Assessing the air environmental quality during the construction and operation phase of bac giang concrete factory

The following report will show the cause of air pollution in construction and production of the factory, take out the remedy, using processing technology of air pollution to minimize the

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY

Study Mode: Full-time

Major: Environmental Science and Management

Faculty: Advanced Education Program Office Batch: 2014 - 2018

Type: On-the-Job Training (OJT)

THAI NGUYEN, 2018

DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT

Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry

construction and operation phase of Bac Giang concrete factory

Abstract: The factories are constantly being built to serve the needs of society The process of construction and production have a great impact on the environment The risks of environmental pollution will be increased, causing great harm and impact on human health and ecosystems

The following report will show the cause of air pollution in construction and production of the factory, take out the remedy, using processing technology of air pollution to minimize the amount of air pollution into the environment

Construction, Production, Remedies Number of pages:

Date of Submission:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

To achieve results like today, first I sincerely grateful board of directors Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, the teachers at the school who have devoted entirely to teaching the useful knowledge for me throughout the process of learning in school

Especially, I would like to thank most sincerely to teacher Do Xuan Luan, who enthusiastically taught and directed me throughout the process of implementing the subject and can complete this graduation theses

At the same time, I would like to thank Bac Giang Natural Resources and Environment Department, the staffs in Bac Giang Center For Monitoring Resources and Environment were enthusiastic help me during my internship at the Agency and to have more practical knowledge

In addition, I would like to send my heartfelt sentiments to all of my friends, who were sticking and helping me throughout these years of study at the school

Finally, I would like to gratitude to parents, who had given me the most favorable conditions so that I can achieve results like today

Thai Nguyen, September,2018

Student

Luu Quang Tu

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS iii

LIST OF FIGURES vi

LIST OF TABLES vii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS viii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Rationale 1

1.2 Objectives 1

1.3 Contents of work 2

1.4 Profile of the cooperating agency 2

1.5 Timeline 4

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 5

2.1 Benefits of producing concrete in society, economics, environment 5

2.2 Overview of air pollution 7

2.2.1 Concept 7

2.2.2 The causes of air pollution 7

2.2.3 Effects of Air pollution 8

2.2.4 Remedies air pollution 10

2.3 Measures to manage air pollution in the world 12

2.4 Sanction measures polluting the environment of Vietnam 15

2.5 Description of the construction situation Bac Giang concrete production factory 17

CHAPTER III CONTENTS AND METHODOLOGY 22

3.1 Research Methods 22

3.1.1 Data collection 22

3.1.2 Data treatment and analysis 22

3.1.3 Methods 24

3.2 The current state of environmental quality 25

3.2.1 Air environment 26

3.2.2 Water environment 27

3.2.3 Soil environment 30

3.3 The source of air pollution in construction and production stages 31

3.3.1 Construction phases 31

3.3.2 Production phase 36

3.4 Measures to prevent air pollution 41

CHAPTER IV DISCUSSION AND LESSON LEARNED 46

4.1 Discussion 46

4.2 Lesson learned 47

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 48

REFERENCES 50

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1: The project area

Figure 3.1: ProDSS Multiparameter Water Quality Meter

Figure 3.2 Sample of water

Figure 3.3 Sample of soil

Figure 3.4: Factory model

Figure 3.5: Boiler fumes treatment system by tank of lime water solution

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1: The main works of the project

Table 2.2: The volume of materials serving the building process

Table 2.3: The main products

Table 2.4: The materials used for production (1 year)

Table 3.1: Results of environmental monitoring ambient air

Table 3.2: Results of monitoring and analysis of groundwater

Table 3.3: Results of monitoring and analysis of surface water environment

Table 3.4: Results of monitoring and analysis of soil environment

Table 3.5: Pollution coefficient of some vehicles

Table 3.6: The concentration of pollutants emitted by vehicles

Table 3.7: The concentration of pollutants emitted by vehicles

Table 3.8: Level of fuel consumption of equipment, construction vehicles

Table 3.9: Results of calculating the emission in ambient air from construction

machinery

Table 3.10: The concentration of pollutants emitted by vehicles

Table 3.11 The concentration of pollutants in the exhaust gas of the generator

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Rationale

Nowadays, the human has not stopped the research and inventions to create the best products for their needs With population growth and urbanization in large cities, entertainment centers the factory is constantly being built, contributing to economic growth and meeting the best demands of people Along with the fast development of industry, the environment has suffered a large amount of waste due to the manufacturing process of the plants That lead to the accumulation of pollutants harmful to human habitats So, the problem of managing waste needs to be taken seriously

In addition, waste in the construction of the plant is one of the main causes of environmental pollution Therefore, the need to take measures to manage and handle the suit to limit environmental pollution in the process of construction and production

of the plant During this internship, I conducted a research project: “Assessing the air environmental quality during the construction and operation phase of Bac Giang concrete factory”

1.3 Contents of work

• Learn about the functions, tasks and activities of Center for Resources and Environment Monitoring in Bac Giang Province

• The list of works has been made in real time:

Week 1 EIA for Mplus factory in Tan Yen district, Bac Giang province

Week 2 Make a report on the current state of exploits, use of surface water

of Khai Than limited liability company

Week 3 EIA for Daeyang Electronic Components Factory Tan Yen, Bac

Giang province

Week 4 Make a report on the discharge of waste into the water source of

Bac Ha limited liability company

1.4 Profile of the cooperating agency

Department was established under the Decision No 91 / QD-UB dated 18 November

2003 of Chairman Bac Giang People’s Committee;

- 25 January 2016, Rename to Bac Giang Center For Monitoring Resources and Environment of Bac Giang Natural Resources and Environment Department under

Decision No 56/QD-UBND of Bac Giang Province

Bac Giang Center for Environmental and Natural Resources have the function of monitoring and periodic monitoring of the components of the environment (soil, water, air) all around the province, according to the program of Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment

Environmental quality monitoring periodically for the production base of business in the province; join the environmental inspection, implementation of the project in national and international cooperation on the environment in accordance with the law

Monitoring and analysis of environmental components such as air, noise, land, water (surface water, groundwater, wastewater), collect wastewater tax for organizations, individuals, households in the province

Consultant to make EIA report; Strategic Environmental Assessment Report; Reports the current state of the environment; Environmental protection project; Environmental Protection schemes; Environmental Protection commitments; Project

on environmental rehabilitation and restoration; Establishment licensing consultation

to discharge wastewater into water sources; Application for permission to tap water; Compile dossiers of registration of hazardous waste source generators Advice, transfer of analytical equipment, review the environmental components and technologies of processing of soil environment pollution; Water (surface water, groundwater, wastewater); Air (emissions, the air around )

• Organization of the apparatus

Leader:

Mr Nguyen Van Trong The center has 40 staffs arranged into the main departments

Professional departments:

• General administrative office

• Industry Bureau

+ Field observation room + Laboratory

1.5 Timeline

Time: 1/3/2018 - 31/6/2018

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Benefits of concrete in society, economics, environment

• Society

Nowadays, society is increasingly growing, the population becomes increasingly crowded Concrete plays an important part in our daily lives and in a functioning society With a series of works was built as schools, hospitals, apartment blocks, bridges, tunnels, dams, sewerage systems, pavements, runways, roads and more, aims to serve the needs of people Therefore, concrete plays an important role in our daily life and in a modern, developed society Few people realize that concrete is the most used man-made material in the world and none of these other materials can

replace concrete ineffectiveness, price and performance for most purposes (WBCSD -

World Business Council for Sustainable Development) Especially, concrete plays an

important role in building sustainable ecosystems, improving urban and rural landscapes Concrete, with its special characteristics, should be an important component in eco-buildings of today and the future

• Economics

Concrete production drives economic increase, innovation and jobs The sector plays a significant role in promoting economic increase, particularly through its connections with other manufacturing sectors For instance, the transport industry relies on concrete for metro systems and railways Concrete can help to grow the world's "Smart Cities" of the future by constructing and improving both buildings and infrastructure

Compared to have engineered cementitious materials utilized for construction, the production cost of cement concrete is very low Because, it is cheaply and widely available around the globe when compared to steel, polymers and other construction materials When building a local concrete plant, the components that go into making concrete such as aggregates, cement, and water, are also sourced locally Therefore, money and investment in construction are pumped back into the local economy The sector is vitally important to the strengthening of local economies and delivering a stable, continuous source of jobs and economic activity - local products for the local market

Concrete surfaces can help tackle air pollution as it absorbs sulfur dioxide – a major pollutant, scientists including one of Indian origin have found Thinking about using contaminant and turning it into an environmental solution has contributed significantly to the urban design and waste management This could be a significant step toward the practice of using waste concrete to minimize air pollution

Sulfur dioxide emissions are among the most popular pollutants into the air globally, with power plants emitting the most sulfur dioxide Cement kilns also produce about 20% of all sulfur dioxide industrial emissions Concrete remains the most generally used the material in the world and is inexpensive Researchers, Girish Ramakrishnan from Stony Brook University, used numerous cement and cement-based building materials to conduct their experiments They used Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and X-ray absorption Near Edge Spectroscopy (XANES) to identify the levels of sulfur dioxide adsorption on the

materials Researchers advised that the capacity for concrete to adsorb pollutants diminishes over time as the material ages Crushing concrete, however, can show new

surfaces and restore its pollution-removing properties (PTI - New York)

2.2 Overview of air pollution

2.2.1 Concept

Air pollution is the major change in the composition of the air, mainly due to the smoke, dust, steam or other strange gases are put into the air, reducing visibility, causing climate change, causing the disease to humans and can also harm other organisms like animals and food crops, and can cause damage to the natural environment or building Human activities and natural processes can cause air pollution

2.2.2 The causes of air pollution

• Air pollution due to natural factors

Due to the natural phenomenon causing: volcanoes, flood, storms, forest fires,

or decomposition, the rotten corpse of natural plant and animal This is the objective causes should be very difficult to forecast and prevent

• Air pollution caused by humans

+ The Industry: This is the largest source of pollution caused by humans The process of polluting is the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas that produce toxic gases (CO2, CO, SO2, NOx, ) Industry sources have high toxic concentrations, gathered in a small space, and depending on the scale of production and use of fuels, the amount of toxic and hazardous substances and type will be different

+ Agricultural activities: Ammonia is a popular product from agricultural

activity and is one of the most harmful gases in the atmosphere Use of pesticides, plant protection drugs and fertilizers in agricultural activities have pretty much of toxic emissions They discharged toxic chemicals into the air and can also cause water pollution

+ Transportation: It is also the source for the largest polluters of air, especially

in urban areas Engine fuel-burning process creates toxic gases affect the atmosphere

as CO2, CO, SO2, NOx, Pb, CH4…

+ Household activities: Household activities such as cooking and heating with dirty technologies, and lighting with kerosene, generate emissions of a range of health harmful pollutants

+ Construction activities: Construction activities that contribute to air pollution include as follows: clearing land, the operation of diesel engines, demolition, burning, and working with toxic materials All construction sites produce high levels of dust (typically from concrete, cement, wood, stone, silica) and this can carry for large distances over a long period Diesel and oil are also responsible for emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide Noxious vapours from oils, glues, thinners, paints, treated woods, plastics, cleaners and other hazardous chemicals that are universally used on construction sites, also contribute to air pollution

2.2.3 Effects of Air pollution

+ Respiratory and heart problems: The impacts of Air pollution are alarming The pathogenic bacteria in the air through the respiratory tract into the body caused respiratory and cardiovascular diseases Several millions are known to have died due

to direct or indirect impacts of air pollution Children and elderly have the highest disease risk when exposed to a source of pollution

+ Global warming: This is a changing phenomenon of nature and it has a negative impact on the environment With raised temperatures worldwide, increase in sea levels and melting of ice from colder regions and icebergs, displacement and loss

of habitat have already indicated an impending disaster if actions for the preservation and normalization aren’t undertaken soon

+ Acid Rain: Harmful gases like nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides are released into the air during the burning of fossil fuels When it rains, the water droplets combine with these air pollutants, becomes acidic and then falls on the soil in the form

of acid rain Acid rain can cause great harm to human, animals and crops

+ Eutrophication: Eutrophication is a condition where high amounts of nitrogen present in some pollutants get developed on the sea’s surface and turn itself into algae and adversely affect fish, plants and animal species The green colored algae that are present in lakes and ponds is due to the presence of this chemical only

+ Effect on Wildlife: Just like humans, animals have also faced some devastating effects of air pollution Toxic substances present in the air can force wildlife species to move to a new place and change their habitat The toxic pollutants deposit over the surface of the water and can also harm sea animals

+ Depletion of Ozone layer: Ozone exists in earth’s stratosphere and is responsible for protecting humans from harmful UV rays The earth’s ozone layer is depleting due

to the presence of chlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere

As the ozone layer will go thin, it will emit harmful rays back on earth and can cause

skin and eye related problems UV rays also have the capability to harm crops

2.2.4 Remedies air pollution

+ Replace machinery, technological lines backward causing more pollution by using modern technology, less pollution

+ Conserve energy, use of clean energy technologies such as wind and solar batteries, reuse and recycling of waste

+ Encourage people to use more and more public modes of transportation to decrease pollution

+ Planted many trees in the municipality, industrial zone to limit air pollution

• The technological equipment for air pollution control in concrete production Controlling particulate emissions from sources other than the kiln usually entails capturing the dust using a hood or other partial enclosure and transporting it through a series of ducts to the collectors The dust collector used is based on factors such as particle size, dust loading, flow rate, moisture content, and gas temperature The best control method for collected dust is to carry it through the kiln creating the clinker However, if the alkali content of the raw materials is too high, the dust must

be rejected or must be pre-treated before introduction into the kiln The highest allowable alkali content is 0.6% (as sodium oxide)

+ Systems project Biofiltration: Biofiltration is a comparatively new pollution

control technology It is an attractive technique for the elimination of malodorous gas emissions and of low concentrations of VOCs The most popular style biofilter is just a big box Some can be as big as a basketball court or as small as a box A biofilter’s main function is to carry microorganisms into contact with pollutants contained in an

air stream The box that makes up this biofilter contains a filter material, which is the breeding area for the microorganisms The microorganisms living in a thin layer of moisture, the "biofilm", which surrounds the particles that make up the filter media When the biofiltration process, the polluted air stream is slowly pumped through the biofilter and the pollutants are absorbed into the filter media The contaminated gas is dispersed in the biofilter and adsorbed onto the biofilm This gives microorganisms the opportunity to degrade the pollutants and to produce energy and metabolic byproducts

in the form of CO2 and H2O

Organic Pollutant + O2 → CO2 + H2O + Heat + Biomass

+ Control Of Gases: Gaseous criterion pollutants, as well as VOCs and other

gaseous air toxics, are controlled by means of three basic techniques: absorption, adsorption, and incineration (or combustion) These methods can be employed singly

or in combination They are effective against the main greenhouse gases as well (

Karstensen K.H 2007)

+ Electrostatic precipitators: Use electrostatic forces to leave the dust from the

exhaust gas By means of discharge electrodes, the dust particles are negatively charged and can be separated on similar collecting electrodes The particles are then

released from the collecting electrodes to dust hoppers by electrode rapping (Jerry A

Nathanson)

+ Wet Scrubbers: In a wet scrubber, the polluted gas stream is brought into

contact with the scrubbing liquid, by dampening it with the liquid, by making it through a pool of liquid, or by some other contact method, so as eliminating the

pollutants Scrubbers can be created to collect particulate (Jerry A Nathanson)

+ Flexible Pulse Jet Filters:

Raw gas enters the filter compartments through inlet ducts equipped with guide vanes that distribute the gas uniformly across the filter bags This arrangement produces a downward gravimetric gas flow along the filter bags, precipitating the dust into the hopper below By contrast to filters where raw gas enters through dampers located in the hoppers, the design of the flexible pulse jet filter gas distribution system prevents the creation of high can velocities (or vertical, upward gas flow) High gas velocities stop fine particulate from settling into the hoppers during on-line cleaning cycles The raw gas is separated by the fabric from the outside and the clean gas exits

at the top of the bag The fan is placed on the clean gas outlet side of the filter (

Karstensen K.H 2007)

2.3 Measures to manage air pollution in the world

- China: With the continuing growth of the economy, China will face a more severe situation of energy consumption, electricity generation and vehicle population leading to an increase in multiple pollutant emissions Controlling regional air pollution especially fine particles and ozone, as well as reducing carbon emissions from fossil fuel consumption will be a big challenge for the country To defend public health and the eco-system, the ambient air quality in all Chinese cities shall attain the national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) and ambient air quality guideline values set by the World Health Organization (WHO) To reach the air quality targets, the emissions of SO2, NOx, PM10, and volatile organic compounds (VOC) should

decrease by 60%, 40%, 50%, and 40%, respectively, on the basis of that in 2005 (J

Environ Sci, 2012) A comprehensive control policy focusing on multiple pollutants

and emission sources at both the local and regional levels were proposed to mitigate the regional air pollution issue in China The options include the development of clean energy resources, promotion of clean and efficient coal use, enhancement of vehicle pollution control, implementation of synchronous control of multiple pollutants including SO2, NOx, VOC, and PM emissions, prevention and control of regional air

pollution and application of climate-friendly air pollution control measures

- Australian: To help ensure a clean air future, Australia’s Environment Ministers established the National Clean Air Agreement to help governments prioritize national actions to address air quality issues State and territories have primary responsibility for monitoring and managing air quality in their jurisdictions They monitor and report against national ambient (outdoor) air quality standards that protect health They also have legislation and strategies in place to manage air quality, including for point source emissions from a particular industry or facility where local circumstances play a key role The Australian Government takes a lead role in national issues such as fuel quality and vehicle emissions as well as implementing Australia’s international obligations In addition, the Australian Government is able to take a national approach on issues that have been identified by all Australian governments and includes the decision to manage noxious emissions from outdoor powered equipment and propulsion marine engines through the Product Emissions Standards

Act 2017 and Product Emissions Standards Rules 2017 (Department of the

Environment and Energy - Australia)

- Malaysia: The Malaysian Department of Environment in developing and introducing a modern air pollution control policy Emission control for vehicles and

industrial equipment are identified along with partner agencies, for example General solutions are developed for monitoring compliance with these limits Improving fuel quality is especially significant since this is the only way to meet modern exhaust emission standards for new vehicles and reduce emissions from old vehicles Improving the quality of data on the causes and consequences of air pollution (air monitoring network, emission register, health studies) gives the government agencies

an effective basis for environmental policy decisions, at the same times creating transparency for the public At the municipal level, local public transport and non-motorised transport are developed The improvement of environmentally sensitive urban transport is explained in workshops for industry, media and universities In addition, environmental communication and intensive information campaigns for project activities increase the awareness of broad segments of the population about the importance of the environment Activities at the international level involve promotion

of the Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities and private sector technology transfer

between Malaysia and Europe (BMZ)

- Viet Nam: Vietnam’s Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment saw that the decline in air quality in recent years is severe in many urban areas, especially

in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City In 2013, National Environment Report showed that air pollution in Hanoi was ranked from unhealthy to hazardous for over 265 days of the year The main sources of urban air pollution are traffic and industrial activities, by the Vietnam Environment Administration

Vietnam’s Law on Environmental Protection was signified in 1994 and updated and strengthened in 2005 and 2014 Central-level attention on protecting the

environment also involves setting environmental sustainability goals in its 2015-2020 long term plan, issued in 2016 In February 2017, Decree No 155/2016/ND-CP on Sanctioning Administrative Violations in Environment Protection performed into effect The decree sets in place fine up to VND 1 billion (USD 44,400) for individuals violating environmental laws, and up to VND 2 billion (USD 88,800) for organizations, the highest administrative fines ever to be set into effect The Vietnamese government has policies to address industrial air pollution The Ministry

of Natural Resources and Environment has drafted a National Action Plan on Air Quality Management (2020 to 2025) The plan includes a 20% reduction target for NOx, SOx and particulate matter emitted by cement, chemicals, fertilizer and petroleum production facilities Vietnam’s draft Environmental Law (55/2014/QH13) also includes air quality management requirements, including point source registration, emissions inventory and installation of continuous emission monitoring systems for the biggest stationary source emitters Improving air pollution control also will

demand industrial parks to install emissions treatment systems (Vietnam Environment

Administration)

2.4 Sanction measures polluting the environment of Vietnam

The determination of the level of environmental pollution or serious environmental pollution from production and business establishments which generate waste shall be carried out on the basis of environmental standards and technical regulations Under the provisions of Clause 1, Article 2 on "Principles and grounds for the determination of polluting and seriously polluting establishments", the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment's Circular No 04/2012 / TT-BTNMT The criteria

for determining polluting and seriously polluting establishments (Circular No 04/2012 / TT-BTNMT), violations of environmental regulations are acts Exceeding technical standards on the environment; Environmental pollution, to some extent, can be understood as the consequences of violations of state management regulations on environmental protection

Production, business or service establishments that commit acts of the violation causing environmental pollution may be handled in the following forms (according to the provisions of Article 49 on "Handling of production establishments, Business and services polluting the environment ", Law on Environmental Protection 2014):

-Fines and enforce measures to minimize waste, achieving environmental standards;

-Temporary suspension until done environmental protection measures needed; -Enforce the remedy of pollution, restoring the environment;

-Forced to relocate the base to the location far from residential areas

- Banning activities;

-Processed by other forms prescribed by the law on the handling of administrative violations

At present, under the provisions of Decree No 179/2013/NĐ-CP on

14-11-2013 of the Government regulation on sanctioning administrative violations in the field of environmental protection (Decree No 179/2013/ND-CP), then with the administrative violations in the field of environmental protection can be applied sanctions in three forms: fines, additional sanctioning forms and remedial measures

According to the Decree 179/2013 / ND-CP, depending on the violation, if the

act causes environmental pollution (or serious environmental pollution) The maximum fine level for organizations (including production, business and service establishments, enterprises in general) that violate environmental protection regulations is VND 2 billion (Clause 1 of Article 4 "Form, level of sanction and remedial measures for administrative violations in the field of environmental protection", Decree No 179/2013 / ND-CP) The additional penalties and remedial measures are specific rules applicable to each violation and the degree of violation No

DT dated 02/11/2017 New building and investment project "building of Bac Giang Concrete production factory" in Dong Vung hamlet, Yen Son commune, Luc Nam district, for the process of building and developing in the Bac Giang market

 The location of the project:

+ The South borders with the province of route 293

+ The North and the East borders on agricultural land of Lan Mau commune

+ The West is bordered farmland of the Yen Son commune

Figure 2.1: The project area

 The project has an area of 32,000 m2, this whole area is the agricultural land of the people in the Yen Son commune, having the scale of infrastructure as follows:

Table 2.1: The main works of the project

C Environmental protection works

(Source: Bac Giang Concrete and Construction JSC)

Table 2.2: The volume of materials serving the building process

(Source: Bac Giang Concrete and Construction JSC)

 The project “construction of concrete production factory in Bac Giang Province” of Bac Giang Concrete and Construction JSC with the aim of production is shown in the table:

Table 2.3: The main products

(Source: Bac Giang Concrete and Construction JSC)