Learning and acquisition

 Modifying the input like the way parents talk to little children.  Increasing interaction and negotiation of meaning.[r]

How learners learn L2?

Three ways

picking up the language  exposure to lots

of examples  acquisition takes place over

a period of time  a silent period

Using L2 in interaction with other people

Focusing on the form of L2

(pronunciation, grammar, form and

meaning of vocabulary)

How children acquire L1?

 Exposure to L1

 Pick up automatically

2nd language acquisition

A subconscious process  expose to

samples of the 2nd language that we

A conscious process of study and

attention to form and rule learning

Lrs are given formal instruction, they may know rules but fail to apply them

The input hypothesis

 Input: what students hear or read

Comprehensible / roughly-tuned input: forms and structures which are just

beyond the learner’s current level of

competence in the language

Output: what Ss speak or write

The input hypothesis

 only concerned with acquisition, not learning

 i+1: input that is one step beyond his/her current stage of linguistic

competence

Baseline talk

 the kind of talk a native speaker addresses other native speakers

Modified input / Adjusted speech

 1st language: child-directed speech/

caretaker talk / mother talk /

motherese / baby talk

2nd laguage: foreigner talk / teacher talk

More varied intonation

Shorter, simpler sentence patterns

Frequent repetition

Paraphrase

Topic of conversation are limited

 Base line talk: you won’t forget to buy

the ice cream on your way home, will

you?

 UG FT: No forget buying ice cream, eh?

GFT: The ice cream – you will not forget

to buy it on your way home – get it when you are coming home All right?

o The input is simplified (shorter sent., no

subordinate clauses)

o Regularised

o Elaborated language use

Make learning like acquisition by:

Giving learners both finely-tuned and

roughly-tuned input (use authentic

Modify the following baseline talk

Advances in medicine and public

sanitation mean that infectious diseases

no longer kill millions of children and

adults as they did in the past

Our faces make our emotion and

attitudes known, but we should not try to

“read” people from another culture as we could “read” someone from our own

culture

With the globalisation of information

technology and worldwide access to the internet, people from all areas of learning are finding themselves using form of

information technology in the work place

Pronunciation practice is an important

matter when studying a new language,

as incorrect pronunciation can cause

misunderstandings