Tnrdc hdt, Nguyen Ai Qudc vach tran tdi ac khdng the dung tha do de qudc Phap gay ra cbo nhan dan E)dng Duong, td ehinh phue bing hidi le, den ap biic, bde lot tan bao. Nba tu cua chi[r]
Trang 1HO CHI MINH VA CON Ol/ONG CACH MANG VIET NAM
NGUYEN Al QUOC - NGU'CXI TAO DU'NG NEN TANG
• • PHAT T R I E N C U A C A C H M A N G DONG DU'ONG
•
GS, TS TRINH NHU*
Trai qua nhieu eon dudng diu tranh
chdng xam luge va ach thdng tri cua
thuc dan Phap tir cudi the ky XIX den 20 nam
diu the ky XX, nhung nhan dan Ddng Duong
ehua gianh duge ddc lap, tu do va van khat
khao tim den mdt eon dudng mdi de ed the dua
su nghiep giai phdng dan tde tdi thanh cdng
Nguyen Ai Qudc la ngudi di tien phong dam
duong sii menh eao ca ay
Sau nhieu nam nghien ciiu ly luan each mang
va khao sat ddi sdng chinh tri, xa hdi tai nhieu
nudc de qudc va thudc dia, Nguyen Ai Qudc
khdng dung lai d con dudng each mang tu san va
van vuon tdi kham pha chan ly each mang soi
sang con dudng giai phdng cac dan tdc thudc dia,
giai phdng dan tde Viet Nam va hai nude Lao,
Campuchia Thang 7 - 1920, khat vgng dd cua
Ngudi dugc dap ung, khi Ngudi phat hien d ban
Sa thdo lan thir nhdt nhitng luan cuang vi vdn di
ddn tpc vd vdn di thuoc dia eiia Lenin, cai cam
nang ve giai phdng dan tdc thudc dia
Dieu quan trgng nhat trong nhan thuc ciia
Nguyen Ai Qudc ddi vdi chii nghia Mac-Lenin
dugc tihe hien nhit quan trong eudc ddi hoat ddng
each mang cua Ngudi, la lap trudng cua giai cap
vd san ve gjai phdng dan tdc thudc dia, giai phdng
cac giai cap bi ap biic, giai phdng con ngudi; quan
diem each mang Iriet de "each mang rdi phai giao quyen eho dan ehiing sd nhieu"; phuong phap bien ehiing duy vat; xir ly mdi quan he anh em, ddng ehi, ddng bao ed ly, ed tinh Ngudi van dung nhiing dieu dd vao dieu kien cu the eua cac dan tdc bi ap biic de dua ra nhiing luan diem ve each mang gjai phdng thudc dia, each mang Ddng Duong va each mang Viet Nam
Cd the thay rd nhiing luan diem cua Nguyen
Ai Qudc ve each mang Ddng Duong bao ham nhiing ndi dung cdt yeu sau day:
I Con dirong giai phong nhan dan Dong Dutmg la con dutrng each mang vo san
Tnrdc hdt, Nguyen Ai Qudc vach tran tdi ac khdng the dung tha do de qudc Phap gay ra cbo nhan dan E)dng Duong, td ehinh phue bing hidi le, den ap biic, bde lot tan bao Nba tu cua chinh quyen Ihudc dia chat nich ngiroi ban xii bi giam giii CJ E)dng Duong hoan toan khdng ed tir do tu tudng, diing nhu nhan xet eiia Nguyen Ai Qudc: "Bat ky ngudi ban xir nao ed tu tudng xa hdi chu nghia eiing ddu bi bit va ddi khi bi gidt rna khdng can xet xtf'' Dap ling nguyen vgng thiet tha nhat ciia nhan dan Ddng Duong la tixit bd gdng ciim nd
le eiia thue dan Phap, Nguyen Ai Qudc dua ra luan didm quan trgng nhat ve giai phdng Ddng
Duong la con duang cdch mgng vo sdn
Tunan 1921, trong bai'Bdng Duong''dang tren
La Revue Communiste (Tgp chi Cong sdn) sd 14,
Trang 2Nguyen Ai Qudc dua tren cii lieu lich su de khing
djnh rang, chu nghia cdng san tham n h ^ de dang
vao chau A hon la chau Au Ngudi cho rang, ngudi
Ddng Duong deu bi thuc dan Ph^ diu ddc nhung
khdng Ihe lam cho tu tudng each mang aia hg bi te
liet Lan gid each mang Ihdi tu nude Nga Xdvidt, tir
Trung Qudc each mang, tu An Do chien diu dang
thuc tinh hg Tren diai dan E)ai hdi Dang Xa hdi
Ph^ cudi thang 12-1920, Nguyen Ai Qudc de nghi
Dang Xa hdi phai tuyen truyen chu n^iia xa hdi tai
cac thudc dia cua tu ban Phap va de xuat nhiing boat
ddng can phai tien hanh tai dia ban nay, trong do cd
Ddng Duong va cii ngudi tdi Ddng Duong nghien
ciiu tinh hinh vi: "Ndi rang E)dng Duong gdm hai
muoi trieu ngudi bi bde lot Men nay da chin mudi
cho mdt cude each mang la sai, nhung ndi rang
Ddng Duong khdng mudn each mang va bing ldng
vdi ehe do bay gid nhu cac dng ehii cua ehiing ta
thudng van ngbl nhu the, thi lai cang sai hon niia"^
Su tiiat la ngudi Ddng Duong liic bay gid
chua ed nhiing dieu kien can thiet de hieu biet ly
luan, lai bi diu ddc, bi giam ham trong tinh
trang lac hau, edng vdi su dan ap khde Uet ciia
che do tiiudc dia Nguyen Ai Qudc da tiiay ro
sice song manh Hit cua nguoi Dong Duang Tu
dd, Nguyen Ai Qudc de nghi Qudc te Cdng san
tang cudng giiip do each mang Ddng Duong ve
dao tao can bd, xay dung td chiie each mang
2 Cach mang can phai giang giai ly luan
cho dan hieu de dan doan kk va dau tranh
Tu mdt nha yeu nudc, giac ngd ly tiidng
each mang ciia giai cap vd san, tai nudc Phap
nhiing nam dau tiiap ky 20 tiid ky XX, Nguydn
Ai Qudc da ra siie tuyen tinydn dd nhan dan
Phap hieu rd ban chit xiu xa cua che do tiiudc
dia ma iing hd su nghiep giai phdng dan tgc bi
ap biic; ddng tiidi Ngudi tham gia sang lap va
phat hanh bao Le Paria^ (Nguai cung kho), mgt
cdng eu tuyen truyen, giac ngd nhan dan cac nudc thudc dia Phap Ddng Duong la mgt dia chi tiep nhan va luu hanh td bao nay
Nam 1923, danh gia kdt qua boat ddng ciia
Hdi Lien hiep thudc dia va bao Nguai ciing kho, Nguyen Ai Qudc viet trong Thu gid cdc bgn
ding hogt dong: "Cdng vide ehung ciia chiing ta
"Hdi Lien hiep thuge dia" va td bao NGUClI CUNG KHO da ed nhiing kdt qua tdt Nd da lam eho nudc Ph^, nudc Phap chan chinh hieu ro nhiing viec xay ra trong cac thudc dia Lam cho nudc Phap hieu ro bgn ca map thuc dan da lgi dung ten tudi va danh du ciia nudc Phap de gay nen nhiing tdi ac khdng the tudng tiigng duge
Nd da tiiiic tinh ddng bao chiing ta Ddng thdi nd ciing khien cho ddng bao chiing ta nhan ro nudc Ph^, nudc Phap tii do binh ding va bac ai"^ Trudc khi rdi nudc Phap len dudng ve nudc, Ngudi dat cau hdi cho cac ban cung hoat ddng
va tu neu cau tra Idi cho rieng minh:
"Chiing ta phai lam gi?
Chiing ta khdng the dat van de ay mdt each may mdc
Ddi vdi tdi, cau tra loi da rd rang: trd ve
nude, di vdo qudn ehung, thicc tinh hg, to chiec
ho, dodn ket hg, hudn luyen hg, dua ho ra ddu tranh gidnh tudo dpc Idp"^ (TG nhan manh)
C> thdi diem khdi ngudn eho chii nghia Mac-Lenin va tu tudng each mang Nguyen Ai Qudc
den vdi nhan dan Ddng Duong, cudn sach Bdn
dn chi dp thuc ddn Phdp ciia Nguyen Ai Qudc
xuit ban nam 1925 tai Pari, dugc chuyen tdi nhidu tiiudc dia Phap, da giii vai ti'd quan ti-gng giac ngd tiianh nien, hgc sinh, sinh vien, tii tiiiic
Trang 3H 6 CHi MINH VA CON Dl/ONG CACH MANG VIET NAM
ve tu tudng each mang giai phdng thudc dia
tiieo con dudng each mang vd san, bat diu tii
dau tranh ket lieu ehe do thuc dan tan bao de md
hudng xay dung mdt xa hdi mdi theo guong
Cach mang Thang Mudi Nga
Nguyen Ai Qudc dua ra luan diem mdi cua
minh ve phuong phap dau tranh tbii tieu ehe do
tu ban tren quy md toan the gidi bang sir hgp luc
giiia gjai cap vd san d chinh qudc va giai cap vd
san thudc dia: "Chii nghia tu ban la mdt eon dia
cd mdt cai vdi bam vao giai cap vd san d chinh
qudc va mdt cai vdi khac bam vao giai cap vd
san d thudc dia Neu mudn giet eon vat ay, ngudi
ta phai ddng thdi eat ca hai vdi Neu ngudi ta ehi
cat mdt vdi thdi, thi cai vdi edn lai kia van tiep tiic
hiit mau ciia giai cap vd san, con vat van tiep tuc
sdng va cai vdi bi cat diit lai se mgc ra"^ Hinh
tugng tren giiip ngudi dgc thau hieu each mang
tiiudc dia la mdt bd phan hiiu co cua each mang
vd san the gjdi nhu Nguyen Ai Qudc da viet:
" khdi Uen minh nay se la mdt trong nhirng cai
canh ciia each mang vd san"'
Nguyen Ai Qudc tdi Quang Chau (Trung
Qudc), tiiang 11-1924 Dau nam 1925, Ngudi md
ldp huan luyen cho nhiing thanh nien Viet Nam
yeu nudc dang ham mudn tiep nhan ly luan ehinh
tri Dua ti^en eo sd cac bai giang tai ldp huan luyen,
Nguyen Ai Qudc viet tac pham Duong cdch
menh neu bat gia tri cua ly luan each mang ddi vdi
su tiianh edng eiia each mang ma Lenin da tdng
ket: "BChdng ed ly luan each menh, tiii khdng cd
each menh van ddng Chi cd theo ly luan each
menh tien phong, dang each menh mdi lam ndi
trach nhiem each menh tien phong"*
Tac pham Duong cdch minh rat xung dang
la cuon sach giao khoa ly luan, ciiinh tri va
phuong phap boat ddng each mang; la tac pham giao due dao diic each mang, bdi dudng tu tudng, y ehi dau tranh cho can bd va quan ehiing nhan dan Viet Nam, Lao - nhiing dia ban
ma Nguyen Ai Qudc dang ddc ldng, ddc siie gieo mam each mang^ Tac pham nay edn giii vai ti"d quan trgng trong tien trinh ehuan bi ve nhieu mat eho su ra ddi cua Dang Cdng san Viet Nam va khdng lau sau khi thanh lap chuyen thanh Dang Cdng san Ddng Duong
Giiia nam 1925, Nguyen Ai Qudc thanh lap Hdi Viet Nam Cach mang Thanh nien va sang lap
bao Thanh niin - td bao each mang diu tien bang
ehii qudc ngii, thuc hien chiie nang giao due, tap hgp va thdng nhat tu tudng, hanh ddng ciia cac chien si each mang va trang bi kien thiic chinh tri eho ddi ngu can bd van ddng quan chiing
Sau nhiing hoat ddng tren, trong thdi gian boat ddng tai Xiem (Thai Lan), Nguyen Ai Qudc tdi Ban Ddng, Udon, Nogng Khai, Saedn
- noi cu tni ciia nhieu kieu bao Viet Nam Tu tiiang 7-1928 ddn tiiang 10-1929 (tai Ban Ddng, Ngudi tu gidi thieu la Thg, biet bieu Nam Son; tai Udon, Ngudi lay ten la Chin), Nguyen Ai Qudc sinh sdng, lao ddng chan boa va giac ngd kieu bao ta tai cac dia ban nay
Trong tiidi gian boat ddng tai Udon, Nguyen Ai
Qudc dich cudn Nhdn logi tiin hod sir va C^ng sdn
ABC: Ngudi sang tac Bdi ca Trdn Hung Dgo va vd
kich Hodng Hoa Thdm de giao due, nang cao long
yeu nudc ciia ddng bao Viet kieu Dac biet, Ngudi
da den Nogng Khai gap gd mdt sd can bd hoat ddng til Vieng Chan sang de nam tinh hinh each mang Lao Nam 1928, Ngudi da tdi lanh thd Lao
dd tuydn truyen ti-ong kieu bao ta ve ehinh tii tu tudng each mang giai phdng dan tdc
Trang 4Trong hai nam 1928-1929, Nguyen Ai Qudc
tu tiid nghiem phuong phap van ddng quan
ehiing Viet kidu bing each dan xen, kdt hgp
nhidu hinh tiiiic hoat ddng, vua giao due chinh
tri, tu tudng, bdi dudng nang cao long yeu nudc
cho ddng bao viia dao tao can bg va ciing cd,
md rdng td ehiie each mang, ehi dan bien phap
that chat quan be than ai, doan ket vdi cu dan
ban dia va ndi bd kieu bao Ddng thdi, bang Idi
sdng gian di, gan giii ddng bao, Ngudi ciing
nhan dugc sir tin yeu, kinh trgng eiia hg
Ket qua dan van eiia Nguyen Ai Qudc tai
Xiem va Lao la nhan td quan trgng tao dung
nin mong bin chdc cua luc lugng hau thudn
cho cdch mgng Viet Nam vd Lao
3 Phai xay dung dang each mang
Nhan td quan trgng hang diu quydt dinh
thang lgi eua each mang da dugc Nguyen Ai
Qudc luan dinh sang rd trong tac pham Duong
cdch minh khi tra Idi eau hdi do Ngudi neu ra:
"Cach menh tiirde bet phai cd cai gi? Trudc bet
phai ed dang each menh, dd trong tbi van ddng
va td ehiie dan chiing, ngoai thi lien lac vdi cac
dan tde bi ap biic va vd san giai cap mgi noi
Dang cd vung each menh mdi thanh cdng, ciing
nhu ngudi cam lai ed vung thuyen mdi chay
Dang mudn viing tbi phai ed chu nghia lam cdt,
trong dang ai eiing phai hieu, ai ciing phai theo
chu nghia ay Dang ma khdng ed chu ngbia ciing
nhu ngudi khdng cd tii khdn, tau khdng cd ban
ehi nam Bay gid hgc thuyet nhidu, chii nghia
nhieu, nhung chu ngtua chan chinh nhit, chac
chan nhat, each menh nhit la chu ngMa Lenin"'°
Thang 6-1925, Nguyen Ai Qudc tiianh lap
Hpi Viet Nam Cdch mgng Thanh niin, mdt td
chiie tien tiian eua Dang Cdng san nhu chii dich
ma Ngudi gui gim d td chuc nay: "No la qua triing, ma tii do nd ra con chim non cdng san" Tdn chi cua Hdi la: "phu ti-ach td chiic va Imh dao cude each mang d Viet Nam bet siic phan diu dd tiiau phuc liy dai bg phan tiig tiiuyen, dan cay va binh linh, dan dao cho quan chiing lao khd bi ap biic ay Uen hiep vdi vd san giai cap the gidi dd mdt mat danh do dd qudc chu nghia Phap, che do phong kien va chu nghia tii ban ma dung ra chinh quydn ddc tai (tiic chuyen chinh - TG) eua tiig tiiuyen, dan cay va binh Unh; mdt mat tham gia vao cude the gidi cm (tiic each mang - TG) san trir tu ban chii nghia
ca the gidi dang thue hidn chii nghia cdng san"'\ Td ehiic va boat ddng cua Hgi phat tiien rgng khap toan Ddng Duong Rieng tai Lao, tii nam 1928 td chiic Hdi da dugc thanh lap tai Vieng Chan, Tha Khec, Phdn Tiu, md Thiec,
Xavannakhet, qua do Duong cdch minh, bao
Thanh nien va nhidu tac pham cua Nguyen Ai
Qudc ciing duge tmyen ba tai Lao
Nhiing boat ddng tren cac Imh vuc chinh tri,
tu tudng, dao tao can bg xay dung Hpi Viet
Nam Cdch mgng Thanh niin do Nguyen Ai
Qudc tien hanh sau rdng tac ddng tiiie tiep tdi
su chuyen bien ciia each mang Viet Nam va
Lao, dua tdi sir ra ddi cua Dong Lhcang Cpng
sdn Ddng, An Nam Cpng sdn Ddng, Dong Duong Cpng sdn liin dodn, xuat hien mdt yeu
cau cap bach la thanh lap mdt Dang Cdng san Trudc tinh hinh do, Nguyen Ai Qudc chii ddng td chiic Hdi nghi hgp nhat cac td chiic
cdng san, thanh lap Ddng Cpng sdn Viet Nam
tai Hdng Kdng, diu nam 1930 Cac van kien:
Chdnh cuang vdn tdt cua Ddng, Sdeh luge vdn tdt cua Ddng, Chuang trinh tdm tdt Dieu li vdn
Trang 5H 6 CHi MINH VA CON Dl/ONG CACH MANG VIET NAM
tdt cua Ddng Cpng sdn Viet Nam do Nguyen Ai
Qudc soan thao, dugc Hdi nghi thao luan va
nhat tii thdng qua the hien rd ban chat eiia Dang
la dang vd san kieu mdi, lanh dao nhan dan diu
tranh gianh ddc lap dan tdc, thuc hien each
mang mdng dat, xay dimg dat nude theo hudng
di len chu nghia cdng san Dang chii truong
doan ket cac giai cap va tang ldp yeu nude,
doan ket vdi cac dan tdc bi ap bire va vd san the
gidi Nguyen Ai Qudc dat nhiem vu chong di
quoc, gidi phong ddn tpc a vi tri quan trgng
nhdt so vdi nhiem vu each mang mdng dat va
huy ddng siie manh eao nhat la lire lugng dai
doan ket cac giai cap, cac tang ldp xa hdi, eae
dang phai yeu nude de gianh ddc lap, tu do
Dieu dd bat ngudn tii tu tudng Nguyen Ai Qudc
lay tinh than yeu nude chdng de qudc lam co sd
xay dimg khdi doan ket dan tde, bao gdm cdng
ndng, tieu tu san tri tiiiie, trung ndng va phii
ndng, trung, tieu dia chu, tu san "ehua rd mat
phan each mang" cimg cac td chiic dang phai
yeu nude Mat khac, dieu nay ciing la su the
hien quan diem cua Ngudi da viet trong cudn
Duong cdch minh: " dan tde each menh thi
chua phan giai cap, nghia la si, ndng, cdng,
thuong deu nhat tri chdng lai cudng quyen"'^
Ldi phat bieu cua Hd Chi Minh tai Dai hdi n
ciia Dang (thang 2-1951) da neu eao gia tii to
Idn cua su kien thanh lap Dang Cdng san Viet
Nam ddi vdi each mang Viet Nam va gdp phan
thiic day su phat trien eua each mang the gidi:
'Tdi sung sudng vi tdi nhd lai lue Dang Cdng
san Ddng Duong thanh lap Thanh lap nhu the
nao? Thanh lap bi mat Dang ta liie sinh ra eiing
nhu mdt ngudi con de bi mat Nd de d dau?
Tren mdt cai ddi tam thdi thudc de qudc Nd de
ra d dau? Ben mdt san bdng eiia de qudc tu ban, Liie dd chi ed mdt nhdm nhd con con ddng ehi
Sd ngudi tuy it nhung long kien quyet rat to Tuy sd ngudi eon con nhung da tin tudng Dang
se giai phdng dan tde va giiip vao cude giai phdng the gidi Bay gid ehiing ta dang giai phdng dan tdc, dang giiip vao edng eudc bao ve hoa binh the gidi, cude giai phdng the gidi The
la cai mue dieh, cai hy vgng nho nhd eua mdt sd
it ddng ehi khdng nhiing da thanh muc dich, by vgng Idn eua toan dan tde ma ciing la muc dich
hy vgng Idn cua da sd nhan dan the gidi The la: Ring bay gid mdi thay day
Ma long da chac nhiing ngay cdn tho"'^ Den thang 10-1930, Dang Cdng san Viet Nam ddi ten thanh Dang Cdng san Ddng Duong, lanh dao each mang toan Ddng Duong
4 Cach mang Dong Duong do nhan dan Dong Duong tu tien hanh, ket hop vol su ung ho va giiip do* cua ban be quoc te
Dudi ach thdng tri eua thue dan Phap, nhan dan Ddng Duong bi dau ddc va ap biic, bde lot nang ne nhung khdng phai vi the ma tiem nang each mang ciia hg bi voi can? Giai dap van de
dd, Nguyen Ai Qudc khang dinh: "Khdng:
Nguoi Dong Duong khong chit nguoi Dong Duong vdn song, song mdi mdi Su dau ddc cd
he thdng eua bgn tu ban thuc dan khdng the lam
te Uet siic sdng, cang khdng the lam te Uet tu tudng each mang eiia ngudi Ddng Duong"'"* Nguyen Ai Qudc chi ro: "Dang sau su phuc tiing tieu cue, ngudi Ddng Duong giau mdt cai gi dang sdi sue, dang gao thet va se biing nd mdt each ghe gdm, khi thdi co den
Bd phan uu tii cd nhiem vu phai thiic day cho
15
thdi CO do mau den"
Trang 6Ngudi giai tiiich: "Dau khd, ngheo ddi va sir
dan ap tan bao la nhirng ngudi thay duy nhat
eiia hg"'^ Mat khac, hg eiing ehiu tac ddng tieh
cue eiia nhieu phong trao each mang ti'en the
gidi nhu Cach mang Thang Mudi Nga, each
mang Trung Qudc va phong trao dau tranh cua
nhan dan An Do Ndi nhu vay khdng cd nghia
la vao thap nien 20 the ky XX, each mang Ddng
Duong ed the biing nd va thu duge thang lgi la
sai, "nhung ndi rang Ddng Duong khdng mudn
each mang va bang ldng vdi ehe do bay gid nhu
eae dng ehii eua ehiing ta thudng van nghi nhu
the, thi lai cang sai hon niia"''
Y thiic rd siie manh eua tiie he thanh nien ddi
vdi sir tiiay ddi van menh dan tdc va edng tac
giao due, thu hiit hg vao eon dudng each mang,
vugt qua su dau ddc nang ne eua chu nghia thue
dan, Nguyen Ai Qudc keu ggi thdng thiet thanh
nien, nham giiip hg tu nhan rd ti-ach nhiem ddng
gdp xung dang eho sir nghiep giai phdng Ddng
Duong khdi hiem hoa diet vong: "Hdi Ddng
Duong dang tiiuong hai! Ngudi se chet mat,
neu dam thanh nien gia edi eua Ngudi khdng
sdm hdi sinh"'^
Hpi Liin hiep thuoc dia - mdt trong nhiing
td chiic ma Nguyen Ai Quoc tiiam gia thanh
lap tai Phap nam 1921 la de giiip nhan dan cac
nude thudc dia, ti'ong do cd Ddng Duong, tidn
hanh sir nghiep tii giai phdng Tuyin ngon cua
Hpi liin hiep thuoc dia viet: 'Van dung edng
thiic cua Cac Mae'^, chiing tdi xin ndi vdi anh
em rang, cdng cude giai phdng anh em chi cd
the thuc hien dugc bang su nd lire cua ban than
anh em
Hdi Liin hiep thuoc dia tiianh lap ehinh la dd
giiip dd anh em trong edng eudc iy"^°
Ndu Hdi Uen hiep thudc dia va td bao Le
Paria ciia Hdi ddng vai trd "thiic tinh ddng bao
chiing ta" nhu Nguyen Ai Qudc da viet, thi tii khi thanh lap (nam 1925), Hdi Viet Nam Cach
mang Thanh nien va bao Thanh niin ciing thiie
day manh me xu the ay phat tridn len trinh do mdi: vua giac ngd ngudi Ddng Duong, vira td ehiic hg thanh lire lugng each mang d khap lanh tiid xu nay, tao dieu kien chin mudi cho su tiianh lap chinh dang ciia giai cap vd san va phong trao each mang phat tridn ram rd tii dau nam 1930
Van de ly luan dugc Nguyen Ai Qudc ehii trgng lam sang td la quan he giiia con dudng tii giai phdng va gia tri doan ket qudc te Ngudi eho biet: "Mien Can Ddng va Vien Ddng, ke tii Xyri den Trieu Tien - ehi tinh nhirng nudc thudc dia va nua thudc dia thdi - cd mdt dien tich rdng hon 15 trieu kildmet vudng, vdi sd dan hon 1.200 trieu ngudi Tat ca nhiing nudc rdng Idn
ay hien dang d dudi ach ciia chu ngbia de qudc
tu ban Va mac diu dan sd cua hg dang le phai
lam eho hg ed siic manh, cdc ddn tpc bi dp bice
do vdn chua bao gia ra sice tim toi that din nai din chon con duong tu gidi phong, cho nin hg chua hiiu dugc gid tri cua su dodn ket ddn tpc
vd dodn kit quoc ti (tac gia nhan manh) Hg
chua cd nhiing mdi Uen he giiia cac luc dia nhu cac dan tgc chau Au va chau My"^'
Trong tiiu gui ddng chi Petordp, Tdng Thu
ky Ban phuong Ddng, Ngudi cdn nhan manh nguyen nhan lam suy yeu sue dau tranh ciia cac
nudc phuong Ddng la tibnh trang biet lap Ngudi
giai thich ro them nguydn nhan va hau qua ciia hien tugng ay: "Hg hoan toan khdng biet den nhiing viee xay ra d cac nudc lang gieng eua hg,
Trang 7H 6 CHi MINH VA CON OU-QNG CACH MANG VIET NAM
do do hg THIEU SU TIN CAY LAN NHAU,
SU PHOI HOP H A N H D Q N G V A SU CO VIJ
LANNHAU"^l
Ndi tiep boat ddng eua Hdi Lien hiep thudc
dia (1921-1926), tiiang 7-1925, Nguydn Ai Qudc
chu ddng phdi hgp vdi mdt sd nha each mang
Trung Qudc thanh lap Hpi Liin hiep cdc ddn tpc
bi dp bice, mdt td chiie qudc te doan ket nhieu
dan tdc thudc dia, nira tiiudc dia nhu Viet Nam,
Trung Qudc, An Do, Trieu Tien, Inddnexia
Tuyen ngdn cua Dai hdi thanh lap Hdi neu rd:
"Con dudng thoat duy nhat de xoa bd sir ap biic
ehi cd the la Uen hiep eae dan tdc bi ap biic va
giai cap vd san toan the gjdi ap dung nhiing
phuong phap each mang dd lat dd ve can ban chii
nghia tu ban de qudc cue ky hung ac"^
Nam 1927, Hdi da xuat ban cudn Duomg
cdch minh dirng lam tai Ueu giao due, tuyen
tmyen each mang d Ddng Duong
Vdi danh ngbia la hdi vien Hdi lien hiep cac
dan tdc bi ap biic, Nguyen Ai Qudc den gap Uy
ban bai cdng Gang Tinh (dia danh chi Hdng
Kdng va Quang Chau) de nghi tiiam gia Ddi
dien thuyet Ngudi duge Uy ban ddng y mdi
den mdt sd eo sd bao eao ve van de Quan hi
giiia cong nhdn Trung Quoc voi cdc ddn tpc bi
dp bice vd su cdn thiit phdi liin hiep lgi ddnh do
di quoc
Tai nhieu dien dan qudc te, Ngudi len tieng
keu ggi Qudc te Cdng san, Qudc te Cdng hdi dd,
Qudc te Ndng dan va cac Dang Cong san Anh,
Phap img hd, giiip do each mang E)dng Duong
Dat diing tam quan trgng Ludn cuong ve vdn
di ddn tpc vd thupe dia do Lenin trinh bay tai
Dai hdi II Qudc te Cdng san nam 1920, va ydu
cau cua thuc tien each mang giai phdng thudc
dia, tai Dai hdi V Qudc te Cdng san nam 1924, Nguyen Ai Qudc keu ggi: "Thua cac ddng chi,
vi ehiing ta tu coi minh la hgc trd ciia Lenin, cho nen ehiing ta can phai tap trung tat ca siic lire va nghi lire de tiiue hien tren tiiuc te nhirng ldi di huan quy bau eiia Lenin ddi vdi chiing ta ve van
dd thudc dia ciing nhu cac van de khae"^'' Ciing d tam ly luan eiia van de doan ket giiia each mang phuong Tay va phong trao giai phdng thudc dia, Nguyen Ai Qudc luan giai sang rd luan diem eua Lenin: " each mang d phuong Tay mudn thang lgi thi nd phai Uen he chat ehe vdi phong trao giai phdng chdng chu nghia de qudc d cae nude thudc dia va cae nude
bi nd dieh va van de dan tdc, chi la mdt bd phan cua van de ehung ve each mang vd san va chuyen ehinh vd san"^^
Tu nhiing quan diem each mang diing din tren, Ngudi dua ra nhiing nhan dinh rat xac dang ve vi tri quan trgng nhat eua van de thudc dia trong ehinh sach eua Dang Cdng san Phap, Dang Cdng san Anh: " se khdng phai la qua dang neu ndi rang chimg nao Dang Phap va Dang Anh chiing ta ehua thi hanh mdt chinh sach that tich cue trong van de tiiude dia, tham ehi chua de cap den quan ehiing cae nudc thudc dia, thi toan bd chuong trinh rdng Idn eua hai dang do van khdng ed bieu qua gi"^^
Tai Dai bdi V (^dc te Cdng san, nam 1924, Ngudi eho biet nhiing thu doan cudp doat mdng dit kem theo nhieu loai thue danh vao ndng dan Viet Nam, mdt xir thuge dia Idn nhat tai Ddng Duong va eae thudc dia d chau Phi, gay nen nan bin Cling ngay cang gia tang cimg ndi phan uat cao do va duong nhien nhirng phan ung quyet Uet vdi che do thudc dia da dien ra Song, hg
Trang 8ddu bi dan ap khde Uet Nguyen nhan eiia tinh
trang do la do ndng dan "thieu td chiic, thidu
ngudi lanh dao" Ngudi dd nghi "Qudc te Cdng
san ein phai giup dd hg td chirc lai, can phai
eung cap can bd lanh dao cho hg va ehi eho hg
eon dudng di tdi each mang va giai phdng"^^
Nguydn Ai Qudc khai quat: 6 Ddng Duong,
thuc dan Phap da phuc hdi chd do nd le Liic
bay gid, giai cap vd san Ddng Duong chua the
lam gi duge de chdng lai che do bde lot dd, vi
ehua xay dung duge td chiic nao cua hg Nhung
Nguyen Ai Qudc da chi ra ldi thoat: " vdi sir
giiip dd eua cae td chiic gan giii vdi Qudc te
Cdng hdi do, ehiing tdi quyet dap tan luc lugng
eua chu nghia de qudc chau Au ap biic ehiing
tdi"^* Tidp theo, Ngudi kien nghi giai phap dua
tdi kdt qua eua giai cap vd san Ddng Duong:
" cae ddng ehi ehiing ta trong cac td chirc
cdng nhan each mang Phap phai tich cue giiip
do chiing tdi trong cude dau tranh giai phdng
cua chiing tdi"^^
Mdt ket qua hoat ddng kip thdi eiia Nguyen
Ai Qudc la Tdng Cdng hdi thdng nhat (Phap)
cimg kien nghi dua vao Nghi quyet cua Dai hdi
vdi nhiing nhiem vu trudc mat: "1- Td chiie
nhiing ngudi Ddng Duong hien lam vide d Phap
2- Tien hanh mdt chien dieh manh me vi
quyen lgi edng doan cua ngudi ban xii song
song vdi chien dich eho edng ehiic
3- Cir nhiing dai bieu thudng true (it ra la 2)
sang Ddng Duong vdi su menh la tiiydn tmyen
trong dan ban xu va td chiic hg"^°
Tren day la nhiing luan diem dau tien cua
Nguyen Ai Qudc ve each mang Ddng Duong
dugc neu ra trong khoang tiidi gian 10 nam tii
nam 1920 den nam 1930, tiid hien kdt qua
nghien cuu ly luan gan kdt chat che vdi boat ddng thuc tidn cua Ngudi Dd la nhirng nhan td xac dinh hudng phat tiidn ciia each mang Ddng Duong, thd hidn rd phuong phap tu duy ddc lap, sang tao ciia Nguyen Ai Qudc ti'en co sd van dung, phat trien chii nghia Mac-Lerun
1,2,4,5,14,15,16,17,18,22,24,25,26,27,28,29 Ho
(JnMinh Toan tap, CTQG, H, 1995, T I , 1r22,27,191,192,
118,28,28,27,133,236,282,277,277,289,292-293,293
3 Bao Le Paria: Ca quan tuyen truyen cua Hoi Liai
hiep thuoc dia do Nguyen Ai Quoc lam Chii nhiem kiem chu but va quan ly, xuit ban ttr tiiang 4 -1922 den thang
4-1926, dinh ban sau so 38
6,7,8,10,12,20,21 //o CM Minh Todn tap, CTQG,
H, 2000, T 2, tr 120,124, 259; 267-268; 266; 128; 123
9 N ^ quyet chinh tri cua E)ai bieu Dai hoi lan thii nhit Dang Cong san Dong Duong, thang 3-1935, cho bi8t,
a Lao, tac phim Ehtang cdch minh duoc dung lam tai lieu huan luyen (xem Dang Cong san Viet Nam; Vdn Men
£)dng Todn tap, CTQG, H, 2002, T.5, tr 20)
11 Dang Cong san Viet Nam; Vdn kien Ddng Todn
tap, CTQG, H, 2005, T.l, tr 118
13 Bien bdn Dgi hpi lan thicn cua Ddng, tr 122.Liru
tai Kho Luu trii Trung uong E)ang '
19 Cong ihiic nay CMac vi^ trong Diai le cua Hoi Lien higj lao dgng quoc t^: "Su n ^ e p giai ptoig cua giai c%) (Ag nh&i phffl la su n ^ e p cua bm ttian giai cap cong nhan''
23 T Lan: Vim di dudng vira ke chuyen, ST, U,
1976, tr27
30 Vien N ^ e n cuu chu n ^ a Mac-Lenin va tu
tuong H6 Chi Minh, Vien H6 Chi Minh: Ho Chi Minh
Bien nien tieu sir CTQG, H, 1993, T.l, tr.l99