Đề cương ôn tập học kì 2 môn Tiếng Anh lớp 10 năm 2019-2020 - Trường THPT Phúc Thọ được chia sẻ sau đây hi vọng sẽ là tài liệu hữu ích để các bạn ôn tập, hệ thống kiến thức môn Tiếng Anh lớp 10 học kì 2, luyện tập làm bài để đạt kết quả cao trong bài thi sắp tới. Chúc các bạn thi tốt!
Trang 1S GD & ĐT HÀ N IỞ Ộ Đ CỀ ƯƠNG ÔN T P H C K 2 TI NG ANH L P 10Ậ Ọ Ỳ Ế Ớ
Trường THPT Phúc Thọ( năm h c 20192020) ọ
A. Theory
Ng âm, t v ng Unit 6, 7, 8, 9, 10ữ ừ ự
Các c u trúc câu dùng trong giao ti p. ấ ế
C u trúc ng pháp Unit 6, 7, 8, 9, 10ấ ữ
1. Passive voice with modal verbs
(+) Object (O) + may, must, can, could, ought to, should + be + verb3
(?) Must, may, can, should, might + object (O) + be + verb3 (past participle)?
Ex: Our English teacher may give an exam today
An exam may be given by our English teacher today.→
* Các đ ng t khuy t thi u thộ ừ ế ế ường g pặ
a. can – could : Ability Kh năng ai đó có th làm gìả ể
Can di n t kh năng ai đó có th làm gì hi n t i, cònễ ả ả ể ở ệ ạ could di n t kh năng quá kh ễ ả ả ở ứ
b. may – might : Possibility Kh năng vi c gì có th x y raả ệ ể ả
Might di n t kh năng x y ra th p h n may.ễ ả ả ả ấ ơ
c. will – would : Request Yêu c uầ
Will I ho c ặ Would I th hi n s yêu c u. Tuy nhiênể ệ ự ầ Would I thường đượ ử ục s d ng trong hoàn c nh trang ả
tr ng h n.ọ ơ
d. should ought to : Advice L i khuyênờ
Khi dùng should và ought to đ đ a l i khuyên thì ought to có ý nghĩa nh n m nh h n, g n nh là ngể ư ờ ấ ạ ơ ầ ư ười nói khuyên người nghe ph i làm theo.ả
e. must : Obligation S b t bu cự ắ ộ
Must được dùng đ th hi n s b t bu cể ể ệ ự ắ ộ
f. shall : Suggestion G i ýợ
Shall được dùng đ đ a ra g i ý và thể ư ợ ường đi v i các ch ngớ ủ ữ I và We. Shall thường t o c m giác khá ạ ả trang tr ng cho ngọ ười nghe
2. Comparative and superative adjectives
a. Comparative
S + to be + adj +er + than + noun/pronoun ( short adj )
Ex: She is taller than me
S + to be + more + adj + than + noun/pronoun ( long adj )
Ex: He is more intelligent than his brother
b. Superative
S + to be + the + adj (est) + Noun/ Pronoun ( short adj)
Ex: My mom is the greatest person in the world
S + to be + the most + Noun/ Pronoun ( short adj)
Ex: Linh is the most intelligent student in my class.
c. Articles* M o t xác đ nhạ ừ ị (Denfinite article): the
* M o t b t đ nhạ ừ ấ ị (Indefinite article): a, an
"A" và "An" dùng ch nh ng s v t, hi n t ng c th ng i nghe không bi t, "The" ch s vi c c
người nói và người nghe đ u bi t.ề ế
Dùng “The” khi nói v m t v t riêng ho c m t ng i mà c ng i nghe và ng i nói đ u bi t.
“The” cũng được dùng đ nói v m t v t th ho c đ a đi m đ c bi t, duy nh t.ể ề ộ ậ ể ặ ị ể ặ ệ ấ
“The” đ ng trứ ước danh t , xác đ nh b ng m t c m t ho c m t m nh đ ừ ị ằ ộ ụ ừ ặ ộ ệ ề
M o t “The” đ ng trạ ừ ứ ướ ừc t ch th t c a s vi c nh "First" (th nh t), "Second" (th nhì), "only" ỉ ứ ự ủ ự ệ ư ứ ấ ứ (duy nh t) ấ
"The" dùng v i m t thành viên c a m t nhóm ngớ ộ ủ ộ ười nh t đ nhấ ị
"The" đ ng trứ ước tính t ch m t nhóm ngừ ỉ ộ ười, m t t ng l p trong xã h iộ ầ ớ ộ
Dùng trước nh ng danh t riêng ch bi n, sông, qu n đ o, dãy núi, tên g i s nhi u c a các nữ ừ ỉ ể ầ ả ọ ố ề ủ ước, sa
m c, mi nạ ề
* Không s d ng m o t khi :ử ụ ạ ừ
M o t không đạ ừ ượ ử ục s d ng khi nói v s vi c chung ho c nh c t i ví d ề ự ệ ặ ắ ớ ụ
Trang 2 M t s tên qu c gia, thành ph , các bang không dùng m o t đ ng trộ ố ố ố ạ ừ ứ ước.
Tên các môn h c không s d ng m o tọ ử ụ ạ ừ
Trước tên qu c gia, châu l c, núi, h , đố ụ ồ ường. Sau tính t s h u ho c sau danh t s h u cáchừ ở ữ ặ ừ ở ở ữ
Trước tên g i các b a ăn.ọ ữ Trước các tước hi u Trong m t s trệ ộ ố ường h p đ c bi tợ ặ ệ
3. Relative clauses
A. Relative Pronouns Đ i t quan hạ ừ ệ
Đ i t quan ạ ừ
who Làm ch ng , đ i di n ngôi ngủ ữ ạ ệ ười I told you about the woman who lives
next door
which
Làm ch ng ho c tân ng , đ i di n ngôi đ ủ ữ ặ ữ ạ ệ ồ
v t, đ ngv tậ ộ ậ
B sung cho c câu đ ng trổ ả ứ ước nó
Do you see the cat which is lying on the roof?
He couldn’t read which surprised me whose Ch s h u cho ngỉ ở ữ ười và v tậ Do you know the boy whose mother is a
nurse?
whom Đ i di n cho tân ng ch ngạ ệ ữ ỉ ười I was invited by the professor whom I met
at the conference
That Đ i di n cho ch ng ch ngbi t trong m nh đ quan h xác đ nh (who, ạệ ệ ệ ủề ữ ỉ ệười, v t, đ c ịậ ặ
which v n có thê s d ng đẫ ử ụ ược)
I don’t like the table that stands in the kitchen
B. Relative Clauses M nh đ quan h ệ ề ệ
M nh đ quan h xác đ nh (Defining relative clauses)ệ ề ệ ị : là m nh đ đệ ề ược dùng đ xác đ nh danh t đ ng ể ị ừ ứ
trước nó. M nh đ xác đ nh là m nh đ c n thi t cho ý nghĩa c a câu, không có nó câu s không đ nghĩa.ệ ề ị ệ ề ầ ế ủ ẽ ủ
Nó đượ ử ục s d ng khi danh t là danh t không xác đ nh và không dùng d u ph y ngăn cách nó v i m nh ừ ừ ị ấ ẩ ớ ệ
đ chính.ề Ex: The city which I visited last summer is very beautiful
M nh đ quan h không h n đ nh (Nondefining relative clauses)ệ ề ệ ạ ị : là m nh đ cung c p thêm thông tin v ệ ề ấ ề
m t ngộ ười, m t v t ho c m t s vi c đã độ ậ ặ ộ ự ệ ược xác đ nh. M nh đ không xác đ nh là m nh đ không nh t ị ệ ề ị ệ ề ấ thi t ph i có trong câu, không có nó câu v n đ nghĩa. Nó đế ả ẫ ủ ượ ử ục s d ng khi danh t là danh t xác đ nh và ừ ừ ị
được ngăn cách v i m nh đ chính b ng m t ho c hai d u ph y (,) hay d u g ch ngang ()ớ ệ ề ằ ộ ặ ấ ẩ ấ ạ
Ex: Dalat, which I visited last summer, is very beautiful
4. Reported Speech
a. Tóm t tắ
Statements
(Câu phát bi u)ể * S + said + (that) + S + V
* S + told + O + (that) + S + V Commands
(Câu m nh l nh)ệ ệ * S + told/asked + O + to V(inf)
* S + told /asked+ O + not + to V0
Whquestions
(Câu h i n i dung)ỏ ộ * S + asked + (O) + wh… + S + V
* S + wondered + wh… + S + V
* S + wanted to know + wh… + S + V Yesno questions
(Câu h i có không)ỏ * S + asked + (O) + if / whether + S + V
* S + wondered + if /whether + S + V
* S + wanted to know + if / whether + S + V
b. Khi đ ng t tộ ừ ường thu t các thì quá khậ ở ứ, chúng ta đ i thì trong câu gián ti p nh sau: ổ ế ư
Simple present (V(s/es)) Simple past (V2/ed )
Simple past (V2/ed) Past perfect ( had + V3/ed )
Simple future (will/ shall + V0 ) Future in the past ( would/ should + V0 )
Trang 3Present continuous (am/is/are + Ving) Past continuous (was/ were + Ving )
Past continuous (was/were + Ving) Past perfect continuous / past continuous
Future continuous (will + be + Ving) Future continuous in the past (would + be + Ving) Present perfect (have/has + V3/ed) Past perfect (had + V3/ed)
Past perfect (had + V3/ed) Past perfect (had + V3/ed)
Future perfect (will + have + V3/ed) Future perfect in the past (would + have + V3/ed)
c. Thay đ i t ch đ nh, các tr ng t và c m t ch th i gian và n i ch n:ổ ừ ỉ ị ạ ừ ụ ừ ỉ ờ ơ ố
this year / month / week that year / month / week
last year / month / week the year / month / week before;
the previous year / month / week.
next year / month / week the year / month / week after;
the following year / month / week
a year / month / week ago a year / month / week before;
a year / month / week earlier
5. Conditional sentences types 1 and 2
a. Type 1 : Có th x y ra hi n t i hi n t i ho c tể ả ở ệ ạ ở ệ ạ ặ ương lai
If + S + V/Ves/s…………, S + will/ can + V …….( Ex: If it is nice tomorrow, we will go swimming)
Be (is/am/are)
b. Type 2 : Không có th t hi n t i ậ ở ệ ạ
Be (were)
B.
Do exercises
I. Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently
3. A. employment B. secondary C. eliminate D. women
7. A. assignment B. diversity C. superstition D. bridegroom
14. A. pursue B. soul C. sweep D. present
Trang 41. A. environment B. equality C. contaminate D. electronic
3. A. documentary B. personality C. potentially D. limitation
6. A. symbolic B. interest C. personal D. recognize
7. A. excellent B. introduce C. digital D. similar
8 A. concentrate B. chemical C. contribute D. scientist
12. A. success B. excited C. divorce D. checkin
III. Choose the best option to complete the following sentences
1. A holiday by the sea is than a holiday in the mountains
2. What do you usually have for breakfast?
3. You tidy up your room
4. The chemistry book was a little expensive
A. that I bought B. what I bought C. I bought that D. which bought
5. . He told us that the weather might get much worse
A. tomorrow B. the following day C. yesterday D. the day before
6. Would you mind a window?
7. He will be late for the train if he at once
A. doesn’t start B. didn’t start C. won’t start D. don’t start
8. Do you think there would be less conflict in the world if all people the same language?
9. Electronics could your body, couldn’t they?
10. Ecotourism helps to preserve the environment
11. _ is a ceremony or service which is held shortly after a person’s death
A. Funeral B. Wedding C. House moving day D. Farewell party
12. This ceremony is known under different names
13. The team paid a price for its lack of preparation
14.In order to a man’s job, Brenda had to work very hard
15. is the unfair treatment based on gender, age or race
A. Elimination B. Equality C. Discrimination D. Enrolment
16.I think the Vietnamese government has considerable progress in gender equality
17. There is a wedding for all guests after the wedding ceremony
Trang 518. _ will lead to the extinction of rare animals due to the loss of their habitats, and extreme floods and land erosion
A. Deforestation B. Conservation D. Depletion D. Protection
19. I’m looking for some new to put on my smartphone to improve my English pronunciation
A. assignments B. applications C. calculations D. devices
20. The Vietnamese government has done a lot to _ hunger and poverty
A. discriminate B. contaminate C. eliminate D. preserve
21. Global warming has had negative impact our environment
22. Gender differences cannot prevent a person _pursuing a job
23. We must solve the problem of air pollution immediately for the _ of people living in this place
24. In the age of technology, you can _ advantage of new applications which are very useful for learning English
25. Drinking water in this area is highly _ by waste
26. The environmental habital of some rare animals is being threatened.
27. Ecotourism helps to preserve the natural environment
28. David met Maria after he got a gift from Maria. David: “Thanks a lot for your wonderful gift.”
Maria: “ _.”
A. It’s nice of you to say so B. It’s my pleasure C. You’re welcome D. That’s okay
29. John: “How lovely your pets are!” Kathy:
A.I love them, too B. Thank you, it’s nice of you to say so
30. I wonder f you could help me.” “ _”ỉ
A. Don’t mention it B. I’ll do my best. What’s up?
C. Really? How nice D. No, what is it?
31. Mary: “ to stay for the night?” Susan: “Oh, that's very kind of you.”
A. Why don't you B. Do you feel like C. Why don’t we D. Would you like
32.Two friends : Daisy and Mary are talking. Daisy: “ Let’s have a pizza” Mary : “ _”
A. Not again B. It doesn’t matter C. It’s a good idea D. Not really
33. Jack: “I’m going to take a fiveday trip to Rome.” Jill: “ ”
A. The same to you. B. No, of course not. C. Yes, let’s. D. Have a good time
34. “I like your coat, Helen.” “ _.”
A. Really, I’m not. B. Do you? C. I think so D. I’m sorry
35. Peter. "How often do you go to school?" Harry: " ."
IV. Complete the following sentences with must, mustn’t or needn’t.
1. You _take an umbrella. It isn’t going to rain
2. Come on. We _ hurry. We seem to be late
3. Well, it _be big – that’s not important But it _ have a nice garden – that’s essential
4. It is a valuable book and you _ lose it
5. I think I _ go shopping. We’ve run out of food
V. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in brackets
Trang 62. For your (inform) _, the library is on the third floor.
3. This is one of the best (document) _ films showing the lives of working people.
4. The government has introduced some (effect) _ measures to reduce unemployment.
5. He is a (curiosity) _ boy. He is always asking questions
VI. Supply the correct forms of the following adjectives
1. My house is (big) _ than yours
2. This flower is (beautiful) than that one
3. This is the (interesting) _ book I have ever read
4. Nonsmokers usually live (long) than smokers
5. Which is the (dangerous) animal in the world?
VII. Complete the following sentences with a, an or the
1. Their car runs 150 miles _ hour
2. Where's _ USB drive I lent you last week?
3. Is your mother working in _ old office building?
4. When I was _ child, I used to be very shy
5. Mary and I arrived at _ same time
VIII. Complete the following sentences with a suitable relative pronoun
1. The waitress served us was impolite and impatient
2. The building was destroyed in the fire has now been rebuilt
3. Some people were arrested have now been released
4. I read about the child life was saved by her pet dog
5. The police have to try to catch the men drive dangerously
IX. Read the following passage and choose the correct answer to each of the questions
In Britain, greetings cards are sold in chain stores and supermarkets, in newsagents’ shops, corner shops and, increasingly, in shops that specialize in the sale of cards and paper for wrapping presents in
The most common cards are birthday and Christmas cards. Many Christmas cards are sold in aid of charity and special ‘charity card shops’ are often set up in temporary premises in the weeks before Christmas.
A wide variety of birthday cards is available to cater for different ages and tastes. Some, especially ones for young children or for people celebrating a particular birthday, have the person’s age on the front. Many have comic, often risqué, messages printed on them, and cartoonstyle illustrations. Others are more sober, with reproductions of famous paintings or attractive original designs. The usual greeting on a birthday card is
‘Happy Birthday’, ‘Many Happy Returns’ or ‘Best Wishes for a Happy Birthday’
Some people also send special cards for Easter and New Year. Easter cards either portray images of spring, such as chicks, eggs, lambs, spring flowers, etc, or have a religious theme.
Cards are produced for every ‘milestone’ in a person’s life. There are special cards for an engagement,
a marriage, a new home, a birth, success in an examination, retirement, a death in the family, etc. Some are
‘good luck’ or ‘congratulations’ cards. Others, for example ‘get well’ cards for people who are ill, express sympathy
1. What is the passage mainly about?
A. Greetings Cards B. Birthday Cards C. Christmas Cards D. Easter Cards
2. The word ‘some’ in paragraph 2 refers to
A. young children B. ages and tastes C. card shops D. birthday cards
3. Which of the following is NOT the usual greeting on a birthday card?
A. ‘Best Wishes for a Happy Birthday’ B. ‘Happy Birthday’
4. The word ‘milestone’ in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to
A. a positive view B. a special gift C. an important event D. a convenient way
5. It can be inferred from the passage that
A. greetings cards are used on many different occasions
B. there are few choices of birthday cards
C. greetings cards are not very popular in Britain
Trang 7X. Read the following passage and choose the correct word for each of the blanks
A person who tosses a can or a napkin on the ground is contributing to land pollution. This (1) of pollution mainly involves the depositing on land of solid wastes that cannot be broken down quickly or, in some cases, at all. Heaps of trash are not only unpleasant to look at they can (2) interfere with the lives of plants and animals.
Land pollution also includes the buildup of (3) chemicals on land. The use of pesticides in farming is a major source of this type of pollution. These chemicals are spread over fields to kill insects, weeds, fungi, or rodents that are a threat to crops. But pesticides harm or (4) other living things too. When they drift with the wind or become absorbed (5) fruits and vegetables, they can become a source
of health problems such as cancer and birth defects.
3. A. poisonously B. poison C. poisoning D. poisonous
XI. Identify ONE mistake among A, B, C or D
1. It is strange but often a coke is expensiver than a beer
A B C D
2. Touch screen is the screen whom allows giving instructions by touching
A B C D
3. Scientists have tried to assess the impact of human activities on the environmental
A B C D
4. Ann asked Kirk if had he really writtenthat story the previous day
A B C D
5. If I passed this exam, I’ll go to the university next summer
A B C D
6. All new workers mustn’t have a medical examination
A B C D
7. The chemical pollutants from cars and factories make the air, water and soil
A B C
dangerously dirtily.
D
8. Do you remembera name of the hotel which is at the end of this street?
A B C D
9. If they lived in Vietnam, they will experience terrible traffic
A B C D
10. Mr.Smithwas elderthanMr.Longwhenhegot married
A B C D
XII. Writing
A. Rewrite the sentences with suggested words.
1. Smoking is not allowed in the hospital
We
2.Most of the students can answer this question
This question
3. “Where were you last night, Mr. Jones ?” she said
She asked
4. There is no better teacher in this school than Mrs. Jackson
Mrs. Jackson is
5. If she doesn’t water these trees, they will die
Unless
6. Study hard or you’ll fail in the exam
Trang 87. The man is a famous actor. You met him at the party last night
The man whom
8. Tom said: “I’m going to visit my grandmother tomorrow.”
Tom said that
9. John said, “You’d better not lend them any money, Mary”
Jonh advised
10. “Don’t be afraid of dog, ” said the man to Kate
The man told
11. The Vietnamese government will give the suitable methods to reduce the polluted air
The suitable methods
12. Peter is fat because he eats so many chips
If Peter
B. Use the suggestions to write complete sentences
13.She / sing /more beautifully/ she/ play/ piano
………
14. The newlywedded couple/ spend/ honeymoon / Italy/ last week
15. Rising sea levels/ can/ add / erosion / our coastlines
16. Students / homework/ be/ late/will / punished
17. We / not allow /any kind / discrimination / women / girls
18. Smoke/ have / negative influence / health.
………
19. If/ I/ you/, I / not/ do / that
20. Mrs. Miller/ said/ that / not feel / better/ then
SAMPLE TEST
Choose the word which has the underlined part pronounced differently from the rest.
2. A. cup B. continent C. competition D. center
Choose the word whose stress pattern if different from the rest.
Choose the word or phrase that is SIMILAR in meaning to the underlined part in each of the following questions.
5. Nam: By the way, what does “environmental impact” mean, Dad?
A. conservation B. negative influence C. depletion D. positive effect
6. A doctor is a person who is responsible for taking care of people’s health
A. examining B. searching for C. looking after D. taking after
Choose the word or phrase that is OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined part in each of the following questions.
7. Mass tourism has contributed to the destruction of the environment
8. The new laws to conserve wildlife in the area will come into force next month
Trang 9A. protect B. eliminate C. pollute D. destroy
Circle the best answer A, B, C or D to complete each of the following sentences
9. Water _are things like detergents, pesticides, oils and other chemicals that make the water unclean and contaminated
A. pollutants B. pollution C. deforestation D. fossil fuels
10. The areas are very for tourists who love to study and discover
11. Students can download programme and from internet
12. I believe gender in education starts at home
A. discriminate B. discriminator C. discriminative D. discrimination
13. If I’m free on Saturday , I _to the mountains
A. to go B. would go C. went D. will go
14. The laptop _cover is decorated with funny animals belongs to my aunt
15. If Eric _5 years younger, he could travel around the world
16. Women if they have to do two jobs: at work and at home
A. are exhaust B. willbe exhausted C. can be exhausting D. be exhausted
17. My brother likes playing _ football while my sister is interested in playing piano
A. the/ the B. 0 / the C. the / 0 D. 0/0
18. Tom said that he his motorbike the day before
A. have lost B. had lost C. loses D. has lost
19. The rooms in Graduate Towers are _ than those in Patterson Hall
20. WhenI thedoor,shewas readinga newspaper.
Choose the underlined part that needs correcting.
21. Ann asked Kirk if had he really writtenthat story the previous day
A B C D
22. If youlived in Vietnam, you will enjoy the peaceful atmosphere in countryside
A B C D
23. Mr. Smith, that is my Uncle, isawellknown teacher
A B C D
24. My mother is the morecaring woman in the family
A B C D
Choose the best answer to complete the following exchanges.
25. Thomas: “ Do you feel like going to the cinema tonight?” Susan: “ _”
A. I don’t agree. I’m afraid B. You’re welcome
C. That would be great! D. I feel very bored
26. “ A new Japanese restaurant just opened downtown. Let’s eat there tonight.” – “ ”
A. No, we shan’t B. Great idea! I’d like some sushi
C. Yes, it did D. Yes, I will
Choose the correct sentence (A, B, C or D) which has the same meaning as the given one.
27. "I'm leaving here for Da Lat next week " said Mrs Lan.
Trang 10B. Mrs Lan said to me she was leaving there for Da Lat next week
C. Mrs Lan tells she is leaving here for Da Lat the following week
D. Mrs Lan told me that I was leaving there for Da Lat the week after
28. The Mekong River is longer than any other river in Vietnam.
A. The Mekong River is as long as any other river in Vietnam
B. The Mekong River is not as long as any other river in Vietnam
C. The Mekong River is not longer than any other river in Vietnam
D. The Mekong River is the longest in Vietnam
29. I don’t know Philosophy, so I can’t answer your question.
A. If I know Philosophy, I can answer your question
B. If I know Philosophy, I will answer your question
C. If I knew Philosophy, I could answer your question
D. If I had known Philosophy, I could answer your question
30. He gave me the information. I wrote it down at once.
A. He gave me the information that I wrote it down at once
B. He gave me the information, that I wrote down at once
C. He gave me the information which I wrote it down at once
D. He gave me the information which I wrote down at once
Read the following passage and choose the best answer:
In order to help solve the problem of pollution, people have to be aware of its causes, some of which are quite obvious in everyday life. In many cities, people are forced to breathe in polluted air, commonly known
as smog, which is a mixture of gases sent out by car exhausts and factory chimneys. What can be done to reduce air pollution is to remove factories from cities and use leadfree petrol in cars
The pollution of rivers, lakes and seas leads to the death of the creatures that live in them. Factories are largely responsible for the present situation, which is expected to worsen if governments do not make them obey the law against pollution and punish industries which pollute water
Finally, all over the world, especially in cities, we see huge amounts of rubbish in the streets, which we are responsible for. The rubbish collection system often does not work properly and people themselves add to the problem by dropping litter in the streets. There is so much we could do to help solve the problem. The point is how willing we are to do something about it
31. Smog is caused by _
32. In order to help solve the problem of pollution, _
A. people need to know what causes it
B. people don’t need to know what causes it
C. people have to do something immediately
D. people don’t need to do anything about it.
33. What does the word "them" in paragraph 2 refer to?
34. Which of the following is NOT true?
A. We are responsible for huge amounts of rubbish in the cities
B. People add to the problem of pollution by collecting rubbish
C. People add to the problem of pollution by dropping litter
D. Huge amounts of rubbish in the cities cause pollution
35. The pollution of rivers, lakes and seas is largely caused by