Trong thdi gian qua, viec tiep nhan ehuyen giao cong nghe dao tao (bao gom noi dung chuang trinh dao tao, to ehuc quan ly dao tao, bao dam chat lugng dao tao, phuang phap dao tao...)[r]
Trang 1N g h i e n c u u - Trao ddi Tpp chi C d n g sdn
1 [:ji['; i f i ^
GOP PHAN BAN VE
CAI CACH GIAO DUC DAI HOC 6 VIET NAM
BUI A N H T U A N
C E ' ) ' :
Cdi cdch gido due dqi hoc coy nghia quan trong, quyet dinh tdi todn bo
he thong gido due cdng nhu chien luqc phdt trien qudc gia Trong nhung
ndm qua, ngdnh gido due vd ddo tqo (GD vd DT) Viet Nam da cd nhieu cdi
cdch, ddi mdi mang tinh dot phd nhdm ndng cao chdt luong gido due dqi
hoc nuac nhd Trong "hdnh trinh ndy", ngdnh GD vd DT da "khong dan
thuong doc md" md keo duqc "cd xd hoi" vdo cuoc, thu hut duac su quan
tam cua nhieu nhd gido due vd ddu tu qudc te Tuy nhien, phdt trien gido
due dqi hoc Viet Nam cdn tiep tuc cd nhOng doi mdi, cdi cdch nhdm ndng
cao chdt luong gido due, ddp iing nhu cau xd hoi, day nhanh qud trinh hoi
nhqp qudc te i **•
1 - Doi mdi he thong quan trj trong
cac trudng dai hoc co y nghia quyet
dinh tdi su phat trien cua he thong
giao due dai hoc Viet Nam
M6 hinh quan tri dai hoc Viet Nam hien nay,
mac dau da c6 nhirng cai tien, dieu chinh nhat
dinh, nhung van la mo hinh quan tri dai hpc
mang dang dap cua thdi ky bao cap trudc day
Mo hinh nay tap trung vao "quan ly thay va
tro", tap trung vao hoat dong "day va hpc" thiiu
di nhirng hoat dong khac can thiet ciia mot dai
hpc thuc thu trong dieu kien ciia kinh tl thi
trudng Chuong trinh va noi dung dao tao cham
thay doi, nha trudng cham phan irng vdi nhirng
thay doi nhanh chong cua xa hoi
Trong thdi ky doi mdi, mot sd mo hinh dai
hpc ra ddi, nhu dai hpc tu thuc, dai hpc dan lap,
dai hpc quoc te, dai hoc thuoc cac tap doan
doanh nghiep hoac tong cong ty Nhin tdng
the, cac mo hinh dai hpc nay ciing dugc rap
khuon tu cac trudng dai hpc cdng lap, tuy co nhiing dieu chinh phii hpp hon vdi thi trudng''* Trong he thong quan tri dai hpc hien nay, giang vien thu ddng thuc hien trach nhiem giang day dugc phan cdng theo thdi khda bieu-kieu thu dong theo each cua "thg giang" Noi dung giang day ve co ban man thu theo chuang trinh giao due dugc quy dinh He thdng nay tap trung quyen luc vao ban giam hieu ciia cac trudng Cac khoa, bp mon hlu nhu khdng c6 vai tro dang ke trong xac dinh nhu clu dao tao, hoach dinh chien luge va xay dyng ke hoach dao tao, dao tao va phat trien nhan luc, trong cac hoat ddng doi ngoai ciia nha trudng Trong
he thong nay khong cd dii cac chinh sach va
* PGS, TS, Pho Hieu truomg Truong Dai hoc Kinh li
Quoc dan (1) Luat Giao due hien nay chua bao quat h6t duoc cac loai hinh truong dai hoc tren thuc te, do vay cln c6 sura doi
bo sung de phii hop voi thtrc tien
6 0 Sfi 807 (thang 1 nam 2010)
Trang 2Nghien c u u - Trao ddi T p p c h i C d n g s d n
quy trinh hgp ly de khuyen khieh va tao dong
lye cho dpi ngii giang vien, khong khuyen
khieh sy tuong tac giiia cac khoa, bp mon, giang
vien vdi doi tugng dao tao ciia hp la cac sinh
vien Sau 20 nam doi mdi, kenh tuong tac giiia
giang vien vdi sinh vien van chi tap trung d cac
gid giang true tiep
Trong nhimg nam gan day, Bp GD va DT da
CO nhirng chuang trinh va nhirng budc di dot
pha trong cai each giao due dai hpc, quan tri dai
hpc theo hudng phan quyen, tang quyen ty chu
cho cac trudng dai hpc Mac dau con nhieu kho
khan, nhung ye lau dai day la dinh hudng dung
dan va can tiep tuc thiic day de cac trudng dai
hpc ty chu trong tuyen sinh, xay dung chuong
trinh dao tao, quan tri nhan sy, tai chinh Hien
na^, Bp GD va DT dang tiep tuc c6 nhirng thay
doi manh me d tam quan ly vi mo he thong giao
due dai hpc nude nha Trong khi do, nhin tir
phia cac trudng dai hpc, cd the thay rang each
thuc to chirc, quan tri dai hpc con lac hau,
khong theo kip vdi chinh nhihig cai each trong
nganh GD va DT Nhieu trudng dai hpc cham
thich iing, tham chi con hien tugng tri tre trong
cai each bp may to chirc, quan ly dao tao
Trong he thong dai hpc cung nhu trong tirng
trudng dai hpc khi budc vao cong cuoc doi mdi,
mau thuan giira cai mdi tien bp vdi cai cii lac
hau, bao thu tri tre, ngai thay doi dang dien ra
hang ngay Mau thuan nay neu khong dugc giai
quyet mot each dn thoa, se lam nan long nhirng
ngudi cap tien, nhat la doi vdi luc lugng giang
vien, can bp quan ly tre co trinh dp
Trong boi canh do, viec tiep tuc dly manh
phan cap, khuyen khieh ty chii, tu chiu trach
nhiem ciia cac trudng dai hpc la can thiet de
dinh hudng va tao siix; ep cai each he thong
quan tri dai hpc, he thong td ehuc quan ly dao
tao ciia cac trudng dai hpc Bp GD va DT can
dinh hudng va ho trg cho cac trudng dai hpc
trong mot so van de sau:
Thu nhdt, tiip tuc nghien ciru xay dyng mo
hinh td chirc va quan tri cua trudng dai hpc Viet
Nam trong bdi canh mdi Co thi nghien cuu dua
ra mo hinh mlu lam ca sd cho cac trudng dai
hpc xay dyng va hoan thien lai mo hinh to chirc
va quan tri cua minh
Thu hq.i, dieu chinh cac quy dinh phap ly,
the che dl day manh phan cap, phan quyen den cac khoa, bp mon tao cho cac don vi nay co vi tri tuong doi doc lap trong ca cau to ehuc ciia cac trudng Can co nhin nhan day dii hon ve vai tro, vi tri cua giang vien trong cac trudng de tu
do dua ra cac quy dinh hgp ly doi vdi dpi ngu giang vien nham khuyen khieh tao dong lye cho dpi ngO nay trong giang day, nghien cuu
Thii ba, nghien ciiu thay doi quy trinh giang
day theo hudng phat huy sy trao ddi hoc thuat giua sinh vien vdi giang vien, neu can, c6 the tien tdi the che hoa quy trinh dao tao dai hpc, trong do yeu cau giang vien phai co so gid gap
ga sinh vien theo mot ty le nhat dinh ciia thdi lugng mon hpc
Thii tu, ho trg cac dai hpc ap dung cong nghe
thong tin trong to ehuc, quan ly dao tao Ha tang cong nghe hien nay cua Viet Nam cho phep cac trudng dai hge co the ap dung mo hinh ung diing cong nghe thong tin cua cac nude tien tien: thiet lap he thong ca sd dir lieu dien tu (gom ca dir heu quan ly va dir heu hge thuat);
su dung he thong ICT va dir lieu dien tir lam phuang tien chu yeu cho giao tiep (ngoai gid giang) giira cac doi tugng lien quan
2 - Phat trien doi ngii giang vien ngang tam khu vuc va the gidi la chien luwc cd y nghia quyet djnh doi vdi su phat trien ciia giao due dai hoc
Chien luge phat trien doi ngii giang vien ngang tam khu vyc va the gidi co y nghia quyet dinh den sy phat trien ciia giao due dai hoc Viet Nam trong qua trinh hoi nhap Chien luge nay
CO the bao gom nhirng uu tien chinh la: (1) Tich eye dao tao doi ngu giang vien thong qua cu di hge d nude ngoai, (2) Khuyen khieh va tao dieu kien de cac giang vien tham gia cac chuang trinh lien ket dao tao va nghien cuu vdi cac trudng dai hpc nude ngoai, (3) Thu hiit va su dirng ngudi tai lam viec cho cac trudng dai hge,
ca quan nghien cuu
Cu can bp di dao tao tai cac ca sd nude ngoai la chien luge lau dai, c6 y nghia het siic
S6 807 (thang 1 nam 2010) 61
Trang 3Ngh: ien cuu - Trao ddi Tpp chi C d n g sdn
quan trpng ddi vdi viec phat trien giao due dai
hoc Viet Nam Trong thdi gian tdi, thye hien
chiin luge nay chiing ta can can nhae mot so
vln dl sau: (1) D I co dugc dpi ngu giang vien
dat trinh dp qudc te, can gidi han pham vi dao
tao tai^ cac trudng trong Top 200 cua the gidi;
(2) Doi vdi cac de an dao tao can bp d nude
ngoai bang ngan sach nha nude, can giai quyet
tot hon khau tuyen chpn, nhat la doi vdi doi
tugng dao tao tien si va chii y dua ra nhirng
chinh sach hgp ly hon trong viec bao dam dieu
kien hpc tap, nghien ciru cho luu hpc sinh; (3)
Cho phep va khuyen khieh cac nghien cuu sinh
ty dm kiem co hoi tu phat trien them thong qua
cac CO hoi nghien ciru, giang day sau tien si tai
cac trudng hang dau d tren Dpi ngu giang vien
nay se la cau noi cac co sd dao tao trong nude
vdi cac ca sd dao tao co uy tin tren the gidi, tu
do se phat trien them cac chuang trinh hen ket
qudc te ,,,.•• , ','^
Dao tao dpi ngir giang vien thong qua sy
tham gia ciia hp (theo nhieu each khac nhau)
vao nhirng chuang trinh dao tao, nghien ciiu c6
sy tham gia, ho trg ciia doi tac nude ngoai (sau
day ggi chung la cac chuang trinh lien ket qudc
te) Hinh thuc nay con dugc gpi la "hpc qua
cong viec" (Learning by doing) Mac dau tac
dong cua hinh thirc nay c6 the Idn nhung khong
phai trudng dai hpc nao ciing c6 dii vi the, uy
tin va nang luc de cd nhieu chuang trinh lien
ket, thong qua do thye hien nang cao nang luc
dpi ngii Thuc tien thye hien cac chuang trinh
lien ket quoc te d mot so trudng dai hpc Idn d
Viet Nam vira qua cho thay: (1) Muc tieu dao
tao dpi ngii giang vien thong qua "Learning by
doing" trong cac chuang trinh lien ket quoc tl
doi hoi phai co sy chu dong, tich eye cua cac
trudng dai hpc Viet Nam va ciia ban than nhirng
can bp, giang vien tham gia nhirng chuong trinh
nay; (2) Phai co sy dau tu nguon nhan lye va tai
chinh cho thye hien muc tieu nay; (3) Tao moi
trudng, dieu kien thuan Igi de dpi ngQ giang
vien "co dat dung v6" sau qua trinh dao tao hay
sau khi nhirng chuang trinh lien kit qudc tl nay
ket thiic Bp GD va DT c6 thi tac dgng din qua
trinh nay thon^ qua dinh hudng khuyin khieh
hgp tac quoc te giua cac trudng dai hge cua Viet
Nam vdi cac doi tac nude ngoai D6na thdi
khuyen khieh cac trudng dai hpc Viet Nam nghien euu tiep nhan ehuyen giao cdng nghe dao tao tu cac trudng dai hpc nude ngoai Viec thu hut va su dyng nhan tai, tir gdc do quan ly nha nude, khong the cd sy uu dai dac biet danh cho nhirng ngudi cd trinh dp cao vi uu dai dd se tao ra sy phan biet trong dai ngp, de
CO nguy CO phan tac dung ddi vdi phat trien hoc thuat Bd GD va DT co thi chi dao thue hien thi diem, tien tdi the che hda viec thanh lap va van
hanh mot mang ludi trung tdm nghien ciiu xudt
sdc (center of excellence) thude cac trudng dai
hpc Mang ludi trung tam nay dugc dau tu tot ve
CO sd vat chat, dieu kien lam viec, chinh sach nhan sy, co chl quan ly va la noi quy tu nhirng can bp khoa hpc c6 trinh dp cao, thye hien cac hoat dong nghien cuu co cMt lugng, thiic day hgp tac hpc thuat quoc te vdi nude ngoai Nhirng trung tam nay se cd anh hudng lan toa tich eye doi vdi cac bp phan khac trong cac trudng dai hpc
3 - Day manh ho tro* quoc te cd the giiip huy dong nguon lut can thiet de tao ra mot so khau dot pha trong cai each giao due dai hoc Viet Nam Lam the nao de huy dong ngudn luc dau tu cho giao due dai hpc la mot van dl Idn Mac dau, ngan sach dau tu cho giao due dai hpc tang lien tuc trong thdi gian qua Tuy nhien, vl lau dai, kinh phi tu ngan sach nha nude se giam va
CO the chl chiem 1/3 tdng ngudn thu ciia cac trudng dai hpc cong lap d Viet Nam Ngudn thu nay chu yiu tir hpc phi khong thi dap irng dugc nhu cau phat trien, nhat la nhu clu vl dao tao va phat trien nguon nhan lye, vl dlu tu co sd vat chat, trang thiltbi, ca sd dir lieu hpc thuat Vi the,jranh thu ho trg ky thuat va tai chinh qudc
te van la hudng di quan trpng, cd the giup tao ra nhirng budc dot pha quan trpng trong giao due dai hpc Viet Nam
Bp GD va DT tiep tuc ddng vai tro tich cue trong xay dyng va dam phan cac du an hd trg ky thuat, tai ehinh quy mo idn Dy an Giao due dai hpc cua Ngan hang The gidi (WB) la mdt vi du tieu bieu trong viec tranh thii hd trg qudc tl a
62 Sfi 807 (thans 1 nam 2010)
Trang 4Nghien cuu - Trao ddi T a p c h i C d n g s d n
quy mo Idn cho cai each giao due dai hpc Viet
Nam Ben canh WB, Viet Nam co thi tranh thii
ho trg ky thuat, tai chinh cua nhiiu nha tai trg
khac nhu SIDA, JICA, ADB, EU va cac quy
thuc day van hoa giao dire cua cac nude Mot
dieu chac chan la cac dgng thai huy dgng tai trg
de dau tu cho giao due se dugc cac td ehuc quoc
te va cac nude iing ho vi phat trien giao due da
trd thanh mot trong nhirng uu tien trong chinh
sach ho trg phat trien cua nhieu nude
Vi the, Bg GD va DT dong vai tro quan
trgng va can chu dgng han trong: (1) Xac dinh
uu tien hgp tac; (2) Tiep xiic va xay dung quan
he vdi cac nha tai trg; (3) Xay dyng va dam
phan cac du an kha thi quy mo Idn, tap trung
vao mot so uu tien phat trien quan trgng Dii
tiem nang huy dgng ho trg quoc te Idn nhung
cac to chirc tai trg se khong ty den vdi Viet
Nam Vi the cua Bg GD va DT vdi tu each la ca
quan quan ly vl mo va hoach dinh chinh sach
phat trien giao due Viet Nam cho phep Bg tiep
can vdi cac nha tai trg Idn, xuc tien dam phan
cac dy an cq quy mo Idn, tao ra mot so dot pha
cho phat trien giao due dai hge
Ve phia cac trudng dai hge, nghien ciiu tiep
nhan ehuyen giao cong nghe dao tao tir cac
trudng dai hge ciia cac nude c6 nen giao due
tien tien la mot trong nhihig hudng di quan
trgng giiip nang cao nang lye cua he thong giao
diac dai hge Viet Nam Trong thdi gian qua,
viec tiep nhan ehuyen giao cong nghe dao tao
(bao gom noi dung chuang trinh dao tao, to
ehuc quan ly dao tao, bao dam chat lugng dao
tao, phuang phap dao tao ) da dugc thuc hien
qua nhieu hinh thuc khac nhau nhu: (1) Thong
qua cac chuong trinh lien ket vdi nude ngoai;
(2) Thuc hien chuang trinh dao tao tien tien
theo De an cua Chinh phii; (3) Khao sat, trao
doi, hge tap kinh nghiem Doi vdi hinh thirc
thir nhat, viec thye hien ehuyen giao cong nghe
dao tao co the dugc dien ra dudi hinh thuc ty
giac va ty phat Trong cac chuang trinh lien ket
dao tao vdi nude ngoai, mac dau, muc tieu
ehuyen giao cong nghe ve dao tao luon dugc dat
ra nhung tren thuc te muc tieu nay khong dugc
quan tam diing mirc Viec ehuyen giao cong
nghe ve dao tao du co muc tieu nhung thieu ke
hoach va cac nguon luc (nhat la nguon nhan
lye) de thye hien Doi vdi hinh thuc thir hai, c6 the noi chuang trinh dao tao tien tien la hudng
di dung cua Chinh phu trong thdi gian qua nham ho trg cac trudng dai hge nang cao nang lye dao tao theo chuan ciia cac trudng dai hge cua cac nude tien tien Tuy nhien, thuc te cho thay viec tiep nhan ehuyen giao cong nghe dao tao ciing con nhieu han che do nang lye noi tai ciia cac trudng dai hpc va thien chi cua phia cac trudng doi tac nude ngoai Mat khac, cac trudng mdi quan tam den tiep nhan noi dung chuang trinh dao tao ma chua quan tam den tiep nhan cong nghe to ehuc quan ly dao tao, day lai la diem yeu cua he thong giao due dai hge Da den thdi diem Bp GD va DT can co nghien cuu danh gia mot each khach quan ve cac chuang trinh lien ket dao tao vdi cac trudng dai hge nude ngoai d Viet Nam, nghien cuu danh gia day du ve chuang trinh tien tien de co dieu chinh hgp ly nham nang cao hieu qua cua cac chuang trinh nay, nhat la trong viec ehuyen giao cong nghe dao tao, trong viec chia se nguon lye giira cac trudng
4 - Dao tao dap iing yeu cau ciia
xa hoi la mot chien linyc quan trong Yeu cau ve nguon nhan luc het sire da dang
va thay doi theo thdi gian Vi vay, he thong giao due dai hoc chi c6 the bao dam tao ra nhirng san pham dao tao dap irng tot nhirng yeu cau chii yeu, cot loi Sinh vien tot nghiep dai hge se phai trai qua mot thai gian nhat dinh de ehuyen doi tir nhirng kien thuc, ky nang ca ban da dugc trang bj thanh nhiing kinh nghiem^ ky nang tac nghiep cu the Qua trinh ehuyen doi nay thudng dugc ho trg bdi cac no luc dao tao bo sung tai cac ca sd su dung nhan lye Dieu quan trgng la, neu sinh vien dugc dao tao de dap ung tot dugc nhirng yeu cau cot loi thi hg se c6 kha nang thich nghi nhanh chong vdi yeu cau cua cong viec cu the Khong c6 trudng dai hge nao tren the gidi co the trang bi cho sinh vien mpi thu
ma nod su dung lao dgng yeu cau Yeu cau xa hoi nen dugc lam ro idiong chi gidi han d cac doanh nghiep Tuy theo doi tugng va ehuyen nganh dao tao, dap irng yeu cau xa hoi d day gom ca yeu cau ve su dung va phat trien nguon nhan luc trong cac to ehuc chinh tri xa hoi, co
S(i 807 (than}; 1 num 20101 6 3
Trang 5Nghien cuu - Trao ddi T^p chi C d n g s ^ "
quan hanh chinh nha nude, cac don vi su
nghiep
Mot kho khan co ban cua dao tao dap iing
yeu cau xa hoi xult phat tir thye te la cau ve
dao tao dai hge nhiiu hon kha nang cung ciia
cac trudng Ben canh do, du c6 sy du thira cue
bp d mot so dia ban trpng diem, nguon cung cua
cae trudng nho hon nhieu cau cua thi trudng lao
dong Do do, mot so truong dai hgcdao tao
khong dap iing dugc yeu cau nhung van c6 the
tdn tai, phat triin ma khong bi dao thai nhu thye
te d nhieu nude tien tien
Vi "sue ep thi trudng" khdng du mqnh, do
cau Idn hon cung nin cdc ca sd ddo tqo khdng
chiu dp luc thay ddi, cdi cdch Khi sue ep thi
trudng khdng dii mqnh - mot dang ciia that hqi
thi trudng - thi cdn cd sue ep hdnh chinh du
mqnh tit phia ca quan qudn ly nhd nude vigido
due Dieu do dat ra cau hoi Idn la lam the nao
de tang "sue ep hanh chinh" trong van de nay
nhung van bao dam tiep tuc ehu truong tang
cudng tu chii dai hpc?
Vdi each dat van de nhu tren, xay dyng va
cai thien thong tin thi trudng lao dong c6 the coi
la mot trgng tam chien luge phat trien Ve phia
cac trudng dai hge, thuc hien dieu tra sinh vien
tot nghiep trong vong 1 nam khi ra trudng, cong
bo ket qua dieu tra rong rai, dua ket qua dieu tra
vao thong tin tuyen sinh la nhimg budc di can
thiet Thdng tin nay se giup thi sinh chpn lya
trudng dai hpc de tham gia thi tuyen/dy myen
Dong thdi, ket qua nay ciing se la dau vao tryc
tiep de cac trudng dai hpc ty danh gia mirc dp
dap irng yeu cau xa hoi ciia trudng Ve phia Bg
GD va DT, c6 the can nhae mot so ho trg sau:
Thu nhdt, the che hda dieu tra sinh vien tot
nghiep, coi day la yeu cau bat huge cho tat ea
cac trudng; quy dinh chung ve khung philu
diiu tra (c6 \hi 60% do Bg GD va DT quy dinh;
40% cau hdi do cac trudng xay dyng); quy dinh
thdi gian, quy trinh dieu tra; quy dinh ve each
thuc thu thap thong tin, xu ly kit qua; quy dinh
ve cac bieu mau can tdng hgp; quy dinh ve each
thirc cong bo thong tin
Thu hai, trpng tam dieu tra nhin manh vao
thdi gian tim viec; muc dp phu hgp cua cong
viec vdi ehuyen nganh dao tao; muc dp dap ung
cac yeu clu cu the cua cong viec Co the di sau
han bIng viec dua ra mdt sd "gidi ban san" cho mdt sd chl tieu co ban, trudng dai hpc nao khdng vugt qua dugc nhirng "gidi han san" nay
se phai chiu cIt giam ngan sach, tham chi sap nhap, giai the
Thu ba, tren ca sd dieu tra cua cac trudng,
Bp GD va DT se tiin hanh tdng hgp de tao ca
sd dir heu qudc gia ve dieu tta sinh vien tot nghiep He ca sd dir heu nay se cung cap thong tin quan trpng cho thi trudng lao ddng, la nguon tham khao cho tiii suih (trong quyet dinh chgn trudng), cho cac trudng (trong ty danh gia), cho
Bp GD va DT (trong hoach dinh ehinh sach) Xay dung cong tac dy bao nhu cau nhan luc
se la uu tien chiin luge Ve nguyen tac, viec du bao nhu cau nhan lye van dugc thye hien theo nhiiu each khac nhau trong thdi gian qua Tuy nhien, cong tac nghien ciru dy bao nay chua phat huy dugc tac dung can thiet, chua bao dam dugc vai tro cung cap thdng tin cho thi trudng lao dong Viec xay dyng trung tam nghien euu
dy bao nhan lye quoc gia phu hgp vdi dinh hudng chien luge nay Viec nghien ciru va dir bao nhu cau nhan lye can dugc thye hien trong
ca nude, cho cae khu vyc, virng dia ly, va dia phuang (c6 the diing lai d cap tinh) Nhiem vu nghien ciiu, cung cap thong tin d cap dia phuang theo yeu cau cua trung tam nen dugc giao cho cac sd, cac phdng giao due tai dia phuong De bao dam thong nhat, trung tam nay Cling nen la noi phu trach cong tac quan ly nha nude ve dieu tra sinh vien tdt nghiep ciia cac trudng dai hpc
Cai each giao due dai hpc trong dieu kien cu the cua Viet Nam la qua trinh dau tranh Uong mau thuan giira "cai mdi tiin bp" va "cai cii lac hau" Tir goe dp quan ly^ se khdng thi hy vgng ngay lap tire thay ddi de cho "cai mdi tiin bg" chiem vi tri Uiyet ddi Diiu quan trgng la tao dieu kien de cho "cai mdi tien bd" dugc phat trien, dugc lan tda, dan din thay thi "cai cii lac hau"
Qua trinh cai each can cd nhung dot pha, nhirng "cii hich" tao da cho sy phat triin Qua trinh nay ddi hdi tang cudng vai trd quan ly nha nude ve giao due dai hge theo each tiip can mod cua kinh te thi trudng Qua trinh nay ciing doi hoi cd nhimg con ngudi dam nghi, dam lam va tam huyet •
6 4 S6 807 (thang 1 nam 2010)