Nam 1959, Cuba da thUc hien cai each riiong dat lan thfl I, xda bo sU thong tri cua tu ban nUdc ngoai, dflng dau la tif ban My trong nong nghiep Cuba va van gifl nguyen tang ldp tif [r]
Trang 1c u o c KHANG CHIEN CHONG MY
• cuu NUOC CUA VIET NAM
• VOI CACH MANG CUBA (1959-1975)
NGUYEN NGOC MAO^"
Thdi gian cang lui xa, y nghia va
t a m voc t h a n g ldi ciia cupc k h a n g
chien cho'ng My, cUu nUdc ciia n h a n dan
Viet Nam cang ldn T h a n g ldi dd "di vdo
lich sii the gidi nhii mot chien cong vl dcii
ciia the ky XX, mot sii kien co tdm voc
quan trgng quoc te to ldn vd co tinh thdi
dgi sdu sde.""'
D6'i vdi each m a n g Cuba, t h a n g lpi cua
cupc k h a n g chien cho'ng My, cUu nUdc cua
n h a n dan Viet N a m co y nghia khong nhd
Cupc each m a n g giai phong d a n tpc d
Cuba dien ra tfl n a m 1953 va gianh dUdc
t h i n g ldi vao ngay 1-1-1959 trong b6i
canh quo'c te het sUc phUc t a p cua cupc
Chien t r a n h lanh d a n g dien ra gay gat
Luc nay vai tro chinh tri cung nhu' tiem
liic kinh te, q u a n sU eua My d a n g d dinh
diem Nhflng t h a n h qua ma n h a n dan
Cuba vfla g i a n h dfldc phai dflng trUdc thif
thach v6 cung 16n lae
Ngay 13-4-1959, mpt td bad My "New
Yerk H e r a l d T r i b u n e " da de 16: "Ne'u
Caxtdro ddu hdng, ong co the hy vgng vdo
sii thay doi vd giup dd eda My" '^' My da
rat chu q u a n cho rang, vdi sflc m a n h
d a n g d dinh cao, hp cd the lam t h a y d6i dupc dudng 16i cua chinh p h u each m a n g bang n h u n g bien p h a p k i n h te va ngoai giao, ma kh6ng can phai vfl t r a n g xam lupc trUc tiep Trong n h a n thUc cua My, cung n h u cac nUdc My L a t i n h , each m a n g Cuba c h a n g qua chi la mpt cupc dao chinh nha nUc3c, hoar n h u nhUng phong trao dan chu khac n h a m lat do che dp dpc tai thUdng xay r a d k h u vtic, n h u d Peru
n a m 1956, d C61dmbia n a m 1957, d Veneduyela n a m 1958 Hdn nUa, My da lam tudng, P h i d e n Caxtdro - linh h6n cua each m a n g Cuba - chi la mpt chien si yeu nU6c mu6'n t h a y t h e chinh quyen dpc tai bang mpt chinh quyen dan chii hdn Tren thUc te, ngay tfl khi con la sinh vien cua trUdng Dai hpc La H a b a n a , P h i d e n Caxtdr6 da chiu a n h hUdng m a n h me ciia chu nghia Mac-Lenin''^' Va each m a n g Cuba, la cupc each m a n g giai phdng dan tpc, lay chu nghia Mac-Lenin lam ngpn
cd t u tudng, mpt tru'dng hdp dien h i n h d
k h u viic My L a t i n h Vdi t u tudng each m a n g triet de, chinh
p h u Cuba thiic hien nhflng cai each dan
TS Nguyen Ngoc Mao Vien Si( hoc
Trang 218 Nghien ciru Ddng Nam A 5/2010
chii sau sac va cUdng q u y e t Idai bd dia vi
ciia My d qu6c dao nay Dieu dd khien My
quay s a n g chinh sdch cong khai tieu diet
che do Caxtdro ke tii ddu ndm 1960 ''"
Bien p h a p dau tien la My buy be n h a p
700 ngan t a n dudng tU Cuba N h u c h u n g
ta da biet, n g a n h mia dUdng Cuba vd'n la
cpt Sd'ng cua nen kinh te Sau de My xay
d u n g t r e n l a n h t h e cac nU6c n h u ,
G d a t e m a l a , N i c a r a g e a he th6'ng s a n
bay, cd sd q u a n sU bad q u a n h Cuba, vien
trd 1 trieu d6 la che cac n h d m p h a n each
mang, bd s u n g 1.500 linh t h u y d a n h bp
chd can cU q u a n sU My d G u a n t a n a m d va
tien h a n h nhieu cupc t a p t r a n hudng vao
Cuba Hdn nfla, luc nay, t r d n g he thdng
chinh tri Cuba, tuy c h i n h quyen each
m a n g da dUdc thie't lap, song van d t i n h
t r a n g t a m thdi Ba td chUc each mang,
Phdiig trad 26 t h a n g Bay, D a n g Xa hpi
N h a n dan (Dang Cpng s i n ) Ban Chi dao
each m a n g 13 t h a n g Ba chUa hdp vad T6
chfle each m a n g th6'ng nha't
Do la nguy cd r a t 16n do'i v6i da't nu6c
Cach m a n g Cuba p h a i lUa chpn mpt trong
hai con dUdng: mpt la, chiu k h u a t phuc
trUdc sUc m a n h ghe g6m cua My; hai la,
quyet t a m b i d ve dpc lap d a n tpc cua
minh Cach m a n g Cuba da chpn con
dudng t h u hai P h i d e n Caxtdrd va cac n h a
l a n h dad each m a n g Cuba r a t n h a y ben
v6i thdi cupc va hieu r a n g , muon b i d ton
dupc mpt nen dpc lap t h a t sU phai gan bo
v6i chu nghia xa hpi Cong cuoc gidi
phong ddn tgc vd gidi phong xd hgi ciia
chung ta gdn bo chat che vdi nhau, tien len
Id mot tdt yeu lich sii, diing lgi Id hen nhdt
vd phdn bgi"'-^\
Trong thdi diem lich sif do, Cuba da
n h a n h chong de'n vdi Viet N a m Ngay 0 2 -12-1960, hai nUde c h i n h thUc thiet lap
q u a n he ngoai giao Ba M e n b a H e c n a n d e
- nguyen C h u tich uy b a n Cuba doan ke't vdi Viet N a m da n h a n xet r a t xac dang
r i n g , c h i n h P h i d e n Caxtdro la ngudi dau tien p h a t hien ra Viet N a m va tim tha'y d day mpt tiem n a n g each m a n g r a t 16n, dieu d a n g c i n cho each m a n g Cuba"''
C u n g vao thdi diem lich sif nay, tren tinh t h a n Nghi quye't 15 t h a n g 1-1959,
D a n g Cpng s a n Viet N a m di den quyet
dinh tad bad va s a n g su6't ve " con diidng phdt trien cd bdn cua cdeh mang Viet Nam d mien Nam Id khdi nghia gidnh chinh quyen ve tay nhdn ddn'^'K Day la
budc c h u y e n h u d n g ciia each m a n g tU da'u
t r a n h boa binh, doi hiep thUdng, tie'n tdi tho'ng nha't da't nUdc, s a n g d a u t r a n h vfl
t r a n g khdi nghia g i a n h c h i n h quyen Dai hpi III ciia D a n g (9-1960) k h i n g dinh nhiem vu cd b a n cua each m a n g mien
N a m la " ddnh do tap dodn thd'ng tri doc tdi Ngo Dinh Diem, tay sai cua de quo'c My thiic hien doc lap ddn tgc, cdc quyen tii do, ddn chii vd cdi thien ddi song nhdn ddn, gia vi/ng hoa binh, thiic hien thong nhd't niidc nhd tich ciic gop phdn bdo ve hoa binh d Dong Nam d vd the gidi"^^\
Su chuyen h u d n g cua each m a n g Viet
N a m vdi q u y e t t a m d a n h My, giai p h e n g mien N a m , t h e n g nha't da't nU6c da tac dpng k h d n g nhd de'n q u a t r i n h p h a t trien sau dd cua each m a n g C u b a
Khi chien lUdc "Chien t r a n h dac biet" (1961-1965) cua My h o a n t o a n bi p h a san, Cuba ddng thdi tha'y ro k h a n a n g cua phong t r a o giai p h o n g d a n tpc t r e n cac luc dia va each m a n g Cuba co t h e d a n h bai
Trang 3Nguyen Ngoc Mao - Cudi- khdng chien chong My cifu mfdc 19
chien lUdc toan c i u p h a n Ung linh boat
cua My Ve van de nay, C h u tich Hd Chi
Minh da n h a n d i n h tU t h a n g 3-1964:
"Cuoc "chien tranh ddc biet" md chung
dang thi nghiem d mien Nam Viet Nam dd
thdt bgi, thi chiing se that bai d bdt ky ndi
ndo khde Dd Id y nghia qudc te cua cuoc
ddu tranh yeu niidc cua dong bdo mien
Nam ta ddi vdi phong trdo gidi phdng ddn
tgc tren the gidi"^-^\
Ngay tfl dau n a m 1963, khi chien t h i n g
ap Bac ciia Viet N a m budc d a u lam pha
san loai chien lUdc mdi nay ciia My, Che
Guevara da n h a n dinh My se ap dung loai
chien t r a n h dd t r e n k h i p luc dia chau My
va se khdng t r a n h khdi sU t h a t bai Che
Guevara dong thdi n h a n m a n h : "Hien nay
khi chiing ta dang diidng cao ngon cd mien
Nam Viet Nam vdi tdt cd nhiet tinh, khong
chi vi chu nghia quoc te vo sdn Chung ta
ldm viec ndy con vi trgn tuyen ddu tranh,
do cdn Id dieu ciic ky quan trgng ddi vdi
tiidng lai ciia chdu My""'" Day la dieu r a t
CO y nghia doi v6i Cuba, khi che dp xa hpi
chu nghia cua nUdc nay Iu6n la d6i tUdng
tieu diet cua My
Su p h a s i n chien lupc cua My cen lam
chd Cuba n h a n thUc dUde y n g h i a q u a n
trpng cua k i n h n g h i e m chien t r a n h n h a n
dan d Viet N a m Loai h i n h chien t r a n h
toan d a n r a t p h u hdp vdi dieu kien l a n h
th6 va d a n cU d Cuba, p h u hpp vdi nUdc
nhd yeu cho'ng lai ke thfl 16n hdn m i n h
gap nhieu lan, t r d n g trifdng hpp neu
chien t r a n h xay ra Dai dien t h a m mUu
va Bp cac lUc lUdng vu t r a n g each m a n g
Cuba da n h a n xet: "Nhdn ddn Cuba dang
diing d trdn tuyen tien tieu chong chii
nghia de qudc cdn hge tap nhiing kinh
nghiem cua nhdn ddn Viet Nam vd phdn tich nhiing hinh thiic ddu tranh cua nhdn ddn Viet Nam de hodn thien nhiing hinh thUc ddu tranh ciia minh"''^^\ De bd sung
va tim hieu t h e m kinh nghiem Viet Nam,
n a m 1964, d Cuba da x u a t ban cuon sach:
"Chien tranh nhdn ddn, qudn dgi nhdn ddn" cua Dai tu6ng Vo Nguyen Giap
Cuo'n sach da dUdc phd bien rpng rai
t r o n g q u a n dpi C u b a Nhflng k i n h nghiem dUdc due ket t r e n g cu6'n sach ce
t a m q u a n t r p n g dac biet k h e n g nhUng chd Cuba, ma cdn cho cac nUdc dang da'u
t r a n h giai phdng dan tpc d chau Phi va khu vifc My L a t i n h " - '
IVen linh vUc cung c6' va xay dUng da't nUc :, giai dean nay, each m a n g Cuba
cd nhflnj; budc tien d a n g ke Mpt trong nhflng su kien q u a n trpng cua each mang,
la viec Ch tih p h u ban h a n h va thiic hien Dao l u a t c; i each rupng da't lan thfl II vad
t h a n g 10-li 6 3 " ' " Dad l u a t trUng t h u 30% da't dai, xda 'od t a n g ldp tU s a n nong thon, nhUng ngUdi ^6 tU 47 h a den 402 ha Seng, dieu q u a n tre ig hdn d6i vdi Cuba, la Dad
l u a t d a n h vad nhUng p h a n tif dang cau ket rao riet vc'i My chdng pha lai qua
t r i n h each m a n g Sau sU pha st n ciia "Chien t r a n h dac biet", tU n a m 19 35 de'n n a m 1968, My thuc hien mpt chie n lUdc mdi - chien lUdc
"chien t r a n h cue bp "-vdi sU t h a m gia triic tiep cua linh My va ^uan chu h i u va sau
dd, la "Viet N a m hda ^hien t r a n h " tU n a m
1968 de'n n a m 1973 Ddng thdi My dung
k h e n g q u a n d a n h pha •ic liet mien Bac d vad thdi diem cad nh;it cua cupc chien
t r a n h n a m 1968-1969, ce den 638.000 linh My t h a m gia trUc tiep chien t r a n h " ''
Trang 420 Nghien cifu Ddng Nam A 5/2010
Nhieu nha k h e a hpc cd ten tudi va nhUng
vien nghien cUu 16n cflng bi cuo'n b u t vao
phuc vu chien t r a n h eiia My T h e nhifng
My da tflng bu6c bi t h a t bai t h a m hai va
bupc phai ng6i vao ban d a m p h a n vdi Viet
Nam Co t h e ndi My chUa bao gid lai hi
ch6n chan va sa lay n g h i e m t r p n g den n h u
vay tren chien trUdng Viet N a m Dieu nay
da lam cho nhUng h a n h dpng q u a n sU
chong Cuba cua My giam dan Nhin lai
c h a n g dudng lich sif ma each m a n g Cuba
da trai qua, T h u tu'dng P h i d e n Castdr6
k h a n g dinh: "Cuoc khdng chien anh hiing
cua ddn tgc anh em ndy dd ldm cho hdnh
dgng qudn sU cho'ng Cuba gidm ddn vd
nhdn ddn ta dd cd the cd thdi ky hoa binh
tiidng ddi"''^'''\ T r o n g dieu kien t h u a n ldi
dd, n h a n dan Cuba bu6c vao thdi ky dn
dinh hdn, cd dieu kien cung c6 va p h a t
trien da't nu6c
Ve chfnh tri, ngay 1-10-1965, nhflng
ngUdi mac xit quye't d i n h t h a n h lap Ban
Chap h a n h T r u n g Udng D a n g , ddng thdi
ddi ten D a n g t h a n h D a n g Cpng s a n Cuba
va bau ra Bp C h i n h tri B a n Bi t h u , do
ddng chi Phiden Caxtdr6 lam Bi t h u thU
nha't Qua t r i n h hdp nha't ba Td chUc each
mang, Phong t r a o 26 t h a n g Bay, D a n g Xa
hpi n h a n dan va Ban Chi dao each m a n g
13 t h a n g Ba t h a n h td chUc each m a n g
tho'ng nha't da dien ra tfl gifla n a m 1961
Den t h a n g 5-1963, Te ehflc each m a n g
tho'ng nha't dUdc cai td t h a n h D a n g Cach
m a n g xa hpi chu n g h i a thd'ng nha't, do mpt
Ban l a n h dao t o a n quo'c dflng dau Mac
du D a n g cong k h a i lay chu nghia Mac
-Lenin lam ngpn cd tU t u d n g cua minh,
Sdng thdi diem thich hdp va t h u a n ldi
nha't de D a n g t u y e n bo' t h a n h lap D a n g
Cpng s a n la vad cud'i n a m 1965 T r e n cac
linh vUc khac, Cuba cd nhflng bflde tie'n
k h a re net Rieng ve quoc p h e n g , so quan dupe giam mpt nUa va c h u y e n nganh,
t h a m gia s i n xua't trUc tiep He th6ng
q u a n ly N h a nu6c va k i n h te dUdc chan chinh N h i e u chi s6' t r o n g p h a t trien kinh te' va xa hpi d a t nhflng ke't q u a d a n g khich
le Dac biet, la cong n g h i e p dfldng, n g a n h kinh te chu yeu da d a t mflc ky liic 10 trieu
t a n / n a m vao eu6l t h a p nien 60'"'' Mflc dp
t a n g t r u n g b i n h h a n g n a m cua quy phuc Ipi xa hpi chi cho nhflng n g a n h y te van hoa, giao due, t h e t h a o tfl n a m 1965 den
n a m 1973 la 10%"^' Dia vi qu6'c te cua Cuba, nha't la d T a y Ban cau dUdc cung cd'
va n a n g len hdn bao gid het Cuba da lan lUdt thie't lap lai q u a n he ngoai giao vdi
h a u het cac nUdc t r o n g k h u vUc, b a t cha'p sii can t h i e p ciia My
S a n g giai d e a n (1973-1975), vdi viec ky ket Hiep d i n h d i n h chien n a m 1973 va chien dich Hd Chi M i n h lich sif n a m 1975,
q u a n va d a n Viet N a m da d a n h bai bean tdan cupc chien t r a n h x a m lUdc cua My Cuba n h a n thfle r a t s a u sac y nghia cua each m a n g Viet N a m d6i vdi each m a n g the gi6i noi e h u n g , each m a n g Cuba noi rieng
T h o n g cao c h u n g ngay 28-3-1974 ve cupc di t h a m hflu nghi c h i n h thfle cua Doan dai bieu D a n g va C h i n h p h u Viet
N a m tai Cuba neu r5: "Phia Cuba mot ldn nUa neu bat thdng ldi co y nghia lich sii vd
CO tinh chdt qudc te cua nhdn ddn Viet Nam trong cuoc khdng chien cho'ng My ciiu niidc "'•^^\ T h 6 n g cao con nha'n m a n h
sU t h a y ddi c a n b a n cua t i n h h i n h qu6'c te sau chien t r a n h co ldi cho cac lUc lUdng each m a n g va neu rd y n g h i a q u a n trpng
Trang 5Nguyen Ngge Mao - Cudc khdng cliieii chdng My cifu mfdc 21
cua each m a n g Viet N a m trong viec lam
suy yeu chii nghia de qudc, dflng dau la de
quo'c My
Day la giai doan My lam vao cupc
khiing h o a n g toan dien, uy tin va dia vi
qu6'c te cua nUdc My sa sut chua tUng cd
"Huyen thogi ve mot niidc My hiing mgnh
tan vd vd sii suy tdn tiidng ddi cua de'qudc
My trd thdnh mot thiic te ngay cd ddi vdi
nhiing ngiidi hdm qua ddy con khong chiu
thiia nhdn"^^''^\ P h o n g t r a o dan chu tien bp
da dien ra d nhieu ndi tren the gidi He
th6ng cac nu'dc xa hpi chu nghia dUdc cung
cd hdn ba't ky luc nao Chinh sach tean
cau ciia My bi p h a s i n
Su t h a n g ldi cua each m a n g Viet N a m
kh6ng nhflng b a n ehe t6i mflc to'i da
nhflng h a n h dpng q u a n sU cua My ehd'ng
Cuba, ma cen tao dieu kien t h u a n ldi cho
Cuba budc vao giai doan p h a t trien mdi
Lan dau tien Cuba tie'n h a n h Dai hpi
Dang Cpng s i n lan thfl I vad cuoi t h a n g
12-1975, dong thdi de r a ke hoach p h a t
trien kinh te 5 n a m lan thfl nha't, c6ng b6'
Hien p h a p mdi, kien toan lai toan bp he
th6ng bp may n h a nU6c tU T r u n g Udng
den dia phUdng va c h a m dUt thdi ky t a m
thdi cua Chi'nh p h u N h u Thii tu6ng
Phiden Caxtdr6 da ndi, da den luc c h u n g
ta ket thuc thdi ky q u a lau tfnh c h a t t a m
thdi ciia Chfnh p h u N h u mpi ngUdi deu
ro, ngay sau k h i each m a n g t h a n h cong,
dUng dau N h a nUdc Cuba la C h i n h p h u
each m a n g gdm Hpi ddng Bp t r u d n g va
Tong th6'ng Hpi ddng Bp trUdng t a p t r u n g
trong tay ca quyen lap p h a p lan quyen
h a n h chfnh Sd di ee t i n h t r a n g nay, la dd
sU bad vay va ch6'ng p h a quye't liet ciia My
d6'i vdi each m a n g Cuba Cd the ndi, viec
tien h a n h t h a n h cdng Dai hpi Dang la budc ngoat q u a n trpHg trong lich sif p h a t trien cua nu6c Cpng boa Cuba
Uy tin va dia vi qu6'c te cua Cuba cang dupc n a n g len Chi trong vong 2 n a m , tU
n a m 1973 den n a m 1975, Cuba da thiet lap them q u a n he ngoai giao v6i 29 nudc, dUa tdng so' nUdc thie't lap q u a n he len gan
100 nu6c Nha't la d Tay Ban cau, Hpi nghi
Tu van lan thU 15 Bp t r u d n g Ngoai giao cac nudc chau My hpp tai Kitd (Equado)
t h a n g 11-1974 da yeu c i u bai bd dieu
k h o a n bao vay C u b a N h u C h u tich
Phiden Caxtdrd nha'n m a n h : "Khdng con nghi ngd gi nUa, cdeh mgng Cuba cdn phdi liiu y den cd nhiing quan diem cua nhiing chinh phii mdc dii khong co mdi quan he vdi Cuba dd bo phieu bdi bo viec bao vdy Cuba"^'''^^\
O giai doan nay My kh6ng con cang
t h a n g do'i vdi Cuba n h u giai doan trUdc Hiep dinh chong b a t cdc may bay va tau bien ky gifla My va Cuba n a m 1973 cho phep cac cdng ty My d a c h e n t i n a va
C a n a d a buon ban v6i Cuba Ddng thdi,
My chd phep nhieu chinh khach, nha kinh ddanh, n h a bad, kieu dan t h a m q u a n Cubi: Su trUdng t h a n h eiia each m a n g cen dupc the hien d sii ddng gdp to ldn cua Cuba ve ngUdi, vu khi va vat cha't giup che each m a n g cac nu6c chau Phi a n h em
T h i lg ldi cua cupc k h a n g chien ch6'ng
My, cfli nUdc cua Viet N a m d6'i vdi Cuba con CO m it y nghia sau xa hdn
N h u c l m n g ta da biet, Cuba ddi vdi My c6 vi tri 'le't sUc q u a n trpng Song, sU
t h i n g ldi ciia each m a n g Cuba da lam chd
My ma't mc t vi tri chien lUdc ma hp da tflng dflng dd khd'ng che cae nflde My
Trang 6lat-22 Nghien ciiu Dong Nam A 5/2010
inh khac Nhflng dieu lam chd My kh6ng
yen t a m , la t d a n bp "san s a u " cua My-luc
dia My l a t i n h - c u n g ce nguy cd bi mat
Bdi "Nhdn ddn cdc niidc My latinh se noi
giidng Cuba gidnh lay vd khi trong tay
nhiing ke bdc lot minh, tuyen bd minh Id
nhdn ddn tii do cua chdu My"'-" C h i n h vi
vay My da d u n g mpi t h u doan hong bdp
chet nUdc xa hpi c h u n g h i a d i u tien d Tay
Ban cau, ma vu d6 be cua linh d a n h t h u e
My len bai bien Hirdn ciia Cuba t h a n g
4-1961, la h a n h dpng x a m lUdc t r a n g trpn
n h a t Sdng sdng vdi y do m u 6 n quay lai
d a t ach t h o n g tri d Cuba, My day m a n h
chien t r a n h d Viet N a m N h u n g chinh
"Viet Nam trd thdnh ndi dien ra mot cuoc
dung ddu lich sd quye't liet nhd't giUa mot
ben Id chu nghia di: quoc xdm hide hieu
chien nhdt, ngoan co nhdt, cd tiem liic
kinh te vd qudn sii hiing mgnh nhdt vdi
mot ben Id cdc liic liidng doc lap ddn tgc,
ddn chu vd chu nghia xd hgi md d viing
ndy nhdn ddn Viet Nam Id dgi xung
kich "'-'^'^\ Day cung c h i n h la ndi thif
t h a c h sflc m a n h va uy tin cua de quo'c Hda
Ky Chien trUdng Viet N a m se la ndi t h i
diem de s a u de My tien h a n h chien t r a n h
xam lUdc d nhflng ndi k h a c ma Cuba d a n g
la cai gai trUdc m a t eua My Vi vay, t h a n g
lpi eua each m a n g Viet N a m se cd y nghia
k h a n g dinh sU t h a n g ldi cua each m a n g
Cuba Hay ndi mpt each khac neu My
k h u a t phtic dUdc n h a n d a n Viet N a m thi
ed ngbia la sinh m e n h cua each m a n g
Cuba se hi de dpa Ve y nghia eua van de,
dong chf P h i d e n Caxtdr6 n h a n m a n h :
"Chung tdi nghi rdng, nhdn ddn Viet Nam
chien ddu khdng nhiing vi Viet Nam md
con chien ddu vi cdc ddn tgc khde tren the
gidi Nhdn ddn Viet Nam dd do mdu cua
minh vi nhdn ddn Cuba chung toi Chdng tdi vo ciing cdm dn nhi/ng ngiidi Viet Nam
dd khudt'-'^'^K
Cach m a n g Viet N a m c a n g g i a n h dupc
t h a n g ldi, c a n g tad h a u t h u a n cho qua
t r i n h each m a n g the'gidi va C u b a NgUdc lai, each m a n g Cuba c a n g vflng, Cuba cang Cd dieu kien u n g hp mpt each eo hieu qua each m a n g t h e gidi va each m a n g Viet N a m
Bdi vay, ngay tfl d a u , Cuba da chinh thfle ceng b6' lap trUdng img hp cupc
k h a n g chien ch6'ng My cUu nUde cua Viet
N a m , t r o n g k h i eon r a t it ngifdi y thfle dupc dieu nay d giai doan d a u , each mang Viet N a m chUa n h a n dUdc sU img hp rpng rai cua du luan quo'c te Song, Cuba la nif6c duy n h a t cd p h o n g t r a o u n g hp sdm,
m a n h me Chi t i n h t r o n g vong hdn 4 nam, tfl cu6i n a m 1960 den d a u n a m 1965, da
CO t r e n du'di 20 doan dai bieu Cuba sang
t h a m Viet N a m t r o n g dd cd 2 doan cap Chinh phu, so' cupc mit t i n h va trien lam doan ket vdi Viet N a m len den tren 15.000 T r e n trUdng quo'c te', Cuba da
h u 6 n g du l u a n dUng ve phfa n h a n dan Viet Nam'^"" S a u d6, n h u mot t a m gUdng, Cuba da c6 n h i e u h o a t dpng kip thdi, triet
de img hp sU nghiep c h i n h n g h i a cua each
m a n g Viet N a m Ngay nay, Chien t r a n h l a n h da lui vao qua khfl he thdng cac nUdc xa hpi chu nghia khdng cen N h u n g , Viet N a m va Cuba v i n giU vUng va p h a t h u y tinh Uu viet cua con dudng ma minh da lUa chpn-dpc lap dan tpc g i n vdi chii nghia xa
hei-va dat nhieu t h a n h t u u te ldn Song, y nghia t h i n g lpi cua cupc k h a n g chien ch6'ng My, cUu nu6c cua Viet N a m ddi vdi
Trang 7Nguyen Ngge Mao - Cudc khdng chien chdng My idu mfdc 23
each m a n g Cuba, cung n h u sU ung hp eua
Cuba do'i vdi Viet N a m v i n eon m a n g tfnh
thdi sU, khi ca h a i nu6c v i n la muc tieu
ch6'ng pha quyet liet cua cac t h e liic thfl
dich./
CHU THICH
1 Dang Cpng san Viet Nam; Van kien Dang
toan tap, tap 37-1976, Nha xuat ban
chfnh tri quo'c gia Ha Noi, 2004 tr.471
2 V.V Vonxki, B I Erdmolafep, A.I Kalinin,
G Onuphiep, V Pogoxop: Cuba 10 nam
each mang, Nha xuat ban Khoa hpc,
Matxcdva, 1968, tr 95 (tieng Nga)
3 Phiden Caxtdro R.: Mot so bai dien van va
phat bieu (1961-1963), Maxcdva 1963, tr
453 (tieng Nga)
4 V.V Vonxki, B I Erdmolaiep, A.I Kalinin,
G Onuphiep, V Pogoxop: Cuba 10 nam
each mang, Nha xua't ban Khoa hpc,
Matxcdva, 1968, tr 97 (tieng Nga)
5 Phiden Caxtdro Rudd: Cuba tren con
difdng di len chu nghia xa hoi, Nha xua't
ban Su That, Ha Noi, 1978, tr.65
6 Uy ban Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam-Hpi hflu
nghi Viet Nam-Cuba: Ky yeu Hpi thao
khoa hpc 30 nam each mang Cuba
(01-01-1959 - 01-01-1989): Thanh tUu, Van de,
Trien vpng Ha Npi, thang 12-1988, tr 65
7 Dang Cpng san Viet Nam: Van kien Dang
toan tap, tap 20-1959, Nha xuat ban
chinh tri qudc gia Ha Noi, 2002 tr.82
8 Dang Cong san Viet Nam: Van kien Dang
toan tap, tap 21-1960, Nha xua't ban
chinh tri qudc gia Ha Noi, 2002 tr.524
9 Ho Chi Minh: Toan tap, tap 11
(1963-1965), Nha xua't ban chinh tri quo'c gia
Ha Npi, 1996, tr 228
10 Che Guevara E., Nha xua't ban tre, thanh
phd Hd Chf Minh, 1987, tr 40 (Nguyin
Hoang Kinh dich); Tap chi "Dflng day" so (79-80) 1976 , tr 134 (So dac biet ve Cuba)
11 Bao Nhan dan, ngay 13-5-1964
12 Che Guevara E., Nha xua't ban tre, thanh pho Ho Chi Minh, 1987, tr 44 (Nguyin Hoang Kinh dich)
13 Nam 1959, Cuba da thUc hien cai each riiong dat lan thfl I, xda bo sU thong tri cua tu ban nUdc ngoai, dflng dau la tif ban
My trong nong nghiep Cuba va van gifl nguyen tang ldp tif san nong thon
14 Pham Van Dong, Le Dflc Thp, Van Tien Dung, Nguyin Cd Thach: Vi sao My that bai trong cuoc chien tranh Viet Nam, Nha xuat ban Su That, Ha Npi, 1986, tr 68
15 Phiden Castdro Rudd: Cuba tren con difdng di len chu nghia xa hoi, Nha xua't ban Su That, Ha Npi, 1978, tr 44
16 Xavin X L: Qua trinh hinh thanh quan
ly kinh te theo ke hoach d Cuba, Matxcdva, 1968 tr 64 (tieng Nga)
17 Su phat trien va trien vpng cua nen kinh
te Cuba, La Havan, 1975, tr 27 ( Ban dich tfl tie'ng Tay Ban Nha sang tieng Nga)
18 Thong cao chung Viet Nam-Cuba ngay
28-3-1974 nhan chuyen tham hflu nghi Cuba cua Doan dai bieu cap cao cua Dang va Chinh phu Viet Nam do Thu tifdng Pham Van Dong dan dau, Bao Nhan dan ngay 31-3-1974,
19 Bao"Le monde diplomatique", 3-1973 (tieng Phap)
20 Bao Granma 2-12-1974 (tieng Tay Ban Nha)
21 Tuyen ngon Lahavan II, Nha xua't ban Su That, Ha Npi, 1962, tr.23
22 Dien van cua ddng chi Le Diiain trong budi
le mflng chien thang ngay 15-5-1975 tai
Ha Npi, Bao Nhan dan 16-5-1975
23 Phiden Caxtdro Rudd: NhQng bai noi va viet chpn loc, Nha xua't ban Su That, Ha Npi, 1978, tr.88
24 Nguyin Ngpc Mao: Luan an PTS: "Qua trinh hinh thanh va phat trien cua phong