Bài viết phân tích một số lỗi ngữ pháp thường gặp trong sử dụng Tiếng Anh của sinh viên không chuyên ngữ trường Đại học Thủ đô Hà Nội, đồng thời chỉ ra nguyên nhân và giải pháp khắc phục lỗi, nhằm cải thiện chất lượng dạy học tiếng Anh trong Nhà trường.
Trang 1[NGOAI N G t r VQl BAN NGtJl
MQT SO LOI THlTdNG GAP TRONG S C D V N G TIENG ANH CUA SINH VIEN K H 6 N G CHUYEN TIENG ANH DAI HOC THU DO HA NQI VA cACH K H A C PHyC SOMEMOST COMMON ERRORS MADE BY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDENTS NON-MAJOR ENGLISH AT HANOI CAPITAL UNIVERSITY AND SOLUTIONS
TRJNH PHAN THJ PHONG LAN
(ThS; Dai hgc Tbu do H a Nfi)
Abstract: hi tarns of diflCTences in linguistics ^pe, \^dnamese studaits learning En^sh, especially tfie pre-intamediate ones, often make some most common orors In the essay, tiuoug^ analysis of some most common enors made by pre- intomediate ^udents non-m^or English at Hanoi Capital University, we present the causes and soludons to conect the enors so as to promote die effect of teaching
Key w(H^: Ems; Enghsh; Hand Gptal Umversity; error conection
1 Trong khu6n kli6 bai viet nay, chiing toi th5ng do ^ lyc cua tfi6i quen sOr dyng tieng m? d6 Qx/^c
qua phan tich mpt so loi ngii p h ^ thucmg ^ trong
si3f A m g t i ^ Anh dia sirfi vien khong chi^«n ngii
tm5ng D^i hpc Thii d6 H^ NQI, chi ra nguyen nhan
Vk ^ia p h ^ khSc j^iic l5i, nhSm cdi ttii$n chat
lupng d^y hgc tieng Anh tnmg Nha tiu5ng
2 TTBO "Ttr d i ^ N ^ n ngiJ hgc ung dyng v^
d^y tieng", "Loi cua ngudi hpc (trong khi ndi h ( ^
viet m$t n ^ n ngD thir hai hay ngo^i ngu:) la h i ^
tut;ng sOr dyng mpt don vj ngSn i ^ ( c h ^ h ^ mpt
til, m0t don vj ng& p h ^ mpt hosit ^ n g ndi
nSng, ) iSng e^h mk ngu6i ban t ^ h ( ^ ngu5i
gidi thu* tiaig d6 dio & sai h o ^ cho la diua day du"
[C^theo II
ngon ngO- th^ nhat) nen d3 tiep nh$n vi hhih t h ^ thdi quen ngon ngit mdi tr&n nhQng thdi quen cua ti^g m^ 6& hay n ^ n ngQ' ^ur nhit m i ngudi hpc
d3 M n h thao Thdi quen dd dS chi phoi qud trinh
tiiy die ngon ngQ thu: hai Tfrih hai m$t cila th6i
quen ngdn ngQ nay dupc the Iii$n 6 sy chuyen di
tich cyc va chuyen di tieu cyc Trong dd, da gpi Id
c h i ^ ^ di tich cyc thS hi^n d chS, ngudi hpc cd the
tin dyng nhQng &km giong nhau giQa hai ngdn
ngQ d^ ti^p n h ^ ngdn ngQ dfch mOt cdch thu$n lpi nhat M ^ khdc, sy chuyen di tieu cyc chinh Id
do sy ^ d$t quy tSc ngdn ngQ cua tilng m? di
sang ngdn ngQ dich nhung khdng phi) hpp, din V^ ngi^Sn n h ^ cua l3i, cdc hpc gid cung cd d ^ I§i Phdn tich iSi cd vai trd chl m I§i md ngirfri nhOng y kien khdc nhaa Tuy nhioi, cd the Ididi mtdt hpc vd sQ dyng ndm 6 ddu, nguy&i nhdn cQa I§i Id m$t s6 ngin€n nhdn diu yeu dd dat dcn dp th«ig gl d^ cd hudng khSc phyc, bdi vi nd dupc tiln
- t - i * I / ^ T ^ : j _ _ ' j ^A '^^^.•.L i i _ i ^ _ / - , ^ _ s i ^^.i /-.i.r_i j
nh^ cao nhu sau: (1) Loi do sur dyng tri thuc da biet
d ngdn ngQ dfch dk khdm phd n ^ n ngit dfch, cdn
gpi Id loi do vupt tuyen; (2) L5i do chi^en S, la loi
xdy ra do ngudi hpc m u ^ nhung tri thuc cd sin
trong ti^g mp de dp d^ loi vi$c tiq> fty, s^ c^ig
ngon ngQ dfch, c ^ gpi Id loi do sy chuyai di tieu
cyc ciia tieng mp di^ trong qud tnnh fliy ddc ngdn
ngQ thA hai; (3) L5i do khdc bi^ v^ van hda
hdnh vdi cdc trudng hpp cy till Ch&ih vi vjiy,
ngJiiSn curu loi vd phdn lo^i loi, tQ dd dua ra cdch phyc Id van de rat cd ^ nghTa d6i vdi d^y hpc ngoai ngQ ndi chung vd d^y hpc tieng Anh cho ngudi Vipt Nam ndi riSng
3 Qua thyc t^ khdo sdt loi sur dyng tilng Anh cua sinh vien khdng chuydn tilng Anh d^ hpc Thii dd Hd NOi, ket hpp vdi kinh nghidm gidng
Trong qud trinh hpc ngo^ n ^ , ding \&i qua d^y tilng Anh idii^u n ^ t^i tiudng, chiing tdi ^
trinh tiq) njc vdi n ^ t ^ £ c h , s y khdc bi^v^ vdn nit ra dirpc nhQng loi mang tfnh i^o bioi oia sinh hda vd ngdn ngQ trong Idng tioig mp de vd n g ^ vien trong gjai do^n dau tiep xiie vdi tilng Anh ngQ dfch dd ldm ndy sinh gjao thoa CdAe ndi, h i ^ LSi <hipc tiie h i ^ tien edc i^uongdi^n sau:
tupng §aa thoa timg ngrai ngCt ch&ih lihipn tupng Thir idtdt, M do chuyin iB tiiu t^fcti^tihtg
Trang 2p a so sinh vien khong chuyen tioig Anh, khi
mdi tiep xuc vdi thQ tilng ndy vi chua cd sy hi«i
biet day du ve ngQ phdp ti^g Anh dd ^ dgt Wnh
thiic n ^ n ngQ cua tilng m? da (tioig Vi$t) sang
ngon ngQ dfch vd 1 ^ tudngnhu v§y lampt sy biai
d^ diing Ti^ nhien, quy tdc dd cd khi chi ddng vdi
tieng Vipt md Igi sai vdi tilng Anh Vi dy:
(1) / /jungry (Tdi ddi) Dang diing ciia cau n ^
phai la: " / am hungiy\ Bdi vl, trong tilng Anh,
"AuMgry" Id mpt tfnh tQ
Trong tiln^Vi^de bilu thi ^ n ^ v e thdi, cd
cdc tQ "dS" bieu tiii qua khii, "dSawg" bieu thi hipn tgi
vd "5E" bieu tiii tuong lai Ndi cdch khdc, tilng Vipt
da sur dyng ylu to ngodi tur de bieu thi y n^iia ngQ
ph^ Tuy nhien, tieng Anh vdi tinh chat la n ^ n
ngQ hiln hlnh da sur dyng hlnh thiic bien d6i ttong
bdn than tQ de bieu thi y nghm ngQ phj^ Vf dy, thi
qud Idiur don trong tiaig Anh yeu cau th&n dudi "
-ed' vao sau dpng tQ, nhung cung cd nhQng tmdng
hpp khdng tiieo quy tdc nay, nhu dpng tQ " ^ "
khdng the diuyen thdnh "goerf' md phai Id '\vera"
Vdi tnrdng hpp nay, sinh vien Vi^ Nam tfiirdng
mdc loi dirdi hai lunh tiiurc, mpt la theo thdi quen
th&n"-ed" vdo sau dOng tQ "ga"; hai Id giQ n g i ^ n
"go" nhu dgng dpng tQ ti^ V i ^
Thir hai, ldi do jofc ^nh sai ^ng t^, sai thdi
thiva ldi wept tuyin
Trong tilng Anh, cdch dung ciia dOng tQ vd t ^
tQ Id hodn todn khdc nhau Trong tilng Anh, tfnh tQ
Idm vi ngQ thudng di kfem vdi d^ng tQ "to be",
nhung tieng Vipt tta khdc Day Id Ioi sinh vign
thudng mdc fih^ Cd trudng hpp, sinh vien da ^
d?tt mpt d i m kien tiiQc ndo dd da hpc sang mpt
fKem kiln thiic mdi drpc tilp xiic ndo dd, dong thdi
ndi rpng nhOi^ quy tdc ngrai ngQ ra a^xd {idiam vi
ciia nd Day Id tnidng hpp mSc loi do dp ^ tri thOc
da biet trong ngdn ngQ dfch vdo v i ^ khdm phd, tiep
thu chfnh ngdn ngQ dfch Tmdng hpp ndy Id iSi
vupt Vaykn Vi dy, Ioi tuong ty ve cdc dOng tu
khdr^ frieo quy tdc nhu to be, Ioi thSm s6 nhieu vao
sau danh tQ, nhu:
(2) I am like
(3) Two mouses are chasu^
Trong vf dy (2), "am" Id dpng tQ to 6e dupc chia
vdi ngdi tiiQ nbat s6 it, phk sau thudng Id tfnh tQ
ho§c danh tQ Cdn nhu *7/fc^' Id dpng tu thudng Idii
cdu, nhu / like singjmg En^ish song Loi d ^ y la dCing thua d^ng tQ to be Vi dy (3) mdc iSi Id do
diem so n h i ^ vdo sau danh tQ
Tmdng hpp anh vim mdc iSi do Ididng them h$u ^ trcKig £ ^ tQ, vf dy:
(4) Yesterday I kam English md practise tiw
piano
Troi^ vi ( ^ ten, sinh vi&i mSc loi la do kh&ig tfi&n hdu to, dli cdn giQ lgi *1eam" vd "practice" Dgng diing i ^ IA "Yesterday I feame^/English and
pmctisediia piano."
Mpt nguygn nhdn nQa la do r ^ Idiudn cdc c ^ tnic Chdi^ hgn, ^do vien trong qui trinh I6n Idp dua ra vf dy vl Ihdri trong tieng Anh nhir (5) He walks quickly (Anh ly di rit nhanh) Khi chuyen ti^nh tiidi h i ^ tgi tiep dien, can dua
vl c ^ tnic "To be + Ving" Dgng ddng ciia cau nay
]kHe is wdkir^ quickly Do siidi vien ^ dyng sm
cau tiiic nai dd c h i ^ ^ thanh dgng; He is walks
quickly vd l5i ngQ |jidp da xdy ra
N ^ khdc, cd tmdng hpp sinh viai ^ dyng qi^
tSc ngQ phdp Ididng diing dio, nen mdc l3i Vi dy:
(6) 'The man who I saw ldm "
Trong vf dy tten, chi can bd tii "Wm" cfi Id cau trd nen chinh xac Bdi vi, doi tupng cua dpng tQ
"see" ( g ^ ) da xdc #ili, Ididng cin I ^ I^ Tuy nhien, cd trudng hpp sinh v i ^ klidng xdc djnh dupc khdch thi cua "see" dd h i ^ d i ^ vd mdc l3i diing fliiiadaitQ"him"
Cd ttudng hpp dp dyng quy t ^ nua vdi LSi ndy thudng xay ra khi ngudi hpc quan tdm den thdng tin
m u ^ trao doi hon Id cSu true cau can vgn dyng de bieu d?t thdng tin Vi dy:
(7)
Cdu hdi cua gido viin Cdu trd ldi cOa sinh
a) Do you lite vxn
reading? * I vay lilffi nsading b) Did she go out? bocte c) Will Ihey socai be * Yes, she went out ready? * Yes, fliey soon be
ready
Cd ba cau ttia Idi tten deu mdc loi do sQ dyng sai cau ttw Cau tta Idi dung lAdi Id: a) Yes, I do; b) Yes, she did vd c) Yes, they will
Trtsig cdc tiudng hpp && djnh " neu nhu", "©a
mi", "udc gi" chi sy vipc khdng cd th|t d h i ^ tai tiii
Trang 3• i l l sinh vign Igi khdng nhan ra sy khdng cd diat cua sy
vdt ttnng \â tgi, n ^ van diia tiidi ciia cdu vdn ve
H^t^6an,Sn6ki1di sd Vi dy:
(8)Iwi^IAm«acar
Cai nay ngMa la 'Tdi udc tdi co mOt dilec xe d
td", tuc Id h i ^ tgi toi khoi^chua c6 vd tdi udc ed
mOt diiec d td Cau vdn ding ptm la "I wish I hc^a
cai"
TrSn day Id mdt so iSi thudng g|p vdi da so ^nh
vioi khdng chuyen khi mdi tiep xik; vdi tieng Anh d
^ d o ^ daụ Ng^di ra, cdn nhQng iSi vl ngQ 3m,
tQ vyng, ho$c do khdng ndm 1 ^ dipc sy khdc nhau
vl tiidi quai vdn bda giua ngudi Vi^ Nam va ngudi
diu$c cdc nude ndi tioig Anh Trong Idiudn kho bdi
viet nay, chiing tdi chua de cgp doị
4 Tnrdc liet, phsa ndi den sy chenh I^ch vl
phuong thuc the hi|n c&; y n^ua ngQ phdp gjua
tilng Vift vd tilng Anh do chdng t h u ^ hai logi hinh
ngdn ngQ khdc nhaụ Ngudi hpc theo tiidi quen tir
duy von cd da ^ dit qi^ tdc ngQ phdp ciia tieng
Vift (tilng mp 6si) sang tieng Anh (ngdn ngQ dfch),
ho§c dp dgt nhQng kien tiiuc da biet ve i ^ n ngQ
dfch M tiep nhgn kiln thOc chua bi^ trong ngdn
ngQ dfch Ndi cdch khac, đ Id iSi do su ehuyen di
tieu cyc ciia tilng mp dt sang ngdn ngQ dfch vd iSi
vupt tuyin M§t Ididc, vdi ngirdi hpc tilr^ Anh
khdng chiQ^n, do dnh hudng ve flidi ^an, đng co
hpc t ^ cung nhu myc dich hpc t ^ , hp Ididng ^
nhu cau biic tiiiit phdi dgt den dp chuin xdc ttong sQ
dyng ngdn ngQ dich ISn hdng diu nhu nhung ngudi
hpc tieng Anh nhu mpt chuyen ngjinh, nen ti Ip mdc
iSi nhilu hon
D I Ididc phyc loi, chiing tdi nhgn tiiay, d i u diiu
tiSn can vgn dyng thii phap doi clulu ngdn i ^ vd
ket qud ng^en ciiu doi chieu ngdn ngQ vdo qua
trinh d^y hpc, nhdm th&ig qua jrfidn tich iSi khien
ngufri hpc cd the y thiic dupc mpt cdch cd co sd
khoa hpe ve loi b ^ than ngudi hpc mdc phdi bieu
h i ^ nhu till ndo, vi sao lai mdc loi 4ỵ Tren ca sd
đ, hudng cho n^idi hpe chinh sQa loi vd ^ nhd
cdc cau ttuc, cdc cđi bieu dat chuan xdc, phu hpp
vdi ngudi bdnngQ
Hon ai het, nguCri ^ viai jMi ldm chu drpc
cdc k i ^ fliuc ngdn ngQ ma minh tti^rai d^t, bSng
"con mat nhd nghe" tifti dodn, xdc # i h iSi ndo Id
diii ylu d6i ven moi doi tupng nguifri hpc cy tiie, tu
vki tt^g d i m đ dl nguM hpc dupc gjdng gi&';
d i ^ đo vd luy^ tap nhiki lan tgo d^u k i ^ tiid ]a, an tupng sau ve tr^ig d i m ngdn ngQ iỵ I&cd viec day hpc nhihig tt^ng d ^ ngdn ngQ ky tka duoc ti^ hdnh dudi sy hudng 6^ ciia g ^ viSn
tii&ig qua hf tii6ng cdu hdi gpi md gjOp sinh vi&i did d^ng, tidi cyc tiiam g^a vdo hogt d ^ d^hpc, tt-dnh tiuy^ tiiy m$t diilu tQ ^ i k gjdo vi&i d^ sinh vien tiieo phuong i ^ i ^ tn^^n thong Nhu v|y,
^ d hpc tren Idp sS trd noi sdi dpng, cuba hist vdtfu
hiing thii cho sinh vi&i, dong thdi tdng cudng ning lyc quan sdt, tu d ^ trOu tupng vd hpp tdc ttong qui trinh l@n ldp KT ndng tiiyc hdnh gjao ti^ng&ii^ cur^ qua đ ma dipc ndng caọ
5 Loi la deu Idior^ the tidnh trmg qud trinh thg
^ ngdn ngQ tiiii hai cua ngudi hpc Loi ciia snh viai Vift Nam trong qud tiinh hpc vd sQ dyng tilng Anh nhum^t ngoai ngQ' khdng chiQ>6n, ttirdc bit Id iSi ngQ [didp Id rSt (k dgng vd tiiudng xuySn bon so vdi doi tupng c h i ^ ^ ti^ Anh N g i ^ ^ nhdn dim den mdc Ioi den tQ hai phfa: nguy^ nhdn chii quan chii ylu Id do d$ng ca vd ndng lyc ciia ngudi hpc; nguySn nhdn khdch quan chQ ylu Id do sy khdc bi^
ve lôi Wnh gjQa tilng Vift vd tilng Anh Do d6, ci the quy ket nguySn nhdn ciia iSi ldm hai logi: l5i do
sy chuyin d tiSu cyc cda tilng mp 6i sang ng6n
ngQ d d i vd Ioi vupt t i ^ n
D I khic phyc iSi, chiing tdi đ dua ra m§t s6 d^ xuat, chii yeu li v|n dyng ket qud cua n ^ S n ciifu doi chieu ngdn ngQ vdo qud trinh dg.y hpc vd vi^ xdc dnh tt:png dem ngdn ngQ ttong qud ttinh d^y hpc dl dat dn;K: sy t|^ ttung cao dp vd tiiyc hi^ qua cdc hinh thiic tS chiic d ^ hpc khdc nhau, thdng qua hf thong cdu hdi gpi md, phdt huy vai ttd chd dfng, sdng tgo, tich cyc tfiam gia vdo hogt dfng d^y hpc cua sinh v i ^ £)6ng thdi gdy dupc hOng tiii^ cuon hut ^nh viSn vdo qud ttinh n ^ b ^ kiln tiite
vd tiiyc hdnh giao tiep
T A I U ^ U THAM K H A O CHfNH
1 NgiốIhifnNam(200UAfew«&i5'/!gỉ
pl^tiingViitciianffedi tiudc ngpMvdr^mr^vin
di liin quan, Lu§n dn TS NgQ vin,
DHKHXH&NV- DHQGHN
2 Le Quang Thiem (2008), Afefti&i cuu dii
chiiu cdc ngpn ngfi, Nxb DHQG Hd Nfị
3 Ttt-d^fiCTgPi^, Nxb D d > ^ g 2003, tr