Environmental management in seaport case study in east coast of peninsular malaysia

This paper aims to determine the environmental issues cause by shipping activities, due to the increasing environmental threats that may do harm to local sea life and human health in nea

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY

- -

RHONALYN PEREZ AGUPO

TOPIC TITLE:

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN SEAPORT:

CASE STUDY IN EAST COAST OF PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

BACHELOR THESIS

Study Mode : Full- time

Major : Bachelor in Environmental Science and Management

Faculty : International Programs Office

Batch : 2013- 2017

Thai Nguyen, 2017

Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry

Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management

Student Name Rhonalyn Perez Agupo

Student ID DTN1454290053

Thesis Title Environmental Management in Seaport: Case Study in East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia

Supervisor (s) Dr Jagan Jeevan; Dr Duong Van Thao

Abstract:

Environmental pollution has drastically changed the air, water and terrestrial ecosystems Seaport contribute significantly to the cause of pollution in the areas they are situated As maritime sector in Malaysia continues to grow and expand to facilitate global trade and maritime-related activities; it faces growing pressure and challenges to operate in

an environmentally friendly manner The environmental issues generated by shipping activities where pollutants often pose negative externalities to natural habitats and as well to humans, have become an important research topic This paper aims to determine the environmental issues cause by shipping activities, due to the increasing environmental threats that may do harm to local sea life and human health in nearby communities and to propose the approaches to reduce environmental issues in seaports at East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia, which can be apply for all the environmental impacts that seaport activities generate Using quantitative research design, data was collected through survey questionnaire with personnel in seaports, transport operators, ministry/enforcement agencies and others such as engineers, department staffs etc in seaport at East Coast Peninsular, Malaysia Furthermore, the result of this research indicates that the list of environmental issues occurring in seaport and also the strategies can implemented to reducing environmental issues

in seaports at East Coast of Peninsular, Malaysia including Kuantan, Kememan and Kertih Port seaports

Keywords: Seaport; environmental issues; shipping activities;

environmental strategies Number of Pages: Sixty (60) pages

I also dedicate this research paper to my many friends who have supported me throughout the process I will always appreciate all they have done, especially Nur Hafzan Afini and her family

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This thesis would have not been completed without the valuable help of these people First of all, I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr Jagan Jeevan, for the generous assistance in conducting my research I am very grateful for his guidance, advises and encouraging words which became a big part of my writing process Especial thanks to my adviser, Dr Duong Van Thao for his assistance, advice and support

Secondly, to the personnel at Kuantan, Kemaman and Kerteh Port for kindly sharing their knowledge to complete my research Their intelligent responses during the survey process really contributed much to the success of my research

To my friend Michael, who have helped me in statistical analysis which is really useful in this thesis

To my close friends, Rosette Princess R Dela Torre, John Maverick De Leon, Real Angelo, Tran Van Nam, Claude Marcel W Narito and Aldwin Centeno Cátillo for the moral support and for always remind me to be optimistic Thank you for the encouragement which helped me to get through in difficult times Special thanks to Nur Hafzan Afini and her family, for their thoughtful and help during my data collection I really appreciate your help

If it was not because of them, I would have not been able to get my questionnaires answered

To my beloved parents, who served as an inspiration for me to stay strong To my sister who encourages me while having my research It was a tough time, but I am really grateful for the priceless advises you have been giving me

Above all, to the Almighty, for the guidance, strength and good health this enabled me

to conduct this study It is solely because of the knowledge, wisdom, and understanding He blessed me with that I was able to finish this research

TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Figures……….……… vii

List of Tables……….……… viii

List of Abbreviations……… ix

PART I: INTRODUCTION……… 1

1.1 Introduction……….……….……… 1

1.2 Research Background …….……… …… ……… 2

1.3 Problem Statement…… ……… ……… ……… 3

1.4 Objectives of the study……….……… …… 4

1.5 Research Questions…… ……….……… …… 5

1.6 Significance of the study……… ……… 5

1.7 Research Methodology……… ….……… 6

1.8 Structure of the Research……… ……… 6

1.9 Limitation of the Research……… ……… 7

PART II: LITERATURE REVIEW……… ………… ………… 9

2.1 Seaport Activities……… …… ………… 9

2.2 Seaport Pollution……… ……… ……… 11

2.2.1 Air Pollution in Seaport Territory….……… …… …… 12

2.2.2 Water Pollution in Seaport Territory……… 14

2.2.3 Noise Pollution in Seaport Territory ……… 16

2.3 Current Strategies to Overcome Environmental Issues in Seaport …… 20

2.4 Conclusion ……….……… 28

PART III: METHODOLOGY……… 31

3.1 Materials……… ……… 31

3.2 Methods……… ……… 31

3.2.1 Research Design……… 31

3.2.2 Research Location……… 32

3.2.2 Data Collection……… 33

3.2.2.1 Primary Data……… ……… 34

3.2.2.2 Population and Sample……… 34

3.2.2.3 Research Instrument……… 35

3.2.3 Data Analysis……… 35

3.3 Conclusion……… …… ……… 36

PART IV: RESULTS ……… 38

4.1 Demographic Analysis……… 38

4.2 Analysis and Interpreting Data……… 40

4.2.1 Analysis of Environmental Issues in Seaports (Kemaman, Kertih ,Kuantan)……… ……… ……… 40

4.2.2 Analysis of Environmental Issues in Seaport of East Coast Peninsular Malaysia ……… …….……… ………… 44

4.2.3 Analysis of Environmental Strategies can implement in Seaports (Kemaman, Kertih ,Kuantan) ……… 48

4.2.4 Analysis of Environmental Strategies can implement in Seaport of East Coast Peninsular Malaysia………….……… 51

PART V: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION ……… 55

5.1 Discussion of the Analysis……… ……… 55

5.2 Summary of the Empirical Findings……… 56

5.3 Contribution of the Research……… ……… …… 58

5.4 Recommendation……….…… 59

REFERENCES ……….…… 60

APPENDICES……… …… 65

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2 Research Methodology Flowchart……… …… 32

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Summary of Environmental Issues in Seaport……… 17

Table 2 Summary of Strategies to Reduce Environments Issues is Seaport……….…… 24

Table 3 Expected Respondents …… 35

Table 4 Age of Respondents …… 38

Table 5 Working Experience of Respondents 39

Table 6 Academic Qualification of Respondents 39

Table 7 Organization of Respondents 40

Table 8 Environmental issues in Kemaman Port 41

Table 9 Environmental issues in Kertih Port 42

Table 10 Environmental issues in Kuantan Port 43

Table 11 Environmental issues in Seaport 47

Table 12 Strategy can be implemented in Kemaman Port to reduce environmental issues 48

Table 13 Strategy can be implemented in Kertih Port to reduce Environmental issues 49

Table 14 Strategy can be implemented in Kuantan Port to reduce Environmental issues 50

Table15 Strategy can be implemented in East Coast Seaport of Peninsular Malaysia to reduce environmental issues ………53

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

CO2 - Carbon Dioxide

CFC - Chlorofluorocarbons

EMAS - Eco- management Scheme and Adult Scheme

EMS - Environmental Management System

ESPO - European Sea Ports Organisation

GHG - Greenhouse gas

H0 - Null hypothesis

IMO - International Maritime Organization

MARPOL - (Marine Pollution) International Convention for the Prevention of

Pollution from Ships

MARPOL 73/78- International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from

Ships, 1973 as modified by the Protocol of 1978

MS Excel - Microsoft Excel

NOx - Nitrogen Oxides

OECD - Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

PERS - Port Environmental Review System

PM - Particulate Matter

SECA - Sulphur Emission Control Area

SDM - Self- diagnosis Method

Sox - Sulphur Oxides

SOSEA - Strategic Overview of Environmental Aspects

SPSS - Statistical Package for the Social Science

UCTAD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

VOC - Volatile organic compounds

of air, water and noise pollution (Heijst, 2012)

The marine environment is being ceaselessly stacked with synthetic toxins from anthropogenic sources (European Commission of Environment, 2016) In late decades, anthropogenic sources, for example, land-based industrial activities, transportation, urban and modern activities, have brought disturbing groupings of heavy metals and natural material in sea-going ranges These synthetic contaminations can bring about destructive impacts on both marine living beings and human population (Tavakoly Sany et al., 2013) Indeed, shipping operations interact with the environment in many ways, either accidentally or intentionally Such interactions are not only generating substantial damages to natural habitats, but also affecting economic activities, especially along coastlines with a concentration of maritime-related economic

1.2 RESEARCH BACKGROUND

The growth development in global trade has had huge effect in seaports and shipping in Malaysia, seaports went through intensive growth and tremendous development during the period of rapid economic development in the country The investment and improvement of various infrastructures support the increasing trade with the world‟s nations, one in particular is Malaysia The dramatic transformation and rapid industrialization of Malaysia‟s economy over the last few decades has made

it into one of the world‟s major trading nations (Khalid, 2011)

One of the major port in Malaysia is Kuantan Port for various cargo services that include dry bulk, break bulk, liquid bulk, fire and securities, marine, container and port related logistics services in Malaysia Its facilities container storage, conventional storage, storage for dangerous cargo, and tank storage; and equipment multi-purpose berths, liquid chemical berths, palm oil berths, mineral oil berths, and biodiesel and container terminals; and various cranes It also serves petrochemical and chemical manufacturing industries The seaport was established in 1996 and is situated in Kuantan, Malaysia (Jeevan et al., 2011; Kuantan Port, 2017)

Kemaman Port is another seaport on the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia, serving the steel plants, refineries, gas processing plants, crude oil terminals, and petrochemical complexes The facilities at this port, one of the most profound seaports

in Malaysia and fast emerging as the new gateway to the Asia-Pacific region, include three multipurpose berths, one liquid chemical berth and one LPG export terminal It also features a supply base catering to the needs of petroleum companies operating off the shores of Terengganu With its privatization, Kemaman seaport is ready to expand

rapidly in pair with the growth of the state of Terengganu‟s petrochemical and manufacturing industries (Kemaman Port, 2017)

Kertih Port is Asia‟s largest bio-refinery complex Supporting polymer and related

manufacturing activities service which provides designed to capture the high added downstream and manufacturing-related segment of the oil, gas and petrochemical cluster If Kuantan Port is for dry and bulk cargoes, Kertih Port is for liquid cargoes (Kertih Port, 2017; East Coast Economic Region, 2017)

(Akamangwa, 2013) Some commercial shipping and transport activities are responsible for a number of negative external effects, which often cause environmental threats that are comparable to those of land-based industries These include infrastructure stress such as failure and leakage, congestion, accidents, pollution (e.g air, noise, debris generation) and resulted in increasing pressure on the transport sector

by governments, customers, environmentalists and other stakeholders (IMO, 2011; Acciaro et al., 2014) Based on these issues, this research has been conducted to determine the environmental issues by shipping activities at seaports and to propose the appropriate approaches to reduce environmental issues in East Cost Seaport of Peninsula Malaysia

1.4 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

This research has 2 objectives due to the increasing environmental threats and environmental impacts of activities generated in seaport, that may do harm to local sea life and human health in nearby communities

The objectives of this research are:

(1) To determine the environmental issues cause by shipping activities in East Coast Seaport of Peninsular Malaysia

(2) To propose significant approaches to reduce environmental issues in East Coast Seaport of Peninsular Malaysia

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study is significant in various ways First, it reveals the scenarios that are happening in our environment due to the maritime activities It is provides information and awareness about environmental issues in seaport This would encourage respondents to care and take action in environmental concern causes by shipping activities It couldn‟t be denied that seaports activities and shipping activities have

direct impact not just in the area surrounded it, but also itself Besides that, the study also provides a ground for a better identification of environmental issues to be prioritized and managed properly, as being assessed through records and first- hand data Moreover, the results could be used to further improve the management scheme Further, it could also be utilized to suggest environmental strategies which could be effective and suitable in seaport (Kuantan, Kemaman and Kertih) Overall, it would create a scientific proof for a better management of the seaport, contributing not only

to the seaports but also to the socio- economic status of the area, and to the country as

a whole

In addition, this research has been motivated through the current issue in seaports because based on many articles environmental sustainability in seaports is an issue of timely importance in many countries Hence, the rapid increases in seaport pollution are continuously happening Seaport plays an important role in the economic development of a region and creating a sustainable society, i.e., a society that continues to develop economically without increasing its impact on our living environment and where the possible reduction of its current impact can be huge due to the fact that the seaport is a place where transport and logistics intersect and constitute large-scale industrial estates

1.7 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The methodological approaches to this research are primarily qualitative and quantitative First stage, secondary data will be extracted from past research studies and journal literatures about the environmental issues cause by seaports activities and approaches to reduce the environmental issues in seaports After the literatures have been reviewed, the outcome will be used for validation via quantitative method Second stage by conducting a survey, questionnaire will be given to seaports, transport operators and environmental ministries/ enforcement agencies Lastly, the researcher can identify which among those environmental issues commonly occurs in port It can also prove which are the effective strategies currently applying and can be implemented to reduce the environmental issues occurring in East Coast Seaport of Peninsular Malaysia

1.8 STRUCTURE OF THE RESEARCH

The research is divided into five chapters Chapter One introduces the background

of this research, the need for research, research objectives and the content of the report

Chapter Two is a Review of the Literature, which was conducted along three main lines inquiry: First, a comprehensive summary of the basic features of seaports are described including definition, with the emphasis on the importance of seaport activities Second, a thorough analysis of the environmental issues related to seaports and list of pollution commonly occur in seaport Third, a brief summary of current strategies to overcome seaport pollution and comprehensive understanding to both achievements and outstanding in existing problems in environmental management at seaport

Chapter Three is research Methodology that describes the demographics of this study and outlines the methodological approach to the study

Chapter Four shows Discussion and Result This chapter is divided into two parts: the first part is identification of pollution in East Coast Seaport of Peninsula Malaysia causes by seaport activities Second, introduces the strategies and concept of environmental management to reduce environmental issues in East Coast Seaport of Peninsular Malaysia

Chapter Five are Conclusion and Recommendations, analyzes results obtained and the uses of case analyses to introduce the management concepts and measures of these

management, and makes specific recommendations to enhance environmental management in East Coast Seaport of Peninsular Malaysia

1.9 LIMITATION OF THE RESEARCH

The time frame approximately, three (3) months was given to conduct the research (see APPENDIX 3), but research needs more time to get more respondents for better outcome The researcher also experience limitations in distributing questionnaire because each agency just provided limited time and questionnaire in some department Other than that, the researchers do not have much time to explain in details to each of the respondent because of limited time

There are insufficient secondary data sources There were not much records provided by the Seaports in East Coast Peninsular, Malaysia about environmental management and issues in seaport Inadequate (limited) first- hand data sources, there were only few individuals who are really concerned about the environmental issues and environmental strategies and what really it‟s for or about

PART II LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter discusses, a comprehensive summary of the basic features of seaports are described including definition, with the emphasis on the importance of seaport activities Secondly, it reviews the environmental issues related to seaports and list of pollution commonly occur in seaports Furthermore, this chapter summarizes current strategies to overcome seaport pollution, to gain more comprehensive understanding in the field of seaport environmental protection, including both achievements and outstanding existing problems

2.1 SEAPORT ACTIVITIES

Seaports are a vital part of the maritime transport industry and have a key role in integrated transport chains and regional economies (Hiranandani, 2014; Parviainen, 2016) Particularly, with the growth of economic globalization, the functions of seaports have making progress from those of an initial simple seaport cargo handling and distribution center to complex functions that include the seaport industry function,

a modern logistics services function, an information services function and a passenger travel advisory function (Roso and Lumsden, 2009) Seaports have been playing a greater extent role in regional economic growth and in the world economy development as a whole (Gao, 2008) Furthermore, the number of activities and services that seaports integrate affects natural (water, air, land) and man-made (social, cultural, etc.) environment(Palantzas et al., 2014; Kotowska, 2016)

Notteboom (2010) stated that maritime access involves activities such as the

traffic services to help navigation to approach and navigate within the port as well as buoys and other navigation aids All of these activities fall under different branches Infrastructure investments and developments are usually done by port authorities, while superstructure investments are done by terminal operators Many of which are private companies leasing the terminal All of these activities are necessary for the planning, development and operation of a seaport and are part of its incurred costs Seaports, being transport nodes, generate significant social costs resulting from emissions of pollutants (Roso and Lumsden, 2009) Seaport operation is a considerable burden for seaport cities inhabitants, therefore many seaports have started implementation of solutions aimed at reducing transport externalities (Kotowska 2016)

According to Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) the major sources of adverse effects can be categorized into three types: (a) location of seaport; (b) construction; and (c) seaport operation, including ship traffic and discharges, cargo handling and storage, and land traffic and transport (Bellavista et al., 2009; Slobbe et al., 2015) The location of seaport connotes the existence of structures

or landfills, and the position of the development site Taih (2012) studied that seaport‟s development give internal and external effect to surroundings such as emissions, noise Construction activities in the sea and on land, transport of construction materials, dredging and disposal of dredged materials, while in seaport operation includes shipping factors such as land transport to and from the seaport, vessel traffic, ship emissions and discharge, spills and leakage from ships; and cargo-related factors such

as cargo handling and storage, handling equipment, hazardous materials and

waterfront industry discharges (OECD, 2011; Slobbe et al., 2015)

2.2 SEAPORT POLLUTION

Maritime vessels are considered as the most environmental friendly transport modes, they additionally create considerable amounts of ozone depleting substance emissions (Han, 2010) Contamination emanations from worldwide maritime vessels

as of now significantly affect air quality and general wellbeing, particularly in beach front groups (IMO, 2011) Seaports are major economic hub, industrial and logistics centers that also contribute significantly to pollution in coastal urban areas (Marine Insight, 2011) Additionally, emissions from transportation part are relied upon to keep

on growing emphatically as the worldwide economy extends and as universal exchange assumes an ever bigger part

Transport activities are responsible for a number of negative external effects, which often unaccounted for in firm strategies These include infrastructure stress, congestion, accidents, pollution and resulted in increasing pressure on the transport sector by governments, customers, environmentalists and other stake- holders (Acciaro

et al., 2014) Seaport activities form a major source of pollution in coastal waters: shipping, dredging, ballast water, and storage and transport of hazardous material are considered as significant threats to the often sensitive coastal habitats and ecosystems, environmental impacts (Taih, 2012) including i.e air (Mueller et al., 2011), soil (Gupta et al., 2015) and water pollution (Grifoll et al., 2011) Furthermore, compared

to land-based industry, shipping is overall a comparatively minor contributor to marine pollution from human activities Shipping represents one of the most difficult to regulate and control source of air and water pollution in the world (IMO, 2011)

The environmental pollution in the seaport has three main aspects; air, water and noise (Gao, 2008; Battistelli et al., 2011; Heijst, 2012) The following section discusses the environment pollution that occurs in seaport

2.2.1 Air Pollution in Seaport Territory

Air pollution is due mainly to gaseous elements and dusts in the form of suspended particles that are commonly threat for the human health In the seaport areas, the noxious gases are emitted by diesel engines onboard ships and by technical vehicles working in the seaport area, on the other hand, in the surroundings dusts are mainly due to load/ unload phases of bulk carriers; (Battistelli et al., 2011) Among the gaseous pollutants, the most important are: the nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulphur oxides (SOx) (Vleugel and Bal, 2015); the Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) (Kotowska, 2016) and particulate matters (PM) (Merk, 2014; EPA, 2017) The most important of greenhouse gas emissions from ships is carbon dioxide According to IMO (2009) it contributes to over 3 per cent of global carbon dioxide emissions, shipping is the world‟s sixth single largest producer of greenhouse gas

emissions (Oceana 2008) and, undeniably, a sector which is exacerbating the global climate change problem

Air outflows into air emission from marine engine, equipment related emission and cargo related discharges can easily recognize Emissions from ships can be identify into two classifications, those that straightforwardly influence a worldwide temperature alteration, i.e cause the environmental change; and those that influences air quality, i.e direct or indirect way influence human wellbeing (Ling and Tay, 2011) Air pollution has a serious impact from seaport operation The diesel engines at

seaports, which power ships, trucks, trains, and cargo-handling equipment, create vast amounts of air pollution that affect the health of workers and people living in nearby communities and contribute significantly to regional air pollution (Mueller, 2011; Han, 2014; Kotowska, 2016)

The shipping emissions have been linked to adverse health impacts, including asthma, lung cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and premature mortality (Corbett and Winebrake, 2008; Heijst 2012) Corbett (2007) mentioned that emissions from shipping together with particulate matter contribute to about 60,000 deaths from cardiopulmonary and lung cancer each year While sulphur and nitrogen oxides released during combustion from ships have harmful impacts on animals, plants and

on the built environment through acidification (Doney et al 2007; US Environmental Protection Agency 2012)

According to International Maritime Organization (IMO, 2009), Green House Gas Study predicted that the portion of global carbon dioxide emission from shipping would increase by 20 percent in 2050 from 3.3 percent of 2007 levels, if no serious action is undertaken It was stated that the application of “known technology and practices” could make vessels more efficient between 25 to 75 percent, depending on

vessel type (Khalid, 2011) Pollution related to shipping activities indicates that initiatives are underway to mitigate the adverse impacts of the shipping sector through control measures and efforts to increase its environmental performance (Vleuguel and Bal 2015; Khalid and Tang, 2011)

2.2.2 Water Pollution in Seaport Territory

Pollutants in the waters in areas around seaports commonly appear cause of construction in seaport development process (Gao, 2008) Shoreline erosion and damage to coastal ecosystems caused by dredging and filling of wetlands are some problems in seaport (Stoyanov et al., 2012) Besides, during the period of seaport operation, routine pollution from ships – oil, litter, gaseous air pollutants, dust, hazardous materials etc are often significant (Xuan et al., 2011) Other organisms are transferred via ballast waters and this can cause severe and widespread problems This includes direct pollutants away from the seaport construction and the operation phases, and indirect pollutants from the port under development Ships use ballast water in order to stabilise once they are fully loaded with cargo Heijist (2012) mentioned, when large amounts of water from one part of the world are released within a seaport

in a completely different environment, it may have serious consequences for the local ecosystem

Water pollution is primarily due to oil products and to sewage disposals in seaport (Haji, 2011) Common example of wastewater which then contain oil by products are ballast water, and wash water of oil tankers, cabin water, gas stations on shore, repair machinery and moving machinery wash water Often accidents engaging oil carriers cause uncompromising pollution; this risk is directly proportional to the overall amount of carried oil and to the number of maneuvers carried out (Grifoll et al., 2011; OECD 2011) Also some maintenance operations normally carried out onboard can cause pollution; in such cases, may have cause severe negative effects on the marine environment (Coppola et al 2011)

Water pollution such as oil pollution affects sea and shore birds, fish, sea mammals, plants and marine animals, macro-fauna and human health as well (Fartoosi, 2013)

Sea and shore birds are easily more affected by oil spills because some of these dive under water for their food for example kittiwakes, shags, razorbills, fulmars and guillemots Additionally when the birds‟ feathers are coated with oil may cause death

from loss of body heat The birds could hence drown may cause of unable to fly and may also starve to death because the food sources on shorelines or at sea are covered with oil (Heubeck, et al., 2003)

Fish and shellfish can be affected of oil pollution in three ways: direct effect on fisheries, direct lethal or sub-lethal effect on the fish itself; and indirect effect via ecosystem disturbance (IMO, 2005) Shellfish are more affected than fish by oil spills because of their habitat Thus, water column organisms like planktons may be impacted by oil pollution Laboratory studies have revealed sub-lethal and toxics effects on planktons (ITOPF, 2002)

On the other hand, sea mammals are prone to be affected by oil pollution when they are breeding on the shorelines There are no significant impacts from oil spills to seal, dolphins and whales unlike to sea mammals The mammal species which rely on fur to regulate their body temperature are mostly affected because if the fur becomes contaminated with oil, the mammal may die from overheating or hypothermia (ITOPF, 2002)

Furthermore, some kinds of marine animals like squid, shrimps and adult fish rarely suffer long-term damage from oil spill exposure The huge oil impacts occur on

exposed directly to toxic components in the oil Soils and vegetation such as mangroves will be affected by oil spills Despite the fact that toxicity resulting from oil pollution will possibly affect the coral reefs (ITOPF, 2002)

Macro-fauna such as the benthic fauna in offshore sediments are very sensitive

to polluted material attached to particles (Anyadiegwu, 2015) Since they feed on organic particles living on the seabed, they are good indicators of biological conditions

of sediments (IMO, 2005) Human health is in danger, when an oil spill has effects such as air pollution and pollution of inland waters, and the fresh water systems Moreover, oil pollution can cause many other health problems such as coughing and difficulties in breathing (ITOPF, 2011)

2.2.3 Noise Pollution in Seaport Territory

Noise in seaport areas is caused by many sources including ship engines, fans, cranes, tractors and trucks (OECD, 2011; Palantza et al., 2014).The noise generated by ships affects a wide range of receivers the crew and passengers inside the vessel, inhabitants of the coastal areas and marine fauna outside it (Bray, 2008) Based on OECD (2011) extent noise from harbour activities is perceived as a nuisance depends

on the sound pressure and frequency, distance to local communities and also to some degree on topography and meteorology (humidity and prevailing wind direction) However, compared to aviation and the land-based modes of transport, few citizens are affected by noise from shipping but it cannot deny that due to the vehicles moving goods and people and to daily activities developed close to the harbour, especially in inhabited zones (Coppola et al 2011)

Table 1: Summary of Environmental Issues in Seaport

Authors Environmental Issues in Seaport

(Friedrich et al., 2007) Air pollution (quality)

(Corbett and Winebrake,

2008)

Air pollution (Port expansion) Water Pollution (dredging activity) Storm water runoff (Ship construction) Vessel wake erosion

Cargo-handling air emissions (Gao, 2008) Water pollution

Oil pollution (gas oil produced during oil product transport) Ballast water pollution

Air pollution (construction and vapours, emissions of transport vehicles)

Noise pollution (ESPO, 2009) Noise Pollution

Dust (Air quality) Garbage/Port Waste Dredging: operations Dredging: disposal Relationship with local community Energy Consumption

Port Development (water pollution) Port Development (land pollution) (Ng and Song, 2010) Fuel oil residues/ sludge

Used engine oil Bilge water Wash water oil Ballast water oil Wash water chemical Sewage

Domestic waste Food waste

Dry cargo residue Maintenance waste Cargo associated waste

(Battistelli et al., 2011) Air, water and acoustic

(Grifoll et al., 2011) Oil pollution

(Ling and Tay, 2011) Air Pollution

(OECD, 2011) Exhaust emissions

Noise emissions Ballast water handling Oil Spill

Disposal of sludge and other types of oily waste Disposal of sewage

Disposal of garbage Snow and rain water removal Dust prevention

Handling of hazardous cargo Use of anti-fouling paints Dredging and contaminated soils Land-use and resource conservation (Mueller, 2011) Air pollution

(Xuan et al., 2011) Water quality

Dust (Air quality) Traffic from port to hinterland Light pollution

Cargo spillage Soil contamination Ship discharge (bilge water) Environmental risk assessment Ship discharge (ballast) Port

(Heijst, 2012) Air pollution

Water pollution ( because of disposal of oils, sewage and garbage)

Noise Pollution (Lam and Voorde, 2012) Air pollution (carbon dioxide emissions CO2 of inland

container transport) Water pollution (effect on marine ecosystems) Ballast water,

Fuel oil residue Waste disposal from ship operations Cargo residue

(Stoyanov et al., 2012) Water Pollution

Oil spillage Litter (Garbage) Gaseous air pollutants Dust

(Akamangwa, 2013) Oil and oily waste

Garbage Sewage Ballast water Air pollution and emissions (Fartoosi, 2013) Oil pollution

(Acciaro et al., 2014) Pollution (e.g air, noise, debris generation)

(Han, 2014) Air Pollutions

(Merk, 2014) Shipping emission (CO2, NOx, Sox, PM10, PM2.5, CO, CH4) (Palantzas,et al., 2014) Noise (coming from machinery and vehicles)

Dust (mainly produced by bulk handling equipment) Exhaust-gases (from vehicles, machinery, ships) Degradation of the marine environment

Traffic congestion (caused by the vehicles served in and around the port)

from ships calling the port) (Sislian et al., 2015) Noise pollution

Air quality Dredging operations and disposal

(Slobbe et al., 2015) Garbage/ port waste

Noise Air quality Emission into air Water quality Energy consumption and light emissions (Vleugel and Bal, 2015) Air pollution (CO2, NOx and PM10 emission)

(Kotowska, 2016) Carbon dioxide, nitrogen and sulphur oxides emissions

2.3 CURRENT STRATEGIES TO OVERCOME ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

Pallis (2010) distinguishes four „axes‟ of E.U policy on ports Apart from

research, these include modernising seaports, stimulate competition and lead partner dialogues in order to address current problems (Heijst, 2012) National and local

governments may also impose rules to which ports have to comply Traditionally, views on regulation are directly carried out by the seaport authorities, which can therefore also be seen as government representative Over the years, the instructional structure and ownership of ports has changed (ESPO, 2010) Port authorities become more specialised nowadays and there is a trend of privatisation In the next part, this research focuses on the role that port authorities play in the complex governance structure of the seaport environment

Environmental protection and sustainable development are nowadays among the greatest challenges faced by our society In maritime seaports and related activities, environmental issues are continuously emerging and becoming a competitive factor Shipping and seaports are essential components of the international trade and goods movement (Sislian et al., 2015; World Shipping Council, 2010) International policy has played an important role in this regard as demonstrated by global measures to mitigate various forms of marine and atmospheric pollution from ships The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, also known as MARPOL, is the oldest and the most comprehensive international treaty instrument that addresses pollution from ships, covering oil; noxious liquid substances carried in bulk; harmful substances carried by sea in packaged form; sewage; garbage; and atmospheric emissions (IMO, 2012; ECG 2013)

The Regulations for the Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships or MARPOL 73/78 Annex VI, issued several kinds of regulations to overcome the widening of environmental issues cause by seaport include the following: (1) emission standards for NOx according to the power output of marine diesel engines and required

(2) SECA (Sulphur Emission Control Area) where the use of fuels with a controlled level of sulphur limits in sulfur content of fuel oil used in ships to reduce SOx emissions and requirements for exhaust gas cleaning systems or technologies to limit SOx emissions to 6.0 g SOx/kWh or less (Battistelli et al., 2011); (3) provision for vapor collection systems, or other vapor emission control systems to reduce the emissions of VOCs; (4) Requirement for shipboard incinerators; (5) restricted use of CFC refrigerants and other ozone-depleting substances (Han, 2010)

One of the effective strategy to reduce air pollution in seaport is cold ironing (or

“shore connection”) means to supply ships at berth in feeding points close to the

mooring sites so that the diesel electric generators can be switched off and no exhausts are delivered during ship stay (Sciberras et al., 2016) In these conditions, the shore electric system can feed the ship in “plug-in” mode Nowadays this approach

particularly appreciated in the case of larger ships and cruise ship in order to lower the air pollution in seaports Many other applications are in progress; the most interesting ones are in North Europe and North America but remarkable installations regard China and Japan In Italy the seaports of Civitavecchia, La Spezia and Venice have already shown their interest in cold ironing applications (Battistelli et al., 2011)

A large part of the noise would disappear if seaports switch to electric port vehicles and machinery and allow shore-side electricity to replace power produced onboard (EPA, 2017) Eco-driving will also contribute towards lower daily equivalent and maximum sounds (European Union, 2012) Lower speed- limits and/or better enforcement of such limits can cut noise levels in the seaport area itself and even more

on the roads leading to and from it Porous asphalt may also have a role to play in

reducing the tire-to-surface noise which dominates the noise from heavy vehicle traffic

at speeds above 70 km/h (OECD, 2011) European Commission mentioned that reduction at source is not possible, construction of noise barriers or noise screens can

be a supplementary measure Many seaports are actively involved in trying to reduce noise and vibrations from ships and rolling stock, as doing so is a prerequisite for port expansion or for co-existence with adjacent communities Where cities want to explore part of their water-fronts for housing projects or recreational areas, making the remaining seaport activities less noisy is often an essential part of the plan (Word Shiping Council 2010; Heijist 2012; UCTAD 2014)

In addition, Dinwoodie et al (2014) have identified some regulations for sustainable seaport development According to ESPO (2009) and Dinwoodie et al (2014), Self- diagnosis method (SDM) identifies environmental risks and establishes priorities for action and compliance Port Environmental Review System (PERS) assist port to implement an environmental management system (EMS) through developing components within it to raise its effectiveness Strategic overviews of environmental aspects (SOSEA) identify “significant” environmental aspects arising from operations:

guide ports in gathering information to manage liabilities and responsibilities; enhance long-term strategic development and increase environmental awareness ISO14001promote continual improvements by encouraging ports to adopt and implement EMS, which assists systematic development of formalized management process, and evaluation for the effectiveness of activities, operations, products and services Eco-management scheme and adult scheme (EMAS) also promote ongoing improvements Lastly, Associated British Ports- identify environmental issues and associated risks;

Table 2: Summary of Strategies to Reduce Environmental Issues is Seaport

Authors Environmental Strategies in Port

(Gao, 2008) 1.“Build an Ecological Port, Advocate Green Civilization, and

Implement the Strategy of Sustainable Development” in its concept of environmental protection

2.“Operate in a Manner that respects and Sustains Our Natural, Social and Community Environments”

advocates an “Environmental Friendly” Development Model

“Building an Ecological Port, Sharing Clear Water and Blue Sky” as part

of the port‟s environmental protection plan (ESPO, 2009) 1 Self-Diagnosis Method (SDM) is a well‐ established and widely

adopted, time and cost‐ efficient methodology for identifying environmental risk and establishing priorities for action and compliance 2.Port Environmental Review System (PERS) assist port authorities with the functional organization necessary to deliver the goals of sustainable development

3.ISO 140018 is a standard specifies requirements for an environmental management system to enable an organization to develop and implement

a policy and objectives 4.EU Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS)

is a management tool for companies and other organisations

to evaluate, report and improve their environmental performance (IMO, 2009) MARPOL 73/78 Annexes

1 Annex I Regulations for the prevention of pollution by oil

2 Annex II Regulations for the control of pollution by noxious liquid substance in bulk

3 Annex III Regulations for the prevention of pollution by harmful substances carried by sea in packaged forms, or in freight containers, portable tanks or road and rail wagons

4 Annex IV Regulations for the prevention of pollution by sewage

5 Annex V Regulations for the prevention of pollution by garbage from ships

6 Annex VI Regulations for the prevention of air pollution from ships

(Battistelli et

al., 2011)

1 SECA (Sulphur Emission Control Area) created by ANNEX VI of the MARPOL 73/78 where the use of fuels with a controlled level of sulphur was introduced

2 ECA (Emission Control Area) was introduced as zones where more stringent fuel sulphur and engine NOx limits were imposed

– Low sulphured, ecologic fuels;

– Use of new engines with lower SFOC and capable to use cleaner fuels;

– Retrofit (NOx and SOx) – Cold ironing

– Restrictions to the access in ports for old pollutant vehicles;

– Restrictions to the speed of ships and road vehicles in port areas;

– Electric energy supply to berthed ships from shore mobile systems fed

by ecologic fuels (Siu, Lam and

2.Port Environmental Review System (PERS) – assist port to implement

an environmental management system (EMS) through developing components within it to raise its effectiveness

3.Strategic overview of environmental aspects (SOSEA) –identify

“significant” environmental aspects arising from operations: guide ports

in gathering information to manage liabilities and responsibilities;

enhance long-term strategic development and increase environmental awareness

4.ISO 140001- Promote continual improvements by encouraging ports to adopt and implement EMS; assists systematic development of

formalized management process, and evaluate effectiveness of activities, operations, products and services

ongoing improvements 6.Associated British Ports- identify environmental iss ues and associated risks; achieve scale economies

– Protocol on preparedness, response and cooperation to pollution incidents by hazardous and noxious substances (HNS Protocol), 2000 – International Convention of the control of harmful anti-fouling systems on ships (AFS), 2001

– International Convention for the control and management of ships‟ ballast water and sediment, 2004

(Stoyanov et

al.,2012)

1 Strategic Action Plan for the Rehabilitation and Protection of the Black Sea and of the State of the Environment [Strategic Action Plan, 1996] has been set up for integration of all Black Sea countries in potential activities regarding all environmental problems

(Akamangwa,

2013)

1.International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships

1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978, also known as MARPOL (see IMO 2006) four out of the six annexes of MARPOL which cover various sources of pollution from ships, that examine what practices are available for managing garbage; oil and oily wastes; sewage; and container ship emissions

2 International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships‟ Ballast Water and Sediments 2004, also known as the Ballast Water Convention (IMO 2009) This Convention regulates the discharge of ballast water from ships and will form the basis for addressing a fourth waste stream transfer of harmful organisms and pathogens in ships‟

ballast water

(Han, 2014) 1 Regulations for the Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships or

MARPOL 73/78 Annex VI, was adopted in 1997- These regulations to prevent ships‟ air pollution include the following:

(1) emission standards for NOx (2) limits in sulfur content of fuel oil used in ships to reduce SOx emissions

(3) provision for vapor collection systems, or other vapor emission control systems to reduce the emissions of VOCs

(4) Requirement for shipboard incinerators (5) Restricted use of CFC refrigerants, Halon, and other ozone-depleting substances

5 ESPO Code of Practice

6 Inventory of Environmental legislation

7 Objectives and targets

are established to minimize airborne emissions from ships as defined by Annex VI of the 1997 MARPOL

2 Voluntary fuel switch programs are applied in various ports and provide incentives to shipping lines to use low sulphur fuel

(Slobbe et al.,

2015)

1 Environmental management systems are one form of self-regulation

An EMS is a transparent framework developed by an organization (e.g., port authority) to systematically define, monitor, and communicate its environmental issues, regulations, responsibilities, and policies

(Vleugel and

Bal, 2015)

1 Diesel engines are replaced by electric or hybrid diesel-electric ones using biofuels advantages in terms of air pollution

– no SO2,substantially less CO2, less HC and CO and reduced impact

of oil spills NOx emissions may increase slightly (Kotowska,

2016)

1.Speed Reduction Program – aimed at reducing the speed of ships entering the port down to 12 knots in the distance of 20 nautical miles from the port, so that the ships use less fuel and emit less pollution 2.Vessel Main Engine Fuel Incentive Program – it encourages ships to use low sulphur fuel at the distance of 20 or 40 nautical miles from the port, the fuel price difference is covered by the ports

development of the harbour operations without significant risks for the human health Among them, the development of the engine technologies that could contain specific emissions, the use of ever clearer fuels to feed external generators as alternative to those onboard the use of efficient retrofits to reduce the exhaust emissions and so forth

Shipping and harbour operations can cause serious water pollution problems in seaport areas Bilge waters, ballast and ship washing water, anti-fouling paints, oil use and discharge etc are significant sources of water pollution in port areas A special attention must be paid to accidental oil spills The environmental responsibilities of different port organizations for waste management are not strictly defined by the legislation Some additional internal port regulations to coordinate this activity are needed The development and usage of adequate mathematical models for spill behavior prediction are very helpful for planning, organizing and implementing appropriate management actions regarding accidental oil spills and other water pollution events in rivers, lakes and the sea

Noise levels in seaports may not only affect local wildlife but it can also have health effects on workers or people living in nearby villages There are number of ways to reduce these noise levels, of which the most important ones are the use of newer engines and other innovative technologies to mitigate engine sounds One could think of a tariff scheme that stimulates the use of newer types of engines and lower noise levels However, noise levels and air pollution are almost similarly reduced by the same improvement Therefore regard methods to lower levels of both air and noise

pollution often to be the same and we will therefore abstract from „other‟ forms of

pollution

Responsible actions might need to produce financial and time costs, but due to these actions cost savings in the form of learning and increased efficiency can be achieved In seaport, sustainable development usually focuses on environmental issues Environmental social responsibility in seaport is mainly motivated by the need

to comply with existing and forthcoming regulation Seaports engage in sustainable development to gain competitive advantage and to increase maritime safety The social aspects of sustainable development take into account the direct contribution of employment in seaport companies and activities connected to the seaport, the contribution to knowledge development and education, and the live ability of the area surrounding seaport

PART III METHODOLOGY

This chapter describes the demographics of this study‟s sample and outlines the

methodological approach to the study First, the materials and research design Second, data collection method used for this research Furthermore, constructs measurement and data analysis use for this research have been discussed Lastly, concluding remarks of the summarize findings of this chapter

3.1 ANALYSIS PROCEDURE

This study was conducted using the following materials:

Questionnaires- in order to measure the different parameters of the study,

questionnaires were distributed to respondents from Kuantan, Kemaman and Kerteh

Microsoft Excel- this software used to tabulate the raw data right after the respondents answered the questionnaires for easier access

SPSS Software- this software used to analyze the percentages, frequencies, means and standard deviations in order to determine the descriptive statistical analysis for result of the survey

3.2 METHODS

This section shows the research design used in the study and different methods

of collecting data and being analyzed

3.2.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

This research is a descriptive research, which involves all the population and do not need the significant test, otherwise use the descriptive statistic form with an