Mud'n danh duoi quan xam ludc, xay dUng dat nude thi phai doan ket toan dan, bdi vay, doan ket dan toe vita la phUdng tien de xay dung va bao ve To qudc dong thdi ciing la tinh hoa cu[r]
Trang 1Tir CHU NGHIA YEU NlfdC TRUYEN THONG
DEN CHU NGHLA YEU N U 6 C HO CHI MINH
NGUYEN HUNG HAU'
Tu trade den nay chiing ta da noi nhieu ve chu nghia yeu nude, nhang nude la gi? The nao la yeu nUdc, chu nghia yeu nude Viet Nam gom nhOng noi dung gi? Nhiing van de n^y hau nhu ehiing ta con it ban den
Khai niem "nUdc" la thuan tuy cua ngUdi Viet va c6 til rat
xa xUa, CO le tif thdi ngudi Viet chuyen iii sSn ban hai lurtm
sang chan nuoi trong trot Mot so hoc gia cho rAng Viet Nam
la mot trong nhijrng trung tarn trong lua nude d^u tien tren the gidi Da trong lua nUdc thi cung vdi "d^'t", "nUdc" trd
thanh yeu to quan trong hang d^u v^ til do "nUdc" du^c
chuyen sang nghia bong chi dat nUdc, To quoc, giang sdn non song Dieu nay c6 ly bdi le eu dan tren sa mac ho khong
bao gid dung "nudc" de chi To quoc cua minh Tii nay c6 le xuat hien sdm hdn nhieu so vdi txi "thuy" dUdc du nhap til
Han sang
NgUdi Trung Hoa de chi nUdc ho dung tir "Quoc" v^ din
vdi ho theo Ton Trung Sdn chu nghia gia toe tong too cao hdn chu nghia quoc toe quoc gia Con d Viet Nam nUdc dAt
• Pho giao sa tien sy triet hoc Vien Triet hoc
Trang 2len cao hdn het thay, tren ca dong ho, gia toe, nhat la khi cd
giSc ngoai xam NhU vky, ta va Trung Quoc cd hai cong thiic
trai ngUdc nhau
Trung Quoc: Quoc (nUdc) < Gia (nha)
Viet Nam: Nudc (Quoc) > Nha (gia)
6 Viet Nam, quoc gia, dan toe deu hinh t ha nh tUdng do'i
sdm, do do, tinh t h a n dan toe, y thijfc cong dong dan toe cung xuat hien kha sdm Tinh than dan toe nay phat trien thanh tinh than yeu nUdc va chu nghia yeu nude
Nghien etiu tit "nUdc" d Viet Nam, ta thay cd ed may noi
dung sau:
1 No chi thien nhien dia ly, manh dat, non song, giang sdn g^'m vdc, lanh tho vdi bien gidi, eUdng vUe rach roi, chi
dit nUdc
2 No con chi nhiing toe ngUdi va quan he giuta ho tren manh dat nay, cac bo toe ngUdi, dan toe va sU doan ket (c6' ket) giiia cac dan toe
3 Nd eon bao gom nhiing eon ngUdi; ngUdi dan, nhan dan, dong bao lam ehu tren lanh tho cua minh
4 Nd eon bao gom ca gia dinh, que hUdng, lang xdm xa hoi vdi nhiing thiet che chfnh tri kinh te ciia nd, rong hdn niia la giai cap, t^ng Idp, quoc gia To quoe vdi nhiing che do chinh tri xa hoi n h a t dinh qua moi thdi ky
5 Nd con bao gom ca nhiing phong tue, t a p quan, ngon ngii, truyen thong lich sU, rpng ra chfnh la van hoa
Ndm yeu to tren lien he mat thiet vdi nhau, khong tach rcJi nhau thie'u mot trong ehiing eiing khd cd the goi la nUdc Yeu nudc la yeu nhiing cai ndi tren trong sU tong hoa cua
Trang 3chiing va neu cd ke nao xam pham den nhiing cai do thi phai kien quyet chien dau de giii gin, bao ve chiing
Yeu khong chi hang tinh cam ma con b^ng ly tri, nhiing
la'y tinh cam lam cd sd NTiUng "chu nghia" lai nghieng ve ly
tri, ly tinh Yeu khong chi the hien hkng Idi ndi, chut viet, tho
van ma con the hien bAng hanh dong NhU v&y, chu nghia yeu nude la lay cai dao ly (dao nghia) yeu nUdc d tren l^m ehinh, cot yeu doi vdi moi ngUdi dan Viet Nam, nd the hien d tinh th^n va hanh dong san sang hi sinh, xa than vi nUdc, vi dan toe giong noi de bao ve dat nUdc
Vfty, Ho Chi Minh da khac phue nhOng han che nao ke thiia phat trien nhiing tinh hoa nao cua chii nghia yeu nUdc truyen thong de tren cd sd chu nghia Mae-Lenin, hinh th^nh len ehu nghia yeu nUdc Ho Chi Minh?
Trude het, ta xem nhiing han che cua chu nghia yeu nUdc truyen thong la d dau*^
1 Chu nghia yeu nudc truyen thong gSn lien vdi chu nghia yeu nUdc cua mot gia toe, mot dong ho, mot trieu vua tien bo
2 Trong ehu nghia yeu nUdc truyen thong cd khuynh hudng yeu nUdc chi bang Idi ndi, ngon ngii van thd m^ khong g4n vdi hanh dong, tao ra cai goi la khuynh hudng yem the, tieu cUc trong chu nghia yeu nUdc
3 Lai cd xu hudng yeu nude nghieng ve bao luc quan sU de danh duoi giac ngoai xam nhu Hoang Hoa Tham, Nguyen Thai Hoc
4 Cd khuynh hudng yeu nude muon danh dudi quan xam ludc nhung lai dua vao ngUdi khac, khong tU luc canh sinh U
Trang 4chinh nhu Phan Boi Chau Khuynh hudng nay, nhu Bac ndi:
"duo'i hiim cvfa trUde, rudc sdi ciia sau"
5 Cd khuynh hudng "y Phap e^u tien" tiic ehdng trieu dinh phong kien bao thu lac h$u, eai each ehi'nh tri, phat
trien kinh te, van hoa de tUdng dudng vdi Phap, t\X do lam cho Phap phai eong nhan tu ehu, binh dkng cua Viet Nam
Do la chu trUdng cua Tay Ho ma thUc chat la mong dich ru long thUdng
T^'t ca nhiing khuynh hudng tren deu la yeu nUdc song moi khuynh hUdng deu cd nhiing han che cua minh Vay, Ho Chi Minh da ke thifa va p h a t trien nhiing tinh hoa nao cua chu nghia yeu nude truyen thong
Trudc het quan niem yeu nUdc ci Ho Chi Minh eiing hoan to^n khac vdi truyen thong
Theo Ho Chi Minh, da la ngudi Viet Nam, da la con Lac chau Hong it hay nhieu ai eiing ed long yeu nUdc Cd the ed ngUdi vi nhat thdi ma quen nghia Idn, ehii nhin chung khong
ai lai khong cd long yeu nude Day la cai nhin mang tinh chat nhan dao cao ca va g^n gui vdi triet hoc phudng Dong cho ring trong moi con ngUdi deu cd ban the eiia vii tru, dong thdi day eiing la quan diem triet hoe uyen t h a m , sau sac Khong phai ai eiing cd cai nhin nhU vay va khong phai ai eiing nhin ra dieu do Quan diem "ai eiing cd long yeu nUdc"
da vUdt qua quan diem cua nhiing nha tU tUdng phUdng Dong va Viet Nam trUdc kia
Theo Ho Chi Minh, dan ta khong ehi cd long yeu nUde ma con cd long yeu nUde nong nan, dd la mot truyen thong quy bau cua ta Bac viet: "Dan ta cd mot long nong nan yeu nUdc
D6 1^ truyen thong quy bau cua ta Til xUa den nay moi khi
Trang 5To quoc bi xam lang thi tinh than ay lai sdi ndi, nd ket thanh mot Ian sdng vd cung manh me, to Idn, nd ludt qua moi su
nguy hiem, khd khan, nd nhan chim tat ea \u ban nUdc v^ Jii
cudp nude"' Nhu vay, d Bac long yeu nUdc eiing chinh la tinh than yeu nudc Ma tinh than trong triet hoe lai hau nhu triing vdi y thiic gom hai yeu to cd ban ehu yeu la tri thuc va tinh cam NhU vay, vUdt len tren cac nha tU tUdng trUdc long yeu nudc, tinh than yeu nUdc con bao gom trong dd tri thite chii dau ehi ed tinh cam ddn thuan
Truyen thong nay da dUdc lich sU ehdng ngoai xam cua ta chifng minh Va khong chi lich sU ma cuoe khang chien ehdng Phap eiing chiing minh hung hon dieu dd Bac viet:
"Dong bao ta ngay nay cung rat xiing dang vdi to tien ta ngay trude Tir cac cu gia tdc bac den cac chau nhi dong tre thd, tiJ nhung kieu bao d nude ngoai den nhiing dong bao d viing tam chiem, tir nhan dan mien ngUde den mien xudi, ai ciing mpt long nong nan yeu nUdc, giet giAc Tir nhung chien si ngoAi
mat tran chiu ddi m4'y ngay de bam sat 1^'y giAc dkng lieu
diet giac, den nhiing cong chiic d hau phudng nhin an de ung
ho bo doi, tir nhiing phu nii khuyen ehdng con tong quan va minh thi xung phong viec van tai, cho den cac ba mc chien si san sdc thUdng yeu bo doi nhU eon cua minh Tir nhiing nam nii cong nhan va nong dan thi dua t^ng gia san xuat khong quan khd nhoe de gdp mot phan vao cupc khang chien, cho den nhiing dong bao dien chu quyen dii't ruong cho Chinh phu nhiing cu chi cao quy dd» tuy khac nhau nhUng deu
1 Ho Chi Minh: Tuyen tap, t.l Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia Ha Npi IMO
tr 484-485
Trang 6giong nhau ndi long nong nan yeu nude"' NhU v$y, yeu nude khong chi la e l m siing duTng d tien tuyen true tiep tieu diet quan thu ma con t h e hien d nhiing cong vice cu the v6 ciing phong phu am t h i m dien ra d moi liic, moi ndi, d moi lira tuoi, nhung deu nham mot muc di'ch giiip cho khang chien mau ehdng den thang Idi Trong thU gUi cac chien sy tre quyet tU quan Thu dd, Bac cho rang tinh th^n tU ton tu lap cua dan toe - mot ph^n cua tinh than yeu nudc - la bat diet
Do dd, tinh than yeu nUdc, long yeu nude cua dong bao ta ciing la bat diet Theo Bac, tinh th^n yeu nude - nhOng cua quy ma chiing ta e^n phai nang niu, quy trong - ed khi ro rang, de thay, nhUng eiing ed khi an giau kin dao rat khd nhan ra Nhiem vu cua chiing ta la lam sao cho nhiing cua quy kin dao ay dUde dem ra trUng bay de ai ciing thay, bang
• each ra siie giai thieh, tuyen truyen, to chite, lanh dao de tinh than yeu nUde cua moi ngUdi deu dUdc thUc hanh vao edng cuoc khang chien Bac viet "Tinh than yeu nUde eiing nhU cae thii cua quy, cd khi dUdc t r u n g bay trong tii kinh, trong binh pha le ro rang de th^'y NhUng eiing cd khi eat giau kin dao trong rUdng trong hdm Bon phan eua chiing ta la lam cho nhiing ciia quy kin dao ay dUde dua ra trUng bay Nghia la phai ra siic giai thi'eh, tuyen truyen, to ehtte lanh dao lam cho tinh th^n yeu nUdc cua t a t ca moi ngUdi deu ditdc thuc hanh vao cong viec yeu nUdc, cong viec k h a n g chien""^
Day la mot van de triet hoc ly thii d cho trong moi con
ngUdi deu ed mot thii cua quy, do la ehu nghia yeu nude, la
I 2 Ho Chi Minh Tuyen tap, t l Nxb Chfnh tri Quoc gia Ha Npi 1980
t r 485 485-486
Trang 7long ai quoc Nd eiing giong nhu Phat tich trong moi con ngUdị NhUng neu Phat tich md hay to phu thupc vao miic dp cua tam doc, nd tUdng đi triTu tUdng; thi long ai quoc, theo Bac, eiing ed thé vi Idi nho ma nhat thdi quen lang nhung n6 tUdng đi cu thẹ Tinh than yeu nUdc d Ho Chi Minh khac han vdi tinh than "vi quoc" cua bon de quoc phan dong Nhu v4y, quan niem ve chu nghia yeu nudc d Ho Chi Minh
da ed bude phat trien mdi ve eh^t so vdi chu nghia yeu nudc trong lich sỤ Long ai quoc nay la cai von quy gia trong moi eon ngUdi, trong suot cuoc đi, la gia tri ben vOng v^ trUdng ton cung vdi con ngUdi, dan toe Viet Nam
V|iy, nhiing tinh hoa nao trong chu nghia yeu nUdc truyen thong dude Ho Chi Minh ke thiia phat trien len mot budc mdi tren cd sd chu nghia Mae-Lenin?
1 Chu nghia yeu nudc chan ehinh the hien ro nhd't khi c6 giac ngoai xam thi viec lam ếp bach trUdc het la danh duoi
quan xam lUdc Bdi vky, truyen thong danh giSc ngoai xam \k tinh hoa dku tien cua ehu nghia yeu nudc truyen thong m^
tu tUdng Ho Chi Minh ke thilạ Chinh vi khat vong giai phdng dan toe ma 21 tudi, NgUdi da phai ra di tim dUdngctru nudẹ Khi da cd cai "cam nang", NgUdi da xae djnh trd ve nudc, di vao qu^n chiing, thue tinh ho, to chiic ho, doan ket
ho ra dau tranh gianh lai tu do doc lap
Tii đ suot cuoc đi NgUdi da dan than vao sU nghiep ve
vang vd ciing vi dai đ NgUdi da xae dinh rd c^i bat bien luc nay la doc lap tu do, con cai van bien la nhiing sU kien, tinh hinh trong cac linh vUe, tren cac mat tran nhU chinh trị quan sU, ngoai giao, kinh te, van hoạ binh van d timg thdi diem, trong mdi thdi ky cu the, va phUdng cham cua NgUdi
Trang 81^: "Di bat bien iing van bien" Tham thia noi nhuc cua ngUdi dan mat nUdc, miit t u do, "cay dang chi bang ma't tu do", NgUdi da phat huy tinh th^n da'u t r a n h ba't khua't cua dan tdc, 'Tha chet t u do con hdn song due", "Chet trong con hdn song due'* Ddi vdi dan toe bi vong quoc nd thi eufu giong ndi
ra khoi nude sdi lua bong, giai phdng dan toe la cao hdn het thay, phai dat Idi ieh eua To quoc len tren het Ke tiep truyen thong "Nam quoc Sdn ha", "Hich Tudng si", "Binh Ngd dai cao", NgUdi keu goi toan quoc dutng day dap ach pha xieng:
"Hdn hai mUdi trieu con chau Lac Hong quyet khong chiu lam vong qudc nd mai", "toan quoc dong bao hay diing day dem siie ta ma giai phdng cho ta", "chiing ta tha hy sinh tat
ca chii nhat dinh khong chiu mat nude, n h a t dinh khong chiu l^m nd le"; "Chung ta tha chet khong chiu lam vong quoe dan", "Khong cd gi quy hdn doc lap tU do" NgUdi da nang each mang giai phdng dan toe len tam cao mdi bang each phat huy het moi kha nang tiem lUc cua moi eon ngUdi; hdn niia con gan each mang Viet Nam vdi each mang the gidi Hudng ling Idi keu goi cua NgUdi, toan dan toe Viet Nam da nhat te diing len t a p t a n chii nghia thuc dan Phap, giai phdng hoan toan mien Bae 1954 va giai phdng mien Nam thong nhat dat nude 1975, hoan t h a n h nhiem vu giai phdng dan toe, dem lai doc lap tu do cho dat nUdc
2 Mud'n danh duoi quan xam ludc, xay dUng dat nude thi phai doan ket toan dan, bdi vay, doan ket dan toe vita la phUdng tien de xay dung va bao ve To qudc dong thdi ciing la tinh hoa cua chu nghia yeu nUdc truyen thong Viet Nam Do dieu kien lieh su nude ta: phia Tay la biic TrUdng tha nh - day TrUdng Sdn, phia Dong va Nam la bien^ phia Bac la nUdc
Trang 9ludn cd y dd banh trUdng nen dan tdc Viet Nam mudn ton t«u budc phai doan ket vdi nhau Chinh vi doan ket ma chiing ta
da tao nen s\lc manh thang Han DUdng, Tdng, Nguyen,
Minh, Thanh Nhiing cau chuyen bo Idi ieh rieng ma nghi den Idi ieh chung bo mdi thu rieng ma nghi den dai cupc cua Dudng Van Nga Tran Qudc Tuan that vd cung xiic dong long ngUdi Phat trien truyen thdng doan ket la siie manh Ho Chi Minh eho rang doan ket la thang Idi doan ket la thanh cong
Doan kit, doan ket, dai doan ket
Thanh cong, thanh cong, dai thanh cong
Ho Chi Minh da ke thita phat trien truyen thong doan kft len mot tam cao mdi tren cd sd chu nghia Mac-Lenin d cho NgUdi keu goi doan ket khong chi giOa cac t^ng Idp giai c&'p, dan toe, ma eon doan ket vdi cac lUc lUdng tien bo phong tr&o each mang va giai cA'p vd san the gidi NgUdi cho rang hat nhan doan ket la hai giai cA'p dd la edng nhan va nong dan Tit dd trong titng thdi ky NgUdi lap ra Mat tran doan ket nham thong nhat lUc lUdng ea nUdc de dat den muc tieu chung
3 Mud'n xay dung va bao ve To quoc thi dieu cot yeu li phai dUa vao dan, bdi vay, la'y dan iam gdc la dudng 161 trj nudc dong thdi cung la tinh hoa cua chu nghia yeu nUdc
truyen thdng Tu tUdng la'y dan lam goc bieu hien vd cixng
phong phii trong lich sU, chang han "tren vang menh trdi, dudi theo y dan" cua Ly Cdng Uan, "Long dan khong chia, ca nudc gdp siic, giac tU bi bat" "Khoan thu sUc dan de lara k^ sau gdc ben r§" eua Tran Qudc Tuan "chd thuyen va l^t thuyen ciing la dan" "Theo y minh ma iic long dan tat d6l tram nam sau oan han" ciia Nguyen Trai, nUdc lay dan lani
Trang 10goc, mud'n giii dUdc nUdc can phai dUde long dan, hay mat nghin vang chd de mat Idng dan cua Nguyen Binh Khiem; long dan cd the xoay chuyen trdi dat cua Ngd Thi Nham;
NgUdi lam ehinh tri khong d\X(ic trai y mud'n eiia dan, phai
yeu cai dan yeu, ghet eai dan ghet eua Minh Menh
Quan niem ve dan cua Ho Chi Minh da cd thay doi ve chat Dan d NgUdi la nhan dan, quan chung, dong bao ma cong nong la ndng cot
Bac cho rang trong bau trdi nay khdng gi quy bang nhan dan Bac ndi:
"Nudc lay ddn lam goc
Goc CO vitng cay mdi hen
Xay Idu thdng Ic/i tren nen nhan ddn"^
6 day eiing mot cau ndi "Nudc lay dan lam goc" nhUng noi
dung khac han nhau Mot ben coi dan la ngUdi bi tri, thu
dong khdng ed sxic sang tao; con Bac cho dan la quy nha't, la
lUc lUdng vd dich, la ngUdi san xua't ra moi cua cai vat cha't
va tinh than eho xa hoi, la nguon sang tao ba't tan, la dong lUc cua lich sU Bac cho rang nhijtng sang tac cua nhan dan la nhutng vien ngoc quy Theo Bac, d l mUdi Ian khdng dan eiing chiu, khd tram Ian dan lieu cung xong Tit dd Bae ehu trUdng xay dung Nha nude ciia dan, do dan, vi dan Bac coi dan nhU nudc, each mang (che do) chinh quyen nhu thuyen, can bo nhu ca Dang la ngUdi cam lai, ehu nghia la tri khdn, la ban Bac eho rang cac ed quan eua Chinh phu tit toan quoc eho
1 Ho Chi Minh: Tuyen tap, t.l Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia Ha Npi 1980,
tr 37-57