Bài viết làm rõ sự kết hợp cú pháp (cả trong phạm vi cụm từ và câu) của số từ chỉ số lượng trong tiếng Việt, nhằm góp phầm bổ sung và hoàn thiện lí thuyết kết trị do L. Tesniere khởi xướng. Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo nội dung chi tiết của tài liệu.
Trang 1INGON NGtT HQC VA VIET NGU* HOC|
DAC DIEM KET TRI CUA SO TlT
CHi SO LtTONG TRONG TIENG VlfT VALENCY FEATURES OF QUANTITY NUMERAL IN VIETNAMESE
lA THJ LAN ANH (PGS.TS; D^i hpc Sir pham Hk N$i)
Nguyen Thj Mai Hirong (ThS; D^i hpc Hong Dlk) Abstract: The article researches into the valency based on the broad opinion about valency Therefore, valency of quantity numeral in Vietnamese can be understood as the ability to open around it vacancies that need to or can be fulfilled by grammatical components in order to add particular meanings All of that combining ability creates valency of this group of numerals By researching on tiie Vietnamese materials, we have determined that valency of quantity numeral consists of three fundamental tagmas which belong to the two levels: tagma of counted object, unit tagma used in counting (phrase level), tagma of quantitative form (sentence level)
Key words: valency; quantity numeral; Vietnamese
1 Md ddu
Nhu chung ta da biet li thuyet kit tri xudt
hifn trong nghidn cftu ngdn ngft tft nhihig
thap ki ddu cua thd ki XX gdn vdi tdn tuoi
cfta nha ngdn ngft hpc ngudi Phdp
L.Tesniere Khdc phuc khilm khuylt cfta thft
ngft phap qud thidn vd hinh thftc cau tnic,
trong dd chi thdy vai trd chi phoi frong cdu
ciia chu ngft doi vdi ddng tft vi ngft vd so,
ngdi, gidng, cdch, li thuylt kit tri cfta
L.Tesnidre quan tdm din binh difn ngft
nghia ttong cu phap dd tft dd din ttgng tam
chft ;y tdi vai trd cfta dpng tft vi ngft trong ca
cdu ngft n ^ a cua cau L.Tesniere quan
nif m rdng, doi vdi mdt cdu thi khdng phdi
chft ngft, md dfng tft vi ngft mdi Id thdnh tl
quan trpng nhat Dpng tft vi ngft ddng vai ttd
Id £nh cua cau trong su thi hien mpt qud
trinh cua hifn thyc Mdi cdu vdi dpng tft vj
ngu dien td mgt mdn Idch nhd, frong dd cd
mgt so vai dien Cd thi thdy, vdi vifc nghidn
cftu kit tri cua dpng tft, L Tesniere da dem
din mft hudng tilp c$n mdi cho ngu phdp
hgc, tilp can theo dudng hudng ngft nghTa,
chftc ndng Cdch tidp can ngft phap ndy hifn
dd vd dang dugc cdc nhd ngft phdp ttdn thi gidi va d Vift Nam v$n dyng vdo nghidn cftu ngu phdp theo hudng kl thiia vd phdt triin NIU nhu L.Tesnidre chi quan tdm din vifc nghidn cftu kit tri cua dfng tft, ttong phgm
vi cu phdp, d cdp dp tft thi trong sy v$n dyng cfta minh, cdc nhd ngdn ngft hpc dd chft truong md rgng "bidn df" nghidn cftu kit tri sang cdc tft logi khdc, cap dg khdc cua ngdn ngft
Bai vilt ndy cua chiing tdi di theo hudng nghidn cftu md rpng ndy Trong bdi vilt, chiing tdi s€ co gdng lam rd su kit hgp cu phdp (cd frong phgm vi cym tft va cdu) cfta
sd tft chi so lugng ttong tiing Vift Hi vpng, bai viet sd gdp phan bl sung vd hoan thif n If thuydt kit tri do L Tesnidre khdi xudng
2 Mgt so van de ve ket tri
Vd vdn de ket tri, chung tdi da cd dip
trinh bdy d hai bai bao [Tif diin hpc va Bdch khoa thu, 5/2014; Ngdn ngii vd Bdi sdng,
9/2014] CJ day, dd lam co sd cho bdi vilt, chiing tdi chi xin nhdn vao mf t so dilm co
Trang 2Trdn thuc td, mdc du cdn cd nhftng quan
nifm khdc nhau vd ngi ham cua thu^t ngu
kit tri, nhiing each hiiu rpng hpp khac nhau
ve khdi nidm kit tti, tuy nhidn, chung tdi van
mgnh dan dua ra mdt £nh nghTa kit tri (d
bdi vidt nay chdng tdi sft dyng thuat ngft Mt
trf) ciia tft nhu sau: Kit tri Id khd ndng md
ra xung quanh tit nhung 6 trong cdn hoae co
thi duqc ldp dd^ bai nhitng thdnh to ngu
phdp nhdm bo sung nhung y nghia nhdt
dinh Nhiing d ttdng nay la khd ndng kit hgp
tiem tang ding thdi Id khd ndng hifn thyc
hda sy kdt hgp tiem tang dd cua mdt tft vdi
tu cdch Id tnmg tdm cfta todn td hgp Todn
bp nhiing kha ndng kit hgp do tao ndn dac
trung cho mdt ldp tft vd dugc quan nifm la
ddc didm ket tii ciia ldp tft do Nhftng tiianh
to kit hgp theo d§c dilm kit trj cfta tft dugc
ggi la ket to Moi loai ket to nay se bd sung
mgt loai y nghia (ngft phdp) nhdt dinh cho tft
tnmg tdm Ndi mdt each ngan gpn, ket tri
chinh la nhftng kit hgp cd gid trj ngQ phdp
-ftgf^ nghia de bd sung ;y nghia ngft phdp cho
tft, phdn bift vdi nhftng kit hgp tft vyng
-ngft nghTa thdng thudng
Cdch hiiu ttdn day cua chiing tdi vl kit
tri la cdch hieu rpng vl kit tri theo xu hudng
hifn nay: Thir nhdt, kit tri cua tft khdng gidi
hgn chi d tu - df ng tft md cdn cd thi md
rfng din tft thupc cdc tft loai khac niia, mien
Id tft dd cd kha ndng md ra cdc d trdng cd gid
tri ngft phdp Khi xem xet kit tri cua tft
thupc loai ndo thi phai coi nd Id trung tam vd
tim cdc d trlng ngft phdp xudt hifn xung
quanh nd; Thir hai, ket tri ciia tft dugc xem
xdt trong moi quan bf vdi cu phap d ca hai
cdp d0: cdp dg cym tft vd c ^ dg cdu \\ kit
qud nghidn cftu cho thay, cd nhimg tft loai
ddc dilm kit tri cfta tft d hai cap df nay rdt
khdc nhau; Thu ba, kit tri cua tft se dugc
xem xet ca d khd ndng kit hpp tidm tdng
(trong hf thong fihh) va ca d khd nang hifn
thyc hda cfta nd trong ldi ndi (d trang thai
hdnh chftc)
Vdi cdch bilu nhu trdn vl kit trj, chftng^
tdi quan nifm cd hai logi kit th: kit to ca sdi (kit t l bdt bugc, dien to kit to can cd) va kit
td md rpng (kit to ty do, chu t l kit td c6 till
cd)
- Kit td ca sdr bao gom nhihig kit t l ph^
thu$c vao d$c trung ngft nghia - ngft ph^ ciia tft tnmg tdm, thudng chi cd m ^ d tftng
logi tft vd khdng thi thilu de cho f nghia ciia
t l hgp tft dugc hoan chinh Ket to co sd c6 thi xudt hifn d c4 hai cdp df: cym tft vd can Cung chiu sy chi phoi an <Qnh trye tilp ciia tft trung tam nhimg cdc kit to eg sd dupe phdn bift vdi nhau d nhftng dilm sau: 1/Ke j)
nghia: Moi loai kit t l ca sd sd b6 sung cbo
tft trung tam mgt lo^ y nghia nhdt dinh V nghia nay khdng phai Id y nghia ridng ciia mpt tft cy the ma Id y nghia chung cho tdt cd nhftng tft ngft cd khd ndng ddm nhgn mft chftc vy ngft phdp nhdt dinh d mgt d trlng
nhat dinh xung quanh tft trung tam Vi v^y,
nd se la mgt logi y nghia ngft phdp; 2lVi hinh thirc: Sy khdc nhau ve f nghia cung sS
dan din sy khdc nhau cfta cdc kit t l ca sd v^ mat hinh thftc Tuy nhidn, d ^ dilm hinh thftc cua cac kit t l cdn phy thuf c vdo tiing logi hhih ngdn ngft Tieng Vift Id logi Wnh ngdn ngft don l|lp ndn sy phdn bift cdc kit to
CO sd vl m^t hinh thftc chft ylu Id d vi tri (tr§t ty tft) cua chftng trong cdc kit hgp cu phdp Idn hon (cym tft, cdu) d khd ndng kit hgp vdi hu tft vd d ngft difu Tuy nhidn, trong thyc te sft dyng, do sy chi phii ciia tinh hulng ngft canh giao tilp, vi tii cfta ket
to cd thi thay doi Do dd, xem xdt vj tri ciia cdc kit t l ca sd can phdi chft y den v} tri cua
chung ck d trgng thdi tinh vd trgng thdi ddng
(trgng thdi hanh chftc) cung nhu sy tdc df ng ctia cdc yeu to thufc vl ngft ednh, tinh huong Ngoai nhihig ddu hif u hinh thftc trdn, nhiing tft ngft diln dgt kit to ciing cho thdy
sy khdc nhau gifta chiing
- Kit td md rdng Id nhftng kit to khdng
chiu sy chi phoi, an dinh trye tilp cfta tilt
Trang 3NG6N NGC & Dfitt S6NG chE^) nhdn, cd thi xudt hifn vdi nhidu logi tft
khdc nhau, va sy xudt hifn do thudng Id do
nhu cdu giao tilp
Theo Nguyen Vdn Lf c ttong [3], dl ttanh
chu quan, edm tinh, dong thdi dl phdt hifn
day du cdc dac didm cua cdc kit td cdn phdi
dya vao nhung thd phap hinh thftc nhdt dinh
Cdc thft phap Wnh thftc cdn thilt, thich hgp
doi vdi vifc nghidn cftu kit tri ciia sd tft chi
so lugng Id: luge bo, b6 sung, thay the hay
d|it cdu hdi, cai biln (xem tiidm [5;
fr.35-43])
Nhftng nhgn thftc trdn day ve kit tri sd
dugc chung tdi v|in dyng khi thn hidu kit tri
cfta sd tft chi sd lugng trong tieng Vift
2 X^c dinh md hinh kit trj cua so tir
chi so lirgng trong tieng Vift
Tft cdch hidu trdn vl kit tri, chiing tdi xiic
dinh: Kit tri cua sS tit chi s6 lugng la khd
ndng eda sd tit chi s6 lupng tgo ra xung
quanh minh cdc d trong cdn hodc co the lam
d^ bdi nhitng thdnh td cd phdp (nhirng thtfc
tit) mang j5 nghia bd sung nhat dinh Ndi
cdch khdc, ket tri eda so tir chi so lufmg Id
thupc tinh cua sd tit chi sd lirgng kit hgp vdo
minh nhirng thdnh td cuphdp cdn cd ho$c co
thi Thupc tinh kit hpp nay hdm chiia trong
y nghia eda bdn thdn so tir chi s6 lupmg No
chinh Id su phdn dnh nhirng ddi hdi hogc
khd ndng eda sd tit chi so lugng dugc cv the
hda ve m$t ndo do
Sl tft chi si lugng Id nhftng so tft bilu tin
so lugng - mOt dgng thugc tinh vgt chat cfta
cdc vat till ttong the gidi khach quan Do dd,
so lugng khdng tin tgi dpc Igp ma ludn di
kdm vdi cdc sy v|lt Ndi each khac, xunjg
quanh sl tft chi s6 lugng cd mf t vi tri bdt
bugc can dugc 1dm ddy bdng kit to st^ vgt
dugc tinh dim Kit t l ndy trd ldi cho cau
hdi: Ai/cdi gj dugc tinh dim? Ket to ndy ttd
ldi cho cdu hdi: Ai/cdi gi dugc tinh dim? Vf
dy:
(Xy^Trudng trdng Id mpt ngudi dd ngot
n&m muei tuoi" [Hd An]
v§t dugc tinh dim
Sl tft chi so lugng bilu thi Iftgng cfta sy vgt Tuy nhidn, cd nhflng sy v$t khdng dugc dinh lugng mft cdch trye tilp md dugc tinh toan, dong dim qua cdc dan vi sy v$t Do
dd, ttong nhieu trudng hgp, sy cd m^t cfta dan vi dugc dftng dl tinh dim sy v ^ Id didu bdt bugc.Vi dy:
(2) Mua den, hdn vdc mpt cdi don cdn co qudn may sai thitng d mpt ddu, do hit rudng
np den rupng Ma [Nam Cao]
(3) Nhtmg hai mu Bp Muom cir vita ddnh vira keu, lam cho hg nhd Bg Muom d rugng /lia gdn day nghe tieng [Td Hodi]
Vi v$y, bdn cgnh ket to sy vgt dugc tinh
dim, cdn cd m$t kit to ca sd niia la: kit td dan Vf dugc diing de tinh dim Ket td ndy ttd
ldi cho cdu hdi: Loai don vi ndo cfta sy vat
dugc diing dz tinh ddm? Nhu vgy, d cap dp
cym tft, coi sl tft chi sl Iupng la trung tam eft phdp cfta cym tft, chftng tdi xdc dinh dugc
hai kit to ca sd la: kit td s\r vdt dugc tinh dim vd kit td dan vi dugc dimg di tinh dim
O cap dg can, xac dinh so tft chl so lupng
d vj tri trung tdm eft phdp - ngft ngbla cua cdu, nghTa Id 1dm vi to ttong cdu, chung tdi
xac dinh dugc mft kit t l ca sd Id thi dugc dinh lugng Kit tl ndy trd ldi cho cau hdi:
Ai/ cdi g^ dugc dem ra de dinh lugng? Vi dy:
(4) Gd ta xdo vdi mtrdp gia/Va hai muat mot, chdng dd sdu miroi [Ca dao]
Cd thi hinh dung cdc kit t l co sd cua sd tft chi sl lugng qua sa dl sau:
So tit chi s6 lupng Cym tft Kit td dan v? Kit td s^ vdt dugc dim^ di tinh dim dugc tinh dim (Kit to ca sd I) (Kit tS ca sa 2) Cau Ket to the dtrgc dinh lugng (Kit td ca sa3)
Sy vgt dugc dua ra tinh dim trong mpt sl tnrdng hgp, gdn vdi thdi gian, khdng gian cy thi ndn ttong md hinh kit tii cfta so tft chi sl lugng, cdn cd thi xudt hifn cdc kit thdi gjan,
kit th khdng gian Ddy Id logi kit t l md
Trang 4rfng, sy xudt hifn ciia chiing nhdm b6 sung
cac tiidng tin thupc ve ngft canh tinh huong
VI dy:
(5) Ndm nay, chong tdi 42 tudi
(6) Canh le trdng diim mpt vdi bong hoa
[Nguyen Du]
Nhu v^y, vl CO bdn, md hinh kit tri cfta
so tft chi sl lugng bao gIm ba kit tl co sd:
kit td thi dugc djnh lugng(kk to ca sd cfta
cau), kit td dan vj dugc diing de tinh dem,
kit tS stf vdt dugc tinh dim (kit t l ca sd cfta
cym tft) Ngodi ra, ttong sy hifn thyc hda kit
trj, sl tft chi sl lugng cd thi kit hgp vdo
minh cdc kit t l md rpng nhu: kit to thdi
gian, kit td khdng gian Dudi day, chiing tdi
se di sdu midu td tftng logi kdt cfta so tft chi
so lugng dya trdn nhftng ddc didm ngft nghia
- ngft phdp cua chftng
3 D$c dilm cdc vJkt th ciia s6 tur chi sl
lirgng trong tiing Vift
3.1 Kit tSstf vgt dugc tinh dim
a Ddc diim y nghTa: Kdt to sy vat dugc
tinh dem, dftng nhu tdn gpi ciia nd, bd sung,
hifn thyc hda d ttong cu phap: sy vat dugc
dua ra dl tinh dim cho sl tii VI dy:
(7) Mdi vdo Idm c6 vdi ngdy md khach
khua xem y ai cUng men [Vu Trgng Phyng]
Nhu ttdn da ndi, mli lidn hf gifta lugng
vd sy v^t hifn tugng ttong the gidi khdeh
quan Id tdt ylu, do dd, mpi sy vat, hifn
tugng ttdn li thuylt diu cd khd ndng tinh
dim dugc Dilu dd cd nghTa, nhftng sy vgt,
hifn tugng trong thyc tl khdeh quan cd the
tfnh dim dugc Id vd cftng phong phii, da
dgng, bao gom cd nhflng vgt thi ty nhidn, vgt
thi nhan tgo vd ngay chinh bdn thdn con
ngudi Thyc tl khdo sdt cho thdy, kit to sy
v§t dugc tinh dim cd thi Id: con ngudi (bao
gim cd bf ph§n ca thi cfta ngudi): mdt, mdi,
tay, ehdn, anh, em, cd, bdc, gido vien, bdc
sl ; dfng v|t: chim, di, ran, cd, ich, chd,
mSo ; thyc v^t: cdfy, cd, hoa, Id, canh, cd,
qud ', cdc v^t thi nhan tgo: nhd cua, do
dirng, qudn do ', cdc v^t thi, hifn tugng ty
nhidn: song, nui, trdng, sao may ; cdc khdi
nifm trftu tugng: quan diim, tu tudng, igp tnrdng ; thdi gian: ngay, thdng, ndm, thien niin ki, phdt, gid ; khdng gian: phia, hudng, phuang, khodnh,
b B4c diim hinh thdc: Khdo sat trdn ngu
lifu cho thdy, trong tiing Vift, sy v|t dugc tinh dim thudng cd nghia khdi qudt Id ngudi, v^t (dfng v^t, thyc v^t, do v$t), vifc ho§c cdc hifn tugng ty nhidn Do dd, tu ngft bilu thj chftng thudng Id cdc danh tft ho$c cym danh tft Hinh thftc ndy dugc coi Id hinh thftc bilu hifn ca bdn cfta kit to sy vdt dugc tmh dim vi nd phi biln nhdt VI dy:
(9) Nguyin vd Thuy la hai anh em rugt [
LS Bidn Cuong]
(10) Mdi c6 cdu £nh If ong cdng mep, phinh bvng chi ndi m^t cdu binh thudng cUng da vdng tai cd xung quanh roi [Td
Hodi]
Khi dugc bieu thi bang danh tft hay cym danh tft, vi tri phi biln cua kit to sy vat dugc tinh dim Id vi tri sau sl tft chi so
lugng: s6 t^ chl s6 lugng + kit t6 chi su v$t dufrc tinh dim Vf dy:
(11) Mudi tdm tudi tdi cd hai niim vui rdng Idn, hai budc di quan trpng trong cudc ddi: mpt ehdn budc vdo ngudng cua ngudi Idn vd m^t ehdn chuan bj budc vdo ngudng cita dgi hgc [Nguyin Nhdt Anh]
Tuy nhidn, trong thyc te sft dyng ngdn ngft, cflng cd trudng hgp kit t l sy v§t dugc tinh dim dftng tiirdc so tft chi sl lugng ; Trong trudng hgp dd, bdt buf c dftng ngay sau sl tft chl sl lugng phdi la mgt danh tft don vi Vi dy:
(12) Cam ba bdt thuoc ba thang [Tyc
ngft]
(13) Mitt hdnz mpt lang che tdu mpt edn
[Cadao]
(14) Gdm tr&m cuon, bac nghin cdn
[Truyfn Kieu]
Tr^t ty sdp xIp nhu ttdn thudng chi xudt hifn trong tha ca trft tinh nhdm nhdn mgnh, thu hftt sy chft ^ cfta ngudi tilp nh|in dii vdi
Trang 5nhu vgy la do su chi phdi, tac dgng cua c ^
ylu t l thugc binh difn ngft dyng (myc dfch,
nhidm vu giao tidp, su phdn bd tin trong cdu
true thdng bdo)
Ket qud khao sat cho thdy, khdng chi cd
cdc danh tft, cym danh tft ma cac dgi tft, chft
ylu la dai tft xung hd (dgi tu nhdn xung)
cung dugc dvmg de bidu thi kit t l su vgt
dugc tinh dim Dai tft nhan xung bilu thi kit
t l sy vdt dugc tinh dem ciing cd vi tri phi
biln la vi tri sau s6 tft chi sd lugng Vi dy:
(15) Bdt gidc, tdi tien lgi TrUi, ddng
thing hai ehdn trudc, khodc vai TrUi, hai
ehung tdi hudng xuong dudi vo ddi [Td
Hodi]
(16) Nhung md thdng ndo cd truyen dan
trong tdi thi ldi ngay ra, hai chune ta sS Idm
ehung la chinh no keu, nghia Id ehi cd mgt
no se bi bdt [Vu Trgng Phyng]
Kit tl sy vat duge tinh ddm khdng chi
dugc bidu tin bang cac danh tft, cym danh tft,
dgi tft xung hd ma cdn dugc bilu thj bdng
cdc df ng tft, ti'nh tft Trong v ^ ttd kit to sy
vdt dugc ti'nh dem, cdc ddng tft vd tinh tft
ndy thudng dugc danh hda vd mang y nghTa
sy vdt tinh Vi dy:
(17) Xua sao mpt hen thi nin/Gid sao
chin hgn thi quin cd mudi [Ca dao]
(18) Ddn ta trdm ddng ngdn cay [Ca
dao]
Vj tri phd bidn cua chung la vi tri sau so
tft chi sd lugng Tuy nhidn, frong nhihig ngft
ednh nhdt dinh, ciing cd khi kdt tl nay dftng
trudc sd tft chi sd lugng dd chi mftc dd cfta
hanh ddng hodc nhan mgnh tinh chdt, ddc
didm nao dd Chdng hgn:
(19) Ndi chin thi phdi lam mudi/ Ndi
mudi lam chin ke cudi ngudi ehe [Ca dao]
(20) Canh tinh khd Idm ai ai/ Chdng di
khd chin, thiip tdi khd mudi [Ca dao]
La kit t l ca sd, ti^n li thuylt, kit t l sy
v$t dupe tftih dim thudng khdng thi vdng
khuyet Tuy nhidn, ttdn thyc tl, vdn xdy ra
mgt so trudng hgp vang khuylt chiing trong
(21) Nam nay Id mpt 0, nita thi nam ndm
[Nguyin Du]
(22) Chd or nghi rdng khong nhS anh em
ta lgi chju chit linh denh ed nhu thi nay, md phdi cuu sdng l^ mpt 0 [Td Hodi] (23) Hai vong hoa dd sp, mpt 0 eda bdo
Gd Mo, mpt 0 eda Xudn, eiing len vdo hdng ddu [Vfl Trgng Phyng]
Sy vdng khuyet cua mft sl kdt to ca sd ttong cau nhdm ttanh ldp thdng tin, tgo su lien ket ch^t chg gifta cac dan vi ngdn ngu
trong cdu vd cflng Id dQ khang dinh dd la
phdn tin cii, hudng sy t$p trung vao phdn tin mdi, tidu diem thdng bdo
Nhu vgy, ttong md hinh kit tri ciia sl tft chi so lugng, ket td sy vgt dugc tinh dem thudng dugc bidu thj bdng cdc danh tft (cym danh tft), cac dai tft nhdn xung va cdc dfng tft, tinh tft dugc danh tft hda Logi kit to nay
cd thd dung d trudc vd sau sd tft, trong dd, vj tri dung sau Id vi tri co ban, vi tri dftng trudc
la vi tri khdng ca bdn
3.2 Kit ti dan v/ ^pre diing S tinh
^m
Thufc tmh sl lugng cfta cdc sy vgt hifn tugng tdn tgi trong thyc tl khach quan Id tdt ylu Song cd nhiing sy v|it hifn tugng khdng thi tinh toan, dong dim mgt cdch trye tilp ndn khdng cd kha nang kdt hgp trye tilp vdi
so tft chi sd lugng De tinh dim mf t cdch ranh mgch, khdng hi lan Ipn giiia cdc sy v$t hifn tugng khdng cung logi dd, ngudi ta dat
ra cdc don vi de tinh dem Do dd, trong md
hinh kit tri ciia sl tft chi sl lugng cdn cd mdt kit t l ca sd la kit to don vj dugc diing
dl tinh dim
CJ day chftng tdi xdc dinh kit t l chi dan
vi dugc dung de tinh dim Id mgt logi kit td
ca sd cfta so tft chi sl lugng bdi vi ttong
qud trinh khao sdt vd phan tich ngu lifu, chftng tdi nhgn thdy, bdng thft phap cdi biln, cd thd dl ddng tdch bift dugc hai yen
t l : dan vi dugc dftng dl tinh dim va sy vat dugc tinh dim ttong sft dyng md khdng
Trang 6lam thay dii y nghTa co ban cfta cdu true
Vi dy:
(24) Ba bdt cam->Cam ba bdt
(25) Mpt lang ehe ->Che mpt lane
Kit qua khdo sat va phdn tich ttdn ngft
lifu ti^g Vift cho thdy loai kit t l ndy cd
nhiing ddc dilm sau:
- Dac diim y nghia: Ket t l chi don vi
dugc dua ra dl tinh dim bd simg, hifn thyc
hda y nghia: logi don vi dugc dftng dl tfnh
dim cho so tft chi sd lugng VI dy:
(26) Anh dung dudi ehdn mpt cdy cdi
xanh [Td Hodi]
Cac su vat hidn tugng ttong tf nhidn tuy
rdt phong phft da dgng nhimg khdng ton tgi
rdi rgc Id td ma dugc con ngudi quy vdo
nhflng Idp, nhiing loai don vj khac nhau
Thyc td khdo sat cho thdy, kit to don vj
dugc diing de tinh ddm cd thi Id cdc don vi
ty nhidn: tdm, bdc, cdi, con, td, ed, qud, ci^c,
hdn, vien, thdng, dua ; cd thd Id cdc dcm vi
quy udc: cdn, lit, met, tg, tdn, mdu, sao ;
don vi t£ip hgp: bdy, dan, lu, lap, chdng,
ddng ; don vi td chftc hdnh chinh: huy^n,
xd, thon, tinh, td, nhom, ; dan vi hdnh dfng
cfta sy vifc: trgn, can, chuyen, phen, lan,
lugt, cu, ndm, bo, vdc, gdnh, ngum,
- Dgc diim hinh thuc: Ket qua khdo sdt
ttdn ngft lifu tiing Vift cho thdy, kit t l don
vi dugc dftng dd tinh ddm chu ylu Id dan vi
sy v^X do dd chftng dugc thi hifn bdng cdc
danh tft Cy thi, frong tiing Vift, tiiu loai
danh tft don vi Id hinh thftc bilu hifn pho
biln nhdt cfta loai kit tl nay VI du:
(27) Sdng nay neu khong vpi di bdt dua
khdc thi tdi biiu thim chi dy vdi eh^c qud
phgt thd nita [Ngd Tdt Td]
(28) Hdn bd cd hai dum vdo cdi tay ndi
rdt to [Nam Cao]
Bd sung -^ nghia logi dan vi dugc dftng de
tftih dim, kit td ndy thudng dime liln ngay
sau sl tft chi sl lupng va trudc ket t l chi sy
vdt dugc tinh dim Cd thi md hinh hda vi tri
lupng - kit to chl dcm v/ duprc dua ra ^ Unh dim - kit ti cMs^ vpt ducrc tinh dim
Ddy dugc xem Id vj tri pho biln cfta kit
t l chi don vi dupe dua ra de tinh ddm trong
md lunh kit tri cfta so tft chi s6 lugng d c §
df cym tft VI dy:
(29) Miing mgt th, bS con hdn xdeh mpt bao ehe vdi ndm qud cau din mirng tudi cdc dng quan vi&n di kiim ed vd kiim tien phong bao [Nam Cao]
(30) Ba ddng mpt md trdu cay/ Sao anh
khdng hoi nhirng ngdy cdn khong [Ca dao]
Trong mOt sd trudng hgjj, kit to ndy dftng trudc sl tft chi so lupng de nhan mgnh loai dcm vi dugc dftng dl tinh dim hem Id so lugne Trudng hgp nay thudng xdy ra vdi kit to dan vi dugc dftng dl thih dim Id kit to logi dan vi quy udc Vi dy:
(31) Gidp em quan tdm tien cheo/ Qum n&m tien cudi lgi dec buong cau [Ca dao]
Kit qud nghidn cuu cimg cho thdy, sy xudt hifn cfta kit t l don vi diing dl tinh dim, ddc bift la kdt t l don vi tinh dim dupe bieu thi bdng c£u: danh tft chi don vi ty nhien
dd cho thdy ddc thft cua tiing Vift so vdi mft so ngdn ngft khdc Trong nhilu ngdn ngft, sy kit hgp cfta so tft s6 lugng vdi mpt yeu t l nao dd chi don tiiudn Id de bilu thi lugng sy v^t Cd thi thay rd dilu dd qua cdc
vi dy ttong ti^g Anh:
(32) / have five books.: (33) These five pens are mine
(34) I would like two cups of coffee
Cdn trong tiing Vift, ket trj cfta sl tft cH
sl lugng mgt m^t vfta bieu thj lugng sy vat nhung m$t khdc the hifn rd cdch tri nh|n ciia ngudi Vift vl sy v|lt Vd kit t l dcm vi diing
dl tinh dim 1dm ndn sy khdc bift nay Ngucd Vift de ddng nhin ra sy khdc nhau ciia su
v|t ttong cdc each diing: hai con thityin/hd cdi thuyin, ndm vi sao/ ndm dng sao/ ndm ngdi sao; mpt Id thu/ mpt bite thu, 3.1.3 Kit td thi dugc dinh lugng
Ndu kit t l sy v|t dugc thih dim vd kitti
Trang 7N G 6 N N G f & DClfl S 6 N G
tidu bidu cfta so tft chi sd lugng trong pham
vi cym tft thi kit t6 chi chft thi dugc dinh
lugng la kit to bit bugc cfta s6 tft s6 lugng
trong phgm vi cdu Logi kit t l ndy cd dac
diem nhu sau:
Dgc diem y nghia: Kit to the dugc djnh
lugng b6 sung cho so tft chi so lugng y
ngbia eft phdp chu thd dugc dua ra dl dinh
lugng (tudi tdc, gia cd, ) Kdt t l ndy dugc
xdc dinh ttong mli quan hf cd phdp: sl tft
lam trung tam ngft phap - ngu nghTa Qam vi
to) trong cau VI dy:
(35) Mot neudi mudi chin doi muai/Mgt
nguai vita d^p vita tuoi nhu minh [Ca dao]
Kit qud khdo sdt eho thdy the dugc djnh
lugng trong thuc ti khach quan khd da
dgng phong phu Do dd nd cd the cd ndt
nghia khdi quat Id ngudi, vat (dpng v^t, thyc
vat, )
Dgc diim hinh thitc: Ket tl chi the dugc
dinh lugng dugc bidu hifn bdng danh tft,
cym danh tft hoae dgi tii (Jua khao sdt ngft
Ufu, chftng tdi thdy loai kit t l ndy thudng
diing trudc so tft chi sl lugng, cd the kit hgp
trye tilp ho$c gjan tilp thdng qua cdc phy tft
chi thdi (dd sdp, mdi ) hojc cac tft dg, gdn,
khodng, chirng ng6t, C6 the md Idnh hda
vi tri cfta chftng nhu sau: Kit t6 the duyc
dinh lupng -So tir ckisS lupng Vf dy:
(36) Qi ndm nay dd ngoai sdu mirei
[Nam Cao]
(37) Mdt cdu be trgc mudi ba, toe cdn di
trdi ddo, mde mpt bp do ndu thdm mdu vd dd
eua ngtrdi vung bien [Ha An]
4 Ket lugn
Nhu vdy, kit tri ciia sl tft chi s6 lugng
trong tiing Vift chinh la khd ndng md ra
xung quanh nd nhOng d trlng can h o ^ cd
thi ldp ddy bdi nhiing thdnh td ngft phdp
nhdm bd sung nhiing ^ nghia nhdt dinh
Todn bg kha ndng kit hgp dd tgo ndn kit tri
cfta nhdm so tft ndy Nghidn cftu ttdn ngft
kit tri cua so tft chi sl lugng bao gom 3 kit
t6 ca sd thuf c hai c ^ df Id: kit td s^e vpt dugc tinh dim, kit td dan vf dtrgc dimg d§ tinh dim kit ti thi dugc dinh lugng Nhftng
kit to ndy chiu sy chi phii dn dinh trye tilp cua so tft chi so lugng Khi dugc hifn thyc hda, chftng gdp phdn bgc 10 nhihig dac diem ban chdt nhdt cfta s6 tft chi s6 lugng-Nghidn ciiu d$c dilm kit ttj cfta sd tft chl sl lugng trong tiing Vift thd hifn rd quan nifm cfta ngudi nghidn cftu vl kit tti Id mft quan nifm ndi rfng bidn df kit hi so vdi L.Tesnidre Nghidn cftu ddc dilm kit tri cfta
sl tft chi sd lugng trong tiing Vift ddc bift
la nghidn cftu cdc kit t l ca sd cd y nghia quan trpng trong vifc nhgn difn va phdn dinh tft logi sl tii tixing tieng Vift Kit qua nghidn cuu d$c didm ket trj cfta so tft chi so lugng trong tiing Vift cdn giup chftng tdi phat hifn dugc dgc trung ngft nghTa - ngft phdp ridng bift cua sl tft chi lugng ttong tidng Vift so vdi cdc ngdn ngft khac
T A I lA^V THAM K H A O
1 Ld Thj Lan Anh (2014), Bde diim kit tri eua nhom vi tit ehi quan h$ vi tri thupc tinh trong tieng Vi^t, Tgp chi Tft dien hgc vd
Bdch khoa thu so thang 5
2 Ld Thj Lan Anh (2014), Tir trdng trong tha Hdn Mgc Td: nhin tit li tht^it kit tri Tap chf Ngdn ngft vd Ddi sing, sl thdng
9
3 Asher R.E (ed) (1994), The encyclopedia of language and linguistics 9
vol Oford and New York: Pergamon Press
4 Dmh van E)ftc (2010), Cde bdi gidng
vi tir phdp hgc tiing Vi$t (tit logi nhin tit binh di$n chuc ndng), Nxb Dgi hpc QuIc
gia, Hd Npi
5 Nguyin Vdn Lgc (2000), Kit trf eua dgng tit tiing Vi$t, Nxb Gido dye, Hd Npi
6 Tesniere L.(1969), Elements de syntax