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DOI LOI CHIEU TUYET CHO D A ] \ G Miff LAM
(NHAN DOC CUON TIM HIEU TRAN TUYEN BfMAT
TRONG UCH SU^VliTNAMi
LE THANH LAN"
1 Dgt va'n d e
Cuo'n sach Tim hieu trdn tuyin bi mat
trong lich sit Viet Nam (1) cua Nguyin Hong
DUdng ed le la mflt trong nhQng cuon sfich
sdm, nlu khflng ndi la g i n nhu d i u tifin
muln nhin mpt each khai qufit Uch sQ ngfinh
an ninh trong sufi't chilu dai lich sQ dan tpc
Sach in da lau, tQ nfim 1986, khi sfich
mdi ra, tfii dpc da e6 y ngd ve mpt thflng tin
ma n6 d% cfip, nfin dfi l i n theo Tdi liiu
tham khdo d cuoi sfich, tim den nhfi mpt
ngudi quen ed cuon Viet s^ tieu dn (ban in
nfim 1960 d Sai Gdn) de kiem tra lai Khi
thfi'y die'u minh nghi nggi qua la ed 'Vfi'n dl",
ro rfing Nguyin Hong DUdng da ngp nhfin
mfi viflt sai, qua ngudi sd hQu cufl'n sfich, tfli
da nhfin tdi tfic gia v l sai sot nay Cong viec
bfin rpn, nen d i n gid tfli mdi co dip vilt bai de
trao doi mot each cfin ke v l sai sot do, thUc ra
khong phai hUdng d i n tfic gia nQa mfi vi dpc
gia vfi cung mot p h i n vi hfiu due cua "nhan
vfit" dupc d l cfip den, nhfi't lfi lue nay, khi mfi
nhilu ngudi dang tim hieu ve vdi tien to' cua
minh, tim v l coi nguon
Khflng ro d i n nay sach da dupc tai ban
chUa, tfic gia da cd ldi di'nh chinh lgi sai sot
dd chUa Tuy vfiy, vdi s i lUpng tren 20.000 ban, chic chin nhie^u cuon cdn tren cac gifi sach tai eac thU vien, edn dpc gia dpc din,
tfii nghi cung nen cd ldi bfin di> dfic gia khoi
n h i m l i n , b i l u sai v l mflt nhfin vfit Hch sQ
CO cflng vdi dfi't nudc
Trong cuo'n sfich nfii trfin, Nguyen Hong DUdng da vilt:
"Nhd lfim tfi^t cflng tfic t u i n tra kiem soat, giQ mfit phdng gian t l , nhfi T r i n da phfit hifin dQdc nhQng hogt dpng gian diflp nguy hilm cua bon gifin diep khoae ao sQ gia, nhfi bufln Nguyfin; phat hien dUpc
nhQng hogt dpng phdn qudc (L.T.L nhfi'n
manh) trong hfing ngu sQ gia nha T r i n
NhQ Lam vang mflnh vua T r i n di sQ dd ve
bdn do vi cung dien cdm thdnh vd hodng thdnh Thdng Long (L.T.L nhfi'n mgnh) roi
gifi'u mang theo elfra thU da hi phfit gific vfi trQng tri kip thdi" (2) O ghi ehu, tac gia eho biet minh dfin tQ sfich "Ngfi Thi Si
-Viet sU tiSu dn, sdd tr 2lT' Theo myc Tdi liiu tham khdo, ta bifl't cufl'n sach trfin lfi
ban dich dupe xufi't ban d Sfii Gdn nfim
1960 Chung toi chi cfi ban Viit sii tieu dn
(3) cua Nha xufi't ban Thanh nien, in nfim
'PGS.TS Hfi Nfii
Trang 22001, cd ghi lfi theo ban dich cua Hpi Lifin
lac nghien cQu vfin hda A chfiu, chfic lfi in
lai dQng nguyen vfin tQ ban Sfii Gdn in
nfim 1960 nflu trfin, It nhfft thi f tQ dQng
nhu vfiy, vi ngfiy fi'y tdi dfi c i n thfin dfii
chilu roi Nay thfi'y tren trang mgng (4)
cQng cd ban djch nfiy, trQng vdi ban nfim
2001 6 dd, Ngd Thi Si vilt: "NhQ Lfim
vfing menh di sQ sang Nguyen, mfit vS d6
ban cung difin vfi gifi'u mang theo cfi'm thQ,
viec phfit gific, vua Nguyen khfing nd trj
tni, chi sai dufi'i vfl", vfi du bao tQ nay trd di
ed sai sQ t h i n phai kdn chpn c i n thfin (di
sQ mfi khflng cin thfin, g i n lfim Id vific
nQde, dd lfi gUdng sang eho cac vj sQ t h i n ,
vfi cung dQpc bifl't nhfi Nguyen dm vdi nUde
ta xQ hfiu qua thfit)" (5)
Qua hai dogn tn'ch tren ta thfi'y ro rfing
Nguyen Hong DUdng da dien dgt hofin tofin
trfii vdi f cua Ngo Thi K ThUe ra NhQ Lfim
da ve ban do cung cfifm thfinh Bfic Kinh vfi
mang "cfi'm thu" - saeh cfi'm - tQ nhfi Nguyfln
ve, chQ dfiu cd ve "eung difin cfi'm thfinh va
hoang thfinh Thfing Long" nhU Nguyen Hong
DUdng viet NhUng theo chQng tfii, chinh
doan vfin Ngo Thi Si viet v l NhQ Lfim cung
chUa phan finh dUpc dQng npi dung eong vific
cua ong, nhlTt la vific dfinh gia cdn nhilu
thien lech Mot difl'u cung nen nfli tdi lfi Ngfl
Thi Si khdng cho bifit v l hp cua nhan vfit mfi
fing nhic tdi
Nfi'u nhin nhfin vfi'n di mpt each ddn
gian, dudng nhu chi c i n trich dSn nhu t h i
da lfi du de dflc gia dfli chie'u, khdi can binh
lufin dfii ddng Cung chfnh vi vfiy, ngfiy fi'y
tdi chl cd ldi n h i n tdi tfic gia sfich Tuy vfiy,
ngim ky, ngay ldi phfl cua Ngfi Thi Si cung
chUa thda dang, d dfiy, ehung ta cung c i n
hiiu "cfi'm thii" lfi gi Theo hpc gia Hofing
Xuan Han, "cfi'm thu" d day lfi lich thU,
saeh day cfich lfim lich
D l thfi'y ro hdn vffn d l , chQng tfii xin
trfch tQ cuon Lich vd lich Vi^t Nam, d dd
hpc gia Hofing Xufin H a n da d i n tQ Minh
sil dogn vfin sau;
'Thfing hai nfim Dai DQc thQ 5 (1301, Nguyfln Thfinh T l , T r i n Anh Tdng) vifln Thfii phfi Hofin Trgch tfiu: "SQ An Nam Dfing NhQ Lfim vfl trfim ban do cung Uyln,
mua gitfu dja do, sdch cdm (L.T.L nhfin
mgnh), sao chfip vfin thU v l bfin bgc ehuyfin dfinh Giao Chi Lai ghi trflm tinh hinh qufin sQ d B i e bifin vfi vific xfiy sdn Ifing Xin sai sQ ban chilii trfich l i y dgi nghia" Thfing 3, sai L l bfi thupng t h u Ma Hgp Ma,
L l bfi thj lang Kieu Tdng Lfing mang chilu
t h u do Nhfit Tfln ( T r i n Nhfin Tflng lfi Thai
thupng hofing) Dai f lfi: "Bon NhQ Lfim
lfim vific trai phfip, dfing phai tri d i n cQng NhQng t r i m thUdng ca thien hg sfic cho hQu ty tha cho v l TQ nay phai chpn iQa sQ
N l u mufl'n t r i n tinh d i l u gi thi phai hit sQc thfinh tam; chQ Ifi'y hU vfin mfi doi, thi
cd ich gi cho viflc minh xin Chd sp doi cfich,
de trfinh hoi hfin v l sau" Roi lai sai bon van hp TrUdng Vinh Thilc cQng sQ v l " (6)
T h a t ro rfing, tuy vfiy, chQng ta v i n cin khao cQu ky hdn, d l cd mfit k i t lufin thda dfing, ngo h i u chieu t u y l t eho sQ thin Dfing NhQ Lfim D l cd them cd sd thuyit phue, chung ta c i n xem xfit v l ljch sQ lich
Viet Nam ndi chung vfi kf hdn mfit chQt vl
ljch Vipt Nam giai doan ngay trUdc vfi sau chuyfl'n di sQ nfiy
2 Doi nfit ve vific t u n lai lich co Viet Nam Trong cfic thQ tjch c l ciia nUde ta, khflng thfi'y ndi v l mfit lieh co rifing cua Vifit Nam khac vdi lich Trung Qufi'c, cung khfing thfi'y cfic nhfi bfic hpc nhQ Lfl Qu^ Dfln, Phan Huy ChQ viet v l vfi'n d l nfiy Song, trong
t h u tjch eo', qua thfit cung ed dfli chS phang phfi't v l k h a nfing ed mfit lich c l Vifit Nam,
Trang 3trong Nam dng mdng luc Ho Nguyfln
TrQng cd n h i c dl'n Bdch the thdng ky cua
Trin Nguyfin Dan (1325-1390), hay Bgi
Nam thifi: Itic ghi lgi ldi tfiu cua sQ t h i n
Nguyin HQu Thfin Ifin vua Gia Long sau
chuyin di sQ v l nfim 1810, r i n g m i y trfim
hfim qua l}ch ta theo mfit phfip cQ, trong
khi Trung Quic theo mfit phfip mdi Thfit
ra, chi g i n dfiy, sau khi da tim thfi'y ljch c l
Vifit Nam, ta mdi h i i u ro f nghia cua
nhQng doan vfin dd Tuy vfiy, tQ Ifiu n h i l u
nhfi nghifln cQu dpc Dgi Vi^t sit ky todn thii
thfiy trong dd nhQng thfing nhufin khfing cd
trong ljch Trung Qufic, da phfin vfin, tu hdi:
hofie lfi sQ gia ta chfip sai, hofie lfi ljch Vifit
Nam khfic ljch Trung Qufi'c thfit? Hp khflng
tin Dgi ViSt sit ky todn thii chdp sai, nhUng
cung khflng tim dupc b i n g chQng xfic thQc
vl sU t i n tgi cua mfit ljch c l Vifit Nam
Cho din g i n dfiy, rfi't n h i l u ngudi v i n
tin ring, khflng cd mfit ljch c l Vifit Nam
Mfit 1^ do ddn gian lfi da ed n h i l u ngudi da
bd cflng sQc ra soan cfic c u i n lich dfii chilu
lich DUdng vdi lieh Am-DUdng d d i u the ky
trudc diu chl ghi lich Trung Qufi'c NhQng
ngudi khfic tU nghi r i n g , minh khong cd
chuyfln mfin v l lich hpc, dfinh chju Ngay ca
khi dupc tilp xQc vdi cfic c u l h lich c l nfim d
thu vifin, hp cung khflng ngd dd lfi lich Viet
Nam, hofin tofin khac ljch Trung Quoc, nfin
khfing khao cQu kf Da hdn mfit l i n , cfic
nhfi sogn ljeh da t i l p cfin cfic cfic cuon lich
CO mfi khflng b i i t gifi tri cua chQng Khi
sogn cuon Lich thiky XX vfio nfim 1967, to
lfim ljch cua Nha Khf tUpng da ed trong tay
cuIn Hodng triiu Minh Menh khdm dinh
vgn niin thii, nhUng cung khflng khao cQu
dl tira ra lich Vifit Nam cfi tQ nfim 1544
Vfio trudc nfim 1976, Nguyen Linh, khi viS't
Ldi tita cho c u l h Bdng doi chieu Am Duong
lick 2000 nam vd niin bieu lich sU da nfii
din cuon Bdch trung kinh lfi lich Le, nhUng
dd lfi dng Nguyin Trpng Binh lgi khfing
biet den cuon Bdch trung kinh di khao cQu
vfi dQa lich Vifit Nam vfio sfich cua minh Cung cd t h i cd ngUdi da tiin hfinh khao cQu efic cu^n lich c l trfin, nhUng khfing du kifin n h i n vfi kinh ng^fim nfln khflng di din
k i t qua cuoi cQng Vfi't tfch v l l i n khao cQu
cdn lUu lgi trong cul'n Khdm dinh vgn niin
thti, kf hifiu R2200, d Thu vifin Qufic gia vdi
cfic dfi'u khuyen dd b i n g tay d tfi't ca cfic thfing nhufin ciia 360 nfim lich Chi cin dfii chilu cac thang nhufin dd vdi mdt cuIn ljch Trung Qufic thi nhfin ra ngay cuIn ljch nfiy khdng ghi lich Trung Quoc vfi cd t h i nhanh chfing di den k i t lufin, d dd ghi ljch Vi$t Nam Cuo'n lich R2200 nfiy dfi dUpc chQng tfli in
trpn bfl b i n g anh mfiu trong cu6i Ndm trdm
ndm lich Viet Nam (1544-2043) (7)
Do thfi'y efic nQde trong khu vQc, hofie lfi dQng lieh An Dp, hofie ifi dQng lieh Trung Quo'c, nen ft ngQdi nghi r i n g xa xUa Viet Nam ta tQng cd mfit ljch rifing
Nfim 1884, hi^p Qdc Gifip Thfin (Patenotre) dUpc k^, nUde Vifit Nam bj chia
lam ba kj^, theo ba t h i c h l quan \f khfic nhau: B i e k^ (Tonkin), Trung Kf (Annam)
vfi Nam K;^ (Cochinchine) n i m trong Lifin bang Dfing DUdng (Indochina) thufic Phfip
Do nhu e i u quan \f hfinh chinh, ngUdi
Phfip d Bac K^ da sogn nhQng cuon lieh doi chilu lieh DUdng vdi ljch Am-DQdng b i n g chQ Phfip vfi chQ Qufic ngQ Cd le d i u tien
lfi Deloustal, R sogn cuon Calendrier
annamite fran(;ais de 1802 a 1916 (Vifit
-Phfip hdp ljch) in vfio nfim 1908 Cuon nfiy dQpc tai ban cd b l sung vfio cfic nfim 1915,
1922 vfi 1935 Roi d i n Cordier, G vfi Le DQc
Hoat sogn cuo'n Concordance des calendriers
lunaire et solaire de 1802-2010 ^ i chilu ljch
Am vfi ljch DQdng cua cac nfim 1802 - 2010)
in vfio nfim 1935 Nhiing cuon lich nfiy thflng
dvng d Bfic Kf vfi ca d Nam Kf nQa Ca ba
Trang 4es
nay Vifit Nam chi dQng ljch Trung Quoc, hp
khflng biit r i n g ngay thud dd d Trung K^,
Khfim Thien Gifim eua nhfi Nguyin v i n tQ
soan Ifi'y mfit ljch Am-DQdng rifing cho Vifit
Nam vfi h i n g nfim nhfi vua v i n ban phfit
lieh dd Cfii sai cua hp gid dfiy ta thfi'y rfi't ro
khi thfi'y hp chflp sai ljch efic nfim tQ 1802 d i n
nfim 1812 vfi'n khac h i n ljch Trung Quflc
thfinh ra hofin tofin giing lich nhfi Thanh
Trong khi dd lich nhfi Nguyin dQpc in trong
Khdm dinh vgn nien thit khfic b i n ljch nhfi
Thanh nhU chQng tfii dfi nflu trong cuon Ndm
trdm ndm lich Viet Nam (1544-2043) Do chQ
Qufic ngQ d i n d i n thay the chQ Nho vfi cfic
cuIn ljch trfin lai rfi't p h i dimg, khiln cho sQ
ngp nhfin nfiy trd thfinh thien kiln sai lim
ching nhiing dfii vdi ngQdi ngogi quoc mfi ca
doi vdi ngudi Vifit Nam
Bay gid ta da biet, tQ d i u thien nien ky
thQ hai, fing cha ta da tu soan Ifi'y mfit ljch
riflng de dung Song, viec tim lai lich co
Vifit Nam la mpt cong viec kho khfin, Ifiu
dfii vfi cdn c i n tifi'p tuc Cflng viee nfiy b i t
d i u tQ nfim 1944 bdi hpe gia Hofing Xuan
Han vdi bfii Lich vd lich ddi Le, tren Tgp
chi Khoa hgc vfi Thanh Nghi va cufli cQng
vfio nfim 1982 vdi cufl'n Lich vd lich Vi^t
Nam (8) tren Tfip san Thdng tin khoa hgc
tai Paris Ve p h i n minh, chung tfii da dQpc
dpc hai cufi'n lich cd cua nQde ta lfi cfic ban
in Bdch triing kinh vfi Khdm dinh vgn nien
thu vfi da dem in lgi trpn bp dQdi dang anh
vfio cuIn Ndm tram lich Viet Nam
(1544-2043) Ca hai cuoi lich eo deu lfi saeh in, vfi
lfi nhQng bfing chQng khong the bfic bd
dQpc de khfing dinh sU ton tgi cua ljeh eo
Vipt Nam, khfic b i n ljeh Trung Qufl'c TQ
hai cuon ljch co dd vfi tQ mpt cufi'n lich chfip
tay lfi Lich dgi nien ky bdch triing kinh,
chQng toi tim ra lich Viet Nam tQ nfim
1544 trd lgi dfiy, gom ljch nhfi Lfl, nhfi Tfiy
Sdn, nhfi Nguyen vfi ca ljch eua chua
Nguyen d xQ Dang Trong Chung tdi da
cdng b l cfic ljeh dd t r e n n h i l u tgp chf vfi
sfich, nhfi't lfi in chi tiet trong cuon Dm
chiiu lich Duong vdi lich Am-DUOng cm Vi$t Nam vd Trung Qud'c 2030 ndm (0001-2030) (9) C i n lUu f lfi cac thU tich e l cua
ta d i u dQng cfic ljeh Vifit Nam nay d l ghi chfip efic sU kifin lieh sQ
Tfi't nhifln sufi't mpt ngfin nfim Blc thufic, ljch chfnh thQc dQpc dQng d nUde ta lfi ljeh Trung Qudc Sau khi gifinh dUdc doc Ifip, cfic t r i l u dai d i u tifln cdn b l bfin nhilu cfing vific, chua t h i nghi diri viflc tU tinh Ifi'y mflt lich d l dQng Cd le chi bfit d i u tQ
thdi \jf, ta mdi c6 d i l u kifln tinh lich
NhUng t h u tjch c l chi bfit d i u ghi dfli dilu
v l vific lam ljch d thdi T r i n
3 L i c h V i e t N a m t h d i Ly, T r a n
Trong Nam dng mgng luc, Hd Nguyen
TrQng cd viet: T r i n Nguyen Dfin (1325-1390) "lfi ngQdi thfing hieu lieh phap, tQng
lfim ra sach Bdch the thdng ky, trfln khao
tQ nfim Gifip Thin ddi Nghiflu, dUdi tdi Tong, Nguyen, nhfit thUe, nguyfit thUc, trifl'n dp (vj tri) efic vi sao d i u phQ hpp vdi sfich ed; chuyen t a m nghifln cQu lich phap, tdi mQc tinh thfing, e i u mUa cd Qng nghifim" (10) (tr 726) Dang tile, sach BdcA
the thdng ky bi thfi't truyen, ed le bi gific
Minh vd vfit, huy hogi h i t N l u cdn, chic ta c6 dupe ljch Viet Nam trong khoang thdi gian fi'y, chi it eung ed nhQng thdng tin kha tin v l tinh hinh lfim lich d nQde ta IQc dd
Ta ehi edn biet dUdc mpt sU kifln cd lien
quan den vfi'n d l lich nUdc ta mfi Dgi Viit su" ky toan thU ghi chdp lgi: "Ky Mao, Khai
Nguyfln nfim thQ 11 (ddi T r i n Anh Tflng -1339), m u a Xuan, dfl'i tfln lich Thu Thdi lfim lich Hifip Ky Khi fi'y, Hfiu Nghi dfii lang Thai sQ cue Ifinh la Dfing Lo cho la lieh cac ddi trUde dfi'u gpi lfi lich T h v Thdi, xin doi lam lich Hipp Ky, vua y theo Lo
Trang 5thien tUpng, deu dUOc dQng ca" (11) Ta cdn
dupe biit fing ngudi Sdn Minh, Sdn Nam
(nay la tJTng Hda, Hfi Nfli) Thdi diem nfim
1339, eung lfi luc T r i n Nguyfln Dan 14, 15
tuoi, cfl the xem la ngUdi cung thdi
Hpc gia Hofing Xuan Han qua nhilu
nam khao cQu da di d i n ke't lufin ed 2 giai
doan dfii lieh Vifit Nam khac ljch Trung
Quoc: do la vao thdi L^, thdi T r i n tQ nfim
1080 din nfim 1300 vfi thdi Lfl, d i u thdi
Nguyin, tQ nfim 1644 dfi'n nfim 1812 Ong
da phue tinh lieh giai doan sau, theo phfip
Dai Thing b i n g may tinh dien tU vfi cflng
bo trong cuon Lich vd lich Viet Nam (12)
Ve lieh giai doan d i u , bang mot each tilp
cfin khac, hpe gia Hoang Xuan Han, ggn lpc
tQ cac thu tich cfi': Todn thii (TT), Viit sd
luc (VSL), Thien uyen tap anh (TUTA) de
tim ra nhQng thfing nhufin, cac ngfiy sfie ed
ghi Can Chi, de tQ dd b i i t dQdc tinh thieu
du eua thang trong thu tich ta, roi dera
sanh vdi lich Trung Qufl'c trong khoang thdi
gian dai tQ dfiu nhfi Dinh (0969) d i n he't
nha Mgc (1592), roi Ifip thanh bang Ong
thi'y CO khoang 220 nfim, dudi thdi Ly vfi
thdi Trin tQ 1080 den 1300 la co sQ khac
bifit, tfi't ca ed 13 trUdng hpp cd t h i kiim dinh dQpc, chung tfii trich ra mflt bang cho
thdi gian dfi (xem bdng 1)
Ta nhfin thfi'y trong so" 13 trUdng hdp kiem djnh dUpc d trfin:
-I- Cfl 6 trudng hpp khfic nhau ldn, tQc la
khfic nhau v l thfing nhuan (N, ghi d cot
cuoi), lfi cac trudng hdp 1, 2, 5, 6, 10, 13; trong dd ed 2 trUdng hpp khfic nhau rfi't ldn,
vQa nhuan vQa tii (N&T) lfi trUdng hdp 6
vfi 10, khi mfi thfing nhufin cua ljch hai nUde xay ra d hai nfim liln k l nhau + C6 3 trUdng hpp BO'S, 11, 12 cd sU khac
nhau nhd, tQc lfi khfic nhau v l ngay soc (S),
dfin d i n cac thang t h i i u du khfic nhau + Cd 4 trUdng hpp tuy phat hifin thang nhufin d lich Viflt Nam, nhUng lgi trung vdi thang nhufin trong lich Trung Quo'c (=), chiem 30,77% Vfiy, ty le khac biet la 69,23%, mpt ty la kha cao
Hpc gia Hoang Xuan Han con tim thfi'y hai l i n nha Tfl'ng cfl ban ljch cho nUde Nam
ta vfio cfic nfim BInh Than - 1176 va Binh
D i n - 1206 Co the, nhfin lich ban thi cQ nhfin thoi chQ ta da tQ tinh la'y rdi Theo nhQng k i t qua mfi chung toi khao
Bang 1: Cac t h a n g nhusin, n g a y s o c c u a thdi Ly, T r i n kiSm d i n h dUUc t r o n g 220 nam
T T
1
3
5
7
9
10
11
12
13
N a m
CThan
G Thin
BNEO
KDau
N T *
A Siiu
BD^n
CNKO
TMili
BTMn
D T i
A DSu
DHoi
C T *
1080
1126
1132
1146
1210
1256
1285
1300
Viet Nam
Dcfi vua
Lv Nhan Tong
L« Nhan Tong
L* Th^n T6nK
L* Anh Tone
L* Anh Tong
Lv Cao Tong
Lv Hue Tong
Tr^n Thai Tong
Trgn Nhan Tong
Tr^n Anh T6ng
Th&ng nhuan
8
11
8 5-6
khone
6
9 thieu
2
khong
2 d u
12 du
3
NguSn
V S L
T T
T T
T T
T T
T U
T T
V S L
T T
T T
T T
Trung Quoc Difivua
Tong Th^n Tong Tong Huy T5ng Tong Cao Tfing Tong Cao Tong T^ng Cao Tong Ta'ng Cao Tong Te'ng Cao Tong Tong Ninh Tong Tong L* Tong Nguyen The T^
Nguyen Thanh TSig
Th&ng nhuan
9
11
8
11
khong
4
9 d u
2
khong
4
2 thieu
12 thieu
8
Khac
N
=
N
N & T
=
S
=
N & T
S
N
TheoZ^ San Yen Ho Hoang Xu&n Hdn (13) Thang nhuan 5 lich Trung Qutfc cua cfic nfim At Situ (1145) v&
Trang 6sfit dupc tQ cufi'n Khdm dpnh vgn nUn thU,
thi trong khoang 100 nfim, tQ 1644 d i n
1643, tuy hai nUdc cQng dQng phdp ljch D?ii
Thffng, nhung ljch 2 nUdc vfi'n khfic nhau ro
r$t, cd tfi't cS 11 l i n khfic nhau, trong dd 1
ldn khfic nhau ldn lfi khfic nhau v l thfing
nhufin vfio nfim Tfin Dfiu, 1621 The.; t h i
thi bfit d i u tQ nfim 1080 cho d i n h i t nhfi
Nguyin ta lufln so^in Ifi'y m^t ljch riflng d l
dQng, khfic ljch Trung Quflc, chi tQy IQc mfi
khfic nhau n h i l u hay ft mfi thfli, chi tile lfi
ljch giai do^n tQ 1080 d i n 1543 cdn chUa
tim thfi'y N l u dfiu tU thfch dfing thi cQng
cfl t h i phi^c tfnh dUpc nhU hpc gia Hofing
Xufin Han da lfim cho giai do^n 1644 d i n
1812, mfi n h u ta dfi thfi'y, k i t qua fi'y trQng
v6i ljch trong hai cufl'n Bdch trung kinh vfi
Khdm dinh vgn nien thU
3 Khfii luprc g i a thlT h p Dfing
Khao cQu gia pha hp nfiy, nhfi nghien
cQu Nguy§n Vfin Thfinh cho biflt, Dfing
NhQ Lfim sinh ra trong mpt gia dinh nho
hpc cd t r u y i n tho'ng khoa bang, n h i l u
ngudi do dat cao, c6 ngUdi lfim ngoai giao,
CO ngUdi lfi danh tUdng To tien xUa ed eu
Dfing Nghiim do kf thi chpn ngUdi tfii gidi
thi thu nfim At Ti (1185) ddi hf Cao Tdng,
lfi ngUdi khai khoa cho hp Dfing nfiy Sau
do cd cu Dfing Dien dfiu d$ nhi giap khoa
thi Thai hpc sinh nfim Kifln Trung thQ 8
ddi Trfin Thfii Tdng (1232), nfl'i tie'ng nhfi't
lfi cu Dfing Ma La dfiu Thfim Hoa nfim
Dinh MQi, nifln hi0u Chinh Binh thQ 16
(1247), khi mdi 14 tufl'i TrUde ci;t Dfing NhQ
Lfim con cd cu Dfing HQu Diem tQng di sQ
Hfiu dufl eua ci^ cd cac danh tudng noi tieng
anh hUng lfi Dfing Tfi't, Dfing Dung; ed cfic
nhfi khoa bang: Nfim Quy Dfiu nien hiflu
Dai Hda thQ 11 (1453) cd cu Dfing Thie'p
dfiu Hofing Giap, nfim Giap Thin nien hiflu
Hong DQc thQ 15 (1484) ed cfic cu Dfing
Tflng Cu vfi cu Dfing Minh Bich dfiu tifl'n
sy; nfim Dinh Mui nifln hieu Hong DQc thQ
18 (1487) cd cu Dfing Minh Khiflm d^u Hofing Gifip, cv Dfing Tfin dfiu d i n g tiin sy; nfim Canh Tjr, K i n g DQc thQ 21 (1490)
cd cv Dfing Dilm dfiu t i i n 8^ Ddng t^c dd cung cd n h i l u ngUdi tfii gioi ddng gdp nhilu trong sQ nghidp dfi'u t r a n h giai phdng dan tdc, khfing chi^n cQu nUdc vQa qua vfi xfiy dQng dtft nude trong thdi binh ngfiy nay Mdt thdng tin q u a n trpng lfi, con cua Dfing NhQ Lfim lfi Dfing Ld, nhU da vilt d trfln, cv Dfing LO lfi m$t ljch quan ddu tien
d nUdc ta dupc ghi tfln trong sijt sfich
4 Ddi liA chiSu tuyl't c h o D&ng NhQ Lam
4.1 Ngfiy xUa ljch dUpc xem lfi dfic quyin cua vua, nhfi vua lfi con trdi, lfi
t r u n g gian giQa trdi dtft vfi ngudi dfin, vua thay mfit trdi d^t ban l|ch cho dan, d l dfin biit ngfiy thfing, t i l t khi mfi t ^ l l , lfim ndng nghiflp Hfing nfim, Khfim thien gifim soan ljch nfim sau, roi trinh len nhfi vua, dUpc phfl c h u i n mdi dem in Cufli nfim, mpt ngfiy
l l ban ljch, cdn gpi lfi b a n sdc, dupc cQ hfinh rfi't trang trpng, nghiflm c i n Riflng Trung Hoa, coi minh lfi t r u n g tfim cua t h i gidi, cfic nUdc xung quanh chi lfi phien thuflc, lai cfing coi trong chuydn nfiy, chdng nhQng ban lieh cho thdn dan trong nQde mfi cdn tiin hfinh ban ljeh cho cfic nQde Ifin bang, coi lfi phien thupc de td ro oai phong, vfi sU rfing
b u ^ Cfic nUdc trong khu vuc thudng chi theo lich fi'y mfi dQng Cd 15 trong khu vUc chi cd nQde ta lfi tQ tinh Ifi'y l^ch riflng Vi t h i sfich d?iy phdp lam ljch thupc vfio cfi'm thU, khflng t r u y i n r a ngofii, cfing khong cho cfic nUdc khac bie't Cac ljch quan thudng lfi the tfip, ddi no k l til'p ddi kia lfim lich quan 0
ta cQng cd mfiy ddng hp chuyfln lfim ljch Chfnh vi vfiy hpc gia Hofing Xuan Han cho rfing cfi'm thU mfi Dfing NhQ Lfim sQu tdm dupe ljch thQ B i i t rfing Dfing Lfl lfi con ong, ta cang cd cd sd d l tin rfing, trong lan di sQ dd, ong da cd ljch thQ trong tay,
Trang 74.2 ChQng tfli nghi rfing, do bi phfit gific
vfi hi "true xufi't" nhU vfiy, Dfing NhQ Lam
khflng cdn d i l u kien mang cfi'm thQ (lich
thu) theo ngUdi v l nudc nQa, nhfi't lfi khi
dudng v l dfii d^ng dfic, di qua nhieu tram
sQ djch, l^i cd bpn v^n hp TrQdng Vinh
ThQc thfip tQng Chdc chdn rdng trong khi
sUu tdm dupc "cfi'm thii", dng da tranh thu
hoc dupc phfip lfim lieh Cfii t r u y i n t h i n g
khoa bang cua gia tpc dd cho phflp ta tin
r^ng ong lfi mdt ngUdi thflng minh tfii gioi,
nfln da dpc vfi nhanh chflng b i l u thfi'u dfio,
nhfip tfim phfip lfim ljch dd Khi v l tdi nUdc
flng nhd \^i vfi lfi ngUdi thuc thi viflc ti'nh
lich, khiln cho ljch nUdc ta lai gifl'ng lich
Trung Quic vfi thfl' lfi tQ dd v l sau ljch cua
ta trd nfln chfnh xfic hdn trudc, ta cfl cam
giac lfi hofin tofin gilhg ljeh Trung Quoc
Sau nfiy, dng t r u y i n lai phdp lfim lieh cho
con minh lfi Dfing Ld, cung theo "tinh thdn"
chi luu truyin trong gia tflc
4.3 Chfnh doan vfin trong Minh sQ mfi
hoc gia Hofing Xufin Han da dfin cho ta thfi'y
ro sU viflc Cd le vi ly' do t l nhj ve bang giao
giQa hai nUdc vfi do flng da bj vua Nguyen
"qud trfich", nen di giQ hda hieu, sQ ta ngay
d6 khflng ghi ro cflng trang fi'y eua dng
4.4 NgQpc len mflt chut, ve ljeh thdi L^,
hpc gia Hofing Xufin Hfin viet: "Chung ta cd
nhQng le de nghi rfing vua ta cung tim each
tfnh lich vfi ban lich Vdi nhQng sQ thdn
qua Tong, Mai Nguyen Thanh (1057), KiflV
Vfin Tu, Mai Canh Tien, Ly Ke Tien (1063),
Qufich Si An, Dfio SQng Nguyen (1069), cd
the cd phQdng tien hpc phflp lieh cua Tong
Trong ddi Lf Thanh Tong, d Tong cd sQ cai
ljch nfim 1064, do'i lich SQng Thien ra lich
Mmh Thifln Roi ddu nfim Nhfim Ty 1072,
Thanh Tdng mSft, Cfin DQc (Nhfin Tdng) noi
ngfli Ba nfim sau, sQ xung kich tren bien
thQy hf Tong rfi't manh Chien tranh
bfing n l , Ly Thudng Kiet xufi't qufin danh
Tfl'ng xfim lfing D i n nfim 1078 mdi thfit hda binh Nhfi Ly sai Dfio SQng Nguyen di
sQ sang To'ng Trong nfim xung kfch, khflng
16 nhfi Ly vfin nhfin dUpc ljch nhfi T6hg trieu ban Tdi nghi trUde dd, tQ cufli ddi Ly Thfinh Tong da cd vien chQc soan lieh d
trilu Ly Mflt dilu bu^c ta phai chu f lfi sQ
thdi Ly khflng h i cd ndi d i n vien chuyen mfln v l thifln vfin hay ljch fi'y cd le vi bfi'y gid chi cd lai vifln coi vi^c fi'y mfi thoi SQ cd chdp viflc thi cfic lai vien v l khoa Vilt, khoa Toan vfi khoa Hinh lufit vfio thang 2 nfim Dinh Mui (1077), chi mfi'y thang sau khi danh lui quan Td'ng tren song NhU Nguyet Tuyin tofin gia cho viflc t h u l , vi^c tgo tfic
da dfinh, mfi chfic cung de tfnh lich" (15) Nhu vfiy, tQ nfim 1080, nhfi Ly da tu tinh la'y lich, tfi't nhien phai cfl nhQng ngUdi gidi
lich phap de dam nhiflm viec nfiy vfi c6 nhQng ngudi CO cong di sit dem hch phfip ve, chac
chfin lfi mpt trong cae sQ thdn ke tren Dang
tiec, sQ gia xUa khong chflp gi v l viflc dd, nay
ta khdng cdn bifl't ai co cai cong fi'y Cd le cung
la do viflc phai giQ ke nliU tren
Co nhin lai nhU vay, ta mdi thfiy dUpc viflc lfim cua Dang NhU Lfim khong phai flng tu y mfi lfi mpt trong nhQng nhiem vu dupc trao Tuy, nhin b l ngofii thi ta tudng viee khdng thfinh, nhUng vdi nhQng ^ mfi con dng lfi Dfing Lp lfim dupe thi ta co the khdng dinh dupe rang, ong da hofin thfinh nhiflm vu mpt each xua't sfic, bfing ca tfii nfing ngoai giao, tinh thflng nghiep vu vfi bfing ca tri tue mfin tiep Ke tQ dfl ve sau hdn trfim nfim lich ta rfi't gio'ng lich Trung Quoc, nghia la luc dfl ta da cfip nhat dupc tri thQc lich phfip vfi tu soan mpt lich ehinh xfic hdn
Du sao, viflc dfi qua lau roi, chfic Ngo Thi Si eung khong du tU lieu de nflu ro dupc chien cong dfl nen viflt the, de gfiy ngp nhfin, tudng rang Dfing NhU Lam khflng hoan thanh nhiflm vu NhUng, neu ta dpc
Trang 8dn y nfio dd khi dQng chQ "gdn" trong cfiu:
"gdn lfim Id viflc nUdc" Vfiy lfi vipc nUdc
khflng Id
5 Kit lai
Sfich cua Nguyin H i n g DUdng in ra da
Ifiu, tfli chl phfin vfin v l m^t dilu lfi, t^i sao
tfic gia lgi khflng d l cfip d i n m^t giai doan
ljch sQ ddy sflng gid eua dfin tpc, rfi't dfii tQ
nfim 1533 d i n 1788, khoang hdn hai t h i k y
ndi chifl'n lifln mien, chfing le "trfin tuyin bf
mfit" trong khoang thdi gian dd hofin tofin
"yfln tinh'7
TrUdc khi Dfing NhQ Lfim di sQ, lich cua
ta cfl 220 nfim tQ 1080 d i n 1300 rfi't khfic
ljeh Trung Quo'c Sau khi Dfing NhQ Lam
di sQ v l vfio nam 1301, lieh ta trd nfln rfi't
giing ljch Nguyen Tuy ong bi "true xufi't"
v l nUdc, bj thu mfi't "sfich cfi'm" mfi theo hpc
gia Hofing Xuan Han thi dd lfi lich thU,
nhung flng da kjp dpc hieu va nhd lfim long
d l v l nUdc gdp phdn soan lieh nUdc ta cho
chfnh xfic hdn va gio'ng lich nhfi Nguyfln
Sau nfiy, flng da truyen lai lich phap dd cho
con flng lfi Dfing Lp, khifl'n eon dng trd thfinh
CHU THICH
(1) Nguyen Hong DUdng Tim hieu trdn tuyin
bi mat trong Hch su- Viet Nam Nxb Cong an nhfin
dfin, Hfi N6i, 1986
(2) Nguyin Hong DUdng, sdd, tr 217
(3), (5) Ng6 Thi Si ViSt sH tiiu dn Nxb Thanh
ni6n, Kk N$i, 2001, tr 246
(4).hUpy/www.quansuvn.net/index.php?PHPSES
SID=506ded8c33d7a0e9c0709(K)7b7c376fc&topic=52
01.90
(6), (8), (12), (15) Ho^ng Xufin Han Lich vd
hch Viet Nam, trong La Scfn Yen Hi Hodng Xudn
Hdn, Nxb Gifio due, Hk Noi, 1998
(7) L& Thfinh Lan Ndm trdm ndm Uch Viit
Nam (1544-2043) Nxb HU N6i, 2010
mflt Uch quan gidi vfi lfi lich quan ddu tien dupc ghi tfln trong sQ sfich nUdc nhfi vao nfim 1339 Cd t h i coi sQ thdn Dfing NhQ Lfim lfi ngUdi da hofin thfinh xufi't sfic nhiflm
W vfi dfing dupc nflu gUdng trong sh sfich
Vfiy mfi, NguySn Hong DUdng trong
sfich Tim hieu trdn tuyen bi mat trong lick
sU Viet Nam da quy k i t flng thfinh ke phan
ddng, b i l n ngudi cd cong thfinh ke cd tdi do tfic gia dpc sfich vfi chdp lai mpt each thiiu cdn trpng Hdn nQa, dfiy lai lfi cuIn sach ddu tifln chuyen khao v l «nghl tinh bfio» Ldi chidu tuylt nfiy khong chi dfinh cho Dfing NhQ Lfim mfi cdn eho ca gia tdc flng, bdi dng da thQc sU lfim rang danh mpt gia tflc cd truyin thong thi thU, sinh hOng, tfii ngoai giao va gidi khoa hpc Mflt ngUdi rfi^t cdn tuyen dUdng vfi noi theo, nhfit lfi ngfiy nay, chung ta dang dfiy manh cong cupc xfiy dUng dfi't nUdc, cdng nghiflp hda, hifln dai boa va nhie'u ngUdi dang tim v l cpi ngudn de phat huy truyin thfl'ng cua dng cha
(9) (14) \A Thfknh Lfin: Dii chiiu lich DiOtng
vdi lich Am-Duang cua Viit Nam vd Trung Quoc
2030 ndm (0001-2030) Solar Calendar Comparison with Vietnamese and Chinese Lunisolar calendar 2030 years (0001-2030) • S ^
m^m 2030 ^ (0001-2030)
mmmmm^^-Nxb Giao dye Ha N6i, 2007
(10) Ho Nguyen TrQng: Nam 6ng mong luc, Trong sach Tha vdn Ly Trdn, tap III, Nxb Khoa
hoc xa hoi, Hfi Nai, 1978, tr 726
(11) NgS Si Li§n vft cfic sQ quan nha JA: Dai
Viet sU ky todn thil Nxb Khoa hoc xa h6i Ha N6i,
1993, Tftp I, tr 146
(13) Hoang XuSn Han, sdd, tr 931-932