Bài viết khảo lược về sự tình phát ngôn nói chung và làm rõ một số đặc trưng của kiểu sự tình này. Đây là cơ sở bước đầu để có thể tiến hành những nghiên cứu đối chiếu về sự tình phát ngôn trong tiếng Anh và tiếng Việt.
Trang 1VE SV" TINH PHAT N G 6 N VA D A C TRITNG
ENGLISH U I T E R A N C E ' S STATE OF AFFAIRS AND ITS FEATURES
NGUYfiN THANH MINH (ThS-NCS; Hgc vifn Khoa hgc X i hfi) Abstract: Tfae paper auns to clarify theories of EngUsh processes m Unguists' points of view and speciaUze m utterance's stiitc of affairs hi English Especudly, the paper also mvestigates to define the specific features of utterance's state of affairs in English
Key words: process; utterance's state of affairs; sayer, target; receipient; verbiage
1 Djt vin de process), gui trinh hanh vi (behavoiral process), Trong ttil gidi vit chit m i ching ta dang S"^ "i"* dnh didn (mental process), qui trinh
sing, cd rit nfailu cic svr vit hiSn tugng dugc
thl gidi khich quan phin infa vio trong ngdn
ngft thdng qua thl gidi kinh nghiSm hay qua
nhin thftc cfta con ngudi Cic tic gii ggi tin
cic svr vigc dd bing cic tSn ggi khic nhau:
MAK Halliday (1989) ggi l i qui trtnh
(process), S.C Dik (1981) ggi Ii Stt linh (State
of Affairs - SoA), cdn Didp Quang Ban (2012)
goiddli^trtAe'
Trong trio Iuu ngft phip cfaftc ning, svr tinfa
cung nfau svr tinfa phit ngdn di dugc nhilu nhi
ngdn ngft hgc quan tim nghiSn cftu Svi tlnh
phdt ngdn trong tieng Anh ~ "saying" xuit
hiSn vdi tin xuat cao trong cic lo^i dien ngdn
V i cung di cd nhftng nghiSn cftu v l nhftng
vin dl HSn quan den ddng tft ndi ning trong
svr tlnh pfait ngdn, nfaung vin chua dugc
nghiSn cftu mgt cicfa chuySn biSt, cd hS tiling
Bii vilt cua chftng tdi li cd ging dl khio lugc
v l svr tlnh phit ngdn ndi chung v i lim rd mdt
s l die trung cfta kilu s\r tlnh niy Diy l i co sd
budc diu dl cd till tiln hinh nhftng nghiSn
cftu dli chilu v l SVI tinfa phit ngdn (STPN)
trong tilng Anh v i ticng ViSt
2 V l kilu svr tinh phit ngfin theo quan
dilm cfta ngft phip chftc ning
Zl Khii quit vis^ dnh
Dudi gdc nhin cua ngft phip chftc ning qui
tiMi v i II thuylt ngit phip chftc ning hS
ttiong, MA.K Halliday (2014) cfing di phin
cfaia cic svr tinfa tfai gidi tfainfa ba miln cfainh:
till gidi vit chit, till gidi tinh tfiin v i till gidi
cic mli quan h | trftu tugng Tuong ftng vdi nd
li siu kieu qui trinh: qui trinh vit chdt (material
quan hf (relational process), qui trinh tin tqi (existenliafprocess) v i qud trinh phil ngdn (verbal process) (tatmg bil niy, chftng tdi sS ding thuit ngft s\t tinh phit ngdn)
(Nguin M.A.K Halliday (2014,216))
K I thfta quan dilm cfta M.A.K Halliday vi M.LM Matdiiessen (2004) v l cich phin chia cic kilu qui blnh (processes) trong tilng Anfa, Hoing Vin Vin di luin giii v l cic kiiu qui trinh (types of processes) trong tilng Anh
Theo Hoing Vin Vin, qud trinh vdt chit tfivic cfalt li cic qui tirlnh fainh ddng, li qui trinh
bilu thj cho nhihig kinh nghiSm bSn ngoii, xiy ra xung quanh ta, trong dd "svr v$t xiy ra, con ngudi hay nhfing hinfa thl khic, divrc MSn
hinh dgng, hay lim cho chftng xiy ra" Qud Irinh tinh thdn l i cic qui ti-htti bilu tiij cim giic nfau l i suy nghT (thinking), yiu (love), muon (want), hi vong (hope), li bilu tiij cho
nhftng kuih nghiSm bSn bong, "gfai l;i nd, pfain ftng l«i nd, phin inh If i nd, v i mdt phin
li ^ thftc riSng biSt cfta tr^g thii tin tfi cfta
chftng ta" Qud Irbih quan h$ dugc xic djnh li
Trang 2qui trinh ton tfi, sd.hfhl v i djnh vj, "chftng ta
hgc dl khii quit hda - dl llSn hS ming niy vdi
ming kia cfta thl gidi kinh nghilm", li "kilu
qui trlnh phin lofl v i ding nhit" Qud trinh
hinh vi li qui trinfa till faiSn hinh vi tim shtti
Ii, nhu Ii khic, than, rin, cudi, Ihd, Qud
trinh tdn tgi l i qui trinfa giii thich die dilm
chuyin tic cfta svr faiSn faflu faay biln mit, nd l i
qui trlnh thl hlSn kinh nghidm bing cich thfta
lihin ring mgt vit hay mdt tfavrc tl nio dd tin
tfl hay xiy ra dugc thl falSn d dfng tinfa Qud
Irinh phdt ngdn li qui trlidi thl hiSn bing Idi
ndi, rihu li ndi, bdo, khuyen, phdt bieu, tdm
str, Theo Halliday, c i c qui trinfa niy tfO
thinh mdt vdng tidn khdp kin bilu thj md hlnh
kinh nghiSm
2.2 yi stf tinh phdt ngdn
Nhu di ti-hdi biy 6 ta^n, "qui trinh phit
ngdn li qui trlnh tfai faign liing ldi ndi, nfau l i
ndi, bio, khuySn, phit bilu, tim sir, " Ngoii
ra, qui trlnh phit ngdn cdn bao glm c i c kilu
trao dli ^ nghTa tugng tnmg khic nhau nfau
chi, ra hl$u, nhiy, \it Halliday di chl rd,
trong qui trlnh phit ngdn, cic mli quan fa|
tugng tnmg dugc thilt lip trong ^ thftfc cfta
con ngudi v i dugc thl hiSn dudi falnfa tiiftc
ngdn ngft, nhu l i svr phit ngdn v i thl hiSn j
nghia
Khdng giong nhu qui trinfa tinh thin v i qui
trlnh hinh vi, qui trinfa pfait ngdn khdng ySu
ciu tiiam till dift nhit Phdt ngdn the (scorer)
phii li ngudi hay tiivrc thl cd :^ thftc Theo ngft
phip kmh ngfaiSm cfta MA.K Halliday, dli
vdi cic kilu qui tiinh bong tilng Anh dil gic
Idi cfta svr tinfa phit ngdn phii li phit ngdn, tfte
"saymg", chft khdng phii tiiuit ngft phit ngfin
ndi chung (verbal); phdt ngdn (saying) dugc
djK tuong duong vS eip dd vdi dnh cim
deling), suy nght (thinking), tupng trung hda
(symbolizing),- Svr tinh phit ngfin cd tfil dugc
hilu li hoft ddng ndi ning, faoft d$ng phit ra
ldi ndi dl thl hifn i nghla, dl hao dli tfidng
tin gifta ngufti vdi ngudi
Theo Beverly Derewianka (2012, 29) tfd
"nhOng Irdi nghifm khdng chi dupc diin dgt
mdl cdch trtic dip mi cdn dupc diln dgt qua
hinh d$ng iftl ndi sau thudc v l nhflng gl mi Halliday ggi l i S g ttoh phit ngSn:
Aakfliail Deny fphinhtol I Plead (call
IW (trt
Explain (glii Mcb) (goi Reply IM)
Ciy DMc)
Stammer (ndi % ) Promise (hlla) Continue (ti^
(Iha) Murmur bim)
"TiET
Oa, Whisper (thl thim)
Claim (dii hii)
Ii»Ply(n8»*) Tell Olt, bto) Repoit(tu6ng
COng tiieo Beverly (2012), cd dil k chftng xem dgng tft dd ed tiiudc nfadm dgng tft ndi ning (pfait ngdn) hay khdng bing cich xem xdt xem ddng tft dd cd di kdm vdi nhflng tft nhu "tfiar, whetiiet", hoic Ii "what" nhu bong cic vl dvi sau (2012,30):
She prdmised thai she would come back She claimed that it was a plot
She explaked what had beat troublmg her She asked whether she could go home
Tuy nhiSn, dng cung chl ra svr kfaic biSt v l svr thtti cfta nhftng d$ng tft chl hinh d$ng ndi ning trSn dvra vio ngft cinh cfta ldi ndi
"context", nhu trong eic vl dvi sau:
'He screamed Ihat he was hungry': thudc
v l SVT tlnh phit ngdn (saying verb - saymg process
'The baby didn't stop screaming': thudc v l
svr tlnh vit cliit hay svr tlnh hinh vi (action/behavioural verb-process of material/befaaviour))
Mdt quy dinh nfta dd l i xem xdt dgng tft
niy cd ngttdi tiip nhdn (receiver) hay khdng
Vidvi: She promised Aim ; She explained to
her mother ; She a^ed the teticher,
Theo Graham Lock (1996, 1I6),1 svr tinh phit ngdn dugc diln dft bdi nfaitaig hinh ddng
ndi ning nfau '.say, ask, tell, reply, suggest
Tfaeo Rivka Shemesh (2012) tatmg bii vilt
"About "Speaking" that is not "saying": a Survey ofyerbs of speech productiorT, dd "Svt
tinh ndi ning (phit ngdn) li nhftng svr tinh cd chfta hinh ddng ndi "saying", dd l i fainh ddng
Trang 3ngufri n6i tdi ngii6i ng^e trong mpt hofit d$ng
giSo ti^p S^ tlnh ndi nfing bao ghm m$t so
y^u t6 nhu: phiit ngon the (the addresser), t i l p
ngdn t h l (the addr^see) Ngon ngO' n6i vk m$t
s6 d$c dilm v l chu c&rih khdc nhu myc dfch
cua h^nh d$ng n6i nfing, tr^ng thfii cCa giao
tiep mfi hfinh d$ng n6i nfing d6 dup'c t h l hi^n
Tit nhOng trinh bfiy nhu trfin, thl s\r tinh
phfit ngdn (STPN) phfii du^c hilu lfi ho^t d$ne
ndi nfing ho^t phfit ra ldi n6i cOa con ngu6i w
bilu hi$n y n^Ta, de trao doi thdng tin Dd !fi
hofit ddng bfing ngdn ngtt cua con ngu6i khi giao tiep
3 E>$c t n m g cua s y tlnh phfit ngdn Theo Graham Lock (1996, 116): Sv tinh phfit ngdn (STPN) phfii cd d^c trung nhu: thudng phfii cd m$t Iham t h l , ngudi ndi (the sayer - Phfit ngdn Ifai), vfi trong h i u h i t cfic
tnrdng h(7p cd thfim s\r t h l hi$n cia cfii dupc
ndi ra (the saying - Ngdn thl), Thfim vfio dd, trong nhilu m$nh d l cua sv tlnh phfit ngdn cd m$t tham t h l mfi Idi ndi hudng tdi, dupc gpi Ifi
t i l p ngfin t h l (the addressee) Vf dy:
Sayer Saying sayioHPro Saying
Pftilosopkers of science
Sa^r
have lately been explaining
sayinf! pro
that science is about cmrelating phenomena
SayuiR
Kfv uncle
Sayer
told
Saying Pro
Me
Addressee saying
to bring the table back?
Graham Lock (1996, 1 I Q dfi dua ra md hlnh v l cdi ducrc ndi ra (the saying) vd tiip ngdn thi
(the addressee) trong s\r tinh phfit ngdn nhu sau:
Say tell talk
Saying Quote
( • " )
Reported statement
(rAor clause)
Repotted question
(iPwIt clause)
Reported offer or directive
(to + V clause)
Repotted offer or directive
itital clause -t- modal)
Addressee Object
Prepositioaal Object
(10)
ask reply
<
•1
^'
V
V
V
V
•1'
V'
•f
rec
•1
uest
V
•1
•1
V 'J
V
persuade
V
^
V
V
wam
•1
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
<
•1
V
V
•1
1 Say can report both offers and directives, for
She said Ihat she would do It (offer)
She said that I had to leave, (directive)
2 Again, tdi can report both offers and directives, for
She told us that she would do U
She told me that I had lo leave
3 The Addressee ts normally an obligatory
participant except whenlheSeg^ is a label, for example:
He alweiys tells wonderfid stories, (mtndafid stories is
a label)
4 Only when combined with a label, for example:
5 For example, sentences like:
He asked that we should not say anything about It These are less common Ihan to+ V clause reported directives, such as:
He asked us not lo say anything about il
6 Only when combined with a label, for example:
He asked a question to the whole class
7 Very restricted Note that sentences like: She requested whether It would be possible to extend the deadline
Could also be interpreted as directives (asking fa-permissiot0
8 Normally an obligatory partlc^xoit in all conUnt
Trang 4Tfaeo Graham Lock tiU mdt STPN ngdn cd
die tnmg CO bin, dd Ii phii cd bin tham thl
Bin chdl cia cdc tndi quan h4 khdc nhau
cua cdc Iham the STPNTA theo MA.K
HaUidm (1994) tiivrc chit li vl|c tic gii khii
lugc vl cic fliam till taxing STPN nhu Phdt
ngon the (PNT Sayer), Tiip ngdn the (TNT
-recipient), Dich ngdn thd (DNT - target) vi
Sgdn thi (NT - verbiage) Dong dinh vi chit
chS vdi chu cdnh: vdn de li ndi dung cii dugc
ndi ra trong hinh ddng phit ngdn Nd cd thl li
dl tid, li chft dl cfta NT cftng cd dil li ndi
dung cfta NT
Vidy:
Vidy:
She
PNT
told
QT: phfit
ngdn
John
TNT
to stay at home
Chu cfinh:
vdndl
(1994,133) M.A.K Halliday cho ring, cftng v6i fllinfa
tl ldi li Vi td phdt ngon (VTPN) till STPN
phii cd bin diam till: Phit ngdn till (PNT
-Sayer), Tilp ngdn till (TNT - recipient), Dich
ngdn till (DNT target) vi Ngdn till (NT
-verbiage) Nhu viy, trong val trd li 131, li Idm
diem td chtic ciia cdu, ylu tl ngdn ngft (Ddng
ttr ndi ning) tiivrc hi^n chftc ning Vj tl trong
STPNTA ddi fadi phii cd bin tiiinh tl tiiam
gia cftng vdi nd trong ciu
Matthiessen (1995, 281) di lift kd vi Iim
rd cic tham thl trong svr tlnh phit ngdn "MOt
hinh ddng phit ngdn tiiudng bao glm (i) mdt
ngudi nio dd hay m§t "ngudn tupng trung;'
nio dd phit ra ldi ndi dugc ggi Ii Phit ngdn
till (PNT), (ii) k* "^P "^ P*"*' "S^" ^ ^
ggi li Tilp ngdn till (TNT), cii dich mi hinh
ddng phit ngdn hudng hM dugc ggi li Dich
ngdn till (DNT), cii dugc ndi ra hay tdn ggi
cfta phit ngdn dd dugc ggi Ii Ngdn till (NT)
Khi dugc diln dsit trong ciu, nim fliinh to
cfta STPNTA cung dugc hi$n Uiyc hda, hiy
ring cung cd lftc, do ngft-cinh, do tlnh hulng
faoic do nhilm vy flidng bio mi mdt hay mdt
sl thinh tl tt«n bj tlnh lugc di Tuy nhidn,
fliJnh tl bj tinfa lugc ludn ludn dugc gii djnh
trong i nghla cfta V) tl, trong clu trftc nghla
He PNT
said VTPN
loudly CSiucinh They
PNT She PNT
told VTPN stioke VTPN
Me DNT French DNT
so Chu cdnh tome TNT
He PNT
o r d e i ^ VTPN
two beers
NT
(Hoing Vin Vin, 1999,35) Trong nhftng vl dy ti*n, khdng phii tit ci cic thinh tl diu xult fai^n trong ciu, cic thinh
t l khic cd till khdng xult hidn hoic dugc thdi lugc Vi?c tinfa lugc cic thinh t l trong hoin toin chlpb nhin dugc nlu nd dugc ngft cinh cho phip vi dip ftng du<;c dich cfta hinh d$ng phit ngdn
Tft diy nhftng phin tich ta^n, cd till khing
djnh: sd lupng thdnh td chinh, cdt ldi trong STPNTA gdm ci ndm thanh td (PNT, VTPN, TNT, DNT vi NT) Die dvng vi s6 lupng thiiih td chinh trong stf tinh phdt ngdn tiing Anh cBng chlnh li die tnmg ddu tien cia STPNTA.'
Ve mjt fahdl tiiftc, cung tiieo M.A.K Halliday (1994) vi Matthieussen (1995) till, mdt qui binh (sy thdi) phit ngdn diln fainh cd thl dugc trinh biy bine clu trflc dirdi diy: PNT + »(r flnh: phit ngdn (VTPN)+ TNT + NT + DNT
TrorTg ciu tiHc nghia, Vj to (VT) li fliinh tl lim ndn die trung cfta sy thih phit ngdn tilng Anh Thyc tl, tiiinh phin tiiyc hi?n vai ti* Vj
t l phit ngdn (VTPN) tirang cau tilng Anh lit
da d?ng nhung cd thl ndi khii quit ring: VTPNTA phii li nfaftng don vj ngdn ngft c(5
ndt ngfala phdt ra thinh lieng Ihinh Idi di diin dgt mpt ngi dung nhdt dinh trong giao
liep Nhu vJy, dli tiigng fliam gia lim vi tl
(VT) cho STPNTA tk phong phft, bao glm:
(1) nfaftna vj tft mang nghla gdc li nghTa ndi
ning kieu nhu nii (say), bio (tell), bdo
(inform), vi (2) nhftng ylu tl ngdn ngft vln
khdng cd nghTa goc Ii nghTa ndi ning nhung
Trang 5tiong ngft cinh cho pfadp ndt nghia ndi ning
dugc phit Ig.Vl dy:
"I couldn't help him buzzmg," Scarlett
shrugged negligentiy (Lim sao cin
dugc?Scarlett did o nhin vai) (Gone with the
wuid, 7)
"Shrugged" (nhftn vai) vln li v\ tft hinfa
ddng vit li (co hai vai ldn rll hft xulng, td ^
ng^ nhidn, mia mai); nhung trong vi dy trdn,
nd di dugc dftng vdi ngfala chuyin, ngfaia cfta
vj tft ndi ning
vi tham thi trong str linh phdt ngpn, xult
hidn taong "clu tiftc cit ldi" cfta STPNTA cd
bin diam Oil nhu di din PNT li tiiam Oil cd
quan h$ die bilt vdi VTPN, nd li mdt tiiyc till
cd khi ning pbit ra ldi ndi, thdng fliudng PNT
li ngudi.TM* li fliam till tilp nfain phit ngdn
do PNT phit ra, li ngudi tilp nh$n m$t ldi ndi
DNT li cii dich (K hinh ddng phit ngdn
hudng tin Trong STPN, PNT fliyc hidn hinfa
ddng phit ngdn vi tic ddng bing ldi ndi tdi
diam dll khic - DNT DNT dugc tich ridng,
khdng tiling vdi TNT nfaung trong nhilu
tiirdng hgp DNT tiftng vdi TNT VI dy:
She said to me (Cd ly di ndi v(A tdi)
Trong till dy tifn, •Hdi" li dich mi hinh
ddng "noi" hudng tdi, nd ding thdi cung li
ngudi tilp nfain Idi ndi Nlu fainh ddng "luii"
d ti€n dugc thvic hi|n ft noi cd ddng ngudi thl
nhung ngudi chftng kiln fainfa ddng ly li
TNT
Cdn NT li "cii dugc ndi ra", cftng cd kfai li
ggi tdn cfta hinh ddng phit ngdn VTPN vi NT
li hai thinh t l fliudng khdng flil thilu taong
clu tiftc cua ciu bilu faidn STPNTA Tuy
nhien, cung cd khi clu true cfta ciu bilu hidn
STPN chl cd mdt fliinh tl - fliam flil NT Dilu
niy cd li do cfta nd, bdi vl khi mdt ho{it ddng
phit ngdn dugc flivrc fai|n bao gid cung cd "cii
dugc ndi ra" Dd cUnfa li NT Dpig niy phi
biln taong dll flio^, dd li cic Idi flioai lidn
tilp cfta cic nhin vit
VI dy sau diy si chl id cic thinh tl taxing
STPN ydi chftc ning ngliTa cfta chftng:
PNT VTPN DNT TNT
rit tit
bv«-NT
'm always
ludn tudn
you my
fijends:
vdi l>an
"You are so kind"
Muhammad Rayhan Bustam, S.S, (2011) Tft nhftng phin tich tifn, cd till tit ra kit
luin ring dgc Irung thti 2 cia str tinh phdt ngfin tiing Anh li die chuc ning ngUd cia cdc thinh td Irong sfc linh phdt ngdn
Nhftng tft ngit chl cich tfaftc ndi ning cd mang ndt ngfala cfaung li thl hidn cich thftc ndi, cich tiiftc t«o ra ldi ndi STPN li mdt sy tinh d$ng, mdt svr ki^n ddng - phit ra ldi ndi, phit ra im tiianh ndn STPNTA cd khi ning kit hgp mi^t cich ty nhidn, tfaeo tin sl cao vdi cic tft chi im thanh, die bl$t li cic tft tugng
dianh nfau: Idm bdm (mouth), cin nhdn (grumble), lip cdp (chatter), ngdm nga (faitame), gdin Hn (snap), bit lu bit loa
(blubber), ldm rdm (mumble), Ihl Ihdm (whisper), xi xio (buzz), la lin (roar), ciu nhiu (grunt), loang lode (quack, gable), gdm gil (grow^, la hil (squeal, xdm xi (mutter), bi
bd (prattle), Ii6i deh khic, VTPN cd khi
ning kit hgp vdi tft chl im tiianh, tilng ddng.Diy li m^t die dilm ridng bidt cfta kilu
sy tinfa pfait ngdn - lUc dvng khd ndng kit hpp cia vi id trvng str Otfi phdt ngdn vdl li cM cdch thuc ndi n&ng Hi chi dm thanh, tiing
dpng VI dy:
Hie citiwd roared its approval ( D M ddng Mr tin ti sir
ding dob) (TU diin Anh Vltl, 1973)
*lf we can get started.' Cowan snapped (Standing in
another man's grave, 7)
Die thdl niy trong STPNTA dugc till hi|n qua cic tft tugng flianh vi cd thl dftng lim VTPN tiiay cho DTNN, dflng hon li bin fliin ndt nghia ndi ning di cd trong cic tft tugng thanfa tiiudc nfadm niy Vi dy:
He grunted something about being late and rushed out (H&I cm nliin d i ^ gl dd vi v l ^ bj M v i v$i vfi ra ngofti)
(Tir diin OxfiMd Advanced Learner's Dictionaiy, 688)
T h i s ia boring," Dudley moaned (Tlift Ifi nhfim chfin" Dudley rin ri.) (Harry Potter and die Sorcerer's Stone, J.IC
Rowling)
Cftng vdi cic dJc taimg tadn, ndt khic bi^
CO bin lim ndn die tnmg cfta STPNTA cfahdl
Atiickcic logi Knh stf linh khdc nhau diu d Uii ndng dupc di cdp, phdn dnh "dua" vdo Slf Unh phdt ngdn vdi cuang vi ngdn thi; Ndi
Trang 6ca cdc lo^i hlnh s\r tinh kh&c nhau trong thl
gidi kinh nghidm Hay ndi cdch khdc, d STPN,
cii d\Kfc phdng chiiu, "cdi dupc ndi ra" c6 th^
thu^c cdc mien khdc nhau Vf d^:
- "And theyVe already selected your wile," Tracy
guessed C^& hp da IgB ch(^ du^c vp cua b^n", Tracy dvr
doin) (If Tomorrow comes, 8) (NT thu$c sv tlnh v^ chit,
tAc hinh d^)g)
- Jncy said "I love it" (Tracy nfii, "tfli yftu nfi^ (NT
thuflc sp flnh tinh tii&n)
- She wildly hlnrted ou^ "Giaries, Fm pregnant" (Ntog
(tt thAt ien, "Charles, em <tt cd mang") (NT thuflc svr tlnh
qua hfl
- Tracy said, "Charles says it doesnt matter." (Tracy
cho biit, "Charles i)6i khflng vJn Ai gJ.) (If Tomoirow
cones, 8)
V^ bdn ch^t, STPN Id sv thih "k6p" ghm
STPN vd s\r thih ndo d6 (thudc NT).STPN Id
s\r tlnh ldn, cd thS bao \xian Ign cdc s\r tinh
khdc; s\r thih thu^c NT Id s\r tlnh nhd ndm
trong sv tinh ldn dd.T^t cd cdc lo^i hlnh s\r
tlnh khdc deu cd khd ndng xuit h i ^ trong
STPN trong vai NT D$c tnmg ndy chi cd 6
STPN
4.K^tlu$n
%\f tinh phdt ngdn ti^ng Anh Id m$t hudng
nghi€n cfhi mdi theo khuynh hudng cila ng&
phdp chik ndng (h$ th6ng) md tidn phong Id
Halliday, S.C Dik vd Given Theo ngQ- phdp
kinh n ^ ^ m cOa M A K Halliday, d6i vdi cdc
kiSu qud trlnh trong ti^ng Anh thl g6c idi cda
stf tinh phdt ngdn phdi Id phdt ngdn, tdc
"saying" S\c tinh phdt ngdn cd thk dugrc hieu
Id hofit ddng ndi ndng, h o ^ d$ng phdt ra ldi
ndi di thl hi$n ^ nghta, de trao d6i tiidng tin
giOa ngudi vdi ngudi, Ichdng bao gom hdnh
ddng suy nght bdng ngdn ti^ S\r tinh phdt ngdn
ludn cd nhQng ndt (%: trung rieng bi$t, khdc
vdi nhihig kieu sv tlnh khdc trong ti^ng Anh
Trong m0t s\r tinh phdt ngdn, cdc thdnh t6/
tham thS tham gia vdo hofit ddng phdt ngdn
dagc gpi Id phdt ngdn th^ (sayer) - Id tham th^
dua ra phdt ngdn, ti^p ngdn thS hay tiep thfi ldi
ndi (receipent) - Id tham thi tifip nhan phdt
ngdn, dich ngdn thfi (target) - Id tham till md
phdt ngdn/ ho^t d^ng ldi ndi hudng tdi vd
ngdn thfi (verbiage) - Id cdi dugc ndi ra Hon
nOa, sv tinh phdt ngdn cdn cd khd ndng kfit
v ^ vdi cdc tir chi fim thanh, tifing d$ng, ddy Id
n6t d^c trung khdc bi^t cua sv tinh phdt ngdn Ngoai ra, sv thih phdt ngdn cdn cd khd ndng
"chiia" cdc sv tlnh khdc bfin trong nd Nghidn c6u vfi sv tinh phdt ngdn cung nhu nh&ng ndt d$c trung cda kifiu sv tinh ndy Id mdt hudng di mdi, do dd s6 cd nhfhig khd khdn hhSt dpih trdn con dudng di tim ra nhQng cdi gi6ng vd khdc nhau gia tifing Anh vd tifing V i ^ vdi kifiu
l o ^ sv tinh ndy Do dd rSt c4n sv tham gia, ddng gdp cda nhieu nhd khoa hpc
T A I UpJ T H A M K H A O C H I N H
1 Annt Wieizbicka, English speech act verbs
Austnilia National University: Canbma
2 Dik, S C (1989), Pte themy ttf fimctional grammar Part I: The structure ofthe clause Foris
Publications Dordrecht
3 Givdn, T (1993), English grammar Vol.1
John Benjamins publishiiig company, Amsterdam/ Philadelphia
4 HaUidsy, ItlA.K and Christian M.I.M
Matthiessen ^004), An introduction to fimctional
grammar, ^ ed Edward Arnold
5 Bevraly Derewianka (2012) A new grammar companion for teachers 2nd ed National Library of
Au^ralia Cataloguing-in-Publication
6 Graham Lock, (1996), Fimctional English
Grammar - An Introduction for second language
teachers Cambridge University Press
7 Difp Quang Ban (2012), N^ph^ tiing VI4t Nxb Gido dif.c
8 Cao^ufln H ^ , (2004), Ti4ng Vl$t sa thdo ngttph^ c/iuc ndng, Nxb Gido dye
9 Nguyin Thj Quy (1995), K/ tH hdnh d^ng
tiing Vi$t vd cdc tiiam td cua nd Nxb Khoa hpc Xd
hdi
lO.NguyIn Vftn Hifp (2006), Ngft nghta hoc ddn
ludn (d(ch tii: Lyons, J (1993), Linguistic Semantics
- An Inavduaion, Cambridge University Press), Nxb
Gito dye
Il.NguyIn Vfin Hi§p (2012), Ca sd ngtt nghta
phdn tich d6ph^, Nxb Gido dtfc
I2.Ho4ng Vfln Vto (2005), Ngfi phdp kinh
nghidm cda cti tiing VI4t, md td theo guan diem chdc
nSng h$ thdng Nxb Khoa h^c Xfi h^i, Hd Ndi 13.Hotog Vto Vto (2001), D&i ludn ngft fMp chdc ndng (djch tCr: M.A.K Halliday (1998), An
Introduction to Functional Grammar), Nxb D^ hpc
Qu6e^HdN$i
14Jt4artin, JJL (1985), Systemic Functionai
Linguistics ^and an Understanding cf mitten texts
Department of Linguistics, University of Sydney