Analysis of land use change and the worker’s perception towards changes from 2007 2017 a case study in nam tu liem district hanoi vietnam

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY PAULINE VIOLANDA HOSTALERO ANALYSIS OF LAND USE CHANGE AND THE WORKER’S PERCEPTION TOWARDS CHANGES FROM 2007 – 2017: A CA

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY

PAULINE VIOLANDA HOSTALERO

ANALYSIS OF LAND USE CHANGE AND THE WORKER’S

PERCEPTION TOWARDS CHANGES FROM 2007 – 2017: A CASE STUDY

IN NAM TU LIEM DISTRICT, HANOI, VIETNAM

BACHELOR THESIS

Study Mode: Full-time

Major : Environmental Science and Management

Faculty : Advanced Education Program Office

Batch : 2015 - 2018

Thai Nguyen, 15/11/2018

DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT

Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry

Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management

Student name: Pauline Violanda Hostalero

Thesis Title: Analysis of land use change and the worker’s perception

towards changes from 2007-2017: A case study in Nam Tu Liem District, Hanoi, Vietnam

Supervisor: Assoc Prof Nguyen Thi Ha

Signature:

Abstract: Land use change has been assessed widely using Remote Sensing (RS)

and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques A study about land use change along with the self-employed workers’ perception towards land use changes were carried out in Nam Tu Liem District, Hanoi, Vietnam The study examined and analyzed the land use changes occurred between 2007 and 2017 Three Landsat images were acquired including Landsat 5 TM, Landsat 7 ETM+, and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS for the year 2007, 2013, and 2017, respectively The result of the study shows that the built-up lands have increased and remained to be the dominant land among land use types in 2017 The agriculture has been declining mainly due to conversion into built-up land Other land use type including water, bare land, and vegetation have shown slight changes throughout the years Overall changes from

2007 to 2017 shown that built-up land gained the most and agriculture lost the most land Moreover, the land use change study only covers the general aspects which specific area such as residential, recreational, commercial etc are not included On

the other hand, the perception study includes a total of 100 respondents, which are divided into three sectors: wholesale and retail; accommodation and catering services; and other services Major findings indicate that about two-thirds or 69% of respondents are aware of land use change happenings in the district However, almost one-third or 31% are unaware of the studied topic There are several factors that may affect the awareness of self-employed workers which will be cursory discussed in the study Furthermore, the study only focuses on the analysis of land use change and the self-employed worker’s perception towards changes This study in Nam Tu Liem District is just a first step to determine and understand the major drivers and impacts

of changes in the area A detailed land use change study and a larger population size for perception studies are recommended in order for the government to formulate policies to achieve sustainable development

Keywords: Land use change, urbanization, change detection, remote

sensing, geographic information system, awareness Number of pages: 90

Date of Submission: 15/11/2018

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to everyone that helped me to be where I am right now and to everyone that helped me to

accomplish this study To my supervisor, Assoc Prof Nguyen Thi Ha from VNU

University of Science, Ha Noi, for the guidance, help, suggestions, and

encouragement in writing my bachelor thesis To Mr Nguyen Van Hieu from

Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, who has helped me a lot,

especially for introducing GIS to me To Mr Nguyen Cong Doan of UBND Nam

Tu Liem district who helped me with population data gathering despite of busy

schedule To Ms Hong Ha and Ms Khanh Linh Vu for providing us the essential

documents and requirements for the internship and for helping us since the beginning of our study in AEP

I am grateful for the opportunity that the Advanced Education Program (AEP) gave me, specifically an opportunity to study here in Thai Nguyen

University of Agriculture and Forestry, in Thai Nguyen City, Vietnam

I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to my friends: Jessica, Francina, Luis, Kristina, Enzo, Lester, AJ, Joy, and Vea I would like to thank

them for lifting each other up, for helping me and one another in academic tasks and even personal challenges, also for sticking with one another through ups and

downs I would also like to thank my Vietnamese friends: Chi Kieu Anh, Chi Minh Anh, Le Na, Chi Sam, and Chi Mai for helping me with translations and

for being such a good chi to me since the start

I will also be forever grateful to my family, for their moral support, love, and care And the last but not the least, to my God, who believes in me, who loves

me, and who stays by my side since day one All praises and glory to Him!

Pauline V Hostalero

K46 NO2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES viii

LIST OF TABLES ix

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS x

PART I INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background of the Study 1

1.2 Background of the Study Area 4

1.3 Statement of the Problem 6

1.4 Research Objectives 7

1.5 Research Questions 8

1.6 Research Rationale 8

1.7 Limitations 9

1.8 Definitions and Concepts 10

PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 11

2.1 Land Use Change 11

2.1.1 What is Land Use Change? 11

2.1.2 Importance of Land Use Change 12

2.1.3 Land Use Change Detection using RS and GIS 13

2.2 Land Use Change Factors, Impacts, and Mitigations 14

2.2.1 Major Factors of Land Use Change 14

2.2.2 Impacts of Land Use Change 20

2.2.3 Mitigation for Land Use Change Impacts 25

2.3 Related studies on Land Use Change Worldwide 27

2.4 Related Studies on Land Use Change in Vietnam 28

2.5 The Land use and the Workers Interactions in Vietnam 30

PART III: RESEARCH OBJECT AND METHODS 31

3.1 Research Object, Scope, and Content 31

3.1.1 Research Object 31

3.1.2 The scope of the research 31

3.1.3 The content of the research 31

3.2 Research Methods 32

3.2.1 Data Collection 32

3.2.2 Detection of Land Use Change 34

3.2.3 Surveying Worker’s Perception towards Land Use Change 43

PART IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 44

4.1 Land Use Change Detection 44

4.1.1 Land Use Classification 44

4.1.2 Accuracy Assessment of Land Use Classification 45

4.1.3 Land Use Change Detection 49

4.2 Worker’s awareness towards land use change 55

PART V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 68

REFERENCES 71

APPENDICES 81

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Location of the study area 6

Figure 3 1 Clipped image of the study area in 2007, 2013, and 2017 37

Figure 3 2 Methods used for land use mapping 42

Figure 4 1 The land use classes’ area in hectares 45

Figure 4 2 The land use maps of Nam Tu Liem district in 2007, 2013, and 2017 48

Figure 4 3 Land use change maps of Nam Tu Liem district from different years 51

Figure 4 4 The land use change map of Nam Tu Liem district from 2007 to 2017 52

Figure 4 5 Gains and losses by each class between 2007 and 2013 (by hectares) 53

Figure 4 6 Gains and losses by each class between 2013 and 2017 (by hectares) 54

Figure 4 7 Gains and losses by each class between 2007 and 2017 (by hectares) 54

LIST OF TABLES

Table 3 1 Detailed description of collected satellite images 33

Table 3 2 Landsat 5 TM bands 35

Table 3 3 Landsat 7 ETM bands 35

Table 3 4 Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS bands 36

Table 3 5 Land use classes and its specification 38

Table 3 6 Indices and its formula 39

Table 4 1 The land use classes’ area and percentage in hectares 44

Table 4 2 Confusion matrix for the year 2007 46

Table 4 3 Confusion matrix for the year 2013 47

Table 4 4 Confusion matrix for the year 2017 47

Table 4 5 Land use class conversions from 2007, 2013, and 2017 50

Table 4 6 Gains and losses by each class between 2007 and 2017 54

Table 4 7 Frequency and percentage of respondents awareness about land use changes in Nam Tu Liem 55

Table 4 8 Source of awareness of the respondents towards land use change 56

Table 4 9 Respondents who want land use change to continue 58

Table 4 10 Respondents who do not want land use change to continue 58

Table 4 11 Major problems in the district due to land use change 59

Table 4 12 Changes that the respondents would like to see in the district 60

Table 4 13 The respondent’s level of education 61

Table 4 14 Number of unaware and aware respondents which are residents and migrants in Nam Tu Liem district 62

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BSI Bare Soil Index

DOS Dark Object Subtraction

ETM+ Enhanced Thematic Mapper

GIS Geographic Information System

HMP Hanoi Master Plan

LUCC Land Use/Cover Change

LULC Land Use and Land Cover

LUC Land Use Change

NDBI Normalized Difference Built-Up Index

NDVI Normalized Difference Vegetation Index

NDWI Normalized Difference Water Index

NIR Near Infrared

OLI/TIRS Operational Land Imager and Thermal Infrared Sensor

SWIR Shortwave Infrared

TOA Top of Atmosphere

TM Thematic Mapper

USGS United States Geological Survey

PART I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Every country in the world is currently facing certain challenges in their own environment, economy, and society Land use and land cover changes are considered the major drivers of these challenges due to urbanization Moreover, urbanization is a human-induced activity which has an influence on the land use and land cover that affect different sectors One of the drivers of urbanization is the continuous increase of human population, particularly the urban-dwellers According to United Nations (2014), the global urban populations have already exceeded the global rural populations in 2007 In 1950, it was reported that 70%

of world’s population are residing in rural areas and only 30% are residing in urban areas While in 2014, about 54% or half of the world’s population was reported to

be residing in urban areas and it is estimated to increase about 66% by 2050 It was also projected that the world’s population will rise from 3.5 billion (as of 2010) to

6.3 billion by 2050 (UN, 2014) In addition, as the world’s population continue to

double and to increase, the urban scenarios such as urban growth, expansion, and development also continue Due to increasing population and visible urban development which has been going on, land use change has become one of the main concerns worldwide

Land use and land cover change are the anthropogenic and natural changes employed on the natural land (Meyer, 1995; Steffen et al., 2004) Moreover, there are several studies about the land use and land cover change, as well as its

studies related to land use change in line with increasing human population are linked to climate change, urban heat islands (UHI), human health, pollution, and more to mention As mentioned in previous studies, urbanization is considered the most significant driver of climate change (McCarthy et al., 2010) and it is an example of human activity having influence on land use/land cover change which worsen the enduring impacts on climate system (Jin et al., 2005) Also, a late study

in China shown that urbanization in line with an increasing urban-dwellers has been slowly deteriorating their air quality (Xu et al., 2016) One study has also shown that it has a massive impact on the variation of the spatiotemporal patterns

of UHIs (Zhang et al., 2013)

By such threats to and changes in earth system induced by humans along with natural phenomena, the earth supporting systems such as environmental resources, water sources and cycles, air quality, and other earth supporting systems are all being affected by global changes These changes on the earth system by human-induced threats, in return, will have a direct and indirect consequences towards back to the human being (Steffen et al., 2004) Furthermore, land use and land cover change are both drivers, as well as the solution to these kinds of matter (Turner et al., 2007) With such studies and evidences, these can straightforwardly indicate that land use change is a big issue around the world that should not be neglected and instead should be studied continually, be focused on and put our full attention to

Meanwhile, Vietnam has experienced rapid economic growth during 1980s

to 2000s which had caused uncontrolled and intensive urban expansion, especially

in Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam (Vuong, 2014) In 2015, Vietnam has been reported to be rapidly urbanizing in terms of spatial and demography Correspondingly, urban areas in Vietnam have extended spatially at 2.8% particularly in the western and the northern side of the existing urban area of Hanoi (World Bank, 2015) In addition, rapid urbanization in Hanoi started after the Doi Moi Policy or the economic reforms or renovation that was adopted in 1986 by the CPV’s Sixth National Congress (JICA, 2007; Vuong, 2014) Since 1986 to present-day, it is noticeable that Vietnam’s economy has progressed and has been progressing Moreover, within 1975 to 2015, Hanoi’s urban population has grown from 1.4 million to 7.6 million people (GSO, 2014) In 2009, it was reported that

in the next 25 years, Vietnam’s urban-dwellers population will rise from one-third

to one-half having an average rate of 6% annually (Ministry of Construction, 2009)

Due to massive disturbance of the economic growth to the environment, the Vietnam government officially implemented a proposed “Master plan of Hanoi

2030, Vision to 2050” in 2011 (VIAP, 2011), which goal is to transform Hanoi into a smart city The HMP goals include banning of Vietnam’s main transportation, motorbikes, to combat pollution; upgrading network and railway system; and installing several environmental monitoring stations In order to achieve the HMP goal, some area of Hanoi will undergo in another spatial development which also means, the existing urban area will be expanded (Trihamdani et al., 2017) About 28% of natural land is expected to be converted

into residential area to provide accommodation for a total of 9.2 million people by the year 2030 (VIAP, 2011)

One of Hanoi’s districts, Nam Tu Liem, will be affected by the said Master Plan, which once was one of Hanoi’s suburban areas that was announced to be an urban area in 2013 (Hoang, 2015) By these happenings, Nam Tu Liem is expected

to be experiencing changes in land use Furthermore, to examine if land use changes certainly occurred in the district, land use change detection using Geographic Information System (GIS) tool and a short land use change awareness study were done

1.2 Background of the Study Area

Nam Tu Liem is also called as the South Tu Liem which is located in the west of the Hanoi central cities, its administrative boundaries are Thanh Xuan, and Cau Giay Districts on the east, Hoai Duc District on the west, Ha Dong District on the south, and Bac Tu Liem on the northern part (Figure 1.1) Nam Tu Liem is established by the government in 2013 under the Resolution No 132/NQ-CP which states the adjustment of Tu Liem district into two new separate urban districts: Nam Tu Liem District, and Bac Tu Liem District (Nhan Dan, 2013)

Tu Liem District was a rural area and it was then divided into two urban districts Tu Liem district covers a 7,562 hectares land with a population of approximately 553,000 Bac Tu Liem, which is also called as the North Tu Liem has an area of 4,335 hectares a with a population of nearly 320,000 The district contains of 13 wards, including Thuong Cat, Lien Mac, Thuy Phuong, Minh Khai,

Tay Tuu, Dong Ngac, Duc Thang, Xuan Dinh, Xuan Tao, Co Nhue 1, Co Nhue 2, Phuc Dien, and Phu Dien On the other hand, Nam Tu Liem, which is also called the South Tu Liem, has an area of approximately 3,200 hectares and has a population of approximately 233,000 (HSO, 2017) The district comprises of ten wards, including Trung Van, Dai Mo, Tay Mo, Me Tri, Phu Do, My Dinh 1, My Dinh 2, Cau Dien, Phuong Canh, and Xuan Phuong (Nhan Dan, 2013) In this study, Nam Tu Liem district will be the main study area, including the 10 wards and local self-employed workers of the district

In Ho Chi Minh, which is the economic center of Vietnam, has experienced rapid development spatially (Kontgis et al., 2014), and Hanoi, likewise is also now engaged with further spatial developments Meanwhile, in accordance with the Hanoi Master Plan to 2030 and Vision to 2050, Nam Tu Liem could be one of the central cities in Hanoi In previous years, a detailed construction planning of area

in Nam Tu Liem was announced in the public by The Hanoi Department of Planning and Architecture A total of 318,711 sq m (31.87 ha) space for trees, lake, public facilities, residential properties, and a commercial area was planned in the area of Me Tri Ward On the other hand, a total of 69,170 sq m (6.92 ha) was provided for the development of low-rise residential housing and garden houses Lastly, an approximately 19, 900 sq m (1.99 ha) will be covered by the development of commercial areas, which includes shopping malls, office, and service spaces These plans are expected to contribute for the Hanoi Master Plan

2030 and Vision to 2050 (Hoang, 2015)

Figure 1.1 Location of the study area

1.3 Statement of the Problem

Hanoi will continue to develop in the next years and is expected to become

a smart city with accordance of Hanoi Master Plan 2030 and Vision to 2050 With such spatial developments and plans in line with increasing population and urban-dwellers, it is evident that land use changes have already occurred and will continue to arise in Nam Tu Liem District These changes in land use will bring

Boundary

of Vietnam

both positive and negative impacts to the economy, environment, and society of Hanoi According to Japan International Cooperation Agency or JICA (2007), this intense urbanization is currently putting weight on the environment and society’s health and lifestyle, knowing that the environment is degrading continually with recurring environmental problems such as pollutions

At the present time, people that are living in urban areas noticeably have advantages that are not experienced by almost the people residing in rural area Besides, chances of employment and opportunities for business are frequently bigger in urban than rural areas and this is one of the major reasons why people move to and stay in the cities (Leon, 2008) Furthermore, workers and the society are a significant part of the whole progression of the world, which is one of the reasons why land use and land cover changes happen, in order to do good for the standard of living of people, as well for the country’s economy However, it sometimes takes a negative effect in some environmental factors which affect other sectors such as humans’ health, biodiversity, environment etc

1.4 Research Objectives

The aims of the research are to focus on analyzing land use changes detection in Nam Tu Liem District and have a short knowledge on workers, particularly the self-employed workers’ awareness towards land use change within the district In order to achieve this aim, following objectives will be addressed

1 To assess and analyze how the land use changes in Nam Tu Liem District within 2007-2017

2 To know the extent of local worker’s awareness regarding land use changes

3 To form a vision of what the individual wants their community to become

in the succeeding years

4 To find solutions and mitigations for the occurring issues brought by land use change

1.5 Research Questions

1 How does the land use of Nam Tu Liem District change overtime?

2 How does the land use in Nam Tu Liem change during 2007-2013,

2013-2017, and 2007-2017?

3 How aware the individual workers are towards land use change?

4 What are the feasible solutions or effective ways to minimize undesirable consequences of land use change?

1.6 Research Rationale

The study provides information about land use change and the awareness

of self-employed workers in Nam Tu Liem District This study is significant as it could provide additional information for the future studies and observation in the district Also, the study could contribute to the socio-economic and environmental impact assessments of the administrative projects in the succeeding years Moreover, this study could give a huge support for the implementation of policies and strategies for the land use planning not only in Nam Tu Liem District, but also for other areas of Hanoi and provinces of Vietnam

1.7 Limitations

Some limitations were faced in this study as follow: i) The study only focuses on the land use change in general and excludes the study about specific area types such as residential, commercial, industrial, reservoir, etc ii) Satellite images used in the study are not acquired in the same date due to cloud cover presence iii) The only Landsat data that has gap filling applied on is the Landsat

7 ETM+ which could affect the image classification for the year 2013 iv) In collection of land use change perception, language is the major barrier since not all Vietnamese people know how to communicate with English Also, some articles and books are all in Vietnamese language which makes research a bit challenging v) Time will also be a barrier; therefore, a quota sampling method is used in the study about awareness vi) Quota sampling is a biased sampling Thus, many important information could be missed, as the main focus of the study is only from the selected traits from the limited population vii) A strategic analysis was done in the study It includes only the univariate and bivariate analysis, in which does not include analysis of the relationship between variables, but only the major purpose is to describe, to summarize, and to find patterns of the data viii) The result of this study will not generalize the perception of the whole population of self-employed workers and individuals of Nam Tu Liem District

1.8 Definitions and Concepts

Geographic Information System: a technology that is capable of storing, analyzing,

organizing, and managing data such as satellite or geographic data which are then visualized into maps or 3D scenes

Land Cover: the bio-physical or natural earth surface structures of the land such as

forests, water, vegetation, etc

Land Use: the management of the natural and built-up lands which are used by

humans for agriculture, residential, recreational, government purposes, and other economic activities

Land Use Change: the conversion and modification of land surface regarding how

it is being used between different years

Landsat: a satellite that is operated by the United States government organizations

These satellites capture, gather, and transmit data about the earth’s topography or certain phenomena which are used for constructing images

or maps There are eight (8) satellites, and two (2) of those are still active which are the Landsat 7 ETM+ and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS

Remote Sensing: the process of monitoring, investigating, and collecting data of

the earth’s physical traits or phenomenon by the use of satellite

Self-employed workers: individuals who work for oneself and make a living from

it, which is also called a freelancer or a business owner

Urbanization: refers to the continuous growth and development of an area which

is induced by and a result of population shift, specifically from rural to urban

PART II LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Land Use Change

2.1.1 What is Land Use Change?

Land use and land cover changes are the extensive and rapid processes which are primarily induced by and a product of natural and socio-economic factors (Rawat & Kumar, 2015) These changes in land use and land cover could consecutively affect the surroundings (Turner & Ruscher, 2004) and people (Steffen et al., 2004; Turner et al., 2007) Moreover, land use and land cover are two related but different terms in Remote Sensing (RS) which are interchangeably used in various studies (Horning, 2004) Land cover refers to the bio-physical features of the earth’s surface, specifically the classification of vegetation, water, soil, and other land structures such as settlements Whereas, land use refers to the human ways of how the land is being used (FAO, 2000; Horning, 2004; Rawat & Kumar, 2015) Additionally, Meyer (1995) described land cover as the natural earth surface types, and land use as human-induced changes on and conversion of the natural land surface

Land use and land cover affect each other in a way around Land use distresses land cover, whereas land cover change may also affect the land use (Riebsame et al., 1994) Land cover changes that are induced by changes of land use may result negative impacts as it affects the surroundings, climate, and biosphere through converged biogeochemical processes, as well as the biodiversity, water quality, and land in general Nevertheless, these changes in land

induced land use change is also considered as an improvement and enhancement

to the land which brings positive influences (Riebsame et al., 1994; Meyer, 1995)

2.1.2 Importance of Land Use Change

In order for each and every nation and businesses to make choices and decisions, it is a requirement to have an essential knowledge about certain aspects such as land use change (Anderson et al., 1976) Land use change is a significant indicator to distinguish the human-environment relationships (Li et al., 2017) At the present, it is such a big challenge for every country to uphold and improve the economy and to conserve the environment and its resources at the same time (Manandhar et al., 2009) Moreover, as Manandhar et al (2009) stated, understanding land use change is significant, especially for environmental monitoring Thus, the nearly irretrievable ecosystem and surroundings will be avoided preferably Such challenges are the whys and wherefores understanding land use change and its impacts on urban environment (Li et al., 2017), also on the local, regional, and global scales (Manandhar et al., 2009) is indeed significant In addition, Aspinall and Hill (2008) have mentioned how effective and helpful land use change to natural resource management, particularly if reports are done over time He mentioned that timely land change report is a key to address the main sustainability issues effectively

Aspinall and Hill (2008) specified the different extent of reporting land use changes: areal change, transformation, dynamics, and prediction The areal change basically means the loss and gain of a target land over time On the other hand,

transformation is the pattern of conversion of one land to another Moreover, dynamics is the ratio of the transformations and its trends Lastly, the prediction which uses models to present change in land use and patterns in the future Also,

to address main land use change drivers, and to implement effective land use planning in the future

Land use and land cover change information and prediction are significant for the collection, preparation, and implementation of land use systems in order to provide and meet the basic society needs for living and welfare Correspondingly,

it is significant for understanding the influence of past and current policies, as well

as the existing drivers of land use change that might contribute in the future researches (Rawat & Kumar, 2015; Tran, H et al., 2015)

2.1.3 Land Use Change Detection using RS and GIS

Change detection is the procedure of detecting land and phenomenon modification by using remote sensing data and by applying RS techniques and methods (Anderson et al., 1976) Moreover, according to Anderson et al (1976), several studies and projects have already proven how effective RS and remote sensor data bases are for studying change detection, particularly in land use and land cover change mapping even in larger extent Furthermore, by its real time data acquisition, synoptic view, and repetitive reports, it could support the monitoring

of urbanization and other change detection studies (Belal & Moghanm, 2011; Kontgis et al., 2014)

During 1940s, using aerial photographs in 1930s and 1940s, a land use map for the entire United States was produced by Francis J Marschner He mapped land use from aerial photographs mosaics and compiled it (Anderson et al., 1976)

In 1970s, more RS data, satellite data, and applications for the data were introduced (Kontgis et al., 2014) Moreover, at the present day, with methods used in RS and GIS, land use/cover changes (LUCC) mapping can be done at lower cost, lesser time, and with greater accuracy (Kachhwala, 1985)

2.2 Land Use Change Factors, Impacts, and Mitigations

2.2.1 Major Factors of Land Use Change

According to Partoyo and Shrestha (2017), the land use change is influenced by a combination of several factors which is comprised of biophysical, social, economic, demographical, technological, and institutional factors Several factors will be tackled in the following sections

a) Biophysical factors

The land use can be driven by biophysical factors but do not necessarily driven by it directly These biophysical factors can only drive changes in the land cover which then affect the allocation of land use (Partoyo & Shrestha, 2017) Moreover, there are several biophysical factors such as soil type, topography, climate, and water quality and availability The land use can be driven by soil type and topography depending where the certain land and soil is suitable, whether if it

is for horticulture, pastoral, farming, agriculture, structures such as residential constructions etc Land use can also be driven by climate, water availability and

water quality which are mainly a factor for agriculture land use, as growing crops and irrigation are involved However, certain soil types which has a low potential and some locations which are not suitable to be used for a certain land use type necessitate additional inputs such as land preparation, fertilizer etc for that land to

be used and suitable (Journeaux et al., 2017; Verburg et al., 2004) In addition, some cases of changes in patterns of land use involves the irreparable lands such

as desertified land and forest land which are difficult to retrieve Choices made for these kinds of cases are sometimes conversion of such land into structures for it to

be beneficial (Verburg et al., 2004)

Moreover, Journeaux et al (2017) stated phenomenon such as climate change to be a future driver of land use change However, Zondag and Borsboom (2009) and Rutledge et al (2011) stated that climate change would not necessarily affect the land use directly; thus, it affects the biophysical factors which has an influence towards the land use changes The authors stated an example regarding how the climate change affects the hydrological cycle, which changes the patterns and distribution of water resources, as well as the water availability, infrastructure, and planning Moreover, they specified how climate change affects the mineral production which could also have an impact on the agricultural production through changes in nutrient cycling In addition, the effects of climate change on agricultural production varies through changes on temperatures, carbon dioxide concentrations, periods of rainfall and drought, and natural events The authors determined that due to such events, it could have a negative effect on productivity

of farms which can lead to land use alteration and land abandonment

b) Socio-economic factors

Urbanization and Demography

United Nations (2014) defined city as a persistent urban development having 200m between structure which draw more than 10,000 occupants Cities have a significant part on the world development which captivate individuals, enterprises, and culture (Singh, 2014) Also, it serves as home to half of the global population (Cohen, 2006; Kontgis et al., 2014) Nowadays, people move to and stay in the cities knowing much opportunities awaits in urban areas than in rural areas (Leon, 2008) An example of this is the rapid urban population in Nepal due

to migration of people from rural to urban (Gurung et al., 2012) The main reason for this is urban offers higher and better education, health facilities, services, and employment opportunities which rural is deficient of (Moore et al., 2003; Gurung

et al., 2012)

In the late 1950s, rapid urbanization has already turn out to be one of the worldwide issues and most of the developing countries are experiencing it (Elhadary et al., 2013; Roshanbakhsh et al., 2017) In the same year, one-third or 30% of the world population have already been residing in urban areas Whereas,

in 2014, about 54% of world’s population was reported to be urban-dwellers and

it is expected to increase about 66% by 2050 In addition, if birth rate would not

be controlled and just be remained constant, the global urban population is projected to increase up to 7.4 billion by 2050 instead of the 6.3 billion (UN, 2014) Based on ADB (2008), about 2% of the world’s land are dwelled by the cities, then make use of the 75% of its resources and generate waste at the same proportion

Urbanization reveals itself to be one of the major human-induced cause of land loss, habitat destruction, and environment degradation, specifically the natural vegetation (Kontgis et al., 2014) Moreover, urban areas have already been expanding up to the rural areas, creating urban-rural and peri-urban boundaries, which transforms the rural scenery and the communities’ life situation (Elhadary

et al., 2013), inducing changes in rural land use in some parts of the world (Williams & Schirmer, 2012)

Cities are often built close to the most productive and desirable natural resources, such as river, lake, and agricultural land As the city continues to expand, it rapidly occupies the natural resources which induces land use change, destroys habitats, threatens biodiversity hotspots, induces erosion and desertification due to deforestation, and puts food production at risk as agricultural land are encroached However, its landscape still may provide services and ecosystem goods (UNEP, 2002; Kontgis et al., 2014; UN, 2014) Moreover, such expansion in line with urban sprawl causes health issues, as it contributes carbon emissions associated with increased in rate of energy consumption, dependence on automobile, deforestation and land use change (Carr & Zwick, 2007; UN, 2014)

Individuals

The social value is one of the key factors that has a significant impact on land use change It includes aspects such as knowledge, ages, education background, experiences, expenditure, attitudes, preferences etc (Journeaux et al., 2017) Moreover, Zondag and Borsboom (2009) explains how a certain scenario

could directly and indirectly affect any type of land use An example given is how types of housing and location are being directly affected by the alteration in society’s lifestyle and how agricultural production and other economic activities are being indirectly affected by society’s values and perception, mainly due to prioritization of the governmental budgets

Technology

Technology has an influence on land use change, especially on developments in many sectors such as agriculture, land use planning etc These technology developments could intensify the agricultural productivity, as well as for the desalination of underground water It is really a big help for land use planning, especially in urban land use as technology could be used for developing policies for sustainable land use (Zondag & Borsboom, 2009)

Economy

Land use change is essential and significant for economic progress which makes economy to be one of the important factors that drives the land use change This economic factor is comprised of several indicators such as profit, capital, markets, and infrastructures Profit and capital are important in land use as these keep the economy work, also in the sense of land use conversions such as change

of agriculture or vegetation lands into urban settlements and structures (Zondag & Borsboom, 2009; Journeaux et al., 2017) Consequently, these changes, particularly of crop lands into settlements minimize the primary production and the critical mass of production needed by the agricultural economies in the industry

(Rutledge et al., 2011; Journeaux et al., 2017) It is continually being reduced as the most arable lands are also being reduced Moreover, in line with population increase, demand arises for manufactured products and services which will result

in demand for further urban land Furthermore, there are existing external economic drivers of land use change including commodity prices, market demands, global and local market developments and land value which are also influenced by several factors such as population and economic growth and government policies (Wu, 2008; Zondag & Borsboom, 2009; Rutledge et al., 2011; Journeaux et al., 2017)

c) Institutional factors

Institutional factors are the external drivers of land use change, which can

be categorized by different policy dimensions, such as scale level, including international, national and territorial; sectoral level, including spatial planning; and

by type, including financial, communications and instruments Future land use will not just be strongly affected by the existing land use policies, but also will be affected by the future policies (Zondag & Borsboom, 2009)

Land use gives a lot of benefits to economy and society; however, it often brings back the opposite to the environment which causes inefficient land allocation The inefficient land allocation keeps happening mainly due to an agreement between the private and public land use which are influenced by land use decisions and planning These land use decisions are sometimes only formed

by the economic costs excluding the environment, that’s why land use regulations

and policies between private and public plans must be balanced (Wu, 2008; Journeaux et al., 2017).

Moreover, a study by Partoyo and Shrestha (2017) in Yogyakarta mentioned that some regulations and policies related to land such as how restriction of prime agricultural land conversion This policy was introduced but there was no effective enforcement for it to be implemented which ended up not being recognized by people, especially by the farmers Therefore, to have an access

to the information, group meetings were done in Yogyakarta as it is an effective way for the society to be knowledgeable about new agricultural technologies and new government regulations and policies

2.2.2 Impacts of Land Use Change

Land use change is an important aspect of global change as it shows a significant interaction with climate, ecosystem processes, biogeochemical cycles, biodiversity, and human activities (Mamun et al., 2013) In the past periods, the earth’s landscape has been constantly being affected and altered by worldwide issues and challenges such as climate change, urban heat island, water scarcity, natural disasters, and resource conflicts, as well as human activities However, these alteration in land caused by such scenarios could also affect different aspects the way around which could have long-term costs (McCarthy et al., 2010; Brown

et al., 2014; Carr & Zwick, 2007; Arnfield, 2003; Maimaitiyiming et al., 2014;

Wu, 2008)

a) Environmental Impacts

Land and Agriculture

Urbanization in line with rising population has been one of the most significant processes that shaped and induced land use activities and has drawn a massive attention throughout the world (Mahamud et al., 2014) Moreover, due to migration, specifically from rural to urban (Gurung et al., 2012), land is being under pressure and stress particularly because of settlement construction (Abonyo, 2007; Yang et al., 2010) It is said that rising population has been considered to be accountable of declining agriculture lands (Belal & Moghanm, 2011) According

to Sorensen et al (2004) and Partoyo and Shrestha (2017), some of the cities in Asia are invading their productive lands such as agriculture spaces due to increase

of land demand and urban activities, correspondingly to provide accommodation for the increasing population which somehow affects the food production and security Also, in some developing countries, such as Bangladesh, China, India, and Vietnam, farmers are often forced by the state-led development and urban growth policies to sell their own cropland to the developers (Kontgis et al., 2014) Moreover, the rapid process of urbanization is primarily being induced by the shifts of agricultural to non-agricultural land uses, an example of this is urbanization in Malaysia (Elhadary et al., 2013) However, these alterations of land use such as reforestation, windfarms, and other economy uses frequently attract the people’s attention (Williams & Schirmer, 2012)

Furthermore, other lands in some places such as natural vegetation are being converted into agriculture, which affects the pattern of air temperature and surface

moisture in particular areas (Brown et al., 2014) In addition, some conversions of wetlands into agricultural purposes such as crop production and irrigation have caused extinction of wildlife species Although farmland offers open space and habitat, it may actually worsen the current ecosystem consequences particularly in coastal areas as irrigated agriculture influences the water cycle Likewise, such alteration of lands for farming and agriculture may also result in soil degradation such as erosion, salinization, desertification etc (Wu, 2008)

Water

Water is also being affected by alteration in land and land use Knowing that there are scenarios such as conversions of particular land type into agriculture purposes or other urban purposes, land use changes could indirectly affect the water Irrigation in agriculture has already been changing the hydrological cycle causing groundwater levels to deteriorate (Wu, 2008) Nitrogen leaching is also a challenge due to agriculture activities; though, leaching itself may not have a direct interaction with land use change but it has a direct consequence to the land use (Journeaux et al., 2017) These challenges in water cycle are a massive threat to the health, biodiversity of aquatic environment, as well for humans (Wu, 2008)

Forests

Forests provide many services to the ecosystem, as well for humans Forest serves as the habitat for the wildlife, it removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, provides clean air, obstructs precipitation and flooding scenarios, reduces soil erosion slows down surface runoff, provides livelihood for humans

etc However, forests nowadays are being converted into settlements and other urban purposes which terminate its benefits and value to human and wildlife Decreasing of forests contribute to the global warming as greenhouse gases are being trapped in the atmosphere, destroys habitat, affects the biogeochemical cycles causing more global challenges (Wu, 2008)

Atmosphere

Land use change has a serious connection in the land-atmosphere interactions as it influences climate at local, regional, and global scales (Pielke, 2005) Moreover, cities contribute about 75% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (ADB, 2008), as there is a maximum dependency of electricity and fuel usage on transport, industry, and daily human activities (Carr & Zwick, 2007; Singh, 2014) Some of the largest human-released GHGs are traced from deforestation and irrigation, and about 35% of carbon dioxide released from human activities are from land use/cover changes (Turner et al., 2007) Therefore, these prove that urbanization and changes in LULC are the main drivers of climate change (Arnfield, 2003; McCarthy et al., 2010) In line with climate change, some studies have shown that air temperature is getting higher in urban areas compared to rural parts (Arnfield, 2003) Moreover, a higher atmosphere and land surface temperature are observed in cities which are induced by a phenomenon called urban heat island (UHI) The UHI is a result of land alteration by urbanization which generate short-wave radiation (Maimaitiyiming et al., 2014)

The environment has been experiencing extreme problems brought by the impacts generated by the land use changes and human activities Some problems include the interruptions of species composition and distribution, flooding, mud slides, lessening production of food, deterioration of air and water quality which also influence the health of the society (UNEP, 2002; Maimaitiyiming et al., 2014;

Xu et al., 2016; Roshanbakhsh et al., 2017)

b) Socio-economic Impacts

According to Moore et al., (2003), there is a better opportunity in urban areas in terms of education, employment, business, and services specially in human health Moore et al (2003) continues that these opportunities may not be as consistently proficient as hoped as unemployment, and urban poverty are also common Also, urbanization may have better health facilities but the urban sprawl causes health issues (Carr & Zwick, 2007; UN, 2014) Moreover, Carr and Zwick (2007), Wu (2008) and Yang et al (2010) mentioned a land use reality which states that not only individuals are being affected but also how some regions are undergoing in a population decrease; how the society are being organized; and how they are experiencing social exclusion

Furthermore, conversions of land types such as farmland and forests into settlement may cause more opportunities for the individuals, it may also increase the economy of a country from industrialization, urban services etc However, these scenarios have consequences as open spaces and environmental conveniences and landscapes are being reduced This includes the reduction of

land spaces for food production affecting agricultural productivity and even the economic process (Wu, 2008)

2.2.3 Mitigation for Land Use Change Impacts

Cities in the less-developed countries are at the edge of irregular development (Yang et al., 2010; Roshanbakhsh et al., 2017) The rapid and unplanned urbanization in these countries is conclusively challenging for planners and managers (Yang Z, 2010) According to Sorensen et al (2004), some of the cities in Asia have inadequate open spaces and have poor urban infrastructures There are more people living in urban areas than in rural areas (UN, 2014) and that

is why cities need to be planned and be governed proficiently and effectively to encourage sustainable and favorable environment for work and living (Jusoh & Rashid, 2008)

Urbanization trends are associated with sustainable development and it threatens sustainable development by irregular development, or when policies are not well implemented to protect the environment and to justifiably share the benefits of urbanization to both human and environment (UN, 2014) Rapid and often unplanned urban growth is one of the main key factors that induce threats and issues to the cities (Moore et al., 2003; Roshanbakhsh et al., 2017) On the other hand, well-managed cities provide better service vicinity, environmental resource and service proficiency (UNEP, 2002) With urbanization having decent plan and governance, the increasing demand of land, especially for settlements concerning to an increase of population; cities will be able to facilitate economic

and social development offering mitigation opportunities for the opposing impacts

of consumption and production on the environment (UN, 2014)

There are some land use change options to mitigate its impacts, such as mitigating climate change and pollution Trees are a significant element for urban landscapes (Gurung et al., 2012); therefore, an expansion of forests and an increase

of green space patch of the city will greatly help in escalating the removal of carbon and enhancing the thermal environment While in some counties where temperatures are already high, climate change adaptation and mitigation benefits must be implemented by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and energy use (Brown et al., 2014; Maimaitiyiming et al., 2014)

Land that are used for new urban development should be change to the sites that are not too significant for food production instead of using the limited cultivated land (Belal & Moghanm, 2011) The agricultural management practices must as well be changed to increase carbon storage in soil (Brown et al., 2014)

There are some adaptation options for the occurring impacts contributed and induced by land use change These include the planning of vegetation and concrete arrangement to lessen heat in the cities (Brown et al., 2014)

Land use decision processes are influenced by the biophysical environment, economics, law, institution, technology, perceptions, and culture (Brown et al., 2014; Partoyo & Shrestha, 2017) Legislators, planners, and state and local governmental officials must have the information of the present and past distribution of land use to determine better land use policies, to plan greater transportations and utilities, to detect the future development for particular areas,

and to implement effective and efficient and plans for development regionally (Anderson et al., 1976)

2.3 Related studies on Land Use Change Worldwide

Several studies about LUCC detection was done successfully with the use

of RS and GIS technologies Yesmin et al (2014) conducted a study about LUCC detection with the use of Digital Image Processing and GIS analysis The study is conducted in Mirzapur union of the Gazipur district in Bangladesh, and a Landsat imagery for the year of 1989 and 2009 were acquired The aim of the study is to monitor and evaluate the spatio-temporal land use/land cover change patterns using the multi-temporal Landsat imageries for the past 20 years The study indicates a significant change in LULC, resulting a decreased in forest and water, and an increased in settlement and bare land These changes are said to be induced

by an unplanned urbanization and a population increase Similar study was done

by Rawat and Kumar (2015) which was conducted in Almora District, Uttarakhand, India for two different periods, 1990 and 2010 The results showed that vegetation become the major land use in the block due to afforestation within

1990 to 2010 However, the agriculture and bare land are decreasing due to

built-up land expansion Likewise, a study by Belal and Moghanm (2011) showed how urban sprawl and expansion reduced the productive and fertile agriculture lands in the Nile Delta in Egypt

Moreover, a study in Ssese Islands in Uganda resulted a land use change trend encouraged by agricultural investments and economy changes through

government policies The agricultural expansion primarily decreased the forest lands in Ssese Islands, particularly in one of its islands, Bugala Island Due to a project for oil palm plantation, forests and grasslands were being affected (Abonyo, 2007) Same scenario happened in Vientiane in Laos, forest and farmland were converted into built-up land, and some have been displaced by paddy field reclamation Moreover, paddy field reclamation takes in deforestation causing forests land to decrease However, village residents have taken this opportunity to make a living by transporting agricultural products collected from the forests(Okamoto et al., 2014) Meanwhile in Amboseli region in Kenya, there has been a significant change in pastoral resources due to reduction of grazing land for croplands cultivation and human settlements establishment (Kimiti et al., 2016)

2.4 Related Studies on Land Use Change in Vietnam

A land use/land cover (LULC) study was conducted by Tran, H et al (2015) in the Tran Van Thoi District, Ca Mau Province, Vietnam The study’s aim

is to determine the spatio-temporal dynamics of the land use/cover change (LUCC)

of the district over 40 years, using six different time periods ranging from 1973 to

2011 Satellite images in each year were collected, georeferenced, classified, validated and then compared to other time period Findings indicate that the coastal and rural district have shown altered patterns in terms of LULC since the end of the second Vietnam war Moreover, the result of their study indicate that all of the land types have altered over the 40 years having cultivated lands, aquaculture ponds and built-up lands altering the most compared to other LULC types The dominant land use type which is the cultivated land may have decreased but it

remains the dominant type in the study According to Tran, H et al (2015), this study in Cau Mau Province is just the first step to distinguish the major drivers of LUCC in the delta region, together with economic policies, and the changes in demographic, socio-economic, and environment

In addition, same scenario like the study of Tran, H et al (2015) happened

in Y Yen district, Nam Dinh, Vietnam within 2006 to 2014 that is conducted by

Le et al (2016); in Da Nang City within 1979 to 2009 conducted by Linh et al (2012); and in Ho Chi Minh City within 1990 to 2012 conducted by Kontgis et al (2014) Their findings shown that the non-agricultural land which is mostly built-

up lands has increased intensely The studies indicate that most of the built-up lands are mainly converted from the agricultural lands, water surface area, forest, shrub and bare land

On the other hand, there are also several studies about the land use change associated with its impact One of it is a study in Hanoi, which is a land use study associated with urban heat island (UHI) conducted by Trihamdani et al (2017) The study’s aim is to investigate the LUCC impacts brought by Hanoi Master Plan

2030, and Vision to 2050 (HMP) to the UHI The results showed that land use changes brought by HMP did not significantly induce the average air temperature

in urban area, which remains at the same level of 37°C However, the result indicates that it increases the number of hotspots and the night-time average temperature in new urban areas

2.5 The Land use and the Workers Interactions in Vietnam

The following paragraphs in this section follow the study of JICA (2007), unless stated otherwise

Adopting Doi Moi Policy in 1986 had boosted the migration scenario in Vietnam which assisted the job creation in the country According to the study, most of the poor people who migrate to urban areas are usually a temporary or low-paid worker in their local area and own provinces Furthermore, the study mentioned that most rural individuals prefer to migrate into smaller towns, while individuals from smaller towns prefer bigger towns and cities According to Leon (2008), people move to and stay in the cities because there are more opportunities awaits in the cities

In continuation of the report by JICA (2007), urban areas like Hanoi, have higher levels of safety, security and services associated with leisure, education, health and standard of living Also, it usually provides overall quality of society’s living standards compared to suburban and rural areas However, rapid urbanization put so much weight on people’s lifestyle, referring the worsening traffic congestion, deteriorating environment, and further impacts caused by continuing urbanization and changes in land use.

According to Tran, K C et al (2002) and Elhadary et al (2013), in order

to have good plans and policies for sustainability, and to avoid the several problems mentioned above, it is recommended to study the people’s perception as

it is effective technique in order to know, avoid, and solve the undesirable development issues and impacts