer of Fuliang distric, Jiangxi), juan 8, pp
37 - 43, trich tfl Zhongguo Jindai Shougongye
ziliao (Tfii lieu quan trgng vl lich sii nghi thii cdng
d Trung Quoc hi^n dai), vol I, Sanlian Press, Shanghai, 1957, pp 19-24 Thdi Minh, Jingdezhen, trung tam gom sir cua Trung Qudc, dflde eho Ifi e6 hfing trfim, hfing nghin ngfldi lfim viee lien tuc ngfiy dem Diu nhiJng nfim 1990, cic hgc gia Vi$t Nam dfio d Hai Dfldng 40 000 m2 vdi chilu sau 2m , tai day hg tim thfi'y hdn 100 16 glin,
vdi hdn 10.000 hi§n vfit c6 gia tri d nhiJng ngdi
lfing gin dfi'y, hg ciing tim thfi'y 1 ho dfii 1,5 m gJfm vfi sau 2 m, day dfl(Jc cho Ifi nhiing trung tam gdfm sfl phat trien dfldi thdi Trin vfi diu thdi LS; Vfl
Ngge Linh, Ldng cd truyin Viet Nam, Nxb Thanh
nien, Hfi Ngi, 2004, pp 227 - 228 Nhflng ng6i lfing nfiy ngfiy nay chi trong lua cdn k j ngh$ san xufi't gom dfi bi thfi't truyin hfing trfim nfim (p 323)
(55) VI nhQng ngoi chiia xem Do Vfin Ninh,
Huyin ddo Vdn Ddn, Uy ban Nhan dan huy$n Vin
Don, 1997, tr 177 - 99 Gom sfl dfl(?c tim thfi'y d H^i
An tren nhflng con tfiu dfim thu$c Cfl Lao Chim dfl^c thfla nhfin rang c6 nguon goc d Chu D$u, dfl^c vfin chuyen theo dfldng song din Van Ddn ho$c m^t
Trang 8s i eang thi d vdng vinh Bfic Bg, sau d6 duqc vfin
chuyen len nhQng chile t h u y i n mfinh vfldt dai
dfldng; A sunken ship at Hoi An: Treausures from th
Hoi An hoard (Butterfield, 2000) p x
(56) Momoki, "Dgi Viet", pp 2 - 3
(57) Kishimoto Mio, ' T h e Nanhai trade and the
structure of the Qing economy during the 18"" century"
Proceeding of the 13"" Intemational Association of
Historians of Asia Conference, 1994, p 2
(58), (61) Wang, Nanhai trade, pp 48-53, 48
(59) Toi xin giii ldi cfim dn chfin thfinh den
Victor L i e b e r m a n v l nhQng lufin diem q u a n trgng
nfiy; v l vi t r i k i n h t l cua cac ngoi ehfla xem
Strange parallels, pp 95 - 96; vfi Richard 0 '
Connor , "Sukhothai: Rule, religion a n d elite
rivalry", trong The Ram Khamhaeng controvesy,
bien tfip bdi J a m e s C h a m b e r l a i n , Siam Society,
Bangkok, 1991, pp 288 - 9 1
(60) Hfi Vfin Tfi'n, Nguyen Vfin Kfl vfi P h a m
Ngoc Long, Chua Viet Nam; Buddhist temples
Social Sciences P u b l i n g House, Hfi Ngi, 1993), pp
206 - 19 (True L a m ) vfi 110 (Quynh Lam) Chi
rieng nfim 1329, qu^ tgc T r i n due 1300 tfldng
Phfit, vfi nfim 1324 hg due 1000 bflc khae; Khdo cd
hgc Viet Nam, Hfi Vfin Tfi'n (chu bien), tfip III,
Nxb Khoa hgc xa hgi, Hfi Ngi, 2002, p 150
(62) Michael Vickery, "Cambodia and its
neighbours in the 15"' century" Working Paper no
27, Asia Rersearch I n t i t u t e , Singapore, 2004, p 6;
Mabbet, "Buddhism in Champa", p 304
(63) Whitmore, "Rise of coast"; Sfl mo ta v l
Thien TrUdng trich tfl LS Trfic, An Nam chi luge,
juan 1, p 19 V l n g u i n goc ven b i l n cua nhfi T r i n
xem Todn thU, 6: 7a
(64) Momoki Shiro, "A short introduction to
Champa studies", t r o n g The dry areas in Southeast
Asia: Harsh or benign environment, chu bien
Fukui Hayao, C e n t r e for S o u t h e a s t Asian Studies,
Kyoto University, 1999, p 70 Trong boi canh
Dong N a m k mo h i n h song nfldc dflde ap dyng ddi
vdi Srivijaya vfi C h a m p a ; xem Hall, Maritime
trade, dfic bifit d chfldng 4, pp 190 - 3
(65) L i e b e r m a n , Strange parallels, p 357,
nhQng ghi ch6p dfing chu 5' cua cung di^n ngfldi
Vi§t doi vdi cfic vi t h i n va nghi le ton giao An Dp
Toi t h u dflde nhflng hieu b i l t v l Khao eo hgc
C h a m p a tai mgt khu vfle k h a i qufit d mien Trung Viet Nam nfim 1998 cung vdi mgt so nghien cflu cua Prof F u k u i Hayao, d i n do, toi cam thfi'y rfi't may mfin Toi cung xin gfli ldi cam dn den Momoki Shiro vfi N g u y i n Tien Dong v l nhflng gdi md ciia
hg doi vdi bfii viet nay vfi Vien khoa hgc xa hgi Viet N a m da tao d i l u kien cho toi den cfic dia diem khai qufit d Hfi Ngi t h a n g 5 - 2004
(66) Day Ifi vflng dflde xac dinh nfim gifla cae
t i n h Nam Dinh, N i n h Binh vfi Hflng Yen ngfiy
nay; xem Viet sd luge, 3: 17b, 18b
(67) Zhou, Lingwang daida, p 196; Mao QUing, Mansi hezhi (Mgt bao cfio hofin chinh ve ngfldi d a n tgc vfi t h e c h l cua hg), trong Siku
quanshu cunmu congshu History 227, Zhuangyan
wenhua Shiye, Taipei, 1996, juan 15, p 698
(68) Vu Tfl Lfip, Vdn hoa ud cU ddn ddng bdng
sdng Hong, Nxb Khoa hgc xa hoi, Hfi Ngi, 1991, p
160; Dgi Nam nhdt thdng chi, tfip HI, Nxb Thufin
H6a, Hue, 1992, tr 334
(69) Yan Congjian, Shuyu zhouzi lu (NhQng
ghi ch6p v l cfic quoc gia lang gilng), Zhonghua Shuju, Beijing, 1993, p 233; sfl bfiy td eua Mac Kinh Thfl d i n t r i i u dinh Qing 'To tien eua toi Ifi ngfldi lfing Chaxiang, huyen Dongguan, Quang Dong (Guangdong)", Beijing National Archives No
1, vol 7775, no 25
(70) Yaolu (Ghi ch^p v l ngfldi Yao), juan 69, trich tfl Gudai Zhong - Yue guanxishi ziliao
xuanbian (Tfii lieu chinh y l u ve quan h? lich sii
Vi^t - Trung), Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chubanshe, Beijing, 1982, pp 242 - 243
(71) Todn thu, 7: 41b; Lieberman, Strange
parallels, p 362 Cugc tfi'n cong cua Mong Co d
Yuanshi, "An Nara", juan 209 Bflc tranh tong the giong nhfl dong bfing song Mekong ngfiy nay, ndi mfi ngfldi Viet hoa dong vdi ngfldi Khmer, Chfim, vfi ngfldi Hoa, vfi phfin bo cac nhfin to vfin hoa; Phihp Taylor, "The ethnicity of efficacy: Vietnamese goddess worship and the encoding of popular
histories", Asian Ethnicity, 3, 2 (2002): 85 - 102
(Xem tiep trang 46)