Put the verbs in the brackets into the correct tenses: present simple, past simple, present perfect simple or present perfect continuous.. a letter from my brother, Tim.[r]
Trang 1k1A the present simple tense (Thì hiện tại đơn giản)
I Cách chia.
1 To be: am/is/are
2 Động từ khuyết thiếu: can, may, must, need…+ V (nguyên thể)
3 Động từ th ờng : S + V/V-s, -es
Chú ý: (+) He, she, it + V-s / -es
(a) Những động từ có chữ tận cùng là -ss, -s, -o, -x, -ch, -sh -> V -es.
E.g I kiss - He kisses I bus - He buses
I go - He goes I mix - He mixes
Thì HTĐG đợc dùng trong các trờng hợp sau đây:
1 Miêu tả thói quen, tình trạng, sự kiện xảy ra thành qui luật.
E.g
- I always get up early in the morning
- I don't like beer but my husband is very fond of it
- Olympic Games take place every four years
- British people drink a lot of tea
* Những (cụm) trạng từ sau đây thờng đợc sử dụng:
(+) Always, usually, often, sometimes, occasionally, rarely/ seldom/ scarcely, never Những trạng từ này
th-ờng đứng sau thì đơn giản của TO BE nhng trớc thì đơn giản của Động Từ Thth-ờng
E.g - He always gets up late in the morning
- It's usually hot in summer
(+) Rarely, seldom, scarcely (hiếm khi) and never mang nghĩa phủ định nhng lại dùng với động từ chia ở thể
khẳng định
E.g - He never eats meat
- She rarely goes to town
(+) Every day/ week/ year/ summer…: Hàng ngày/tuần/năm…, mùa hè nào cũng vậy
Every 2 hours/ 2 days/ 3 weeks …: Hai giờ/2 ngày/3 tuần… 1 lần
Once/ twice (every) 2 hours/ 2 days/ 3 weeks…: Hai giờ/2 ngày/3 tuần… 1 lần/2 lần
Những cụm trạng từ này thờng đứng ở đầu hoặc cuối câu
E.g: - Once every three weeks he has his haircut
2 Miêu tả nhừng điều luôn đúng hoặc tình trạng có tính chất ổn định, ít thay đổi trong 1 thời gian dài.
E g - The sun rises in the east and sets in the west
- The Earth is round
- I 'm a teacher I teach maths in a school
- He lives in London He works in a bank
3 H ớng dẫn ai làm gì hoặc ghi nhật ký, lịch trình chuyến đI, giờ tàu, xe, máy bay.
E.g - First, you pour in some water, then you put it onto the cooker…
- On day three, we visit Hyde Park…
- The first train leaves at 3.30 a.m
4 Tóm tắt s kiện lịch sử hoặc nội dung phim, kịch hoặc truyện.
E.g - May 1945: The war in Europe comes to an end
- At the end of the play, both the young lovers kill themselves
Trang 2K1b The present continuous tense
(Thì hiện tại tiếp diễn)
I.Cách chia.
am, is, are + V-ing (present participle)
* Cách thành lập V-ing
(a) Các động từ có chữ tận cùng là -e -> bỏ e trớc khi thêm …ing
E.g dance -> dancing write -> writing queue -> queuing
Chú ý: lie -> lying
see -> seeing
(b) Những động từ có 1 nguyên âm, kết thúc bằng 1 phụ âm -> nhân đôi phụ âm cuối trớc khi thêm -ing.
E.g run -> running
(e) Các trờng hợp còn lại -> thêm -ing vào sau động từ.
E.g work -> working
play -> playing
eat -> eating
II Cách dùng
Thì HTTD dùng trong các trờng hợp sau đây:
1 Miêu tả hành động đang diễn ra tại thời điểm nói ở hiện tại hoặc trong khoảng thời gian đó.
E.g - Who are you speaking to?
- We are learning the present continuous tense at the moment
- We are learning hard for the entrance exam next year
- I'm saving up to build a house
* Những (cụm) trạng từ sau đây thờng đợc dùng : at the moment, at present, currently (hiện nay, lúc này), still (vẫn còn), just (đúng lúc đang)…
2.Phàn nàn về thói quen xấu, thể hiện thái độ không hài lòng của ng ời nói.
E.g - You're always forgetting to lock the door
- They're constantly having parties until midnight
* Những trạng từ sau đây đi kèm với ý nghĩa này: always, constantly, continually, forever.
3 Miêu tả sự thay đổi (trạng thái, tình trạng), sự phát triển hoặc xu h ớng
E.g - It's getting hotter
- More and more people are giving up smoking
4 Miêu tả dự định hoặc kế hoạch trong t ơng lai Trong tr ờng hợp này nhất đinh phải có trạng từ thời gian t ơng lai đi kèm hoặc phải đ ợc làm rõ bởi tình huống.
E.g - What are you doing tonight?
I'm going out with friends
- Are you free this afternoon?
No, I'm afraid I'm having a meeting
Trang 3K1c Những động từ không dùng thì tiếp diễn
I Các động từ tình thái
agree: đồng ý believe: tin belong to: thuộc về
contain: bao gồm, chứa đựng cost: tốn, có giá là consider*: cho rằng, cân nhắc
feel*: cảm thấy fit: vừa về kích thớc hate: ghét
matter: quan trọng mean: ý nói rằng need: cần
own: sở hữu prefer: thích hơn regard: cho rằng, nhận định
suppose: cho rằng, nhận định taste*: có vị, nếm think*: nghĩ rằng, suy nghĩ
understand: hiểu weigh*: cân nặng…
Những động từ có dấu sao (*) có thể dũng ở thì tiếp diễn nhng lại có nghĩa khác
E.g
- Feel:
- I feel that you are wrong
- I feel/ am feeling cold
- Taste:
- The soup tastes salty
- I'm tasting the soup
- Consider:
- People consider the restaurant to be good
- I'm considering changing my job
- Have:
- I have (got) a motorbike
- Call later! She's having a bath
* Have + breakfast/ lunch/ dinner/ an English lesson/ a good time…: ăn sáng, tra, tối/ học tiếng Anh/vui vẻ
- Think :
- What do you think of M Jackson? ~ (I think) I like him
- Who are you thinking about?
- He's thinking of going abroad
- Weigh:
- How much do you weigh? ~ I weigh 48 kilos
- I'm weighing this bag
II Các động từ giới thiệu.
admit: thú nhận, khẳng định assume: cho rằng accept: chấp nhận
acknowledge: công nhận advise: khuyên apologise: xin lỗi
deny: chối rằng guarantee: đảm bảo hope: hy vọng
recommend: đề xuất, giới thiệu suggest: gợi ý, đề xuất warn: cảnh báo…
E.g - I admit that I can't see as well as I used to
- I hope that the weather will be fine
- He refuses to believe that smoking is harmful
Trang 4I Ken shares a flat with three friends He describes their morning routines.
Put the verbs given in the correct form of the present simple tense to complete the text Some are in the negative form Use some more than once
Christine (1)…….………… first at about seven o’clock She (2)……… …………breakfast early because she (3)……… …….work at eight o’clock When I (4)………….…………., I (5)
……… the radio and (6)……….the news Then I (7)………and (8)
……….a shower I (9)……… downstairs at about quarter past seven Sam (10)
……… at about half past seven She (11)……….…………the radio, so she (12)
……… the television and (13)……… … ……….the breakfast programme She always (14)
……… the volume too loud, so we usually (15)……… ………….an argument about that
Colin (16)……….to college and he’s always late He (17) ………
….usually……….……….breakfast He (18)………….…………downstairs at the last minute, and (19) ………… …… ……out to get the bus But he usually (20)………… ……….it, so then I (21)………
………him in my car and I’m late for work I (22)……… ……the weekends, because everyone (23)……….…………in bed late But I (24)……….in bed I (25)………first and (26)……… breakfast in peace II Complete the text with the verbs given Use the correct forms of the present simple tense. arrive walk work get finish watch open go (x2) have play practise need live get up start go out Leo Tozer doesn’t have a very normal routine He (1)………in a nightclub, where he (2) ………the piano in a jazz band The club (3)……… at 11.00 at night, but the members of the band usually (4)……….… there at 9.00 and they (5)……… for a couple of hours The first customers (6)……… ……… at about 11.15 and the show (7)………….……at midnight It (8)……….at 5.00 in the morning Then Leo and his friends (9)……… ………
something to eat, before they (10)………home Leo (11)……….…… quite close to the club, so he (12)………….………home He (13)……… ….to bed at 8.00, but he only (14) ……… about four hours sleep, so he (15)……… ………at midday In the afternoon he (16)……… …………TV or he (17)……… ……
III Write a passage of not more than 120 words about your habits and hobbies ………
………
………
………
………
………
………
………
………
………
………
………
………
………
………
Trang 5K1B & C
1 Complete the guide’s commentary Put the verbs into the present simple or the present continuous.
Hello and welcome to the Western TV Studios tour
At the moment we (1)………… ………… (go) into studio A In this building on the left they (2)
……… …(make) several TV dramas, but they (3)………(not film) today, becausethe workmen (4)……….…… (build) the scenery for a new series of Harper Street Over ahundred builders, painters, joiners and electricians (5)……….(work) here at Western TVStudios Now we (6)……… ……(leave) Studio A and we (7)………(go) past thecostume department The people here (8)……… (make) and (9) ……….………….(repair) theclothes for the actors and actresses This room (10)………….………(contain) over 2,000 dresses And now
we (11)………(come) to Studio B, but we have to wait for the green light The red lightmeans that they (12)……….… (shoot) a film While we (13)……… …………(wait),let me tell you something about Western TV We (14)……… …….(make) programmes fortelevision and we (15)……… (sell) them to TV stations here and around the world Wenormally (16)……….……… ……(produce) about ten programmes a week At the moment here inStudio B they (17)……….……… (film) an episode of San Francisco Nights Well, now we’vegot the green light and…
II Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses: present simple or present continuous.
Sally (1)……….….(live) on her own and she usually (2)……….…… (get) up late onSaturdays But this weekend, she’s already up at 8 o’clock and she (3)……….……….(cook) breakfast
in the kitchen Her friends, Alison and Joanne, (4)………(stay) with her for the weekend andthey (5)………(get) ready for the day At the moment Alison (6)……… (watch) thebreakfast show on TV and Joanne (7)……….……….(have) a shower Alison and Joanne (8)
……… … ….(come) to stay with Sally every year and they always (9)……….………(spend)the day in London They usually (10)………….…………(visit) a gallery or a museum in the morning and(11)……….(shop) in the afternoon Now Joanne (12)………(come) downstairs andbreakfast is ready
III Put the verbs in the brackets in the correct tenses: present simple or present continuous tense.
1 Ann (make)……… all her own clothes At the moment she (make)……… a dress forherself
2 What's that smell? Something (burn)……… in the kitchen
3 I (work)……… overtime this month because I (save)……… up to buy a car
4 He (smoke)……… 30 cigarettes a day, but at the moment he (try) ………very hard tocut down
5 She usually (learn)……… languages very fast, but she (have)……… problems withChinese
6 Emma (spend)……… every school holiday in Scotland
7 Why are you under the table? (you/look)……… for something?
8 My wife (not like)……… football, but my son (be)……… crazy about it
9 Margaret Simon (come) ……… from Norway but now she (live)……… in Britain
10 I (not belong)……… to a political party
11 Hurry! The bus (come)……… I (not want) ………to miss it
12 The River Nile (flow)……… into Mediterranean
13 The river (flow)……… fast today - much faster than usual
14 Ron is in London at the moment He (stay)……… at the Hilton Hotel He usually (stay)
………at the Hilton Hotel when he's in London
15 A: Can you drive?
B: No, but I (learn)……… My father (teach)………me
16 You can't see Tom now, he (have)……… a bath
17 I won't go out now as it (rain)……… and I (not have)……… an umbrella
18 The last train (leave)……… the station at 11.30
19 Hardly anyone (wear)……… a hat nowadays
20 (you/enjoy)……… yourself or would you like to leave now? ~ I (enjoy) ………myself very much I (want)……… to stay to the end
IV Choose the correct answers
Trang 61 I haven't decided yet about whether to buy a new car or a second-hand one But I think about it /I'mthinking about it.
2 All right, you try to fix the television! But I hope /I'm hoping you know what you're doing!
3 Every year I visit/I'm visiting Britain to improve my English
4 It's time we turned on the central heating It gets/It's getting colder every day
5 Of course, you're Mary, aren't you? I recognise/I'm recognising you now
6 What's the matter? Why do you look/are you looking at me like that?
7 The film of War and Peace is very long It lasts/It is lasting over four hours
8 I can see from what you say that your mornings are very busy! But what do you do/are you doing in theafternoons?
9 I'm going to buy a new swimming costume My old one doesn't fit/isn't fitting anymore
10 That must be the end of the first part of the performance What happens now/is happening now?
11 What sort of work do you do/are you doing?
12 I can’t talk now I cook/am cooking the dinner
13 What shall we have? Do you like/Are you liking fish?
14 Can I borrow your typewriter? Or do you use/are you using it?
15 What do the people here do/are the people here doing in the evenings?
16 Follow that bus Then you turn/you are turning left
17 A lot of people think that the Sun goes/is going around the Earth
18 Excuse me, do you read/are you reading your newspaper? Could I borrow it?
19 Do you wait/Are you waiting for the bus to Newcastle?
20 Andy builds/is building his own house in the country
V Rewrite the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the one printed beforethat
1 There’s a party at Mary’s house next week (having)
-> Next week……… party at her house
2 Our meeting is tomorrow (a)
5 Look at those black clouds! There’s rain on the way! (to0
-> Look at those clouds! It’s………rain
6 Nigel keeps interrupting me (always)
-> Nigel is………
7 The number of people who own bicycles is increasing (owning)
-> More and more people………
8 What is inside this box? (does)
Trang 7K2 the past simple tense
(Thì quá khứ đơn giản)
I Cách chia
1 To be: was/ were
2 Modal verbs: can-could
may-might must-had to
+ Những động từ có 1 nguyên âm, kết thúc bằng phụ âm -> nhân đôI phụ âm cuối rồi thêm -ed
E.g stop – stopped
step – stepped drag - dragged
+ Những động từ kết thúc bằng –y -> đổi –y thành –i rồi thêm –ed (= ied)
E.g try – tried
Tra cứu cột 2 bảng động từ bất qui tắc
E.g do – did write – wrote come - came
3.2 Thể phủ định & nghi vấn
- Thể phủ định và nghi vấn có dạng thức chung cho cả động từ có qui tắc và bất qui tắc: động từ chính trong câu trở về dạng nguyên thể
E.g
- She did not go to school yesterday.
- They didn’t work last weekend.
- Did you enjoy your holiday? ~ Yes, I did.
- Did he buy any books? ~ No, he didn't.
II ý nghĩa
Thì QKĐG dùng trong những tình huống sau đây:
1 Miêu tả hành động, sự kiện, tình trạng đã xảy ra và kết thúc trong quá khứ(không còn tồn tại ở hiện tại
E.g:
- We played football yesterday.
- He died 12 years ago.
- I lived in London for 5 years.
- He liked sweets very much when he was small.
2 Miêu tả hành động xảy ra lặp đi lặp lại trong quá khứ, thói quen trong quá khứ
E.g.
- They went to Spain every year until 1995.
- When I was small, I usually went swimming with my father.
- Last summer I spent 2 months in Do son Everyday I got up early and walked along the beach.
Chú ý: Để miêu tả thói quen trong quá khứ còn có thể dùng: Used to và Would
* Used to miêu tả thói quen, tình trạng trong quá khứ mà không còn tồn tại ở hiện tại nữa.
E.g
- When I was small, I used to like sweets very much I used to pester my mother for some after meals.
- Tom and Peter didn't use to like each other very much, but now they seem to get on well with each other.
Note:
- Thể khẳng định: Used to + động từ nguyên thể
- Thể phủ định: Did not use to (didn t use to) ’ + động từ nguyên thể
- Thể nghi vấn : Did use to + động từ nguyên thể?
Trang 8* Would miêu tả thói quen trong quá khứ hoặc thói quen điển hình của ai đó (Would không miêu tả tình
trạng)
E.g
- He used to love her very much Everyday he would buy her a bunch of flowers.
- Whenever she was angry, she would shout loudly.
4 Miêu tả 1 chuỗi hành động xảy ra liên tiếp, hành động này nối tiếp hành động kia
E.g
- He got up, quickly dressed and rushed to school.
- He stopped, looked through the glass, knocked at the door and walked in.
the past continuous tense
(Thì quá khứ tiếp diễn)
I cáCh chia
was/were + V-ingE.g
- I was phoning my teacher when I saw her at the door.
- They were playing when it poured with rain.
II ý nghĩa
Thì QKTD dùng trong các trờng hợp sau:
1 Miêu tả hành động diễn ra trong 1 khoảng thời gian trong QK
E.g
- What were you doing at 6.00 this morning? ~ I was watching TV.
(I started watching before 6.00 and continued after 6.00)
* Chú ý: Thì QKTD miêu tả hành động, sự việc đang diễn ra trong quá khứ thì bị cắt ngang bởi 1 hành động
khác đợc diễn tả bởi thì QKĐG Hai hành động này thờng đợc diễn đạt bằng câu phức dùng mệnh đề thời gian bắt đầu bằng: when, as, while
E.g - I was doing my homework when Jack arrived
- When the teacher arrived, the students were talking.
(Doing my homework and talking are long activities Something happened in the middle to interrupt them)
- While I was cooking dinner, my sons were playing games Suddenly the telephone rang.
(Two activities (cooking and playing) were happening at the same time in the past)
- It was getting darker, so they decided to stop.
- The car was getting worse all the time.
4 Miêu tả tháí độ chỉ trích, phê phán thói quen không tích cực trong quá khứ của ai đó
E.g
- When James was at school, he was always losing things.
Trang 9I.Complete this table of irregular past tenses and their verb stems
II Complete the story with the past tense of the verbs in brackets.
Last Tuesday Peter Kerry, 14,……… (have) an argument with his father, when Peter ……… (drop) a tin of spaghetti Later, when the rest of the family……….(go) to a football match,Peter………(decide) to run away He……….(steal) his father’s passport and credit cards.Then he……….(catch) the train to Heathrow airport and……… (book) a flight to Malaysia.The ticket……….(cost) $499 When Peter’s family……… (come) home, Peter……… (be) already on his way to Kuala Lumpur Passport officials in London and Kuala Lumpur
……… (not stop) him and he……… (enter) Malaysia with no problems From KualaLumpur he ……… (travel) on to Johor Baharu He ………(try) to check into a hotel, but thereceptionist……….(refuse) to accept his credit card He………(call) his parents and
……… (tell) them that he……….(be) in Malaysia Then he………(leave) Johor Baharuand ……….(get) a lift to Kota Baharu Here Malaysian police finally……… (find) him.They……… (take) him back to Kuala Lumpur and ………(put) him on a plane to London.His parents……… (feel) very happy, but they……….(be) worried about the future “This isn’tthe first time,” ……… (say) his father “Last year he………(run) away to Paris
III Complete the story, using the verbs given.
a rescued b arrived c climbed d killed
e called f invited g couldn't get down h ran over
i put up j offered k was waiting l were leaving
m was working n was playing
On 14th January 1978 Mrs Brewin 1………… in her garden Her cat, Henry, 2………… aroundher It 3……… a tree in the garden and 4 …… , so she 5……… the Fire Brigade While she6……… for them to arrive, she 7……… him some fish to try to get him down
The army finally 8………, 9……… their ladder and 10……… the cat Mrs.Brewin was delighted and 11……… them in for some tea But as they 12………… ten minutes later,they 13 ……… the cat and 14……… him
IV Put the verbs in the brackets in the correct tenses: past simple or past continuous
1 While I (come)……… to work this morning, I (meet)……… an old friend
2 I (not want) ……….to get up this morning It (rain) ………and it was so cold, and mybed was so warm
3 I (listen)……… to the news on the radio when the phone (ring)………
4 But when I (pick)……… up the phone, there was no one there
5 I said "hello" to the children, but they didn't say anything because they (watch)……… television
6 I (light)……… the fire at 6.00 and it (burn)……… brightly when Tom came at 7.00
7 I (make)……… the cake when the light went out I (have)……… to finish it in the dark
8 I didn't want to meet Paul so when he entered the room, I (leave)………
9 Unfortunately when I arrived, Ann (just/leave)……… , so we only had time for a few words
Trang 1010 He (watch)……… TV when the phone rang Very unwillingly, he (turn)……… down thesound and (go)……… to answer it.
11 When I arrived, she (have)……… lunch She apologized for starting without me but shealways (lunch)……… at 12.30
12 The burglar (open)……… the safe when he (hear)……… footsteps He immediately(put)……… out his torch and (crawl)……… under the bed
13 He (clean) ……… his gun when it accidentally (go)……… off and (kill)
……… him
14 He (not allow) ……… us to go out in the boat yesterday as a strong wind (blow)………
15 As I (cross)……… the road, I (step)……… on a banana skin and (fall) ……….heavily I still (lie)……… on the road when I (see) ……….a lorry approaching Luckily, thedriver (see) ………me and (stop)……… the lorry in time
16 When I (hear)……… his knock, I (go)……… to the door and (open)……… it,but I (not/recognize)……… him at once because I (not/wear)……… my glasses
17 While the guests (dance)………., thieves (break)……… into the house and (steal)
……… a lot of fur coats
18 I realized that someone (steal)……… my wallet when I (feel)……… their hand in
my jacket pocket
19 Nobody (watch)………, so the little boy (take)……… the packet of sweets from theshelf and (put)……… it in his pocket
20 I (not/understand) ……… what (go) ……… on Several people (shout)
……….at me, and one (wave) ………a newspaper in front of my face
V Complete the text with the words given.
Geoff and his family moved around a lot when he was a………(1), because his parentscouldn’t………(2) where to live His father wanted to live………(3), because he likedwarm………(4), but his mother………(5) Britain Geoff was……… (6) inPeru, but he and his sister Bonnie grew up mostly in England The family……….(7) Peru when hewas about four……… (8) old and went to England ………(9) grandfather was ill and hismother wanted to be near him They……….(10) stay in England long, however, as Geoff’sgrandfather………… ….(11) His father then got a job in the ………(12) East, in Singapore Theywere there for……… (13) five years, but then his father……… (14) his job when his companyclosed………(15) They moved back ……….(16) Britain……….(17) his fathergot a job in Scotland They were only in Scotland……….(18) about six months, however It wastoo cold there, so they……….(19) to south London Geoff……….(20) secondary schooland so they stayed there until he left school and went to……… (21) About twoyears………(22) Geoff got a place at a university in Canada, and that’s where he is………(23)
VI Put the following sentences into English
1 Tối qua chúng tôi đang ăn tối thì anh ấy đến chơi
2 Mai đang học bài thì mất điện Cô ấy quyết định đi ngủ sớm
3 Một chiếc xe tải đang đi rất nhanh thì nó đâm vào một chiếc xe hơi Những ngời qua đờng xúm lại rấtnhanh Ai đó gọi xe cứu thơng và cảnh sát tới
4 Hồi học phổ thông, Minh thờng quên sách vở ở nhà và thầy cô thờng phê bình cậu ấy
5 Hồi còn trẻ Minh thờng đi chơi khuya và cha mẹ cậu ấy rất buồn vì điều đó
6 Trớc đây anh ấy sở hữu một ngôi nhà lớn, nhng bây giờ anh ấy sống trong một căn hộ nhỏ
7 Hôm qua đi dự sinh nhật An bạn mặc cái gì? ~ Mình mặc một chiếc váy màu xanh da trời
8 Susan đang nằm phơi nắng trong khi mấy du khách đang cho chim bồ câu ăn
9 Tối hôm qua tôi gọi điện cho bạn nhng bạn không trả lời Lúc đó bạn đang làm gì vậy?
10 Hồi sống ở Italia ngày nào bạn cũng ăn mỳ ống à?
Trang 11k3 the present perfect simple tense
(Thì hiện tại hoàn thành đơn giản)
I Cách chia
S + have/has + past participle
* Past participle: - Động từ qui tắc: Past participle = Past simple = V-ed
- Động từ bất qui tắc : Past participle = Cột 3 bảng động từ bất qui tắc
- I've just seen a ghost - We've missed the last train
- Jim has had three car accidents (up to the present)
- I haven't had breakfast yet - Have you seen a good film recently?
2 hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ, không có thời điểm xác định nhng có kết quả ở hiện tại.
E.g
- I've cut myself badly My finger's bleeding
- Can you lend me $10? I've left my wallet at home
* Khi hỏi đáp về các thông tin chi tiết của hành động (với ai, khi nào, ở đâu?), phải dùng thì QKĐG.
E.g
- Have you had breakfast? ~ - Yes, I have
- What did you have? ~ - I had some bread
3 tình trạng, hành động bắt đầu trong quá khứ và tiếp diễn cho tới hiện tại Khoảng thời gian mà hành động diễn
ra đợc diễn đạt bằng các (cụm) trạng từ thời gian sau: for, since, (ever) since.
* For + period of time (20 minutes, 3 days, 4 months…)
* Since + a point of time in the past (yesterday, last weekend, I came here…)
* (Ever) Since/Since then :Từ đó đến nay (đợc dùng khi thời điểm xảy ra hành động đã đợc nhắc tới từ trớc)
E.g - He left home three days ago I haven’t seen him (ever) since/since then.
* For/ during/ in/ over + the last/ past + few/ several + days/ months/ years…
E.g
- We've been in this room for an hour
- There have been three accidents in the area for the past few days
- How long has he lived here? ~ He has lived here since he was born
So sánh với thì quá khứ đơn giản
+ Thì QKĐG:
- dùng với cụm trạng từ thời gian nói tới thời điểm xác định trong quá khứ
- miêu tả hành động xảy ra và kết thúc trong quá khứ
+ Thì HTHT:
- miêu tả hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ nhng không xác định thời điểm xảy ra hành động
- miêu tả hành động bắt đầu trong quá khứ và còn tiếp diễn đến hiện tại
E.g
- I've bought a new car (Không rõ mua xe khi nào)
- I bought a new car last week (Xác định rõ mua xe tuần trớc)
- He lived in London for three years (Hiện nay anh ấy không còn sống ở Luân đôn nữa)
- He has lived in London for three years (Hiện nay anh ấy vẫn còn sống ở Luân đôn)
4 những việc mà ai đó đã từng trải qua, thực hiện tính đến thời điểm hiện tại.
E.g
- I've never eaten snake - He's never had an accident
- Have you ever been to a funeral? - They’ve been to the cinema twice this year
Trang 12Present perfect continuous tense (Thì hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn)
I Cách chia
has/ have + been + V-ing (present participle)
II ý nghĩa
Thì HTHTTD nhấn mạnh tính tiếp diễn của hành động, dùng để miêu tả:
1 hành động vừa mới kết thúc và có kết quả ở hiện tại.
E.g
- I've been running all the way home That's why I am exhausted
- Her shoes are muddy She's been digging in the garden since morning
2 hành động còn cha kết thúc (nhấn mạnh đến tính tiếp diễn của hành động diễn đến hiện tại)
E.g - I've been cleaning the house, but I still haven't finished
- He’s been doing his homework since morning and he hasn’t finished it
- We've been waiting here since 8 o'clock in the morning
- They’ve been working in this factory for 20 years
3 hành động xảy ra lặp đi lặp lại hoặc đôi khi là hành động xảy ra thành thói quen trong 1 khoảng thời gian từ quá khứ cho tới hiện tại.
E.g
- I've been jogging every morning for the last month ( So sánh: - I jog every morning.)
- Who's been using my computer?
- Peter has been telling the same story
So sánh thì hthtđg với hthttd
* Sự khác nhau giữ 2 thì này không lớn lắm, đôi khi ta có thể dùng cả 2 thì khi cùng diễn đạt 1 ý.
E.g
- How long have you learnt English?
- How long have you been learning English?
- We have learnt/have been learning English for 4 years.
* Tuy nhiên , sự khác biệt giữa 2 thì này thể hiện trong những trờng hợp sau:
1 Những động từ miêu tả hành động xảy ra có tính chất kéo dài nh wait, live, study, travel, play, work…nêndùng thì HTHTTD
E.g
- I've been playing tennis since I was a boy
- My mother has been working as a teacher for 24 years
Những động từ miêu tả hành động xảy ra và kết thúc ngay nh find, start, buy, die, lose, break, stop, drop…
phải dùng thì HTHTĐG
E.g
- My cat has died
- I've cut myself badly But I've been cutting this tree since morning.
- He's found his wallet
2 Những động từ đã liệt kê trong K1C dùng thì HTHTĐG.
E.g
- We've known each other for a few weeks
- He's had his motorbike for three years
- We’ve always believed that he’ll find a good job one day
3 Thì HTHTĐG nhấn mạnh hành động đã kết thúc trớc thời điểm nói ở HT Vì thế, nếu trong câu có thông tin về số hoặc lợng phải dùng thì HTHTĐG
E.g
- I've written three letters today
- She's been making Spring Rolls since morning, and she's made 200 so far
- We've been saving for four years, and up to now we've saved $1,500
- I’ve been studying Chinese for three years, but I’ve mastered only a little
Trang 13I Complete this table of irregular past tenses and participles
Stem Past tense Participle Stem Past tense Participle
1 I (just, receive) a letter from my brother, Tim He (be) in Australia now
He (be) there for six months Tim (be) an engineer He (work) for
a big firm for 10 years and he (already, visit) a lot of different places inAustralia
2 My father (be) a policeman for 20 years Although his work (be) hardenough, he always (try) his best He usually (go) to work on time butyesterday he (come) to work late because his motorbike (break) down
3 Andrea de Silva, the Hollywood actress, (make) over 25 films in her career She(start) acting at the age of fourteen She (travel) to many parts of theworld, including Australia, South America and China She (go) to Argentina threeyears ago when she (make) the film “Good Times, Bad Times ” She (win) three Oscars She (win) her first Oscar in 1987 for her role as the scientist, KayBrown, in “Texas Flower”
4 Robert Wilson (be) a politician He (go) to Oxford University in 1960, and
in 1976 he (become) a Member of Parliament (an MP) He (be) an MPsince then He (be) Minister of Education from 1980-1985 He ( write) many books He (be) married and (have got) two children His family(live) in Oxford for 15 years and then they (move) to London in 1980.They now (live) in a house in Kensington Street, London
5 Paul Carrack is a musician and a singer He (be) in the music business for over 20years He (start) playing professionally while he (be) at school He(travel) all over the world He (have) his first record in 1974 So far he(make) a lot of records Young people in America and Britain (know) his name and they will never forget his number one song “The Living Years”
6 This is my house ~ How long (you/live)……… here? ~ I (live)……….heresince 1970
7 He (live)………in London for two years and then (go)………to Edinburgh
8 (you/wear)………your hair long when you were at school? ~ Yes, my mother(insist)……… on it
Trang 149 But when I (leave) ……….school, I (cut)……… my hair and (wear)
………it short ever since
10 Shakespeare (write)……… a lot of plays
11 My brother (write)……… several plays He (just/finish)……… hissecond strategy
12 I (not/see)………him for three years I wonder where he is
13 He (not/smoke)………for two weeks He’s trying to give it up
14 (you/lock) ……….the door before you left the house?
15 I (read)………his books when I was at school I (enjoy)……… them verymuch
16 I can’t go out because I (not/finish)……… my work
17 Here are your shoes; I (clean)………them
18 I (do)……… this sort of work when I (be)……… an apprentice
19 Hello, can I speak to Bill? ~ I’m afraid, he isn’t in He (just/go) ……… out
20 He (go)… out ten minutes ago
21 The concert (begin)……… at 2.30 and (last)……… for two hours Everyone(enjoy)……… it very much
22 The play (just/begin)……… You are a little late
23 (Mary/feed) ………the cat? ~ Yes, she (feed)………it before lunch ~ What(she/feed)………him? ~ She (give)……… him some fish
24 How long (you/know)………your new assistant? ~ I (know)……….him fortwo years ~ What (he/do)……… before he (come)……… here? ~ I think
he (be)………in prison
25 I (not/see) ……… your aunt recently ~ No, she (not be)……… out of herhouse since she (buy)……….her colour TV
26 (the plumber/be)……… …………here yet? ~ Yes, but he only (stay)………for
an hour ~ What (he/do)……… in that time? ~ He (turn)………off the waterand (empty)……… the tank
27 Here is the news The Home Office (announce)……… that the two prisoners who(escape)……… from Dartmoor prison earlier this morning (give)………….… themselves
up to the local police
28 I think that people (become)……….tired of the poor quality of televisionprogrammes, though they (improve)……….lately
29 Bill (get)………that new job, but he (complain)………about it ever since
30 Harry (leave)……… home rather suddenly and we (not/hear)……… fromhim since
III Rewrite each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the one printed before it.
1 It’s two months since Tom last smoked a cigarette
-> Tom last………
-> Tom hasn’t………
-> The last time………
2 He left the country three years ago
-> It’s ………
3 I haven’t been to Bristol for three years
-> It’s……… …………
-> The last time……… …………
4 I’ve never met such a famous person before
-> This is the most……… … ………
-> This is the first………
5 How long have Catherine and Henry been engaged?
-> When……… ?
Trang 156 Sam started keeping a diary five years ago.
Trang 16Reading Exercises I - D3
I Read the passage below and choose one best answer to each question.
Keeping our teeth healthy
It is very important to have healthy teeth Good teeth help us to chew our food They also help us tolook nice
How does a tooth go bad? The decay begins in a little crack in the enamel covering of the tooth This
happens after germs and bits of food have collected there Then the decay slowly spreads inside the tooth.
Eventually, poison goes into the blood, and we may feel ill quite ill
How can we keep our teeth healthy? First, we ought to visit our dentist twice a year He can fill thesmall holes in our teeth before they destroy the teeth He can examine our teeth to check that they aregrowing in the right way Unfortunately, many people wait until they have toothache before they see adentist Secondly, we should brush our teeth with a toothbrush and fluoride toothpaste at least twice a day –once after breakfast and once before we go to bed We can also use wooden toothpicks to clean between ourteeth after meal Thirdly, we should eat our food that is good for our teeth and our body: milk, cheese, fish
brown bread, brown potatoes, red rice, raw vegetables and fresh fruit Chocolate, sweets, biscuits and cakes
are bad, especially when we eat them between meals They are harmful because they stick to our teeth andcause decay
1 Good teeth help us to………
2 When food and germs collect in a small crack, our teeth………
C send poison into the blood D make us feel quite ill
3 A lot of people visit a dentist only when ………
A their teeth grow properly B they have holes in their teeth
C they have toothache D they have brushed their teeth
4 We ought to try to clean our teeth………
A once a day B between meals
C at least once a day D before breakfast
5 We shouldn’t eat a lot of ………
A red rice B fresh fruit C fish D chocolate
6 Sweets are harmful because they make our teeth………
7 What is the main idea of the second paragraph?
A a full description of the enamel covering of the tooth
B how poison goes into the blood
C the reason why we feel ill
D how a tooth decays
8 Which paragraph discusses the different ways to look after our teeth?
9 As used in line 15, the word “raw” means:
A not cooked B undercooked C overcooked D wellcooked
10 As used in line 4, the word “bits” can be best replaced by:
A huge pieces B tiny pieces C a lot D lilltle
II Fill in each of the blanks in the text with the best word
Many people nowadays have to wear false teeth when they are middle-aged Since the beginning ofthis century, tooth decay has greatly increased The amount (1)………… sugar in our food has also (2)
……… Doctors and dentist now know that (3)………is the chief cause of tooth (4)
……… Eskimos’ teeth, for example, started to (5)……….when they began to eat sweeter(6)………Long ago doctors did not like (7)……… treat people’s teeth Barbers andblacksmiths (8)……… after people’s teeth and pulled them out when they (9)……… Somepeople thought (10)……… was a punishment from the gods
Trang 17Reading Exercises II - D3
I Read the passage below and choose one best answer to each question.
Langston Hughes was one of the greatest American writers of the twentieth century He wasborn in Joplin, Missouri, and moved to Cleveland at the age of fourteen Several years later he spentone year in Mexico before attending Columbia University in New York For a few years after that
he roamed the world as a seaman, visiting ports around the world and writing some poetry He
returned to the United States and attended Lincoln University, where he won the Witter BynnerPrize for undergraduate poetry
After graduating in 1928, he traveled to Spain and to Russia with the help of a Guggenheim
fellowship His novels include Not Without Laughter (1930) and The Big Sea (1940) He wrote an autobiography in 1956 and also published several collections of poetry The collections include The Weary Blues (1926), The Dream Keeper (1932), Shakespeare in Harlem (1942), Field of Wonder (1947), One-Way
Ticket (1947), and Selected Poems (1959) A man of many talents, Hughes was also a lyricist, librettist, and
a journalist As an older man in the 1960s he spent much of his times collecting poems from
African-Americans to popularize black writers Hughes is one of the most accomplished writers in American literary
history, and he is seen as one of the artistic leaders of the Harlem Renaissance, the period when a
neighborhood that was predominantly black produced a flood of great literature, music, and other art forms
depicting daily city life for African-Americans
1 What is the main topic of this passage?
A the life of Langston Hughes B the Harlem Renaissance
C African-American writers D American twentieth-century writers
2 Where was Langston Hughes born?
A Spain B New York C Missouri D North Carolina
3 The word “roamed” as used in line 4 is closest in meaning to which of the following?
A traveled B soared C floated D walked
4 As used in line 5, which of the following words could be best replaced the word “ports”?
A islands B ships C friends D harbors
5 What provided Hughes with assistance for his travel to Spain and Russia?
A his job as a reporter B his career as a solder
C a literary fellowship D a college study program
6 The word “talents” in line 15 could be best replaced by which of the following?
A desires B abilities C strategies D careers
7 According to the author, what did Hughes do during the later years of his life?
A write short stories B popularize African-American writers
C advocate racial equality D write about life in Harlem
8 Which of the following could best replaced the word “accomplished” as used in line18?
A successful B prolific C brilliant D imaginative
II Read the passage and do the exercises below
Once upon a time, a businessman named Ray Kroc discovered a restaurant owned by twobrothers The restaurant served just four things: hamburgers, French fries, milk shakes and cocacola But it was clean and inexpensive, and the service was quick Mr Kroc liked it so much that hepaid the brothers so that he could use their idea and their name:McDonald's Beef, big business and fast service were the ingredients when Mr Kroc opened his first McDonald's in 1955 Four years later, there were 100 of them Kroc knew Americans liked success So
he put signs saying how many millions of Mc Donald's hamburgers people had bought In just fouryears, the number was one hundred million Now, there are more than 13,000 Mc Donald'srestaurants from Dallas to Paris and from Moscow toBeijing.Anyone who wants to open a Mc Donald's must first work in one for a week Then, they do a nine-month training programme, in the restaurants and at "Mc Donald's University" in Chicago Therethey learn the Mc Donald's philosophy: quality control, service, cleanliness and cheap prices McDonald's has strict rules, hamburgers must be served before they are ten minutes old, and Frenchfries, seven
Mc Donald's has never stopped looking for new methods to attract customers, from drive-inwindows to birthday parties Chicken, fish, salad and, in some places, pizza are now on the menu
Trang 18Mc Donald's in Holland even sells a vegetarian burger Their international popularity shows they have found the recipe for success
A Find the words and phrases in the passage that mean the following:
1 a long time ago……… 2 found out………
3 sold ……….… 4 cheap………
5 achievement ……….……… 6 principle………
7 chips ……… 8 ways………
9 factors ……… 10 worldwide………
B Choose the correct answers Circle the leter A,B,or C.
1 Who was Ray Kroc?
A a cook B a businessman C a soldier
2 Why did Kroc give money to the two brothers?
A Because they had helped him a few years before.
B Because they were very friendly.
C Because he wanted to use their idea and their name.
3 The two brothers were called Mc Donald's
A True B False
4 When did Kroc open his first restaurant?
A In the 1940s B In the 1950s C In the 1960s
5 Why did Kroc put signs?
A Because he wanted to show how successful his restaurants were.
B Because he didn't want his customers to park anywhere.
C Because his prices were very cheap.
6 You must study in a "school" to open a restaurant
A True B False
7 Hamburgers are cooked from 7am to 9 am only
A True B False
8 All Mc Donald's restaurants sell the same meals
A True B False
9 What can you find in Holland?
A a special hamburger B special drink C a special ice cream
10 The journalist thinks that Mc Donald's restaurants will disappear very soon
A True B False
Trang 19Reading exercise 3 - D3
I Read the passage and answer the questions below.
I get a lot of letters at this time of year from people complaining that they have a cold which won't go away There were so many different stories about how to prevent or cure a cold, it's often difficult to know what to do Although colds are rarely dangerous, except for people who are already weak, such as the elderly or young babies, they are always uncomfortable and usually most unpleasant Of course, you can buy lots of medicines which will help to make your cold less unpleasant, but you must remember that nothing can actually cure a cold or make it go away faster Another thing is that any medicine which is strong enough to make you feel better could be dangerous, if you are already taking drugs for some other illness, so always check with your chemist or doctor to see whether they are all right for you And remember they might make you sleepy - please don't try to drive if they do! Lastly, as far as avoiding colds is concerned, whatever you may be told about magic foods or drinks, the best answer is to keep strong and healthy - you'll have less chance of getting a cold, and if you do, it shouldn't be so bad.
1 This is from
a a doctor's notebook b a dairy
c a magazine d a school biology book
2 What is the writer's intention?
a To write in an amusing way c To complain about his/her health
b To give general advice d To describe personal experience
3 Who should talk to the doctor before buying medicine for a cold?
………
4 What is the writer's opinion of "magic food and drink"?
………
5 Find a word in the passage that means: awful ……….………
II Fill each of the numbered blanks in the following passage with one suitable word.
A parking problem
My husband and I had decided to buy a new house, and I had (1)……… an appointment to see our bank manager I had never met him before and I was rather nervous I drove (2)……… town, and I (3)……… lucky enough to find a parking space outside the bank I had just started reversing into the space when another (4)
……… drove into it I was furious! I opened my window and shouted at the other driver He ignored and walked (5)… …… It (6) ……… … me twenty minutes to (7 )
………… another space As soon as I had parked the car, I rushed back to the (8)
……… I was ten minutes late (9)……… my interview I went to the manager's office, knocked and walked in The manager was sitting behind the desk He was the man who had (10)……… my parking space!
Trang 20k4 past perfect simple
(Thì quá khứ hoàn thành)
I Cách chia
had + past participle
II ý nghĩa
Thì QKHT dùng trong các trờng hợp sau:
1 Miêu tả tình trạng hoặc hành động xảy ra và kết thúc trớc 1 hành động khác hoặc1 thời
điểm trong quá khứ.
E.g
- When he came home, his son had left (His son left before he came home)
- I had gone to bed when the phone rang (I went to bed and then the phone rang)
- When I met him again last year, he had been director for three years (He became director
before I met him again)
* So sánh:
- When he came home, his son left (His son left after he came home)
- I got up when the phone rang (The phone rang and I got up)
* Thì QKHT thờng dùng trong câu có mệnh đề thời gian quá khứ bắt đầu bằng các từ sau:
- after : sau khi
- as soon as/ once: ngay sau khi
- before, by the time : trớc khi
- (not) until/ till: cho đến tận khi
- when/as/while: khi/trong khi
- hardly/scarely/barely…when, no sooner…than : vừa mới…thì
* Chúng ta thờng dùng thì QKHT để miêu tả hành động xảy ra trớc và thì QKĐG để miêu tả hành
động xảy ra sau
E.g
- After Mike had finished reading, he put out the light
- When Carol had brushed her teeth, she went to bed
- As soon as I had parked my car, I rushed into the classroom
- By the time he was 25, he had become a rich businessman
- The thief had hardly touched the safe when the security alarm rang
- He had no sooner got home than it started to pour with rain
* Nếu 2 mệnh đề trong câu có after, before, when, while đồng chủ ngữ, ta có thể dùng after,before, when, while + doing
E.g - After finishing reading, Mike put out the light
- When riding to school, Mark saw his old neighbour
2 Miêu tả hành động, tình trạng vừa mới xảy ra trớc 1 thời điểm khác trong quá khứ hoặc tính đến 1 thời điểm trong quá khứ thì hành động đó đã hoặc cha từng xảy ra Những từ already, just, ever và never thờng dùng với ý nghĩa này.
E.g
- The film had already begun by the time we got to the cinema
- She had just stepped into her office when the telephone rang
- Last year I flew to London I was very nervous when the plane took off, because I'd neverflown before
- He was particularly impressed by her voice at the first meeting He'd never heard such asweet voice before
- Had you ever learned a language before you started learning English?
Past perfect continuous (Thì quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn)
Trang 211 Miêu tả tình trạng hoặc hành động xảy ra và kéo dài đến 1 thời điểm trong quá khứ hoặc kết thúc ngay trớc thời điểm đó.
E.g - They had been studying English for a long time
* So sánh với thì QKHTĐG: Thì QKHTTD nhấn mạnh tính tiếp diễn của hành động và khoảng
thời gian mà hành động diễn ra trong khi thì QKHTĐG nhấn mạnh tính hoàn thành của tình trạng
và hành động.
E.g
- She'd been suffering from flu for a few days when she was interviewed
- Bill had been saving since Christmas to buy a new car, and he'd saved enough to buy the car
he wanted last month
- I'd finished all my work, so I was free
- They'd been driving for 12 hours when it started to rain
- We'd been looking at the painting for about ten minutes before we realised who the artistwas
- I'd heard this song many times before
* So sánh với thì QKTD: Thì QKTD không cho biết thông tin về khoảng thời gian mà hành động
- She had been wearing high-heeled shoes, and her feet hurt
- We were very tired last night because we'd been working in the garden since the earlymorning
* áp dụng qui tắc sử dụng thì QKHTĐG và QKHTTD với 2 nhóm động từ đã liệt kê trong K1C.
E.g
- I'd always believed that it would be easy to get a job
- We'd owned the car for six months before we discovered that it was stolen
- He 'd cut himself badly, his finger was bleeding
- He asked me to lend him $10 because he'd lost his wallet
Trang 22body in the Thames near Reading, and it fitted the description of the Professor.
1 When I (phone)……… Helen last night, she (wash) ……… her hair and she (not/ finish)
……… when I finally (get) ……… to her house
2 Peter (offer)……… me another drink, but I decided I (drink)………… enough
3 I (not/ realise) ……… that I (leave)………my umbrella on the bus until it (start)
……… to rain
4 At school I (dislike) ………….the maths teacher because he (always/ pick)……… on me
5 Wherever Marion (find) ……… a job, there was someone who (know) ……… that she(be) ……… to prison
6 I (know) ……… I (do) ……… well in my exams even before I (receive) ……… the official results
7 This time last year I (cycle)……… in the rain along a country road in France with afriend of mine We (decide) 8……… to go on a cycling holiday in Normandy Neither of us(be) 9……… to France before, but we (know) 10 ……… some French from ourtime at school and we (manage) 11……… to brush up on the basics Now we (wonder)12………… if we (make) 13……… the right decision We (plan) 14………… our routecarefully in advance, but we (forget) 15……… one important thing, the weather It (rain)16………… solidly since our arrival and that night we (end) 17……… up sleeping in thewaiting room at a railway station Then the next morning as we (ride) 18……… down asteep hill, my bike (skid) 19…….…… on the wet road and I (fall) 20……….off I (realise)21……….… immediately that I (break) 22………… my arm, and after a visit to the local hospital I(catch) 23……… the next train to Calais for the ferry home Unfortunately, my parent (not/expect) 24……… me home for a fortnight, and (go) 25……… away on holiday So
I (spend) 27……… a miserable couple of weeks alone, reading Teach Yourself French.
28 A : I’m sorry we’re late We have missed the train
B : How (that / happen)?
A : Well , I (get) the times wrong and when we (arrive) at thestation, the train (just leave)
29 A : (you / have) a good meal at Hilary’s?
Trang 23B : Well, no, it (be) very embarrasing When we (arrive),
we (know) immediately that she (forget) about the whole thing
A : So what (she / do)?
B : Well, she (pretend) that she (not forget) and (say)that the meal (not be) ready because she (get) home from work verylate
A : Oh no, how awful!
30 On June 20th, I returned home I (be) away from home for two years My family(meet) me at the airport with kisses and tears They (miss) me as much
as I had missed them I (be) very happy to see them again When I (get) the chance, I (take) a long look at them My little brother (be) no longerlittle He (grow) at least a foot He (be) almost as tall as my father Mylittle sister (wear) a green dress She (change) quite a bit, too, but she(be, still) mischievous (l¸u lØnh) and inquisitive (täc m¹ch) She (ask) me athousand of questions a minute My father (gain) some weight And his hair(turn) a little bit grayer, but otherwise he was just as I had remembered him Mymother (look) a little older, but not much The wrinkles on her face(be) smile wrinkles
III Rewrite each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the one printed before that.
1 I’ve never had problems with this computer before
-> This is the……….……
2 These new machines have put an end to queuing
-> Before these………
3 The police caught him climbing over the garden wall
-> When the police………
4 Norman collected the parcel, but then he realized it was the wrong one
9 The gas was released as soon as the thieves touched the safe
-> The thieves had no………
105 Immediately after his arrival home, the water heater exploded
-> He had hardly……… …
11 As soon as the police officer left, the neighbors started shouting again
-> The police had hardly……….…
12 It was only when I got home that I realized I’d forgotten my bag
Trang 24K5 future tenses (Các thì tơng lai)
I Thì t ơng lai đơn giản
1 Cách chia: shall/ will + V (infinitive)
- shall chỉ dùng với I & we - will not = won't
- shall not = shan't
2 ý nghĩa
Thì TLĐG dùng để diễn đạt:
a) những dự đoán trong tơng lai hoặc những điều mà ngời nói cho rằng sẽ xảy ra trong tơng lai Những động
từ giới thiệu sau đây thờng đợc dùng: think, hope, know, suppose, believe…
E.g
- I think it'll rain - Do you think he'll come?
- I'll be home late this morning - The company will make a profit next year
- That'll be Jim at the door
b) những điều chắc chắn sẽ xảy ra trong tơng lai nh là qui luật tự nhiên
E.g
- My brother will be 45 next month
- It'll be Tim's 18th birthday tomorrow
3
Một số cách dùng khác của Shall và Will
a) I'll…/ Shall I…? diễn đạt sự sẵn lòng làm giúp ngời khác việc gì.
E.g
- " Shall I carry the bag for you, John?” said Peter
B: I'll do the washing up B: Shall I get you a drink?
b) I'll… diễn đạt lời hứa hoặc lời đe doạ.
E.g
- I'll help you this time (promise)
- I'll hit you if you scream (threat)
+) Phân biệt Will và Be going to
-Will miêu tả quyết định tức thời, có tại thời điểm nói.
-Be going to diễn đạt dự định hoặc kế hoạch có từ trớc thời điểm nói.
E.g
- A: You've missed the last train - A: I'm broke
B: Never mind I'll walk B: I'll lend you some money
- It's Hoa's birthday tomorrow I'm going to give her a pen
- They're going to build a house next year They are saving the money
- Be going to còn dùng để nói về những việc sẽ xảy ra trong tơng lai mà do nguyên nhân ở hiện tại hoặc
dự đoán về tơng lai căn cứ vào những dấu hiệu hoặc bằng chứng ở hiện tại
E.g
- Look at that tree! It's going to fall
- Look at these clouds! It's going to rain
- Ann works very hard She's going to be successful
+) Shall we…? Diễn đạt đề xuất, gợi ý để ai đó cùng với mình làm việc gì.
E.g
- Shall we eat out tonight?
- Shall we go to that new Indian restaurant?
+) Will you…? Diễn đạt lời đề nghị ai dó làm giúp mình việc gì.
E.g
- Will you get me something to drink?
- Will you close the window? It's so cold in here
+) Won't: Diễn đạt lời từ chối làm việc gì.
E.g - No, I won't help you this time (I refuse to help you)
- He won't resign (He refuses to resign)
II Thì t ơng lai tiếp diễn
1 Cách chia shall/ will + be + V-ing
2 ý nghĩa
Thì TLTD dùng trong những trờng hợp sau đây:
a) miêu tả hành động đang diễn ra tại 1 thời điểm trong tơng lai
Trang 25- I want to attend your wedding next Wednesday, but I'm afraid I'll be taking my exam then
- Come round in the morning I'll be painting the kitchen
b) miêu tả hành động ngẫu nhiên xảy ra trong tơng lai chứ không phải do sắp xếp trớc
a)TLHTĐG: shall/ will + have + past participle
B) TLHTTD: shall/ will + have + been + V-ing
2 ý nghĩa : Cả 2 thì cùng miêu tả hành động đã diễn ra đợc bao lâu tính cho đến 1 thời điểm ở tơng lai.
E.g
- In two years' time, I'll have finished this book
- By the end of this month, we'll have been working for the firm for a year
* Chú ý:
1) Những cụm từ sau đây thờng dùng với 2 thì này:
- In a few days/ weeks/ months/ years'… time: Mấy hôm/ tuần/ tháng/ năm nữa
- By the end of this week/ month/ year… : Tính đến cuối tuần/ tháng/ năm nay
2) áp dụng quy tắc đã học ở K1C & K3 để sử dụng thì TLHTĐG và TLHTTD.
E.g
- He’ll have been saving for 2 years by the end of this year, and he’ll have saved $ 20,000
- They will have owned their house for 35 years by the beginning of the next year
Mệnh đề thời gian tơng lai
Mệnh đề thời gian đợc bắt đầu bằng: after, as, as soon as, before, by the time, hardly…when, immediately,
no sooner … than, once, since, (not) till/ until, when, whenever, while, the minute, the moment.
Cấu trúc: Thì động từ trong câu có MĐTG tơng lai đợc dùng kết hợp nh sau
MĐTG: after the moment + V (hiện tại)
MĐ chính: V (tơng lai)
* Chú ý:
+ MĐTG tơng lai nói tới hành động sự việc xảy ra trong tơng lai nhng động từ chia ở thì hiện tại
E.g
- When Tom comes, we'll have dinner
- As soon as I have some news, I'll phone you
- I'll do my work after I have/ have had a bath
- As soon as they have finished building the factory, they will employ a lot of workers
- When they are working, it'll be very noisy
- We won't leave until she comes back
- We'll stay here until the rain stops
- By the time you come home, I'll have left
- While you are cooking dinner, I'll do the washing
+ Mệnh đề chính có thể là câu mệnh lệnh
E.g
- When you see Jack, please give him this message
- Wait here until the light turns green
Trang 26K5
I Choose the correct answer by circling it.
1 Why are you going to buy/will you buy a new mountain bike?
2 Don’t phone between 8.00 and 9.00 I’ll study/I’ll be studying then.
3 Look out! That tree will fall/is going to fall!
4 Let me know as soon as Louis will get/gets here.
5 Great news! Jean and Chris will come/are coming to stay with us.
6 According to this timetable, the bus is going to arrive/arrives at 6.00.
7 I have a feeling that something strange is going to happen/is happening in a minute.
8 The doctor says I will have/am going to have a baby.
9 Can you call me at 7.00, because I’ll leave/I’m leaving tomorrow?
10 If you arrive late at the sale, the best things will go/will have gone.
II Put the verbs in the brackets into the correct future tenses.
1 I'll ring you at 6.00 ~ No, don't ring at 6.00 I (bath) ………… the baby then Ring later.
2 Will you have lunch with me on the 24th? ~ I'd love to, but I'm afraid I (do)………….… my exam then.
3 In a fortnight's time, we (take)……… our exam.
4 By the end of this year, I (live) ……… here for five years.
5 I (work) ……… for Mr Pitt next week as his own secretary will be away on business.
6 Why did you take his razor? He (look) ……… for it everywhere tomorrow.
7 I don't feel well enough to go to the station to meet him ~ I (meet)………… him for you But (how/ I recognize)
……… him? ~ He's small and fair, and he (wear) ……… a black and white school cap.
8 By the time we get to the party, everything (be)……… eaten.
9 I've just been appointed assistant at the local library ~ Then you (work) ………under my sister She is head librarian there.
10 I want to post this letter, but I don't want to go out in the rain ~ I (post)……… it for you I (go) ……… out anyway as I have to take the dog out for a walk.
11 Today is Guy Fawke's Day; this evening people (let) …… off firework and (make) … … bonfire in the streets.
12 Hurry up! The train (leave) ……… before we reach the station.
13 By the end of this year they (be) ……… married for 13 years and they (live)……… here for ten years.
14 My illness (cost)……… me $100 by the end of this week.
15 It is nearly autumn; soon the leaves (change)……… colour.
16 It's beginning to get dark; the street lights (go)……… on in a few minutes.
17 This time next Monday I (sit) ……….in Pario cafe reading Le Figaro
~ You (not read)……… , you (look) ……… at all the pretty girls.
18 On the fourth of next month he (be)……… in prison for ten years.
19 I'm sure that everything (be)……… all right in the end.
20 There (be)……… no announcement until tomorrow morning.
21 George (not be)………back until 6.00 Can I take a message?
22 Can you answer the phone for me? I (lie)……….down for a while.
23 You’d better not come in July My mother (stay)……….with me then.
24 By the time we reach home, the rain (stop)………
25 This time next week I (lie)……….on the beach in Spain.
26 In ten years’ time I (work)……… for a different company.
27 If we don’t get there by 6.00 Jack (leave)………
28 In July they (be)……… married for twenty years.
29 In the year 2500 a lot of people (live)………on the moon.
30 When you get to the station, I (wait)………for you outside.
31 By the time you come home, I (finish)………the decorating.
32 Come round between 8.00 and 9.00 We (watch)………the match on television then.
33 As soon as we (get)………there, we (phone)……… for a taxi.
34 I (go)………to the library before I (do)……….the shopping.
35 We (wait)………here until the rain (stop)……….
36 I (get)………some money from the bank when it (open)………
37 After you (take)………the medicine, you (feel)……… better.
38 Before we (paint) ………the wall, we (have) ………a cup of tea.
39 We (climb)………over the wall as soon as it (get)………dark.
40 I (tell)……… you the news when I (see) ……… you tomorrow.
Trang 27progress test 1 A
Full name :……….……… Class: .
……… ……….
I Put the verbs in the brackets into the correct forms.
1 Sam ……… (not receive) the parcel the last time I ……… (speak) to him.
2 When you ……… (feel) hungry later, room service ……… (bring) you whatever you
……… (want).
3 I ……… (find) it difficult to convince the ticket inspector that I ……… (lose) my ticket.
4 As soon as I ……… (have) a good look at the designs, I ……… (send) them back to you I promise!
5 They ……… (live) in that house since it ………(be) built.
6 I ………(not have) time to do any typing since Monday.
7 Be quick! By the time you……… (get) home, your favorite TV programme (be) ……… over.
8 When we came back from our holiday, we ………(see) that our house ………(be) broken into.
9 By the time you……….… (finish) getting ready, the train ………… ……(leave)!
10 Now that all the factories ……… (be) fully automated, computers ……….(do) all the jobs people are doing now.
II Put for or since into each gap in the following sentences.
1 We've been fishing ……… …… two hours.
2 I've known that ……… … a long time.
3 That man has been standing there … ……… six o'clock.
4 Things have changed ……… I was a girl.
5 He's been ill ……… the last month.
6 We've been waiting ……… half an hour.
7 Peter has been in hospital…… … ……… his accident.
8 He hasn't eaten anything ……… twenty four hours.
9 I've earned my own living ……….………… I left school.
10 The strike lasted ……….… six months.
III Choose the best answers Circle the letter a, b, c or d.
1 ………… we get to the theater, the play will have started.
a As soon as b Until c By the time d Whenever
2 What's the matter? Haven't you started ……….?
a already b yet c by now d soon
3 The trouble with you is that you are ………… complaining.
a forever b often c still d each time
4 Can you remember what you were doing ………?
a the time b usually c everyday d at that time
5 It's ages ……… I last saw a good film on TV.
6 Who exactly………?
a does own this car b own this car
c does this car belong to d this car belong to
7 Terry is in bed He ……… flu.
a has b has had c had had d is having
8 Diana has bought ……… a computer.
a two years ago b two years later c since then d for years
9 It's my eighteenth birthday next month, so………
a I'm having a party b I'll have a party
c I have a party d I’ll be having a party
10 According to the weather forecast, ……….
a it'll rain tomorrow b it's raining tomorrow
c it'll be raining tomorrow d It rains tomorrow
IV Rewrite each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the one printed before that.
1 I came to the meeting, but first I washed my hair (coming)
Trang 28V In each of the following sentences there is a mistake Find it and correct it.
1 I had a great time in the Greek Islands We owned a small boat and go swimming every day.
VI Read the following passage and answer the questions below.
An elevator is wonderful It is really a small room Rooms usually stay in one place Elevators travel up and down all day long.
Sometimes a worker stands in the elevator He or she runs it up and down In modern elevators there is no worker People walk in They know what floors they want They push a button and the elevator goes to that floor It is very fast and easy.
Elevators are very important to us Why? Think about a high building Maybe it has twenty floors Maybe it has fifty or more In New York, the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center have 110 stories The highest building in New York before the World Trade Center was the Empire State Building which had only 102 stories But they are still much lower than the 137-story building in Chicago Who can walk up those stairs? Maybe people can climb them sometimes Can someone climb thirty floors to an office everyday? Can small children walk up to their apartments on the 25th floor? Can you carry food up all those stairs? Of course not.
We can have high buildings because we have elevators We couldn't have all the beautiful tall buildings in the world without elevators They are really wonderful Imagine the anger of two men who came back to their building one day to see that power was cut off and they had to climb up to the 50th floor It was very unlucky for them when they reached 45th floor, they found out to their dismay that they had left their keys in the car and one of them had to walk all the way down and then up again.
Trang 29progress test 1 B
Full name :……….……… Class: .
……… ……….
I Put for or since into each gap in the following sentences.
1 We've been waiting ……… half an hour.
2 Peter has been in hospital…… … ……… his accident.
3 He hasn't eaten anything ……… twenty four hours.
4 I've earned my own living ……….………… I left school.
5 The strike lasted ……….… six months.
6 We've been fishing ……… …… two hours.
7 I've known that ……… … a long time.
8 That man has been standing there … ……… six o'clock.
9 Things have changed ……… I was a girl.
10 He's been ill ……… the last month.
II Choose the best answers Circle the letter a, b, c or d.
1 Can you remember what you were doing ………?
a the time b usually c everyday d at that time
2 It's ages ……… I last saw a good film on TV.
3 Who exactly………?
a does own this car b own this car
c does this car belong to d this car belong to
4 ………… we get to the theater, the play will have started.
a As soon as b Until c By the time d Whenever
5 What's the matter? Haven't you started ……….?
a already b yet c by now d soon
6 The trouble with you is that you are ………… complaining.
a forever b often c still d each time
7 It's my eighteenth birthday next month, so………
a I'm having a party b I'll have a party
c I have a party d I’ll be having a party
8 According to the weather forecast, ……….
a it'll rain tomorrow b it's raining tomorrow
c it'll be raining tomorrow d It rains tomorrow
9 Terry is in bed He ……… flu.
a has b has had c had had d is having
10 Diana has bought ……… a computer.
a two years ago b two years later c since then d for years
III Put the verbs in the brackets into the correct forms.
1 Sam ……… (not receive) the parcel the last time I ……… (speak) to him.
2 When you ……… (feel) hungry later, room service ……… (bring) you whatever you
……… (want).
3 When we came back from our holiday, we ………(see) that our house ………(be) broken into.
4 By the time you……….… (finish) getting ready, the train ………… ……(leave)!
5 Now that all the factories ……… (be) fully automated, computers ……….(do) all the jobs people are doing now.
6 I ……… (find) it difficult to convince the ticket inspector that I ……… (lose) my ticket.
7 As soon as I ……… (have) a good look at the designs, I ……… (send) them back to you I promise!
8 They ……… (live) in that house since it ………(be) built.
9 I ………(not have) time to do any typing since Monday.
10 Be quick! By the time you……… (get) home, your favorite TV programme (be) ……… over.
IV Rewrite each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the one printed before that.
1 Go to the international ticket desk immediately.
Trang 30V Read the following passage and answer the questions below.
An elevator is wonderful It is really a small room Rooms usually stay in one place Elevators travel up and down all day long.
Sometimes a worker stands in the elevator He or she runs it up and down In modern elevators there is no worker People walk in They know what floors they want They push a button and the elevator goes to that floor It is very fast and easy.
Elevators are very important to us Why? Think about a high building Maybe it has twenty floors Maybe it has fifty or more In New York, the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center have 110 stories The highest building in New York before the World Trade Center was the Empire State Building which had only 102 stories But they are still much lower than the 137-story building in Chicago Who can walk up those stairs? Maybe people can climb them sometimes Can someone climb thirty floors to an office everyday? Can small children walk up to their apartments on the 25th floor? Can you carry food up all those stairs? Of course not.
We can have high buildings because we have elevators We couldn't have all the beautiful tall buildings in the world without elevators They are really wonderful Imagine the anger of two men who came back to their building one day to see that power was cut off and they had to climb up to the 50th floor It was very unlucky for them when they reached 45th floor, they found out to their dismay that they had left their keys in the car and one of them had to walk all the way down and then up again.
VI In each of the following sentences there is a mistake Find it and correct it.
1 I felt rather worried It got darker and colder, and no one came to help us.
Trang 31Conditional sentences
(Câu điều kiện) Giới thiệu chung
- Câu điều kiện cơ bản có 2 mệnh đề: mệnh đề điều kiện (If- clause) và mệnh đề chính (main clause)
- Có 3 loại câu điều kiện cơ bản và một số loại câu điều kiện phức hợp và rút gọn
Câu điều kiện loại I(Câu điều kiện có thật ở hiện tại hoặc tơng lai)
I Dạng cơ bản:
- MĐ điều kiện: Động từ chia ở thì hiện tại
- MĐ chính: Động từ chia ở thì tơng laiE.g - If he runs, he’ll get there in time
- If you don’t work hard, you’ll fail the exams
- If it rains, we’ll stay at home If it’s firne, we’ll go for a walk
II ý nghĩa:
Câu điều kiện loại 1 diễn đạt giả thiết, điều kiện có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tơng lai
Chú ý:
- Trong mệnh đề If có thể dùng thì hiện tại tiếp diễn hoặc hiện tại hoàn thành đơn giản.
- Trong mệnh đề chính có thể dùng các động từ khuyết thiếu: may/might/ can/could/
must/ should/had better/ought to
E.g - If you are waiting for a bus, you’d better join the queue
- If you are staying for another night, I’ll ask the manager to give you a better room
- If you have finished dinner, I’ll ask the waiter for the bill
- If they haven’t seen the museum, we’d better go there today
- If the fog gets thicker, the flight may/might be cancelled
- If you finish your work, you may/can leave now
- If it stops snowing, we can go out
- If you want to lose weight, you must/should eat less bread
- If you see Tom tomorrow, could you ask him to ring me?
Câu điều kiện loại II (Câu điệu kiện không có thật ở hiện tại hoặc tơng lai)
I Dạng cơ bản:
- MĐ điều kiện: Động từ chia ở thì quá khứ đơn giản
- MĐ chính: Động từ chia ở thì tơng lai trong quá khứE.g - If I had a lot of money, I would travel around the world (In fact, I don’t have much money)
- If I were rich, I would not have to work (In fact, I’m not rich)
II ý nghĩa: Câu điều kiện loại 2 đợc dùng khi:
1 giả thiết trái với thực tế ở hiện tại hoặc khó có thể xảy ra trong tơng lai
E.g - If I lived near the office, I’d never be late for work (I don’t live near the office)
- If I had a lot of money, I’d travel around the world
- What would you do if you were the President?
- If I were you, I’d plant trees round the house (I’m not you)
2 ta không mong muốn hành động ở mệnh đề điều kiện xảy ra
E.g - If someone threatened to hit me, I would shout for help (I don’t expect that anyone
will try to threaten me)
- If a burglar came into my house at night, I’d scream
(I don’t expect a burglar to come in)
* Chú ý
+ Thì quá khứ đơn giản trong mệnh đề điều kiện không có ý nghĩa miêu tả hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ mà diễn đạt giả thiết trái với thực tế ở hiện tại hoặc khó có thể xảy ra trong tơng lai
+ TO BE chia cho tất cả các ngôi là: WERE
+ WERE + TO DO có thể dùng thay thế động từ chia ở thì QKĐG ở mệnh đề điều kiện, nhấn mạnh
giả thiết, điều kiện không có thực
E.g - If someone were to give/gave you a ring, would you accept?
- If they were to offer /offered me the job, I would not take it.
+ IF I WERE YOU đợc dùng để cho lời khuyên
E.g - If I were you, I’d work harder.
- I’d never meet that man again if I were you!
+ Trong mệnh đề If có thể dùng thì quá khứ tiếp diễn.
E.g - If my car were working, I could drive you to the station.
Trang 32+ Trong mệnh đề chính có thể dùng MIGHT/COULD/ WOULD BE DOING
E.g - If you tried again, you might succeed
- If I knew her number, I could ring her up.
- If he had a permit, he could get a job.
- If I were on holiday in Doson, I would be lying in the sun now.
Câu điều kiện loại III
(Câu điều kiện không có thật ở quá khứ)
I Dạng cơ bản:
- MĐ điều kiện: Động từ chia ở thì quá khứ hoàn thành
- MĐ chính: Động từ chia ở dạng thức: WOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
E.g - If I had worked harder last year, I would have passed the entrance examination
(In fact, I was lazy and I failed the exam)
- The accident wouldn’t have been so serious if the drivers had been more careful
(In fact, the drivers were careless and the accident was serious)
II ý nghĩa:
Câu điều kiện loại III thờng đợc dùng khi hành động ở mệnh đề điều kiện trái với thực
tế trong quá khứ, đôi khi câu điều kiện loại III diễn đạt sự hối tiếc về quá khứ
Chú ý:
- Trong mệnh đề If có thể dùng thì quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn.
- Trong mệnh đề chính có thể dùng: COULD/MIGHT/ WOULD HAVE BEEN DOING
E.g
- I was wearing a seatbelt If I hadn’t been wearing one, I’d been seriously injured.
- If we had found him earlier, we could have saved his life.
- At the time of the accident, I was sitting in the back of the car because Tom’s little
boy was sitting beside him in front If Tom’s boy hadn’t been there, I would have been
sitting in front.
Trang 33Một số dạng đặc biệt của câu điều kiện
I Câu điều kiện loại 0 (Zero conditional sentences)
+ Câu điều kiện loại 0 diễn đạt những điều hiển nhiên đúng, những giả thiết luôn đúng ở hiện tại hoặc quá khứ
+ Trong cả 2 mệnh đề động từ dùng ở thì hiện tại đơn (hiện tại) hoặc quá khứ đơn (quá khứ)
E.g - If you cook water, it boils at 100 C
- If you heat ice, it turns to water
- If anyone interrupts him, he gets angry
- If you didn’t know any English, why did you offer to give him English lessons?
- If you knew the mushrooms were poisonous, why did you still eat it?
II Câu điều kiện phức hợp
1 IF + HAD DONE, WOULD DO/WOULD BE DOING
E.g - If I had worked harder at school, I would be sitting in a comfortable office, I wouldn’t
be sweeping the streets.
- The plane I intended to catch crashed and everyone was killed If I had caught that plane, I would be dead now.
2 IF + quá khứ đơn giản, WOULD HAVE DONE
E.g - If I were as intelligent as you, I would have passed the entrance examination last year.
- If my son were as well-qualified as yours, he would have applied for the job.
III Mệnh đề đièu kiện bắt đầu bằng UNLESS
Unless = If notE.g - The kidnappers will kill the boy if they don’t get / unless they get the money.
- I won’t help you if you don’t try / unless you try your best.
- We won’t succeed if you refuse / unless you agree to co-operate
IV Mệnh đề đièu kiện bắt đầu bằng PROVIDED/PROVIDING (THAT)/AS LONG AS (miễn là)
E.g - You will have the money provided that you promise to pay it back in time
- As long as the weather stays fine, we’ll have a good crop
V Mệnh đề đièu kiện đ ợc thay thế bằng BUT FOR
But for + (n) = If it weren’t + for + (n)
E.g - If the salary were not high, the job wouldn’t be worth doing
= But for the high salary, the job wouldn’t be worth doing.
= If it weren’t for the high salary, the job wouldn’t be worth doing.
- If the weather hadn’t been so bad, we would have enjoyed the journey
= But for the bad weather, we would have enjoyed the journey.
= If it hadn’t been for the bad weather, we would have enjoyed the journey.
VI Câu điều kiện có OTHERWISE/OR/OR ELSE (nếu không thì)
E.g - Give me the money or/or else I’ll kill you.
= If you don’t give me the money, I’ll kill you
- You should come back before 10.00 p.m Otherwise, you’ll be locked outside.
= If you don’t come back before 10.00 p.m, you’ll be locked outside
- I used my father’s car I would have been late, otherwise.
= If I hadn’t used my father’s car, I would have been late
VII Mệnh đề điều kiện có thể rút gọn thành WITHOUT+ cụm danh từ và câu có THANKS TO + cụm danh từ
E.g -If he hadn’t lent us the money, we wouldn’t have been able to buy the house
= Without his money, we wouldn’t have been able to buy the house.
= Thanks to his money, we were able to buy the house.
Trang 34K6
I Choose the best answer in each sentence below by circling it.
1 If the machine stops/will stop, What will you do/do you do?
2 I can’t understand what he sees in her! If anyone treats/will treat me like that, I am/will be/would be
extremely angry!
3 If you help me/helped me with this exercise, I will do/would do the same for you one day.
4 According to the timetable, if the train leaves/left on time, we willarrive/would arrive at 5.30.
5 If it is/will be fine tomorrow, we go/will go to the coast.
6 If we find/found a taxi, we will get/would get there before the play starts.
7 It’s quite simple really If you take/will take/took these tablets every day, then you lose/will lose/would lose weight.
8 I don’t like this flat I think I am/I will/I’d be happier if I live/will live/would live/ lived in a house in the
country
9 I don’t know how to play baseball, but I’m sure that if I will/do/did, I play/will play/would play/played a
lot better than anyone in this awful team!
10 If I phone/will phone/phoned you tonight, are you/will you be/would you be in?
11 Why didn’t you tell me? If you told/had told me, I had/would have helped you.
12 If Bill didn’t steal/hadn’t stolen the car, he wasn’t/wouldn’t be/hadn’t been in prison now.
13 If Ann wasn’t driving/didn’t drive/hadn’t driven so fast, her car didn’t crash/wouldn’t crash/wouldn’t have crashed into a tree.
14 Let me give you some advice If you smoked/would smoke/had smoked less, you didn’t feel, wouldn’t feel/wouldn’t have felt so tired.
15 What a bad luck! If Alan didn’t fall/ hadn’t fallen/wouldn’t fall over, he won/would win/would have won
the race
16 If you invited/had invited me last week, I was able/ had been able/would have been able to come.
17 I’m sure your letter hasn’t come yet If it came/had come, I’m sure I noticed/had noticed/would have noticed it.
18 Terry never catches any thing when he goes fishing And if he catches/caught/had caught a fish, he throws/would throw/would have thrown it back!
19 We have a suggestion to make How do you feel/would you feel if we offered/would offer/had offered
you the job of assistant manager?
20 If you lent/had lent us the money, we paid/would pay/had paid you back next week.
II Put the verbs in the brackets in the correct tense.
1 I’ve hung out the clothes It’s lovely and sunny, If it (stay) like this, they(be) dry in two hours
2 He looked so small and weak that nobody asked him to do anything If he (look) strong, he (be) expected to dig all day like everyone else
3 Jack rang while you were out ~ Oh dear! If I (know) .he was going to ring, I(stay) at home
4 What (happen) if I (press) this button?
5 If someone offered to buy you one of those rings, which (you/ choose) ?
6 The flight may be cancelled unless the fog (lift)
7 Unless they turn that radio off, I (go) mad
8 If the story hadn’t been true, the newspaper (not print) it
Trang 359 Now we’re lost! If you (write down) Mary’s directions, this (nothappen).
10 Why don’t we emigrate? If we .(live) in Australia, at least theweather (be) better!
11 I’m afraid that Smith is hardened criminal If we .(not punish) him this time,
he (only commit) more crimes
12 I’m sorry I can’t lend you any money You know that if I .(have) it,
I (lend) it to you
13 What a terrible thing to happen! Just think, if we .(not miss) the plane,
we (kill) in the crash
14 Did you enjoy your meal? If you (finish) eating, I (clear away)the plates
15 Tell him to bring his bicycle in If he (leave) it outside, someone (steal) it
16 Why didn’t you phone? If I (know) you were coming, I (meet)you at the airport
17 It a pity you missed the party If you (come), you (meet) myfriends from Hungary
18 If we (have) some tools, we (be) able to repair the car, but wehaven’t got any with us
19 Thank you for your help If you (not help) me, I (not pass) theexamination
20 It’s a beautiful house, and I (buy) it if I (have) the money, but Ican’t afford it
21 If Claire (listen) to her mother, she (not marry) David in the firstplace
22 It rained every day on our holiday If we (not take) the television with us,
we (not have) anything to do
23 Our report today comes from Slade Prison, on the Isle of Wright The notorious mass-murderer MaximGrossburger, who killed 18 people between 1976 and 1982, tried to break out of prison during an exerciseperiod He was stopped by a 26-year-old guard, Alan Pryor Pryor told the story to our reporter “It wasduring the exercise period The prison governor had come into the yard to inspect the prisoners SuddenlyGrossburger grabbed him around the neck “If anyone 23 (try) to stop me, I24 (kill) him now!” he shouted He had a long kitchen knife He started pushing the governortowards the gate “Grossburger”, I yelled, “Even if you got out, we 25 (catch) you again.Nobody would help you If I 26 (be) you, I’d surrender now.” Grossburger stopped “I want todie!” he screamed, “Unless you 27 (unlock) that door at once, the governor 28 (die) with me!” The governor was scared If you had known Grossburger, you 29 (be) scared,too After all, he had killed 18 people already Suddenly I had an idea You see, Grossburger was a notoriousmuderer but he was very stupid “Grossburger!” I shouted, “It’s Friday today It’s your favourite lunch, fishand chips If you escaped, you 30 (miss) it” “Ugh?” he grunted He looked at me He’s ahuge man, but his eyes are tiny, really tiny “Fish and chips today?” He let the governor go,” Oh, then I’llescape tomorrow” We led him back to his cell It was very simple If we 31 (try) to stop him
by force, he (32)………(certainly/kill) the governor Just think, if the menu 33 (be) different, the governor 34 (die)!
35 - How did you do in the car rally?
- We came in last actually, just because we got lost If we .(not get) lost,
we (come) in somewhere in the middle, we (not come) in last
36 - I wasn’t surprised that we got lost because I knew the navigator couldn’t map-read
- If you (know) he couldn’t map-read, why (you/ take) him as anavigator?
37 I overslept, that’s why I’m half an hour late; and if my phone (not ring) at nineo’clock, I (be) still in bed
38 It was the drug, not the disease, that killed him He (still/ be) alive today if he(not take) that drug
39 Thanks to Dr Jones, I’m still alive! If it (not be) for her, I (be)dead for certain!
40 It’s always the same! If I .(decide) to leave the office early, myboss (call) me after I’ve left!
Trang 36II Rewrite each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the one printed before that.
1 It was the goalkeeper who saved the match for us
6 It was overeating that caused his heart attack -> If he ……….……
7 I only bought the dog because my parents wanted a pet
10 I’ll only help him if he promises to try harder -> Unless ………
11 Don’t break my doll or I’ll scream -> If you ………
12 What would you do if you found some buried treasure?
17 Provided that your voice is audible, the audience will get the point of this scene
-> As long as the audience………
Trang 37Subjunctives – Thức giả định
I If only
1 If only + past simple/past continuous/past perfect (diễn đạt mong muốn trái với hiện tại hoặcquá khứ.)
E.g - If only he didn’t smoke (In fact he smokes heavily)
- If only Tom were here (In fact he isn’t here.)
- If only you hadn’t made that mistake (In fact you made that mistake)
2 If only + would (diễn đạt sự không hài lòng về tình trạng ở hiện tại và mong muốn có sự thay đổi tốt hơn
trong tơng lai.)
E.g - If he would drive carefully
(In fact he drives carelessly and I’m not pleased about that)
- If only someone would turn the cassatte player down
(In fact it is too loud and I’m not pleased)
II Wish
1 wish + simple past/past continuous (diễn đạt mong ớc trái với thực tế ở hiện tại)
E.g - I wish I had a motorbike (In fact I don’t have one)
- I wish you weren’t having an English lesson now
(In fact you are learning in class)
- He wishes he was lying on the sandy beach instead of sitting in the classroom
- I wish your sister could come on holiday with us (In fact she can’t)
2 wish + past perfect (diễn đạt mong ớc trái với thực tế ở quá khứ, sự hối tiếc về quá khứ)
E.g - I wish I hadn’t eaten so much (In fact I ate too much, so I’m awful now.)
- He wishes he had seen her off at the station (In fact, he didn’t see her off.)
3 wish + would (diễn đạt sự không hài lòng về tình trạng ở hiện tại và mong muốn có sự thay đổi tốt hơn
trong tơng lai.)
E.g - I wish he would stop smoking
- I wish these students wouldn’t make so much noise
III It’s time… (đã đến lúc phảI làm một việc gì đó)
It is/was + time + (for + object) + to do st
about time + subject + V(simple past tense)
high time
E.g - It’s time for us to go home
- It’s high time we did something about the traffic situation in this city
IV would rather/sooner…than (diễn đạt ý muốn, sự lựa chọn)
Would rather/sooner + do + (than do st) muốn/thà làm gì hơn làm gì
have done st + (than have done st) muốn/thà đã làm gì hơn đã làm gì
+ subject + V (past simple/past perfect) muốn ai sẽ/đã làm gì
E.g - I’d rather eat meat than (eat) fish
- I’d rather not go out tonight
- I’d rather have lived in Ancient Greece than Ancient Rome
- We’d rather you were punctual at work
- He’d rather I paid him cash
- I’d rather you hadn’t written that letter (In fact you wrote that letter)
V
Would prefer … (diễn đạt ý muốn, sự lựa chọn)
Would prefer + st to st thích cái gì hơn cái gì
doing st to doing st thích làm gì hơn làm gì
to do st than do st
Trang 38object + to do st muốn ai làm gì
E.g - I’d prefer meat to fish.
- I’d prefer to eat out than cook for myself.
- I’f prefer going for a swim to climbing a mountain.
- He’d prefer me to pay him cash
- We’d prefer you to be punctual at work
VI As if/as though …( cứ nh thể là…)
As if/as though + V(simple present): Sự so sánh là đúng với hiện tại
V(simple past/past continuous): Sự so sánh trái với hiện tại V(past perfect): Sự so sánh trái với quá khứ
E.g - He is very active He acts as if he is in charge (He is in charge)
- He is very bossy He acts as if he were in charge (He isn’t in charge)
- I feel as if I had a wing and I were flying
- She looks/looked pale She looks/looked as if she had seen a ghost
- He talks/talked about Hanoi as if he had lived there all his life
(Perhaps he hasn’t lived in HN for so long, I’m not sure)
VII Yêu cầu, mệnh lệnh quan trọng, cấp bách
1 demand, insist, suggest, require + that + Subject + do st/should do st/did st
E.g - They demand that he leave at once.
- We insist that the letter be read twice.
- They demand that he should leave/left at once.
- We insist that the letter should be/was read twice.
2 It is + necessary/essential/important + that + Subject + do st/should do st/did st
E.g - It is essential that he leave at once.
- It is important that the letter was read twice.
- It is important that the letter should be read twice.
VII Regret: (sự hối tiếc/ân hận)
Regret + (not) V-ing: Lấy làm tiếc đã/đã không làm gì
E.g - I regret going to bed late last night Now I have a headache
= I wish I hadn’t gone to bed late last night
- He regrets not taking her home
= He wishes he had taken her home
* Một số cấu trúc khác diễn đạt sự hối tiếc, ân hận về những sự việc đã/đã không xảy ra trong quá khứ
It’s a (great) pity that + V(simple past)…
It’s a shame / an awful shame that+ V(simple past)…
What a pity!
E.g - It’s a pity that I didn’t apply for that job
= I regret not applying for that job
= I wish I had applied for that job
Trang 39I Choose the most suitable tense.
1 I wish Peter doesn’t live/didn’t live/wouldn’t live so far away from the town centre We’ll have to take a taxi.
2 I feel rather cold I wish I brought/had brought my pullover with me.
3 What a pity! I wish we don’t have to/didn’t have to/wouldn’t have to leave.
4 I wish you tell/told/had told me about the test I haven’t done any revision.
5 I wish the people next door hadn’t made/wouldn’t make/couldn’t make so much noise I can’t hear myself
think!
6 Oh, I like cakes I wish I have/had/would have some to eat now.
7 I’m sorry I missed your birthday party I really wish I come/came/had come/would come.
8 I like my new boss but I wish she gave/would give/could give me some more responsibility.
9 Having a lovely time in Brighton I wish you are/were/had been here Love, Sheila.
10 This car was a complete waste of money I wish I didn’t buy/hadn’t bought it.
11 A cheque is all right, but I’d rather you pay/paid me cash.
12 If only I have/had/would have a screwdriver with me.
13 If you want to catch the last train, it’s time you leave/left.
14 I’d rather you don’t tell/didn’t tell anyone about our conversation.
15 I’ve got a terrible hangover If only I didn’t drink/hadn’t drunk that fourth bottle of wine.
16 If you don’t mind, I’d sooner you practised/had practised/would practise your violin somewhere else.
17 It’s high time you learn/learned to look after yourself.
18 Jean thinks that everyone likes her If only she knew/knows what people say behind her back.
19 I’d rather we stayed/stay at home this Christmas for a change.
20 It’s high time the government does/did/had done something about the unemployment among young
graduates
II Put the verbs in the brackets in the correct tense.
1 I would say it was time you (start) working seriously
2 I’d rather you ……… (not watch) television while I’m reading
3 I wish I ……… (spend) more time swimming last summer
4 Helen is so bossy She acts as if she ……….(own) the place
5 I wish you ……… (not keep) coming late to class
6 I’d rather you ……… (sit) next to Susan, please
7 The government demanded that the ambassador ……… (be) recalled
8 You are lucky going to Italy I wish I ………(go) with you
9 We need some help I wish Alfred ………(be) here now If he ……… (be) here, wecould finish the work very quickly
10 We had a very good time in Houston over vacation I wish you ………(come) with us If you
……….(come), you ………(have) a good time
11 I wish it ……….(be/ not) so cold today If it ………(be/ not) so cold today, I
……… (go) swimming
12 A: - Is the noise from the record-player in the next apartment bothering you?
B: - Yes, I’m trying to study I wish he ………(turn) it down
13 What a beautiful day! I wish I ………(lie) in the sun by a swimming-pool instead of sitting in
a classroom
14 Actually I’d rather you ………(not smoke) in here
15 Your hair is rather long Don’t you think it’s time you ……….(have) a haircut?
Trang 40II Rewrite each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the one printed before that.
1 I wish I hadn’t heard that!
-> I’d rather you ………
2 Everyone wished they had listened more carefully to the lecture
-> Everyone regretted ………
3 Is it better for me to leave?
-> Would you rather………?
4 We really must discuss this again
-> It’s important that………
5 Jack prefers me not to say anything about the missing money
-> Jack would rather ………
6 I’d rather you hadn’t eaten all the bread!