Tao hda cho hp dinh: nhan dan Viet Nam khdng he xa la vdi nhung quyen khdng ai cd the xam pham nhirng tu tudng tien bd trong lich sir nhan dugc; trong nhung quyen ay, cd quyen dugc loa[r]
Trang 1x.^, * N H A N KY NIEM 40 N A M THUC HIEN DI CHUC
CUA CHU TICH H 6 CHI M I N H (2-9-1969 - 2-9-2009)
HO CHI MINH - NGUdi KHAI SINH
NUdC VIET NAM DAN CHU CONG HOA
LE V A N YEN *
Tuyen ngon doc lap do Ho Chi Minh viet vd trinh trqng tuyen bo thdnh
lap nude Viet Nam Ddn chu Cong hoa vdo ngdy 2-9-1945 tqi quang truong
Ba Dinh - Hd Nqi Id bdn Tuyen ngon nhdn quyen vd ddn quyen cua ddn
toe Viet Nam Tuyen ngon khong chi khang dinh nhimg nguyen tdc phdp
ly ve doc lap ddn toe vd todn ven lanh tho quoc gia, md edn khdng dinh tinh
phdp ly ve quyen ddn toe vd quyen co bdn cua con ngudi
•O dau ban Tuyen ngdn ddc lap, nhirng "ldi bat hu" trong hai ban tuyen ngdn
Hd Chi Minh nhac den tu tudng tren de khang dinh "dd la nhirng le phai _vl dai eiia Thd-mat Giep-pbo-xon khdng ai ehdi cai dugc", ddng thdi lam co sd trong Tuyen ngdn ddc lap nam 1776 cua cho nhung ket luan mdi ciia Ngudi Nhac lai nude My, rang: "Tat ca mpi ngudi deu sinh nhung tu tudng tren la Ngudi mudn khang
ra cd quyen binh dang Tao hda cho hp dinh: nhan dan Viet Nam khdng he xa la vdi nhung quyen khdng ai cd the xam pham nhirng tu tudng tien bd trong lich sir nhan dugc; trong nhung quyen ay, cd quyen dugc loai va nhung tu tudng dd da trd thanh gia tri song, quyen tir do va quyen muu cau hanh tinh than chung eiia the gidi; nude Viet Nam phirc"^'\ va Ngudi cung nhac den tu tudng hoan toan tan thanh va cd y tudng chung ve cua cae nha triet hpe Phap the ky thir XVIII tinh phap ly cua nhan loai vdi quyen binh trong Tuyen ngdn nhan quyen va dan quyen dang, quyen sdng, quyen tir do va quyen nam 1791 eiia nude Phap, rang: "Ngudi ta muu cau hanh phiic ciia eon ngudi
sinh ra tir do va binh dang vl quyen Igi; va ^et sang tao etia Ho Chi Minh la d chd,
phai^ ludn ludn dugc tir do va binh dang ve ^^^ ^^ y^^^g ^^^^ q^yg^ ^^^ j ^ g ^ ^ ^ ^ quyen Igi"^^) R6 rang, Hd Chi Minh da ^^^-^ j ^ ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^5j ^j^^^g ^^
kheo van dung ngay nhirng dnh hoa cua eac
cude dSu tranh giai phdng dan tdc, giai
, - i_- 1 - -• ' * PCS, TS, Nha Xuat ban Chinh tri quoc gia
phong con nguoi tren mpt the ky nroi tnioc ^,^ ^^^ ^ ^^ ^^^^, ^^.^ ,^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^.^
day ciia nhan lo^i tien bp dugc the hien d Ha Npi, 2002,13, tr 554
Trang 2Nhan ky niem 40 nam thtre hien Di chiic
cua Chu tich H6 Chi Minh (2-9-1969 - 2-9-2009) T p p chf C ^ n g s d n
quyen mdi con ngirdi ndi rieng, Ngudi cdn
"suy rdng ra" va nang len thanh tinh phap ly
ve quyen cua tat ca cac dan tdc trong thdi
dai mdi, rang: "tat ca cac dan tdc tren the
gidi deu sinh ra binh dang, dan tdc nao ciing
cd quyen sdng, quyen sung strong va quyen
tu do"^^^ Dd la ket luan Idgic, hgp ly va
danh thep Tir ket luan dd, trong Tuyen
ngdn, Ngudi len an toan dien va ket tdi
manh me bpn thirc dan, de qudc xam luge,
eii the la thirc dan Phap va phat-xit Nhat da
xam pham quyen dan tdc co ban cua Viet
Nam va Tuyen ngdn cung khang dinh rang
nhan dan Viet Nam da gan gdc dung len
danh dd bpn de qudc, phat-xit, bpn phong
kien tay sai thi viec lap nen che dp dan chu
cdng hda la quyen hoan toan chinh dang eiia
dan tdc Viet Nam Cho nen, trong Tuyen
ngdn ddc lap, Hd Chi Minh tuyen bd xda bd
mpi rang budc bat binh dang giira Viet Nam
vdi Phap, xda bd tat ca mpi dac quyen, dac
Igi etia Phap tren dat nude Viet Nam, dd
ciing la dieu hgp le phai, phii hgp vdi tinh
phap ly va ly tirdng chung ciia nhan loai tien
bd ve quyen con ngirdi, ve quyen dan tdc eo
ban Viec nang quyen con ngudi thanh
quyen dan tdc, Hd Chi Minh mudn Iim y cac
lue lugng each mang tien bd tren the gidi lue
dd cdng nhan quyen ddc lap, tu do cua nirdc
Viet Nam mdi Ngay trong Tuyen ngdn,
Ngirdi da keu gpi Lien hgp qudc: "Chiing tdi
tin rang cac nude Ddng minh da cdng nhan
nhiing nguyen tac dan tdc binh dang o eac
hdi nghi Te he rang va Ciiu Kim Son quyet
khdng the khdng cdng nhan quyen ddc lap
eiia dan Viet Nam" *'*l
That ra, ngay tu nam 1938, trudc tinh
hinh the gidi va trong nude bien chuyen
nhanh chdng, nguy co ciia cupc chien tranh
• in ; , ' the gidi d8n gan, Hd Chi Minh da suy nghi
va nung nau den van menh, tuong lai ciia dan tdc Viet Nam Ngudi da rdi Mat-xco-va len dudng ve nude de lanh dao cdng cupc giai phdng dan tdc Thang 6-1940, khi bat hen lac dirge vdd Ban Hai ngoai cua Dang d Cdn Minh, Ngudi da trieu tap cupc hpp, cd mdt sd ddng ehi d trong nude sang, Ngirdi dua ra nhan dinh: Viec Phap mat nude la co hdi rat thuan Igi cho each mang Viet Nam,
ta phai tim mpi each ve nude ngay de tranh thu thdi CO, cham tre liie nay la cd tdi vdi each mang Vao thdi gian nay, Nguoi trien khai cac hoat ddng qudc te ddn dap nham tranh thu mpi lue lugng, tao vi the phap ly qudc te cho each mang Viet Nam Ngirdi da cir Tran Van Hinh di Dien An de thiet lap mdi quan he qudc te, edn Ngirdi dap may bay len Triing Khanh gap Trung uong Dang
Cdng san Trung Qudc de phdi hqp hanh
ddng each mang giua hai nude De cd danh nghia boat ddng hgp phap, Ngudi cho lap lai Viet Nam Ddc lap ddng minh, mdt td chire chinh tri chdng de qudc cua ngirdi Viet da
cd d day tir nam 1935, nham tranh thu su ung hd ciia nhan dan Trung Qudc va md rdng anh hudng qudc te cua each mang Viet Nam Tnrde khi ve nude, Ngudd edn dan, phai giir cho dugc td chirc nay de lien lac vdi qudc te
Tren dudng ve nude, Ngudi da suy nghi tdi viec thanh lap mdt td chirc cd tinh phap
ly cho each mang Viet Nam Ngudi ndi vdi mdt ddng chi: "Ta phai nghi d8n viec lap mdt hinh thirc mat tran that rdng rai, cd ten cho thich hgp Viet Nam giai phdng ddng
(3), (4) H5 Chi Minh: Sdd t 3, tr 555 tr 557
Trang 3Nhan ky niem 40 nam thuc hien Di chuc
cua ChiJ tich Hd Chi Minh (2-9-1969 - 2-9-2009) T a p chf C d n g s d n
minh?, Viet Nam phan de ddng minh?, hay
Viet Nam ddc lap ddng minh?"^^\ Mua xuan
nam 1941, Ngudd ve nude true tiep lanh dao
each mang Viet Nam Ngirdi thanh lap Mat
tran Viet Nam ddc lap ddng minh, gpi tat la
Viet Minh Trong Chuong trinh Viet Minh
do Ngudi khdi thao neu rd: Sau khi danh
dudi dugc de qudc, phat-xit Nhat, se lap nen
chinh phii nhan dan ciia nirdc Viet Nam Dan
ehii Cdng hda, lay cd dd, sao vang nam canh
lam qudc ky Sang nam 1945, tinh hinh the
gidi cd nhieu dien bien quan trpng La mpt
nha chinh tri sang sudt, Hd Chi Minh rat
nhay cam trudc nhiing chieu hudng phirc
tap, dan cheo ciia cae lue lugng qudc te
trong vSn dS Ddng Duong, Ngirdi quyet
dinh can phai tiep xiie vdi Ddng minh de cd
nhung CO sd phap ly can thiet cho each
mang Viet Nam trong quan he qudc te sau
nay Trong nhirng lan tiep xiic vdi dai dien
My eiia Ddng minh d Cdn Minh, Ngudi deu
ndi rd sir ldn manh, kha nang va thien chi
cua Viet Minh; ddng thdi khing dinh cupc
dau tranh cua dan tdc Viet Nam cd dia vi
phap ly trong lire lugng Ddng minh the gidi
chdng phat-xit Trong ISn Bd Chi huy My d
Cdn Minh cu Sac-lo Phen thude td cbirc
OSS d8n gap Ngudd, khi dugc hdi, Ngudi tra
ldi: Chi mudn Dong minh cdng nhan td cbirc
Viet Minh Gap tudng Se-ndn - Td'ng Chi
huy Quan doan khdng quan va Dai sir My d
Trung Khanh, khi dugc hdi Viet Minh cd
vui Idng giiip viec td chuc eiru giup nhirng
phi cdng Ddng minh bi rod d Ddng Duong
khdng, Ngudi tra ldi: Trach nhiem cua
nhung ngudd chdng phat-xit la lam tat ea
nhung viec ed thd lam dd giup dd Ddng
minh Thigu ta Pat-ti thude td chire OSS hdi
Ngudi v\ td chirc Viet Minh, Ngudi tra ldi:
Viet Minh khdng phai la don vi ma la mdt
bd phan nhan dan Viet Nam, la td chuc ciia cdng nhan, ndng dan boat ddng tai cae dia phuong va cd the lien lac tir Sai Gdn den Cao Bang
Ngay trong nhirng ngay dien ra cupc Td'ng khdi nghia Thang Tam nam 1945, nhan danh Uy ban Dan tdc giai phdng cua Mat tran Viet Minh, Hd Chi Minh da yeu cau nha cam quyen Hoa Ky thdng bao cho Lien hgp qudc ung hd Viet Nam gianh ddc lap: "Chung tdi da diing ve phia Lien hgp qudc chdng lai bpn Nhat Nay bpn Nhat da dau hang Chiing tdi yeu cau Lien hgp qudc thue hien ldi hira long trpng eiia minh la tat
ca cac dan tdc deu dugc hudng dan chti va ddc lap"
Sau thang Igi cua cupc Cach mang Thang Tam khdng lau, trudc nguy ea Phap quay lai xam luge nude ta lan thir hai, Hd Chi Minh
da nbiSu lan giid thu, cdng ham, dien van yeu cau cbinb phii cac nude My, Trung Qudc, Lien Xd, Anh va ca Lien hgp qudc len tieng ung hd va cdng nhan nen ddc lap chinh dang ciia Viet Nam Trong thu gui Tdng thdng My H.To-ru-man, ngay 17-10-1945, Ngudi neu rd, tir ngay 19-8-1945, Viet Nam
da la mdt nude ddc lap tren mpi phuong dien, Viet Nam cd dii tu each ed dai dien trong Uy ban Tu van Vien Ddng va ed du kha nang giai quyet ed hieu qua cac van de tdn tai d Viln Ddng Trong dien van gui cac dng Ang-dre Grd-mu-cd - dai dien Lien Xd, Giem BiSc-no - Bd trudng Ngoai giao My,
cd Duy Quan - dai dien Trung Qudc tai Hdi ddng Lien hgp qudc, Ngirdi deu khang dinh dia vi phap ly qudc te cua Viet Nam, rang
(5) Vo Nguyen Giap: Nhimg chdng duang lich su,
Nxb Chinh tri Qu6c gia, Ha Npi, 1994, tr 32
Trang 4Nhan ky rdem 40 nam thtic hien Di chuc
^'-cua Chu tich Hd Chi Minh (2-9-1969 - 2-9-2009)
rTl
Tpp chf Cdng s d n
"Qudc dan chung tdi da gianh dirge quyen
ddc lap va giir viing nen ddc lap, thiet tha
yeu eau cac ngai cdng nhan nen ddc lap ay
va nhan chiing tdi vao Hdi ddng Lien hgp
qudc Theo nhu ldi tuyen bd ciia vi dai dien
Trung Hoa Cd Duy Quan thi A chau chua cd
du dai bieu trong Hdi nghi Chung tdi tin
rang su cd mat cua chung tdi trong Hdi nghi
se cd ich nhieu cho viec giai quyet mdt each
nhanh chdng va hda binh cho cae van de d
Ddng - Nam A chau hien nay"^^^ Rd rang,
vdd ehii truong quan he vdi Ddng minh, gap
gd Ddng minh, Hd Chi Minh mudn cho hp
thay each mang Viet Nam da la mdt lue
lirgng cua Ddng minh chdng phat-xit, ddng
thdi khang dinh trong thtre te dia vi phap ly
cua nude Viet Nam Dan chii Cdng hda ma
hp phai tinh tdi, khdng the bd qua
Trong Tuyen ngdn ddc lap, Hd Chi Minh
khdng chi khang dinh nguyen tac phap ly ve
quyen dan toe co ban cua Viet Nam va cac
dan tdc tren the gidi, ma cdn khang dinh
trong thtre tien cupc dau tranh each mang
kien cudng, bat khuat eiia dan tdc Viet Nam
VI cae quyen dan tdc thieng lieng dd Ket
thiic ban Tuyen ngdn ddc lap, Ngirdi khang
dinh y ehi danh thep quyet tam gianh va giir
nen ddc lap, tvt do cua dan tdc Viet Nam,
ddng thdi trinh trpng tuyen bd vdi the giai
rSng: "Nude Viet Nam ed quyen hudng tir
do va ddc lap va su that da trd thanh mdt
nude ttr do, ddc lap Toan the dan tdc Viet
Nam quyet dem tat ca tinh than va lire
lugng, tinh mang va cua cai de giir vung
quyen tir do, ddc lap ay"
Trudc toan the the gidi, Tuyen ngdn ddc
lap cira Viet Nam - Hd Chi Minh la bdn da
tang phap ly dau tien khang dinh ca tren
nguyen tac va thuc te quyet tam sat da cua
nhan dan Viet Nam ve quyen dugc sdng trong ddc lap, tir do va quyen muu cau hanh phuc, ve quyen binh dang cua dan toe Viet Nam vdi tat ea cac dan tdc tren the gidi Cupc dau tranh giai phong dan tdc do Hd Chi Minh lanh dao da gan hen voi cupc dau tranh giai phdng giai cap, giai phdng con ngirdi khdi mpi ap birc bde lot, thirc hien cac quyen dan chii eo ban cho mpi ngudd dan Viet Nam
Cach mang Thang Tam thanh cdng da
md ra ky nguyen mdi trong lich su dan tdc Viet Nam - ky nguyen ddc lap, tu do va chii nghia xa hdi tren dat nuoc ta Cdng hien to ldn cua Hd Chi Minh la tu quan diem gan ddc lap ciia dan tdc vdi tu do, hanh phiic cua con ngudd, gan quyen dan tdc thieng Ueng vdi quyen eo ban cua con ngudd Cung tu thtre tien cupc dau tranh thang Igi cua nhan dan Viet Nam, hai khai niem phap ly tren da dugc phat trien thanh khai niem mdi quyen dan tdc eo ban Vi vay, Tuyen ngdn ddc lap cua Viet Nam - Hd Chi Minh dugc coi la ban Tuyen ngdn nhan quyen va dan quyen cua eac dan tdc dau tranb cho ddc lap, tu do, hanh phuc va van minh Diing nhu Rd-met Chan-dra, nguyen Chu tich Hda binh the gidi, da danh gia: "Bat cir noi nao chidn dau cho ddc lap, tu do, d dd cd Hd Chi Minh va ngpn cd Hd Chi Minh bay cao Bat cir d dau chien dau cho hda binh va cdng ly, d dd cd
Hd Chi Minh va ngpn ed Hd Chi Minh bay cao O bat cir dau, nhan dan chien dau cho mdt the gidi mdi, chdng lai ddi ngheo, d dd
ed Hd Chi Minh va ngpn ed Ho Chi Minh baycao"^^) •
(6) Ho Chi Minh: Sdd, t 4, tr 157
(7) Ro-met Chan-dra: "Ho Chi Minh trong trai tim nhan loai", bao NWnD<3n, ngay 21-5-1980