mdt sd trfldng cdn cd cac chuyen nganh khac nhfl ndng nghiep (TrUdng Yen Kinh, trUdng Kim Lang. trUdng Linh Nam); ThUdng nghiep (trfldng Kim Lang, trfldng Hg Giang, trfldng Thdnh Joh[r]
Trang 1TON GIAO a NU6C NGOAI
NHUNG DONG GOP CUA DAO TIN LANH TRONG OUA TRINH TRUYEN GIAO VAO TRUNG OUOC
CUOI THE Kl XIX DAU THE Kl XX
K hi t r u y e n giao vao T r u n g Qud'c,
dao Tin L a n h di h e n vdi lan sdng
tbflc d a n H d n nfla, dao Tin L a n b hoan
t o a n xa la vdi n e n v a n hda lau ddi cua
T r u n g Qud'c n e n kbi mdi t r u y e n vao nfldc
nay, dao Tin L a n h vfla bi t r i e u dinh n h a
T h a n h b a n che vfla k h d n g n h a n dfldc sti
u n g bg cua n h a n d a n T r u n g Qudc De xda
bd k h o a n g each gifla v a n hda PhUdng Tay
vdi v a n hda t r u y e n thd'ng cua T r u n g
Qud'c, t a o chd dUng t r o n g xa hgi T r u n g
Qud'c t r o n g q u a t i i n h t r u y e n giao, dao
Tin L a n h da p h a t t r i e n rgng rai sti
n g h i e p xua't b i n , y fe, giao d u e tao nen
nhUng a n h h u d n g s a u d a m d T r u n g Qud'c,
Mtac dich la de n h a n dUde sU thUa n h a n
cua ngUdi d a n T r u n g Qud'c, nhUng t r e n
phUdng dien k h a c h q u a n , nhflng ket qua
ve y te, v a n hda, giao dtac m a dao Tin
L a n h d e m lai da gdp p h i n r a t ldn t h u c
day sfl p b a t t n e n v a n hda xa hgi T r u n g
Qud'c thdi ki can dai
L S d L l / d C V E XA HOI T R U N G
Q U O C T H E KI XIX
T h e ki XIX, khi diio Tin L a n h t r u y e n
vao T r u n g Qudc, eflng la luc cac de qud'c
tbflc (iiin Au, My t a n g cfldng b o a t d g n g
VU THI THI H.A''
xam luge cac nUdc Ddng N a m A, va la luc
t n e u dai p h o n g kien M a n T h a n h lun s a u vao cudc k h u n g h o a n g t r e n ta't ca cac linh vUc k i n h te, c h i n h tri, van hda, q u a n sti
Ve k i n h te, che do chiem hflu r u d n g
d a t cua giai ca'p dia chu t i n h t r a n g td cao
t h u e n a n g l a m cho nen k i n h te ndng thdn tieu dieu va ddi sd'ng cfl dan ndng nghiep trd nen cd ctic hdn bao gid bet
T i n g Idp h o a n g t h a t , qui tdc, cac cap
q u a n lai, dia chu cfldng h a o k h d n g tfl mdt
t h u doan nao de vd vet, tfldc doat rudng dat Ndng d a n ngoai viec p h a i nop td t r e n 50% t h u hoach, con chiu sUu cao t h u e
n a n g va du loai phiic dich
Ve c h i n h tri, nen t h o n g tri phong kien
da muc n a t , suy ddi tfl t r e n xudng dUdi
T r o n g t n e u dinh, t h a m q u a n d lai chi lo
vd vet cua cai, t r a n h d e a t quyen chUc,
c h a n g doai hoai den qudc ke d a n s m h
N a n hdi Id dien r a mgt each Id lieu
Ve q u a n sU, td chflc va t r a n g bi cua
q u a n ddi h e t sflc lac h a u , thieu thd'n Ddi
v u a Q u a n g Dao tuy cd 22 van "Bat ki
q u a n " ( q u a n c h i n h (juy t r u n g fldng) va 66
Ths 'Vien Nghien ciru Ton giiio
Trang 248 Nghien cuu Ton giao Sd6 - 2009
van "Luc doanh quan" (quan dia phfldng)
nhflng vfl khi thd sd va sflc chien da'u rat
kem
Ve van hda, tU tfldng, trieu dinh Man
Thanh tang cfldng chinh sach van hda
nham duy tri nen thdng tri chuyen che
phong kie'n Dao Khong Manh dfldc de cao
Che dg thi cii dfldc quy dinh rat khat khe,
bat si tfl phai thudc "Tfl thfl tap chu" cua
Chu Hy, tap lam van Bat cd, khdng quan
tam nhieu den cac van de xa hgi, khdng
biet den van nfldc dang suy tan
II NHLfNG DONG GOP TRONG
LINH VX/C GIAO DUC
Hoat ddng chu yeu nha't nam ngoai
pham vi boat dgng tdn giao ma cae giao
doan truyen giao Tin Lanh phfldng Tay
tie'n hanh tren da't Trung Qud'c la xay
dflng cac cd sd giao due dao tao Day cung
la boat dgng truyen ba van hda quan
trgng nhat, gay anh hUdng sau rdng nha't
ddi vdi xa hgi Trung Quoc Trong cud'n
Ton chi cua gido due Kitd gido, cd doan;
"Giao due Kitd giad chinh la Kitd giao hda
Trung Qud'c, muc dich ldn nhat la bien
Trung Qud'c thanh mdt dan tdc theo Kitd
giao""' Xua't phat tfl mtac dich nay, cac
nfldc Au My sau khi nhan dfldc cac
k h d i n bdi thfldng chie'n t r a n h hau phong
trao Nghia Hoa doan deu dd vao xay
dflng cac cd sd giao due dao tao tnie thugc
Hgi thanh Tm Lanh Trong cac trfldng
hgc nay thieu men Trung Qud'c dfldc tiep
thu van hda Kitd giao phfldng Tay, dgc
kmh thanh, tiep thu nen giad dtac dao dflc
tdn giao thdng qua cac giad trinh do cae
giao si truyen giao bien soan, dan dan rdi
xa nhflng anh hfldng ciia van hda truyen
thd'ng dan tgc va khien hg trd thanh
nhflng ngfldi sflng bai van boa Phfldng
Tay Cac giao si truyen giao cho rang, day
la bien phap chinh phtac bieu qua hdn bien phap dung vfl liie ap dat Trong bao cao "Ve quan he gifla dao Tin Lanh va giao diac" Calvin Wilson Mateer da chi rd
r i n g ; "Tdi cho r i n g mtac dich xay dflng trfldng hgc cua Hdi thanh la giao dtac cho ngfldi ban dia ve tri Iflc, dad dflc va tdn giao Khdng nhflng phai khien hg theo dao Tm Ldnh ma sau khi gia nhap dao hg phai trd t h a n h ngfldi dai dien dac Iflc cua Chua de bao ve sfl nghiep cua chan li Nhflng trfldng hgc nay chuyen day ve nen van minh va khoa bgc Phfldng Tay, tat se phat huy hieu qua ldn ca ve mat xa hgi
va vat chat"'^' Cho nen, sau khi cac giao
si truyen giao ndi ro "chan li" nay, hg da nhan dfldc r a t nhieu sfl ung hg cua cac tap doan tai chinh ldn d Phfldng Tay Luc
dd, Chinh phu Qud'c dan eflng y thflc dfldc sfl xam pham chu quyen Trung Qud'c thdng qua giao due tdn giao nhflng bat Iflc Chinh phu Trung Qud'c dfldng thdi cung cd dfla ra mgt so' bien phap de that chat quan li giao due nhfl; dung ngfldi Trung Qud'c dflng ra xay dflng trfldng hgc
de thay the cac trfldng bgc cua Hdi thanh Nam 1917, Bd Giao due Trung Qudc ra
"Quy dinh ve viec sat hach ddi vdi cac trfldng hgc do nhan si trong va ngoai nfldc xay dflng"; Nam 1925, Bd Giao due Trung Qud'c lai chd ra "Sau dieu ve viec ngfldi nfldc ngoai xin ca'p gia'y phep dau tfl xay dflng trfldng hgc" Nhflng da so'cac trfldng bgc thugc Hgi t h a n h deu
1 Dan theo Lau Vu Liet Trirong Chf Cuong (chii
bien) Lich sif giao lifu tdn gido ciia Trung Quoc vdi
mfdc ngodi Nxb Giao due Hg Nam 116 Nam 1989
tr 430
2 Co Truong Thanh Tn Koberi Morrison den loliii
Leighton Start - Chuyen vc cdc guio sF truyen gido Tin Ldiih d Trung Qudc Nxb l l i u diem iliirgng Hai
Thugng Hiii 2005 tr 184-185
Trang 3k h d n g l u u t a m de'n nhflng v a n b a n t r e n
vi t r o n g cac v a n b a n p h a p l u a t n a y cd
dieu quy d i n h "Cac trfldng bgc k h d n g
dfldc lay viec t r u y e n b a tdn giao lam tdn
chi", dieu n a y di ngfldc lai vdi miac dich
xay dflng trfldng hgc eua Hdi t h a n h
T u y n h i e n , mgi va'n de deu m a n g t i n h
hai m a t , nen giao due cua Hgi t h a n h p h a t
trien do mtac dich c h u q u a n cua nd,
nhflng xet ve m a t k h a c h q u a n nd lai khdi
n g u d n cho n e n giao due hien dai cua
T r u n g Qud'c Hgc dfldng kieu Phfldng Tay
d i u tien d T r u n g Qud'c c h i n h la trfldng
hgc cua Hdi t h a n h Tin L a n h do cac giao
si t r u y e n giao xay dflng H e thd'ng giao
dtac bao gdm cac trUdng tU sd cap, t r u n g
cap, cao cap, c h u y e n n g a n h , cua Hdi
t h a n h cd tac d u n g t h u c day mdt each cd
b a n viec cai each giao dtac can dai cfla
T r u n g Qud'c va p h a t t r i e n mdt t h e che
giao dtac h o a n t o a n mdi Diic biet la viec
Hdi t h a n h s a n g lap cac trfldng dai hgc tai
T r u n g Qud'c d a l a m t a n g tie'n t r i n h xda bd
che do k h o a cfl, xay dflng cac trfldng hgc
hien dai t r o n g lich sfl p h a t trien giao due
d T r u n g Qud'c Vi vay, cac trfldng dai hgc
do cac giao si t r u y e n giao nfldc ngoai xay
dflng da cd nhflng a n h hfldng tich cflc ddi
vdi sfl p h a t t r i e n cua nen giao dtac can dai
T r u n g Qud'c Nhflng trfldng hgc t n i e
thudc Hgi t h a n h k h o n g nhflng n h i e u ve
so'Ifldng, m a cdn d a o t a o mgt so Ifldng Idn
n h a n tai t r o n g thdi diem xa hgi T r u n g
Qud'c cdn lac h a u ve t r i n h do giao dtac
Cac trfldng cua Hdi t h a n h k h d n g chi
chieu s m h tin hflu dao Tin L a n b m a cdn
t h u n a p ca nhflng ngfldi ngoai dao; dac
biet la t r o n g cac trfldng dai bgc, ti le bgc
s i n h ngoai d a o cdn cao h d n ca tin dd dao
Tin L a n b D d n g thdi, s a u nhflng n a m 20
cua t h e ki XX, cac trfldng bgc eiia Hdi
t h a n h k h d n g cdn b a t huge hgc sinh phai gia n h a p dao va hgc mdn tdn giao nfla Cac trfldng n a y c u n g k h d n g chu trong viec chieu s i n h con em n h a binh dan ma chuyen s a n g chieu s i n h con n h a q u a n lai Dieu n a y d a md r g n g a n h hUdng xa hgi cua n e n giao due thudc Hdi t h a n h Hon nfla, cac trfldng hgc trflc thugc Hdi t h a n h
n h a n dfldc vien trd tfl Phfldng Tay nen dieu kien hgc t a p , k h u d n vien trong trfldng che dg dai ngg giao vien deu tfldng ddi tot D a y c h i n h la phfldng p h a p
q u a n t r g n g de t h u h u t n h a n tai Ngay
s a u cudc Chien t r a n h Thudc phien, cac Hgi t h a n h Tin L a n h b a t d i u xay dflng sfl nghiep giao due cua m i n h t r e n k h a p
T r u n g Qud'c Tfl s a u n a m 1942, cac giao si
t r u y e n giao nfldc ngoai dd xo den T r u n g Qud'c, hg vfla t r u y e n giao vfla xay dflng trfldng hgc
Nam 1843 Thfl vien Anh Hoa la trfldng hgc Hgi t h a n h d a u tu'-n chuyen tfl Malacca de'n H d n g Kdng Day la trfldng hgc do Morrison s a n g lap n a m 1817 tai Malacca va la trfldng d i u tien dfldc t h a n h lap de p h u c vu viec t r u y e n giao vao
T r u n g Qudc S a u khi chuyen den Hdng Kdng, Thfl vien Anh Hoa lap tfle trd
t h a n h trfldng Tin L a n h ndi tieng dfldng thdi N a m 1844, Hdi Giao due Nfl gidi phfldng D d n g nfldc A n h xay dting trfldng tfl t h u c nfl gldl tai N i n h Ba Day la trfldng d a n h cho nfl gidi dau tien tiii
T r u n g Qudc N a m 1845, cac giao si
t r u y e n giao nfldc My xay diing trfldng Sflng Tin N g h i a Tbtae tai N i n h Ba Day la trfldng hgc Hgi t h a n h d i u tien dfldc xay dflng t r e n da't T r u n g Qud'c cua Hgi t h a n h dad Tin L a n h My N a m 1850, Hdi t h a n h Tin L a n b T h a n h thfl Cdng hdi nfldc Anh xay dflng trfldng tU thuc Anh Hoa tai
Trang 450 Nghien cuu Ton giao Sd6 - 2009
ThUdng Hii; Hdi thanh Tm Lanh Trfldng
lao Bac My xay dflng thfl vien Thanh Tam
Nam 1853 Hgi thanh Tm Lanh Cong Ii My
xay diing trUdng nU thuc Van Sdn va thU
vien Cac Tri tai Phflc Chau Nhflng trfldng
hgc nay da trd thanh hinh thflc ban d i u
cua trfldng hgc kieu mdi d Trung Quoc, la
d i u mdi cua nen giao due hien dai Trung
Qud'c Sau nam 1860, trieu dinh nha
Thanh bat dau xay dting cac trfldng hgc
hien dai, de xUdng hinh thUc hgc mdi theo
md hinh cua cac trUdng hgc PhUdng Tay
nay Tfl dd Trung Qud'c bflde vao giai doan
phat trien giao due hien dai
Nam 1864, Cavil Wilson Mateer xay
dflng trfldng danh cho hgc sinh hgc vd
long tai Dang Chau, tinh Sdn Ddng: nam
1876, trfldng nay ddi ten thanh Van Hdi
Quan; nam 1904, sap nhap vdi thfl vien
Quang Dflc va doi ten thanh trfldng
Quang Van; nam 1917, lai sap nhap vdi
Hgc vien T h i n hgc Thanh Chau, chuyen
ve Te Nam va trd thanh tien than cua
trfldng Dai hgc Te Ld, Sdn Ddng Nam
1865, cac giao si truyen giao My xay dflng
Sflng Thiic Quan tai Bac Kinh Cflng thdi
gian nay, Hgi thanh Tin Lanh Thanh thfl
Cdng hdi My cflng xay dflng trfldng Bdi
Nha tai Thfldng Hai; Nam 1866, lai xay
diing tru'dng Do An tai Thfldng Hai Nam
1879 trfldng Bdi Nha va trfldng Do An
sap nhap thanh Thfl vien John, tfle tien
than cua trUdng Dai hgc Thanh John
Nam 1867, cac giao si truyen giao My xay
dting trUdng Due Anh Nghia thuc tai
Hang Chau, Nam 1870, Hgi thanh Tm
Lanh Giam li xay dUng ThU vien Tdn
Dudng till Td Chau Nam 1871, Hdi
thanh Tm Lanh Thanh thU Cdng hdi My
xay diing trUdng ki mem William Jones
Boone Nam 1881 Young John Allen xay
dting Thu vien Trung-Tay tiii ThUdng Hai Nam 1889, cac giao si truyen giao nUdc My xay dflng Thfl vien Cac Tri tai Quang Chau
Den d i u the ki XX, hau nhfl nha thd nad cung cd mgt trUdng tieu hgc Theo thd'ng ke khong d i y du nam 1914 da cd 4.120 trUdng tieu hgc vdi 104.841 hgc sinh va 286 trUdng trung hgc cd sd vdi 13.453 hgc smh Den nam 1919 da c6 5.637 trUdng tieu hgc vdi 151.582 hgc sinh; 962 trfldng trung hgc cd sd vdi 32.899 hgc smh; 291 trfldng trung bgc phd thong vdi 15,213 hgc sinh''"" Ddng thdi Hdi thanh Tin Lanh Trung Qud'c rat chu trgng xay dflng he thd'ng eae trfldng cao dang, dac biet la phat trien he thdng giao due dai hgc '•' •' Cac giao doan truyen giao dao Tm Lanh da i i n Ifldt xay dflng 14 trfldng dai hgc quan trgng tai Trung Qudc Nam
1801 Hgi thanh Tm Lanh Giam li My thanh lap trfldng Dai hgc Ddng Ngd, Td Chau Day la trfldng dai hgc d i u tien theo khudn mau Phfldng Tay trong lich
sU giao due Trung Qud'c Nam 1905, Hgi thanh Tin Lanh Thanh thfl Cong hdi My xay dflng trUdng Dai hgc Thanh John tiii ThUdng Hai bao gdm 3 khoa; khoa hgc nhan van, cdng nghiep va y hgc Nam
1910, Hgi t h a n h Tm Lanh TrUdng lao Bic My va Hdi t h a n h Tm Lanh TrUdng lao Nam My hdp tac xay diing trUdng Dai hgc Giang Chi, Hang Chau bao gdm 2 khoa; khoa hgc tti nhien va khoa hgc xa hdi Cung trong nam 1910, Hdi thanh Tin Lanh B a p t i s t My, Hdi t h a n h Tin Lanh
3 Ly Khoan Thuc Lifoc sif Kitd gido Trung Quoc
Nxb Van hien KHXH Bac Kinh 1998 tr 277
Trang 5T h a n h thfl Cdng Hdi A n h va Hdi Lien
hiep C a n a d a bcJp t a c xay dflng trfldng Dai
hgc Hda Hiep T a y H o a Dd bao gdm 3
khoa la: khoa hoc xa hdi khoa hgc tfl
n h i e n va y hgc Trfldng Dai hgc Hoa
T r u n g , Vu Xfldng gdm 3 khoa; khoa hgc
xa hdi, k h o a hgc tfl n h i e n va k h o a giao
dtac dfldc t h a n h l a p t r e n cd sd hdp tac cua
Hgi t h a n h T m L a n h T h a n h thfl Cdng hdi
My Hdi T r u y e n giao L u a n Ddn nfldc Anh
va Hgi t h a n h Tin L a n h M e t h o d i s t N a m
1911, Hdi t h a n h Tin L a n h B a p t i s t My,
Hdi t h a n h Tin L a n h M e t h o d i s t My va Hdi
t h a n h Tin L a n h Trfldng lao hdp tac xay
dflng trfldng Dai hgc Kim Lang, N a m
Kinh gdm 3 k h o a ; k h o a hgc xa hdi, khoa
bgc tfl n h i e n va k h o a n d n g n g h i e p Nam
1914, Hgi t h a n h Tin L a n b M e t h o d i s t My
s a n g lap Hgc vien Khoa hgc Tti nhien
-Xa hdi nfl Hoa N a m , P h u c C h a u , ddng
thdi, Hdi T a n giao nfldc My cung xay
dting trfldng c h u y e n khoa y hgc Tfldng
N h a , Trfldng Sa N a m 1924 ddi ten t h a n h
trfldng Dai bgc Y k h o a Tfldng N h a N a m
1935 hii d(ii ten t h a n h Vien Y hgc Tfldng
N h a N a m 1915, Hdi t r u y e n giao L u a n
Ddn nfldc A n h , Hdi t h a n h T m L a n h
B a p t i s t My, Hgi t h a n h Tin L a n h Giiim li,
Hdi t h a n h Tin L a n h M e t h o d i s t My, Hdi
t h a n h Tin L a n h T h a n h thfl Cdng hgi va
Hgi t h a n h Tin L a n h Trfldng lao hdp tac
xay dflng Hgc vien Tti n h i e n - Xa hgi nfl
Kim Lang, N a m Kinh Cflng t r o n g n a m
niiy H()i 1 hiinh Tin Limb B a p t i s t Bac My
va Hgi t h a n h T m L a n h B a p t i s t N a m My
bdp t i c xay dting trfldng Dili bgc Hd
Giang, Thfldng H a i gdm 3 khoa; khoa hgc
xa bdi, khoa hgc tfl n h i e n va thfldng
n g h i e p N a m 1916, Hgi t h a n h T m L a n b
Trfldng lao My va Uy b a n Ngan sach
nfldc My hdii tiic t h a n h lap trfldng Dai
hoc Linh N u m Q u a n g C h a u vdi 3 khoa;
cdng n g h i e p , n d n g n g h i e p va tfl nhien xa hgi Cflng n a m 1916, Hdi t h a n h Tin L a n h Trfldng lao My, Hgi t h a n h Tin L a n h Methodist, Hgi t h a n h Tin L a n h Cdng li Hdi T r u y e n giao L u a n Ddn nu'dc Anh va mdt so' t a p d o a n tai chinh hdp tac xay dflng trfldng Dai hgc Yen Kinh B i c Kinh gdm 3 khoa; k h o a hgc tfl n h i e n khoa hgc
xa hdi va p h a p l u a t den n a m 1919 ddi ten t h a n h trfldng Dai hgc Yen Kmh N a m
1917, Hdi t h a n h Tin L a n h Cdng h My Hdi t h a n h Tin L a n h M e t h o d i s t My, Hdi
t h a n h Tin L a n h Trfldng lao Hdi t h a n h Tin L a n h B a p t i s t , Hdi T r u y e n giao L u a n Don nfldc A n h va Hdi Lien hiep C a n a d a hdp tac xay dflng trfldng Dai hgc Te Ld, Sdn Ddng gdm 3 khoa; k h o a hgc xa hgi, khoa bgc tfl n h i e n va y hgc N a m 1918, Hgi t h a n h Tin L a n h Cdng Ii My, Hdi
t h a n h Tin L a n h Methodist, Hgi t h a n h
T m L a n b T h a n h thfl Cong hdi nfldc Anh hdp tac t h a n h lap tru'dng Dai hgc Hiep Hoa, P h u c Kien bao gdm cac khoa nhfl khoa hgc tfl n h i e n , khoa hgc xa hdi Ngoai ra dao Tin L a n h cdn t h a n h liip Vien Y hgc Hiep Hda, Bac Kinh vao n a m
1906, trfldng chuyen n g a n h thfl vien Van Hoa, Vu Xfldng n a m 1929 va trfldng Dili hgc T a m Due n a m 1927
T h a n g 10 n a m 1919, Hdi nghi Hieu trfldng cac trfldng dai hgc thudc Hgi
t h a n h Tin L a n h td chflc tai Thfldng Hai
da t h a n h lap Hgi Lien hiep cac trfldng Dai hgc Hdi t h a n h T r u n g Qud'c T h a n h vien cua Hcii bao gdm; Dai hgc Yen Kinh, Dai hgc Te Ld, Dai hgc Nfl tfl Kim Lang, Dai hgc Kim Lang, Dai hgc Ddng Ngd, Dai hgc H e Giang, Dai hgc T h a n h J o h n Dai bgc Cbi Giang, Dai hgc Hiep Hda Phflc Kien Dai hgc Linh N a m Dai h(.)c
N h a Le T r u n g Quo'c Dai hgc Van Hoa Thfl vien Bac V a n Dili hoc Hiep Ihia Tiiy
Trang 652 Nghien cuu Ton giao Sd6 - 2009
Hoa va Vien Y hgc Hiep Hda Bic Kinh
Ngoai Vien Y hgc Hiep Hda Bic Kinh, cac
trfldng dai hgc tren deu cd giao trinh
chinh quy nganh khoa hgc xa hdi, da sd'
cac trfldng cd nganh khda bgc tfl nhien
mdt sd trfldng cdn cd cac chuyen nganh
khac nhfl ndng nghiep (TrUdng Yen Kinh,
trUdng Kim Lang trUdng Linh Nam);
ThUdng nghiep (trfldng Kim Lang, trfldng
Hg Giang, trfldng Thdnh John); Nha
khoa (trfldng Tay Hda); Lam nghiep
(trfldng Kim Lang); Cdng nghiep hda hgc
(trfldng Ddng Ngd, trfldng Hg Giang);
Phap luat chinh tri (trfldng Ddng Ngd); Y
khoa (trfldng Te Lo, trfldng Thanh John,
trfldng Nha Le, trfldng Tay Hoa); Khoa
Che tao may (trfldng Yen Kinh); Khoa
Chinh tri (trfldng Thanh John); Khoa Y
te dti phdng (trfldng Hiep Hda Phuc
Kien); Khoa Xa hgi hgc (trfldng Hg
Giang); Khoa T h i n hgc (trfldng Van Hoa,
trfldng Tay Hoa, trfldng Yen Kinh trfldng
Te Ld, trfldng Thanh Jdbn, trfldng Hd
Giang) Cflng vdi viec khdng ngflng bd
sung va hoan thien cac chuyen nganh,
cac trfldng dai hgc nay da trd thanh cac
trfldng dai hgc tdng bdp hien dai khien
cho dien mao nganh giao due cao dang,
dai hgc d Trung Qud'c mdi me ban len
Mdt so khoa chuyen nganh cua cac
trfldng nay da trd thanh khoa dflng d i u
trong cac trfldng dai hgc d Trung Qud'c
dfldng thdi nhfl Khoa Phap luat cua Dai
bgc Ddng Ngd, Khoa Thfldng nghiep cua
Dai bgc Thanh Jdhn Khoa Thfl vien cua
Dai hgc Van Khoa Khoa Xa hgi hgc va
Truyen thdng cua Dai hgc Yen Kinh
Trong khi phat trien giao due phd thdng d
Trung Qud'c, dao Tin Lanh cung rat chfl y
den giao due Kitd giao Theo thd'ng ke
nam 1920, cac Giao doan truyen giao Tin
Lanh tren toan Trung Qud'c da xay dflng
dfldc 52 trfldng Thanh kinh nfl, 48 trfldng Thanh kinh nam va 13 khoa than hgc trong cac trfldng dai hgc va vien t h i n hgc Nam 1922, sau khi Phong trao phi Kitd giad bung nd, Chinh phu Trung Quoc bat d i u xem xet den van de qudc hflu hda quyen giao due cua cac trfldng trflc thudc Hdi t h a n h Tin Lanh Nam
1926, Bg Giao due Trung Qud'c ban hanh cac quy dinh ve quy trinh thanh lap trfldng dan lap, khdng cho phep ngfldi nfldc ngoai lam bieu trfldng; chu tich hgi ddng quan tri phai Id ngfldi Trung Qudc Cung vdi viec Trung Qud'c tbflc bien rdng rai che do giao due hien dai, cac trfldng cdng lap va dan lap cua Trung Qud'c khong ngflng gia tang, cac trfldng hgc cua Hdi thanh ngay cang chiem ti le it di trong tdng so' trfldng hgc d Trung Qudc
De bao tdn cac trfldng hgc cua Hdi thanh
va duy tri mau sac rieng cua cac trfldng nay da so cac trfldng deu bay td nguyen vgng tuan thu cac quy dinh cua Chinh phu Trung Qud'c
Mgt ddng gdp dang ke nfla cua cac giao
si truyen giao dao Tin Lanh cho nen giao dtac Trung Qud'c la viec dfla hgc sinh Trung Qud'c ra nfldc ngoai du bgc Sau Chien t r a n h Thudc phien, ngfldi nfldc ngoai bat d i u thu hut Iflu hgc sinh Trung Quoc sang Anh, My du bgc O Trung Qud'c thdi can dai viec cfl ngfldi sang Anh,
My du hgc cd hang tram mdi lien he vdi giad si truyen giao Ba hgc sinh cudi cap ciia hgc dfldng Robert Morrison la ba ngfldi Trung Qud'c d i u tien di du hgc thdi can dai
Nfl Iflu bgc sinh Trung Qud'c dau tien
la de giad si truyen giao Tin Lanh ngfldi
My dfla sang Nhat du hgc
Trang 7S a u k h i cac trfldng dai hgc trflc thudc
Hgi t h a n h dfldc t h a n h lap, so' bgc s i n h di
nfldc ngoai du hgc n g a y c a n g t a n g n h a n h
Trfldng Dili hgc T h a n h J o h n Thfldng H a i
h a n g n a m d e u cd ma'y chuc hgc sinh s a n g
Au, My du bgc Tfl n a m 1872, T r u n g
Qudc b a t d i u c h i n h thflc dfla bgc sinh r a
nfldc ngoai du hgc A n h hfldng cua dao
T m L a n h t r o n g v a n de n a y la r a t rd ret
Hgc s i n h cua cac trfldng trflc thugc Hgi
t h a n h c h i e m sd'Ifldng ldn t r o n g so'Iflu hgc
sinh dfldc dfla s a n g N h a t du hgc vao the
ki XIX D a u t h e ki XX, ti le hgc sinh cac
trfldng trflc t h u d c Hdi t h a n h s a n g My du
hgc cdn ldn hdn n h i e u so vdi the ki XIX
Dao Tin L a n h c u n g ddng gdp mgt p h i n
nha't d i n h t r o n g viec giai phdng phta nfl
va p h a t t r i e n giao due nfl gidi d T r u n g
Qud'c Trfldng hgc d a n h cho nfl gidi d a u
tien tai T r u n g Qud'c thdi e^n dai la de dao
Tin L a n h s a n g l a p H e thd'ng giao due cao
d a n g cho nfl gidi cua dao Tin L a n b da dao
tao cho T r u n g Qud'c mdt the he nfl vien
chflc d i u tien Dgi o g u nfl t r i thflc nay la
nhflng ngfldi d i u t i e n p h a bd nhflng h u
ttac r a n g budc p h u nfl cua che do phong
kien va sdng tfl lap t r o n g xa hdi
Dao Tin l a n h xay dflng va p h a t trien
h e thd'ng giao due cao dang, dai hgc d
T r u n g Qud'c k h i e n cho n e n giao dtac
T r u n g Qud'c cd nhflng tie'n bd m a n g t i n h
lich sii Sfl xua't h i e n cac trfldng dai hgc
cua dao Tin L a n b la bflde dot p h a ldn
t r o n g lieb sii giao dtac T r u n g Qud'c, khien
cho T r u n g Qudc cd he thd'ng giao due cao
d i n g , dai bgc c a n dai Ve cd ban, trfldng
dai bgc cua dad Tin L a n b da vfldt qua
nhflng k b i e m k h u y e t cua b e thdng giao
due t r u y e n t h d n g cua T r u n g Qudc Cac
trfldng diii bgc cua dfio Tin L a n b da m a n g
den cho nen guio dtac cao d i n g , dai bgc
T r u n g Qud'c r a t n h i e u ndi d u n g mdi me
t r e n n h i e u phfldng dien nhfl; md thflc lap trfldng hgc, ndi d u n g giang day bdi dfldng n h a n tai thich flng vdi xa hdi Dieu n a y d a n den sfl r a ddi va p h a t t n e n
he thd'ng giao due cao dang, dai hgc d
T r u n g Qud'c Viec xay diing cac trfldng dai hgc cua Hgi t h a n h Tin L a n h thflc day
T r u n g Qud'c b a t d i u chu t r g n g de'n giao due cao d a n g , dai hgc Hgc s m h tdt nghiep tfl cac trUdng dai hgc cua Hdi
t h a n h Tin L a n h trd t h a n h lUc lugng giao vien t r o n g cac trUdng dai hgc d T r u n g Qud'c Dudi i n h hUdng cua cac trUdng dai hgc thudc Hgi t h a n h Tin L a n h , h a n g loat cac trUdng dai hgc cua T r u n g Qudc bat
d i u t h a n h lap nhU trUdng Dai hgc Bac Dudng, Dai hgc Kinh sfl
TrUdc khi cac trUdng dai hgc cua Hdi
t h a n h Tin L a n h dUdc xay dflng, he thd'ng giao due cao d a n g cua T r u n g Qud'c chu yeu hgc v a n sfl cd dien Den dau the ki
XX, t r i n h do cua trfldng dai bgc thudc Hgi
t h a n h Tin L a n h tdt nha't T r u n g Qudc da
g i n s a n h n g a n g vdi t r i n h do cua cac trfldng dai hgc d Au, My dfldng thdi Sfl
x u a t hien cua cac trfldng dai hgc cua Hgi
t h a n h Tin L a n h da k h i e n cho nen giao dtac cao d i n g , dai hgc T r u n g Quo'c r u t
n g a n k h o i n g each vai t r a m n a m so vdi nen giad due dai hgc Phfldng Tay
III N H C N G D O N G G O P T R O N G
L I N H V l / C Y T E
T r o n g linh vflc y hgc, T r u n g Qud'c vd'n
da cd lich sti r a t l a u ddi va nhflng triet li cflc ki s a u sac, nhflng chu yeu dfla vao sfl sieu h i n h , a m dfldng ngfl h a n h lam can cfl de c h u a n d o a n n g u d n gd'c cua b e n h tat, rdi vao t i n h t r a n g md hd trflu tfldng Nhin c h u n g chflng ta k h d n g the plui
Trang 854 Nghien cuu Ton giao Sf'>'6 - 2009
nhan nhflng mat flu viet nhflng cung
khdng the che giau dfldc nhflng khiem
khuyet cua nd Tfl khi Tay y dfldc truyen
vao Trung Qud'c, nen y hgc Trung Qudc
cang n i y smh nhflng van de bat cap Viec
dfla Tay y hien dai vad Trung Qud'c
khdng the khdng ke den vai trd cua dao
Tin Lanh
Dao Tm Lanh xay diing sfl nghiep y
hgc d Trung Quo'c vdi muc dich thuc day
va phat trien sfl nghiep truyen giao
Nnflng tren phfldng dien khach quan thi
boat dgng chfla benh cua cac giao si
truyen giao dao Tin Lanh da dfla Trung
Qud'c tiep can vdi Tay y, thuc day viec
sang lap nen y hgc hien dai Trung Qudc
Nam 1934 bac si - giao si truyen giao,
Peter Parke cua dao Tin Lanh My de'n
Trung Qud'c Tfl dd Hdi thanh Tm Lanh b i t
diu ket hgp chfla benh vdi truyen giao Sfl
ket hdp nay bao gdm viec cac giao si truyen
giao td chflc cac hdi y hgc, xay dflng cac
phdng kham d canh Hdi thanh Tren cd sd
dd cac benh vien cua Hdi thanh dfldc
thanh lap; cac sach bao, thfl tich lien quan
den nganh y cflng lan Ifldt dflgc xua't bin
Nam 1835, Peter Parke khai trUdng phdng
kham m i t tiai Q u i n g Chau, Day la benh
vien Tay y diu tien do giao si truyen giao
nfldc ngoai xay dflng d Trung Qudc thdi can
dai Cac hiep hgi y hgc do cac giao si truyen
giao Tin Lanh td chflc tiai Trung Qud'c bao
gdm: Hdi Truyen giao y dfldc Trung Hoa
du'dc thanh lap tai Quang Chau nam 1838
Hdi trfldng la Thomas Richardsdn
Cdlledge, Hgi phd la bac si Peter Parke;
Hgi Y Bac Trung Qud'c thanh lap nam
1886, do giao si truyen giao John Glasgow
Kerr lam Hdi trUdng dau tien; Hiep hgi
Truyen giao Chfla benh Trung Qudc thanh
liip nam 1890
Nam 1915 thanh lap Hdi Y bgc Trung Qud'c Nam 1916 Hdi Y hgc Trung Qud'c hgp vdi Hiep hdi Truyen giad chfla benh Trung Qud'c tai Q u i n g Chau va ra quyet nghi ung hg Hdi Thanh nien Tin Lanh Trung Hoa t h a n h lap Uy ban Lien hdp Ve sinh cdng cgng Toan quo'c Nam 1925 Hiep hgi Truyen giao chfla benh Trung Qud'c sap nhap vao Hdi Y hgc Trung Qud'c Nam 1927 Hgi Y hgc Trung Qudc chuyen den Thfldng H i i va doi ten thanh Tong hdi Hdi Y hgc Trung Hoa thiet lap phan hgi tai eac dia phfldng Nam 1932 Hgi Y Bac Trung Quo'c cung sap nhap vao Hgi Y hgc Trung Hoa
Nam 1868, John Glasgow Kerr sang
lap Quang Chdu Tdn bdo tai Quang
Chau, b i t d i u mdt he thd'ng dung tieng Trung Qud'c gidi thieu kien thflc Tay y cho ngfldi Trung Qud'c De'n nam 1884,
Quang Chdu Tdn bdo ddi ten thanh Tdy y Tdn bdo Nam 1872, Benh vien Kinb Do
Thi Bic Kinh phat hanh td Dong Tdy
kie'n vdn luc cung gidi thieu mgt chut
kien thflc Tay y Ngoai ra, nam 1888, Hot
Y Bac Trung Hoa cflng sang lap ra td Y
Bdc Hgi bdo tai Thfldng H i i Cflng trong
giai doan nay, giao si truyen giao Tin Lanh nfldc Anh - Benjamin Hobson, bat
d i u dich va gidi thieu ve he thd'ng thuoc Tay y va nen y hgc Phfldng Tay Nam
1850, dng da bien dich va xuat ban cudn
Todn thi' tdn luan tai Quang Chau; nam
1857 bien dich va xuat ban cud'n Tdy y
li/dc ludn', nam 1858 in cud'n A^g; khoa tdn luan va cudn Bd me vd tre em tdn thuyet
Ngodi ra, giao si Issachar Jacob Roberts
dich cud'n Thudc Tdy trong gia dinh va
xua't ban nam 1850 tai Quang Chau Day
la mdt trong nhflng cudn sach dau titMi, eac giad si truyen giao d Trung Qudc gidi
Trang 9t h i e u ve t h u d c T a y va n e n y bgc Phfldng
Tay Giao si J o h n Glasgow K e r r cung
dich va xua't b a n mgt so' sach nhfl; Tdy
tli/dc li/dc thuyet Cdt chdng todn thii, Ngi
khoa todn thii Danh muc binh chdng
Danh muc thuoc Tdy,
Den trfldc n a m 1900, Hgi t h a n h T m
L a n h da xay dflng dfldc bdn 40 phong
khiim va b e n h vien Nhflng cd sd nay
p h a n bd' tai Q u a n g Ddng, Q u a n g Tay,
Triet Giang, G i a n g Td T r o n g dd, cac
b e n h vien c h u yeu trflc thudc he thd'ng
Tin L a n h nfldc A n h va nfldc My
Cac b e n h vien trflc thudc he t h d n g Tin
L a n b nfldc A n h gdm: B e n h vien N h a n Te,
Thfldng Hai cua Hdi t h a n h L u a n Ddn;
Benh vien N h a n Te, H a n K h i u : Benh
vien Ma Dai P h u , T h i e n T a n ; Benh vien
N h a n Te, Vfl Xfldng; B e n h vien Q u a n g
Te, H a n g C h a u ; Benh vien Sai Tinh,
P h u c (]hau: B e n h vien Bac Hai; Benh
vien P h d Te, Nghi Xfldng; Benh vien Nam
T h a n h Dd: Benh vitin Phuc iim San Dau
cua Hgi t h a n h Tin L a n h Trfldng Lao:
Benh vien Phd Ai, H a n K h a u cua Hgi
t h a n h T m L a n h Methodist
Cac b e n h vien thugc be thd'ng Tin
L a n h nfldc My gdm; B e n h vien Bac Te,
Q u a n g C h a u : B e n h vien P h u nfl va Tre
em Hii C a t va B e n h vien N h u Te cua Hdi
t h a n h T m L a n h Trfldng lad: Benh vien
ich the S a n D i u cua Hdi t h a n h Tin L a n h
B a p t i s t ; B e n h vien T h d n g C h a u cua Hgi
t h a n h Tin L a n b Cdng li; Benh vien Ddng
N h a n , Thfldng Hai cua Hgi t h a n h T m
Liinh Thiinh thfl Cdng bdi; Benh vien
Phu nfl va Trti em T a y Mdn Thfldng Hai;
Benh vien Bac T a p , Td C h a u
S a n g t h e ki XX, b e n h vien cua Hdi
Ihanli p h a t t n e n n h a n h chdng Theo
"Nien giam Kitd giao" n a m 1936 cac giao doan t r u y e n giao Tin Lanh da xay dting dfldc hdn 260 b e n h vien Trong dd, Hdi
t h a n h Tin L a n h T r u n g Hoa cd 67 benh vien; Hdi t h a n h Tin L a n h T h a n h thu Cdng hdi cd 29 benh vien; Hdi t h a n h Tm
L a n h M e t h o d i s t Episcopal cd 25 benh vien; Hgi t h a n h Tin L a n h Baptist cd 20 benh vien: Hdi t h a n h Tm L a n h Methodist
cd 16 b e n h vien: Hgi t h a n h Tin L a n h ngi dia cd 13 b e n h vien: Hgi t h a n h T m Lanh Trfldng lad cd 11 b e n h vien: Hdi t h a n h Tm Lanh T h a n h thfl Cdng hdi T r u n g Hoa Hdi
t h a n h Tin L a n h Cdng li va Hdi t h a n h Tin
L a n h Tin nghia mdi Hdi cd 7 benh vien; Hgi t h a n h T m L a n h An t h a t n h a t va Hdi
t h a n h Tin L a n h H a n h diio mdi Hoi cd 5 benh vien; Hgi T r u y e n guio L u a n Ddn cd 4 benh vien; Hdi t h a n h Tin Lanh Giam li cd
4 benh vien; Hgi t h a n h Tin Liinh Hflu iii
cd 3 benh vien Ngoai ra, cac hoi doan truyen giao khac deu cd benh vien Hdi
t h a n h cua minh,
De bdi dfldng n h a n vien y te cho I Itii
t h a n h , dao Tin L a n b cdn xay dting r a t
n h i e u vien y hgc va trUdng dao tao hd li Den n a m 1937 da cd hdn 140 trUdng vdi
g i n 4.000 bgc s i n h TrUdc n a m 1949, cac
b e n h vien t h u g c Hgi t h a n h Tin Lanh chie'm 70% tdng so' b e n h vien tren toan
T r u n g Qudc; hg li t r o n g cac benh vien nay de'n 90% la tin hflu diao T m L a n h ' " Nhflng b o a t ddng thflc tien chfla benh
va gidi t h i e u ve li l u a n y hgc Phfldng Tay cua cae giao si t r u y e n giao nfldc ngoai da
d a t n e n m d n g d i u tien cho sti p h a t trien cua n e n y hgc Phfldng Tay va T a n dfldc d
T r u n g Qud'c thdi ki can hien dai
{Ki sau ddng tiep)
4 Trac Tan Binh (chii bien) Kie'n thifc ca id ve Kitd
gido Trung Qiidc Nxb Van hoa Ton giao B k Kinh
1999, tr.80