Những xu hướng dân chủ hoá ở các nước Mỹ La Tinh ngày nay.

Thay che da'u tranh vii trang, sif dung cac hinh thiic bad liic gianh chinh quyen nhU trUdc kia la phUdng thiic van ddng, thuyet phuc quan chiing nhan dan; difa ra cifdng linh tranh[r]

CHINH TRi - LUAT

Nu'dc MY LATINH NGAY NAY

^ ^ ^ i ^ r o n g nhUng nam gan day, nen

£w\ chinh tri va ddi sd'ng xa hoi d

^ • J ^ c a c nUdc My Latinh da cd thay

ddi cd ban Met trdng nhutng thay ddi

ndi bat la tie'n trinh dan chu hca dien

ra sau rdng va manh me, the hien qua

cac xu hifdng chu yeu sau day:

1 Md r o n g q u y e n d a n c h u va svf

t h a m gia ciia n h a n d a n v a o c o n g

viec, h o a t d o n g ciia n h a nvfdc

Xu hifdng nay la phd bie'n nha't va

dUdc thiic thi tren nhieu phUdng dien,

trong nhieu linh viic, dd la:

1) Md rdng, bd sung nhutng quy

dinh cua phap luat ve dan chu va

thiic tien hoa nhiing quy dinh dd

Hien phap va phap luat ciia hau he't

cac nudc My Latinh hien nay deu

trang hi cu the va rdng rai cho nhan

dan cac loai quyen dan chu cd ban,

quyen dan chu tiem nang, quyen dan

chu thich ling Thay vi quy dinh

"nhan dan chi dUdc lam nhiing gi ma

luat phap chd phep" nhu trUdc kia,

nhieu nu'dc My Latinh dang ap dung

quy dinh nhu trong Khoan 24 Dieu 2

Hien phap Peru: "Khdng ai hi budc

phai lam nhUng viec ma phap luat

khdng yeu cau, khdng hi cam nhutng

gi ma phap luat khdng ca'm Khdng

han che ve til do ca nhan trii nhutng

trifdng hop ma phap luat quy dinh"

2) Thiic hien binh dtmg moi mat

giuta cac ca nhan, khdng phan biet gidi

ThS Nguyin Anh Hung

Vien Nghien ctiu Chdu My

tinh, chimg tdc, tdn giao, dieu kien kinh te va gia dinh Ve gidi tinh, phu nut dUdc hoan toan binh dang trong sinh hoat chinh tri nhU nam gidi Phu nii d ta't ca cac nUdc My Latinh hien nay deu dUdc quyen bau cif va iing cif

Cd tdi 14 quo'c gia d khu viic nay quy dinh phai cd it nha't 40%) so' ifng vien tranh cif vao cac cUdng vi cdng quyen

la nii O Argentina, Cdsta Rica va Cuba nhiing nam gan day, ty le nii nghi si tai Qud'c hoi ludn chie'm 40-50%) Ve chimg tdc, viec phan biet mau da - chi ngUdi da trang va metizo (ngUdi ban dia lai da trang) mdi dUdc tham gia hdat ddng chinh tri nhU trUdc kia - nay da bi bai be; thilc hien binh dang va khuyen khich ta't ca cac chung tdc, sac tdc (dng Mdrales ngUdi

da dd dUdc ifng cif va da dac cif Tdng thd'ng Bdlivia la mot vi du tieu bieu)

Ve tdn giao va dieu kien kinh te, gia dinh, trUdc kia de ra tranh cif vao chinh quyen, ifng cif vien thUdng phai dap ifng quy dinh bat budc la ngUdi thed Cdng giao, xua't than tif tang ldp trung lUu hoac thUdng luu va cd lUdng tai san dam bad dang ke, ngay nay hau he't cac nUdc My Latinh da bai be nhutng tieu chuan cau ky dd, chi quy dinh ve dd tudi va nang lilc (dien hinh nhu dng Toledo, Tong thd'ng Peru nhiem ky 2001-2006, vd'n xua't than tif tang ldp ha lUu va ban than tifng la mot cau be danh giay)

CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 10-2009 23

3) T a n g cUdng vai trd cua qud'c hdi

va n h a n d a n dUdc cif dai dien t h a m dii

hop qud'c hoi, t h a m chi dUdc de xua't

dii l u a t

4) H a mufc tudi va t h a n h p h a n dUdc

quyen b a u cif TrUdc kia, m e t sd' nUdc

My L a t i n h quy d i n h cdng d a n p h a i 21

tudi trd len mdi dUdc di be p h i e u va

gidi h a n k h a t k h e t h a n h p h a n dUdc

quyen b a u cif H i e n nay, t a t ca cac

nUdc My L a t i n h deu chd p h e p cdng

dan tii 18 tudi trd len dUdc di bd phieu

va chi ca'm n h i i n g ngUdi dudi mifc tudi

dd, hdac n h i i n g ngUdi hi b e n h t h a n

kinh h a y bi tUdc q u y e n cdng d a n

5) N h a n d a n dUdc t n i c tie'p quye't

dinh nhiing v a n de t r o n g dai cua qud'c

gia H i n h thifc h i e u q u a nha't la trUng

cau y d a n da dUdc ap d u n g t a i n h i e u

nUdc My L a t i n h h i e n n a y C h a n g b a n ,

tai Peru, trUng c a u y d a n dien r a khi

cc viec sifa ddi mot p h a n h a y t d a n bd

Hien p h a p ; t h d n g q u a cac n g u y e n tac

vdi quy che p h a p l u a t ; t h d n g qua cac

quy dinh cua t h a n h phd'; va cac v a n de

lien q u a n tdi tie'n t r i n h p h a n quyen

TrUng cau y d a n ciing da ap d u n g tai

Venezuela vdi va'n de t a i ifng cif tdng

thd'ng, tai Bolivia vdi va'n de qud'c hUu

hoa cac cdng ty n a n g lUdng

N h u vay, cd t h e ndi, day la xu

hudng r d n g r a i va da d a n g nha't cua

tie'n t r i n h d a n c h u h c a My L a t i n h ,

ddng thdi ciing la xu h u d n g quye't

dinh hieu q u a , gia t r i va mifc dd cua

tie'n t r i n h d a n chu Dii cd nhutng biit

pha, tie'n be d a n g ke va chac c h a n se

tie'p tuc p h a t t r i e n t r c n g tUdng lai,

nhiing xu hUdng n a y ciing cdn h a n

che k h d n g de k h a c p h u c la t a c n e n

nguy cd ldn xdn, m a t dn d i n h xa hdi

va l a m ye'u di q u y e n liic n h a nUdc

Tieu bieu nha't la trUdng hdp

A r g e n t i n a n h i i n g n a m 2000-2002: dd

t i n h t r a n g k i n h te t a i c h i n h suy sup,

l a m p h a t p h i m a va tha't n g h i e p t a n g

Vdt, n h i e u n h d m ngUdj ldi d u n g quyen

d a n chu r d n g r a i da bai cdng, bieu

t i n h rdi bie'n t h a n h bao loan, cUdp pha

t r i e n mien k h a p da't nUdc; chinh quyen ba't liic, k h d n g giai quye't ndi dii trong 18 t h a n g da p h a i 5 lan t h a y ddi Tdng thd'ng

2 C a c d a n g p h a i m d i h o a c n h o

d e u CO s\i p h a t t r i e n viidt b a e ,

n a m giiJ dvtdc q u y e n liic c h i n h tri

v a t a o d\idc v i t h e q u a n t r o n g

t r o n g x a h o i

Xu hudng nay h i n h t h a n h va p h a t trien m a n h tif dau nhiing n a m 1990 Nguyen n h a n la do cac dang phai ldn truyen thd'ng da m a t dan uy tin, nhudng vi t h e cho nhUng dang va phong trao mdi vd'n budc vao vii dai chinh tri vdi nhieu muc dich, ke hoach

la, thiic te va r a t cud'n hiit sii thif nghiem thudng cd d cif tri Ddng thdi, cac dang nhd ciing thay ddi cd ban chie'n lUdc va phUdng thifc b e a t ddng, phii hdp va thich ifng n h a n h vdi thUc tien Ke't qua la, che dd ddc dang hcae ludng dang ky ciiu luan phien n a m giii quyen liic n h a nUdc da dan t a n ra, thay vac dd la cac d a n g mdi va vai trd cua cac dang nhd ciing dUdc n a n g cac Chang h a n , dang Lad ddng Brazil (PT)

t h a n h lap n a m 1980, chi la mdt dang nhd, ye'u dt va chi gianh dUdc 3,5% sd' phieu trdng ky b a u cif tdng thd'ng n a m 1982; nhUng tif nhiing n a m 1990, dang nay cai tc va p h a t trien r a t manh, rdi

t h a n g lien tiep t r e n g hai ky bau cif tdng thd'ng (cac n a m 2002, 2006) vdi sd phieu t h u dUdc deu t r e n 60% Cdn tai Peru, dang Gamble du chi t h a n h lap

t h a n g 1/1990, nhUng 3 t h a n g sau da cd tdi 200.000 t h a n h vien va t h a n g 6/1990

da trd t h a n h liic lUdng chinh tri m a n h nha't nUdc, khie'n C h u tich dang Fujimcri dac cif 3 nhiem ky tdng thd'ng hen tie'p (cac n a m 1990, 1995 va 2000)

N h i n chung, xu h u d n g n a y d a n g

k h a phd bie'n, nhUng chUa cd sii d a m

bao lau ben va vufng chac do mot so'

nguyen n h a n Thvt nhdt, cac d a n g

mdi, d a n g nhd chifa cd n h i e u t h a n h

tich va kinh nghiem n h u cac d a n g ldn,

d a n g cam quyen t r u y e n thd'ng Thti

hai, t a m ly va n h u can cif tri My

L a t i n h hien nay r a t n h a n h bien ddi

Thii ba, cac d a n g mdi h a u het chi nhif

cac lien minh vdi cd can td chiic va

boat ddng long leo thieu sii r a n g budc

va ldng t r u n g t h a n h Vi vay, de giU

vUng va p h a t trien vi t h e q u a n t r o n g

ciia minh, cac dang mdi va nhd can

tiep tuc cai td thd'ng nha't va thiic

hien nhUng chien lifdc ddi phd c a n h

t r a n h thich hdp vdi cac d a n g ldn

truyen thd'ng

3 H i n h t h a n h d a d a n g , p h o n g

p h i i n h i i n g t o c h i f c x a h o i , n h i i n g

p h o n g t r a o d a i d i e n c h o ldi i c h

c u a d a n c h i m g

Xu hudng nay d a n g p h a t t r i e n

m a n h 0 mdi nUdc My L a t i n h , ngoai

cac dang phai chinh tri, hien cdn cd

tdi h a n g t r a m , h a n g ngan td chifc,

phong trao dai dien cho ldi ich ngifdi

dan, tieu bieu n h a t la "cac td chifc

khdng d a n g phai" Lcai h i n h "cac td

chuc khdng d a n g phai" bao gdm

nbUng td chiic h a n g xdm, nhiing

nhdm dau bep trong cdng ddng, nhiing

hdi k m h te binh dan, nhUng td chifc

phi chinh phu Mdi ngudi d a n My

L a t m h cd the cd hoac k h d n g t h a m gia

mot d a n g phai chinh tri, nhUng

thUdng ludn t h a m gia vai td chifc nhU

vay bdi nhutng td, chiic dd dai dien

hieu qua cho quyen ldi thiet thiic cua

ho N h u n g td chiic ay chh yeu q u a n

t a m den cudc sd'ng thifdng ngay d mile

VI md (nhu n h a n dUdc cac dich vu

dien, nu'dc, h a n g hoa, giao due va y

te ) va t h u d n g img ho cac d a n g p h a i

c h i n h tri theo each thich hdp de dat dUdc m u c dich cua m i n h , nhUng cung

de n i t lai sii i m g h e dd k h i nd khdng tad r a ke't q u a ro r a n g Cac td chifc

k h d n g d a n g p h a i a n h hUdng d a n g ke de'n n h i e u h o a t ddng c h i n h tri, nha't la viec b a u cif d ca'p dia phUdng, cd sd

4 Co SLf l i e n m i n h r o n g r a i giiJa

c a c d a n g p h a i , t o chifc, p h o n g t r a o Day ciing la m e t xu h u d n g phd bie'n

t r d n g tie'n t r i n h d a n chu hca d cac nudc My L a t i n h h i e n nay Sii lien

m i n h ra't r d n g r a i , t h e hien dudi ba

h i n h thifc cd b a n : 1) Lien m i n h t r o n g cimg mot md

h i n h , p h o n g t r a o , C h a n g b a n , dang

Xa hoi Chile (PS) dUdc t h a n h lap tren

cd sd lien m i n h va s a p n h a p 5 dang

p h a i c a n h ta: H e a t ddng Xa hdi chu

n g h i a (ARS), Xa hdi chu nghia

M a r x i s t (PSM), Xa hdi thd'ng n h a t (PSU), H a n h ddng cong chiing mdi (NAP) va M e n h l e n h Xa hdi chu nghia (OS) Tai V e n e z u e l a , d a n g Xa hdi Dan chil thd'ng nha't dUdc t h a n h lap ngay 29/1/2007 t r e n cd sd lien m i n h va hdp nha't P h o n g t r a o N e n cdng boa thif

n a m (MVR) cua Tong thd'ng Chavez vdi hdn 20 d a n g p h a i c a n h ta khac 2) Lien m i n h vdi md hinh, phcng trad k h a c q u a n diem ( t h a m chi ddi lap) nhUng v a n t r c n g cimg Hnh viic Chang

b a n , d a n g Cdng ly (PJ) d Argentina thiic te la lien m i n h giiia h a i phai theo chu n g h i a Peron - mot p h a i cifng ran, bao thii va mot p h a i m e m deo, dn hoa Tai P e r u , Lien m i n h C a n h ta thd'ng nha't (lU) dUdc t h a n h lap til dau nhiing n a m 1980 la t a p hdp 9 dang

p h a i c a n h t a - luc h d a t ddng chung vi Lien m i n h , liic lai h e a t ddng rieng nhU

9 n h d m chinh- tri k h a c biet Cdn dang

c a n h ta d a n t u y APRA cua P e r u cd thdi ky lien m i n h t r a n h cif vdi ca cac

d a n g p h a i c a n h hutu va c a n h t r u n g

CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 10-2009 25

3) Lien m i n h khac linh viic Chang

b a n , d a n g chinh tri Gamble d Peru cd

lien m i n h m a t thiet va dUdc hd trd dac

lUc bdi cac td chifc k i n h te' q u a n trong d

nudc nay n h u Td chute Cdng nghiep

qud'c gia (SNI) va Lien minh qud'c gia

c a c doanh nghiep t u n h a n (CONFIEP)

Tuy n h i e n , b a n c h a t cua nhiing

h i n h thifc lien m i n h r d n g r a i t r e n deu

k h a long leo va k h d n g lau ben Lien

minh thUdng chi c a n thie't k h i cimg

hdp sifc giai q u y e t n h i i n g va'n de ldn

hoac trUdc cac ky b a u cif q u a n trong

Xong viec, lien m i n h t h u d n g t a n ra

hdac t u giai t a n

5 K i m c h e h i e u q u a h o a t d o n g

va a n h hifdfng c u a c a c liic lifdng

p h i d a n c h i i t r u y e n t h o n g

Song h a n h cimg tien t r i n h d a n chu

hoa d nhutng nUdc My L a t i n h trong

thdi gian gan day la viec kim che hieu

qua boat ddng va a n h hUdng cua cac

Ilic lUdng phi d a n chu t r u y e n thd'ng

-nha't la q u a n ddi va n h a thd Cdng giad

Q u a n ddi vd'n la cdng cu bad ve va

tra'n ap dac liic cua cac n h a nUdc tai

My L a t i n h Liic lUdng n a y t h u d n g til

gia t a n g q u y e n lUc b a n t h a n , can

thiep s a u rdng vao cac chinh sach va

boat ddng cua n h a nUdc (dinh cao la

lat do che do d a n sii, thie't lap che do

ddc tai q u a n sii), ddng thdi giam bdt,

bai bd, n g a n ca'm n h i e u q u y e n d a n

chu cua n h a n d a n Tuy n h i e n , tif cudi

nhiing n a m 1980, h i e n p h a p n h i e u

nUdc My L a t i n h da dUa r a va thiic

hien sii gidi b a n d a n g ke vai trd cua

q u a n ddi: q u a n ddi p h a i la liic lUdng

t r u n g lap, k h d n g t h a m gia cac h e a t

ddng c h i n h t r i , k h d n g sif d u n g cac

bien p h a p p h a n d a n chu, ngUdi difng

dau liic lUdng vii t r a n g (bd trUdng

qud'c phdng, bd trUdng a n ninh ) p h a i

la q u a n chifc d a n sii chii k h d n g phai

la cac t u d n g linh q u a n sii v.v

Nhutng ke't q u a dem lai t h a t k h a

q u a n , c h a n g h a n : sud't thdi ky

1930-1980, cd tdi 40% nhutng t h a y ddi n h a nUdc d My L a t i n h dien r a sau dad chinh q u a n sii; giai d e a n 1981-1990 giam mot nifa - chi chiing cdn 20%, va

h o a n toan k e t thiic vao n a m 1991 (nam xay r a cudc dao chinh q u a n sii cudi cimg tai Haiti)

La qudc dao cua h a u b e t cac nUdc

My L a t i n h , Cdng giao cd a n h hudng ldn va n h a thd trd t h a n h mdt thie't che

d a n g ke t r o n g he thd'ng chinh tri Tac ddng cua nd t r o n g tien t r i n h dan chu,

t r o n g b o a t ddng b a n h a n h va thiic thi

l u a t p h a p k h d n g gay gat nhU cua

q u a n ddi, nhUng s a u rdng, ben lau va khd t h a y ddi Q u a n he, a n h hudng cua

n h a thd Cdng giao ddi vdi he thd'ng chinh tri k h a rdng: dUa cac tin dieu, giao ly vao cac v a n b a n p h a p l u a t cua

n h a nUdc; bao l a n h tdi cao ve m a t t i n h

t h a n cho cac b o a t ddng chinh tri; diing ra d a n xep x u n g dot giuta cac

t h i e t che chinh tri hoac giuta cac d a n g phai ddi lap; va cdng k h a i trd giiip hdac p h a n ddi nhiing n h a n vat cd the liic cua chinh quyen (dien h i n h nhU viec Hdi ddng Giad si A r g e n t i n a tiing

keu gdi ta't ca cac t i n do Cdng giac

nUdc nay bd phieu cho ifng cif vien Peron n a m 1946, nhd vay ma dng dac cif tdng t h d n g vdi sd' p h i e u k h a cao NhUng n a m 1955, ciing chinh Peron

hi nhdm q u a n sii lat do ngay sau khi

dng hi n h a thd n i t phep thdng cdng triing p h a t do trUdc dd dng dam dUa mot sd' quy dinh bai hac Cdng giao vao trong cac trUdng hoc) Dii n h a thd Cdng giad d i n h hUdng, tad hy vong va

difc tin cho tin do, nhUng muc dich

thiic te la me hoac tin dd va phuc vu ldi ich, quyen liic cua gidi l a n h dad Cdng giad n e n nd bi cci la liic lUdng phi dan chu C h i n h vi t h e , tif dau nhUng n a m 1990, h a n g loat nUdc My

Latinh da ban hanh nhutng dao luat

kim che anh hifdng cua Cdng giac:

tach biet nha thd khdi nha nUdc, thiic

hien binh dang giiia cac tdn giac, cac

tin dd dUdc tii do liia chon boat ddng

chinh tri theo phap luat, gidi ban hoac

bai bd han quy dinh ifng cif vien quan

chifc nha nifdc phai la ngifdi theo

Cdng giao v.v

6 Dang phai va phong trao

canh ta - dai dien cho tif tifdng,

hoat dong dan chu, tien bo va cho

dong dao nhan dan - phat trien

manh nie, nam giii phan ldn

quyen liic nha nifdfc

Dang phai va phong trao canh ta

tren the gidi hinh thanh til cud! the ky

XVIIL nhUng thiic sii phat trien sdi

ddng vdi nhieu thang tram treng sud't

the ky XX Neu nhif treng nhiing nam

1920-1990, dang phai va phong trao

canh ta cUc thinh d phan phia Ddng

chau Au vdi hien than la chu nghia xa

hdi thi cudi the ky XX va dau the ky

XXI, sau sU sup dd cua Lien Xd va he

thd'ng xa hdi chu nghia Ddng Au, sU

phat trien canh ta lai "dinh cU" d My

Latinh Ma'y nam gan day, dang phai

canh ta cua cac nUdc thudc chau luc

nay da gan nhu ddng loat nam giii dUdc

chifc vu tdng thd'ng - cUdng vi difng dau

he thd'ng chinh tri mdi qud'c gia cdng

hoa: Venezuela (nam 1998), Chile

(2000), Brazil (2002), Argentina (2003),

Panama (2004) Uruguay (2004),

Bolivia (2005), Ecuador Nicaragua va

Peru (2006) va gan day nhat la El

Salvador (trong cudc bau cif tdng thd'ng

ngay 15/3/2009 tai nUdc nay, iing \aen

Mauricid Funes cua dang canh ta Mat

tran Giai phdng Dan tdc Farabundd

Marti da dac cif vdi 51,3% tdng sd

phieu cif tn)

Cd difdc nhiing thanh qua tren, ve

mat khach quan la do sU pha san md

hinh kinh te ciia chu nghia tii do mdi Tren thiic te, d phan ldn cac nUdc My Latinh da chiing minh chu nghia tii

do mdi khdng giai quye't dUdc cac va'n

de kinh te - xa hdi bifc xiic, khdng dap ifng diidc nhiing nhu cau, nguyen vong chinh dang cua ddng dao nhan dan lao ddng Nhutng nam^ gan day, cugc da'u tranh cua quan chiing ddi cai thien ddi sd'ng, chd'ng chinh sach kinh te cua nha nUdc, ddi giai quye't viec lam da nd ra d nhieu qud'c gia

ma dinh cac da khie'n mot sd' tdng thd'ng cua cac dang canh hutu phai tif chifc - nhu da dien ra d Ecuadcr, Peru, Bdlivia Cdn ve mat chu quan, thanh cdng dat dUdc dd cac dang phai canh ta da bie't ddi mdi tU duy va phUdng thifc boat dong Thay che da'u tranh vii trang, sif dung cac hinh thiic bad liic gianh chinh quyen nhU trUdc kia la phUdng thiic van ddng, thuyet phuc quan chiing nhan dan; difa ra cifdng linh tranh cif phii hdp vdi nguyen vong cua nhan dan lao ddng; biet tap hdp cac lilc lUdng va cac chinh sach lien minh' rdng rai; tang cUdng doan ket, lien ket cac phong trao canh

ta va tien bo khac nhau trong nu'dc va khu viic, da'u tranh nghi trUdng vdi nhiing muc tieu hap dan cif tri

Nhin chung, trong nhutng nam vifa qua, da sd chinh phu canh ta d My Latinh da tuyen bd' hoac da thiic thi cai each kinh te - xa hoi, chuyen tii

md hinh chu nghia tii dd mdi sang md hinh kinh te thi trUdng ket hdp giai quyet cac van de dan chu va xa hdi; day manh chien dich chd'ng tham nhiing; tie'n hanh cac chUdng trinh: cai each rudng dat, xda ddi giam nghed, Xda nan mu chut, tad cdng an viec lam, cung ca'p tin dung va vd'n chd doanh nghiep vii'a va nhd, xay diing nha d cho ngu'di nghee, cai thien dich vu y te, phat trien van hca cdng

CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 10-2009 27

ddng dieu c h i n h met sd' l u a t theo

h u d n g coi t r o n g ldi ich qud'c gia va cd

ldi chd ngUdi lad ddng Ve ddi ngoai,

t u y chUa h o a n t o a n t h o a t khdi sii le

thudc vao My nhUng dudng ldi ddi

ngoai cua cac nUdc n a y da t h e hien rd

xu h u d n g mong mud'n cd sii doc lap

nhieu hdn Cac nUdc t r c n g k h u viic da

ndi lai va t a n g cUdng hdp tac vdi

Cuba, p h a n ddi c h i n h sach bae vay

ca'm v a n cua My ddi vdi qud'c gia xa

hdi chu n g h i a nay; i m g ho tie'n t r i n h

dan chil boa t r o n g q u a n h e qud'c te va

cai td Lien hdp qud'c; img hd cudc da'u

t r a n h chd'ng chu n g h i a k h i m g bd';

pha'n da'u vi mdt t r a t tii t h e gidi mdi,

dan chu va b i n h d a n g , vi hoa binh,

ddc lap d a n tdc va tie'n bd xa hdi

Ben c a n h n h i i n g t h u a n ldi va t h a n h

tUu d a n g ke, liic lUdng canh ta My

L a t i n h cung d a n g p h a i dUdng dau,

vUdt qua n h i e u khd k h a n , thif thach

Trcng chien lUdc toan cau ndi chung

va chien lUdc cci My L a t i n h la "san

sau" cua minh, chac c h a n My se tim

mci each chd'ng pha, n g a n can liic

lUdng c a n h ta len cam quyen, ngan

chan chinh p h u tie'n be tai mdi qud'c

gia thiic hien cac chUdng trinh, ke

beach thien ta de ra Met sd' dang canh

ta (d El Salvador Nicaragua ) tifng

t h a m gia t r a n h cif tdng thd'ng nhieu

lan nhUng chUa hoac it gianh t h a n g ldi

mdt p h a n dd sii can thiep thd bao,

t r a n g trdn cua My Vdi nhiing chinh

p h u tie'n bd len cam quyen, cac dang

phai c a n h hiiu t r u y e n thd'ng ludn tim

each can pha, chinh p h u mdi lai chUa

q u a n ly dUdc t c a n bd nen k i n h te va

phUdng tien t h d n g tin dai chiing, vi

vay cdn n h i e u khd k h a n t r c n g dieu

h a n h , b i n h dn d a t nUdc Ve m a t chu

quan, d mdt sd' nUdc My L a t i n h , dang

c a n h ta cdn p h a n t a n , chUa dean ket,

chUa cd t r u n g t a m du m a n h va uy tin

de t a p hdp liic lUdng O khdng it chinh

phii tie'n be cam quyen, dc phai lien minh rdng rai de dac cut, nen da gap nhieu khd k h a n t r c n g dieu h a n h vi cd nhieu t u tUdng, k h u y n h hudng khac

n h a u t r c n g b a n l a n h dad, khd di den

sii thd'ng nha't chung O nhieu dang

canh ta (nha't la thudc phai ta dan tuy), te Sling bai ca n h a n cdn phd bien, tac cd hdi cho l a n h t u dang phd trUdng

va lam quyen NhUng khd k h a n , b a n che nay khdng de va khdng the sdm khac phuc, p h u thudc vac nhieu ye'u td', a n h hudng chu quan, khach q u a n

va ca vao nhUng t h a y ddi cua tien trinh dan chu boa •

Tdi lieu tham khdo:

1, Richard Hillman, Understanding Contemporary Latin America, Lynne Rienner, London, 2001,

2, Diana Kapiszewski, Encyclopedia of Latin American Politic; Oryx Press Westport, 2002,

3, David De Ferranti, Inequality in Latin America,

The World Banl^, Washington DC, 2004

4, Siri Gloppen & Lise Rakner, Globalization and Democratization: Changllenges for Political Parties,

Fagbok, Bergen, 2007

.5, Eduardo Lora, The State and State Reform in Latin America American Development Bank, New York,

2007,

6 Ho Chau, Tran Mai Chi & Nguyen Viet Thao, My Latinh - mot viing ndng dong, NXB Chinh tri quo'c

gia, Ha Npi, 1998

7 Nguyen Dang Dung, Hinh thu'c ciia cdc nhd niidc duang dai, Nxb The gidi, Ha Noi, 2004

8 Nguyen Chu Dudng, The che nhd niidc ciia cdc qudc gia tren the gidi, Nxb Tit phap, Ha Noi 2005,

9 Mai Ly Quang (chii bien), 250 qudc gia vd viing lanh thd tren the gidi, Nxb The gidi, Ha Noi, 200.5

10 Do Minh Hdp & N g u y i n Kim Lai, Nhiing vdn dS todn cdu trong thdi dgi ngdy nay Nxb Giao duc,

Ha Noi, 2006

11 Pham Thai Viet, Todn cdu hod: Nhiing bien ddi ldn trong ddi sdng chinh tri qudc te vd vdn hod

Nxb Khoa hoc Xa hoi, Ha Noi, 2006,

12 Peter Calvocoressi, Chinh tri the gidi ,sau ndm

1945 Nxb Lao dong, Ha Noi 2007

13 N g u y i n Dang Dung & Nguyen Chu DUdng Liic/c gidi to chiic bq mdy nhd niidc cua cdc qudc gia,

Nxb Lao dong Xa hoi, Ha Noi, 2007

14 Cac website:

www.opendemocracy.net www.socialistaction.org www.politicalstudies.org www foreignaffairs.org www.latinamericanperspectives.com en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_politics