Nghiên cứu tập trung làm rõ vấn đề tình thái hóa được thể hiện như thế nào thông qua các phụ ngữ tình thái trong năm bài phát biểu của các diễn giả nói tiếng Anh dựa trên quan điểm ngữ pháp chức năng hệ thống.
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QUA PHV N G f TINH T H A I TRONG CAC B A I
P H A T B I E U B A N G T I E N G A N H TJ^l L £ TOT NGHIEP:
REALIZATION OF MODALIZATION THROUGH MODAL ADJUNCTS IN ENGLISH COMMENCEMENT ADDRESSES: A SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS
TRlTONG x m A N H (Ths; Dfi hQC Ngo^i ngfr, B H Q G Hft N$i)
Abstract: M A K Halliday's Systemic Functional Grammar theoiy of modality is used to investigate the realization of modalization by using modal adjuncts in live English commencement addresses Modalization is realized through ten categories of modal adjuncts Among them, usuality Intensity, and time adjuncts are employed most frequently in the chosen speeches
Key words: modalization; modal adjunct; systemic fimctional grammar
1 DSn nh$p
NgQ- phdp chite nfing h$ th6ng (Systemic
functional grammar) ducc gidi thi$u iln diu
t^i Anh nfim 1958 vd sau dd tfii l)c nfim 1994
bdi Michael Alexander Kirkwood Halliday
(M A K Halliday) LI thuydt ngtt phdp chlic
nfing h$ th6ng nghi€n curu ngdn ng& trong m$t
m ^ g ludri h$ th6ng md ^ nghTa du^c t^o ra
didng qua sv nhfhig s}f l^a chpn c6 li6n h$
ch$t chg vdi nhau Thu§t ngtt chiic nSng dimg
dk ndi den quan dilm c&a Halliday vh v i ^ ^
nghTa cua ngdn ngtt chOra d^ng ba thdnh phm
siSu chfic nflng Id: y nghTia tu tirdng
(ideational), ngdn bdn (textual), vd lt€n nhin
(interpersonal) Trong so ba thdnh phin trgn,
si6u chute nfing liSn nhdn Id sy t h l hl^n ciia
vi$c lya chpn cdc cdng cy ngtt phdp cOa ngudi
ndi nhim tfto ra cdc m6i quan h$ gitta ngabi
ndi vd ngudi nghe Sy v|in dyng t^t si£u chiic
nfing ndy ciia ngdn ngQ s6 t^o ra cho ngdn bdn
cd dupc hi$u qud tfch cyc trong vi^c thi^t l$p
m6i quan h$ li€n nhdn phiic tfip vd da d^ng
giOB ngudi t ^ ra ngdn bdn vd ngirdi t i ^ nh|b
ngdn bdn Cdng cy ngD' phdp t^o ra m6i li6n
nhdn dd c6 the phong phfi song mdt trong
nhthig cdng cy hi^u qud nhit phdi ke den Id
tinh th&i (modali^) ndi chung hay tinh thdi
hda (modalization) ndi rieng
Vdi mong mu6n tim hlku vh si8u chite nfing
li€n nhdn, tdc gjd cfia bdi bdo dfi nghiSn cfhi ve
sy the hi$n ciia tlnh t h ^ thdng qua cdc phy ngQ' tinh thdi trong nfim bdl phdt bilu t^i cdc
le tot nghiap ciia cdc diln gid ndi tilng Anh n6i tilng Id Steve Jobs (200S), Bill Gates (2007), Barbara Kingsolver (2008), J K Rowling (2008) vd Barack Obama (2009) Nhfhig bdl phdt bilu ndy dup'c lya chpn Id do
chfing diu dk dirpc hudng fing rdt ni^rtfi mi
bdi cdc sinh vi€n t9i cdc trudng d^i hpc md cdc diln gid du^c mdi tdi phdt bieu Gdp phin tao
nia sy thdnh cdng cho cdc bdi phdt bilu ay
hin phdi do cdch sii dyng ngdn ngCt vd ciing khto lto vd linh hofit ciia cdc diln gid Chfnh cdng cy ngdn ngtt md hp lya chpn d3 tfio ra spi
dfiy vd \Hjjlh g ^ kit hp vdi ngirdi nghe Theo
quan dilm ciia tdc gid bdi vilt ndy thl spi dfiy
ay dirpc t ^ ra chfnh bdi m6i liSn h$ lidn nhfin
vd quan trpng Id dupc t h l hi$n qua tlnh thdi hda
Nghign cfiu ndy tfip trung trd ldi cfiu hdi: tinh thdi hda dugc the hi$n nhu thl ndo thdng qua cdc phy ngO* tinh thdi trong nfim bdi phdt bilu ciia cdc diln gid ndi tilng Anh dya tr6n quan diln! ngft phdp chiic nfing h$ th6ng?
2 M$t v&i khdi nifm quan ylu
Trang 2Trudc hit cln phdi chi ra ring khdi ni$m
tinh thdi (modali^) vd tinh thdi hda
(modalization) theo quan dilm ciia M.A.K
Halliday Id cdc khdi n i ^ khdc nhau Hai thu$t
ngU tieng Vi^t dupc dCUig d dfiy cung nhu
nhilu thu$t ngft khdc nhu phy i ^ tinh thdi,
tdc tli tlnh thdi hitu dinh, dupc tdc gid bdi
vilt tham khdo bdn djch ciia Hodng Vfin Vfin
Theo Halliday (1994) tbih thdi Id ddnh gid
ciia ngudi ndi v l cdc khd nfing ho$c sy bfit
bu$c trong dieu md anh ta ndi l l n h thdi t h l
hi^n nhftng sy lya chpn trong ngdn ngft vd
nhttng lya chpn ay nim ^ t t a hai cyc "cd" vd
'Ididng" Chiing bao g6m todn bO cdc mure dp
trung gian nim gi&a hai cyc ly
Trong ngft phdp chiic nfing h$ th6ng, tinh
thdi (modality) dupc chia ra thdnh tlnh thdi
hda (modalization) vd bien thdl (modulation)
dya dieo hai lo^i hofit dpng giao tiep md chung
lign quan cung nhu hai ph^m trii f ngJiTa md
chiing the hi^n Phfim trit -y nghTa diu li£n
quan den phdn dodn (proposition) vfi cdi sau li€n quan din khiln n ^ i (proposal) Khi ho^
d$ng giao tilp hudng tdi Id de trao dhi thdng
tin thl cu t h l hi^n hlnh thiic m$t phdn dodn Cdn khi ho^t d$ng giao tilp hudng tdi Id de nghi ho$c ydu clu tfic Id khi dd m$t hdnh d$ng ndo dd cln phdi dupc thyc hi^n thl cfi thl hi$n hlnh thlic m^t khiln ngh}
Tlnh thdi hda phfin dnh ddnh gid cda ngtrfri ndi din khd nfing xdy ra ciia cfic phdn dodn Halliday (1994) tilp tyc phfin tdch tlnh diii hda thdnh hai miic d$ khdc nhau Id: cdc m ^
d$ xfic suit (cd till/ rit c6 till/ chfic chin) \i cic miic dO thudng xuydn (thinh thodng/
thudng thudng/ ludn ludn) Cdc miic d$ xdc suit tuong duong vdi cd (khfing djnh) ho$c khdng (phli djnh) trong khi cdc mure d^ diudng xuygn tuong umg vdi cd vd khdng Tlnh thdi hda cd thl dupc md tfi ngin gpn sau dfiy:
I dodn , K H O N G
khfing dinh
khd nfing trung gian
xfic suit (cd ho^c k^ng)
2.2 Phy ngit 6nh thdi
Theo Halliday, tinh thdi hda dupc thl hi^n
chu ylu qua tdc tur tlnh thdi hftu djnh (d$ng tCr
thih thdi) vd phy ngQ- tinh thfii Trong khudn
khd bdi nghidn cfhi ndy, tfic gid t^p tnmg vdo
thudng xuygn (c6 vd khdng)
Halliday (1994, fr 49) djnh nghTa phy ngft
tinh thdi Id "phy ngft diln t& sy ddnh gid cda
ngudi ndi lign quan din sy phti hpp cda thdng di$p." Cdc phy ngft tlnh thdi dupc phdn chia
thfinh hai lo^i chfnh Id thuc vd binh ludn Tk
cdc nhdm phy ngit tinh thdi cd t h l dupc
dyng d l the hign tinh thdi hda
L09I
"ITwlc
Ki^D
xdc sudt
thudng
XUVSD
dien hlnh
sSnsdng
b6n phfln
thtri elan
rOrdng
V nghfa
k h i nfing nhu thS
ndo?
thu&ng xuy6n nhu tht
ndo?
diln hlnh n h u d i l
ndo?
s i n sdng nhu t h l ndo?
bfit b u ^ nhu tht
ndo?
khindo?
rO rdng nhu tht ndo?
sdr cfi cfic lo9i trgn d u p c t 6 n g h p p t r o n g bdng sau:
V f d v
probably (khd ndng), possibly (cd tht), certainly (chiic
ehan), perhaps (c616) usually (thudng), sometimes (thinh thodng), always (lu'^'^ lufin), (n)ever (khdng bao gifr/bao gid)
cccasionally (thhih thodng), generally (nhin dnmg), regularly (Uiufmg xuy£n), for die most part Cpbln nhiiu) willingly (tlnh nguyfn), readily (sin sdng), gladly (hAn hanh), certamly (chfic ch4n), easily (dS ddnp*) deflnitety (diM k h o ^ ) , absolutely (ti^r^ doi), at all costs ( b ^ g mpi gid), by all means (bfing moi cdch) yet (chua), still (v3n), aheady (dfi), once (c6 ldn)
of course (dl nhifin), surely (bita nhifin), obvious^ (lO
Trang 3NG6N NGC & Bdl S6NG
Blnh
hi^n
cudng d$
mt^cdQ
quan dilm
c6ngnh|n
thuylt phyc
tfalnhcdu
gid djnb
mong mudn
bdo luu
thdm dinh
ddnh gid
dydodn
cudng d$ nhu thl
nto?
d mftc dQ ndo?
tdi nghi
tdi cdng nhdn
tdi ddm bdo vdi ban
tdi yfiu cdu ban
tfii cho Id
mong mufin nhu tfai
ndo?
tin cfiy nhu dil ndo?
h9p If nhu thl ndo?
nh^y cdm nhu thl
ndo?
du^c chd dpi nhu thl
nio?
just (chO, even (th^m chf), actually (thyc ra), in tact (thyc
tl)
quite Odia khd), ahnost (hdu nhu), scarcely (bilm khi),
^solutely (hodn todn)
in my opinion (theo quan dilm ci^ tfii), to my mmd (theo cdch ng^ cda tdi)
frankly (ndi difing ra), to be honest (ndi thyc) really (dtpc ddy), believe me (hSy tin tfii) please (ldm on), kindly (mfit cdch trfin trpng) evidently (hiln nhi&i), presumably (cd thl dodn chtnag) (un)fortun3tely (may mfin/ khfing may), regrettably (th$t ddng tile), hopeliilly (hy vpng Id)
at first (luc d^u), tentatively (udm thit), provisionally (mQt cdcb t^m thdi), looking back on it (nhin lai nd) broadly speaking (ndi rfing ra), in general (nhin chung) (un)wisely (khfin ngoan/khfing khfin ngoan), understandably (cd dil hilu dupc), foolishly (ngu xudn)
to my surprise (trudc sy ngfic nhiln cda tfii), as expected (nhu dy dodn), by chance (tlnh cd)
Bdng 1 Phfl ngit tinh thdl (Halliday, 1994, tr 49,82, 83)
3 Kit qufi phfin tich ngft lifu
Sau khi phdn tich nfim bdi phdt bilu dS chpn, kit qud cho thiy khdng phdi tit cd cdc kilu phy ngft tinh tiifii li$t kd trong bdng 1 diu dupc v ^ dyng dl thl hi$n tlnh thdi hda Tren thyc tl, mudi kilu phy ngtt tlnh thdi dfi dupc sii dyng dl hi§n tinh thfii hda Dudi dfiy Id bdng tSng hpp s6 lupng cy the tdng kilu phy ngit tinh thdi xult hi^n trong titng bdi phdt bilu
Kilu phy ^ ^ ^ ^
nefr tinh t h ^
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
thuimg
xuygn
cudiiR d$
thfri Rian
xic suSt
mirc dp
cdtm n h ^
bonph$n
quan diem
thuvSt phuc
riSiinR
Tdm
Steve
Jobs
13
8
8
7
5
1
42
Bill Gates
13
19
5
2
2
1
42
Barbara Kingsolver
4
8
11
4
2
1
1
31
J K
Rowling
19
6
8
1
2
3
1
1
41
Barack Obama
10
17
13
4
1
1
46
Ting
59 S8
45
18
11
6
2
1
1
1
202
Bdng 2 Phf ngit tinh thdl trong cdc bii phdt biiu
Bing 2 trlnh My s6 li$u th6ng k€ s6 lin cic I k trong bii phit bi^u cia Barack Obama Ci Viia phv ngft tlnh thii dui^c sOt dving d^ the
hi$n tlnh thii h6a tiong tiimg bii phit bik
Trong nim bii phit b i k du^c phin tich, phv
hai diSn gii Steve Jobs v i Bill Gates d k d sk
Iln si!r dvng cic k i k phy ngtt tlnh thii nhu
nhau li 42 Ifin trong moi bii ke ttia Trong khi
Trang 4phy ngft tinh thdi ft hon song theo rdt sdt hai
diln gid trdn vdi 41 ldn Bdi phdt bilu cd sy
xuat hi$n cdc phy ngft tinh thdi ft nhat vdi 31
lan thu$c v l Barbara Kingsolver
Bdng tren cfing chi ra mudi nhdm phy ngft
tinh thdi d u ^ sii dyng trong cdc bdi phdt bleu
vd duoc sfip xip theo thii ty tdn sudt xudt hi^n
tii cao din thdp Nhdm kilu phy ngft ddn ddu
ve tdn sudt d u ^ sii dyng t h u ^ ve phy ngtt
tinh thdi chi miic dQ thudng xuydn, cudng d$,
vd thdi gian vdi s6 ldn xudt h i ^ tuong ung Id
59, 58, 45 ldn Trong dd, bdi phdt bilu ciia J
K Rowling cd s6 lupng phy ngit thudng
xuydn dagc sii dyng nhieu nhdt Id 19 ldn
Ciing vdi con so 19 ldn nhung dd Id s6 phy
ngft cudng d$ dugc sii dyng trong bdi diln
tiiuylt ciia Bill Gates S6 lupng phy ngit tiidi
gian dupc sd dyng nhilu nhdt 13 ldn trong bdi
ndi cOa Barack Obama Nhttng kilu phy ngtt
tinh thdi xudt hi^n khd h ^ c h l Id xdc suat,
miic do vdi ting s6 18 vd 11 ldn sur dyng trong
cd nfim bdi phdt bilu Nfim nhdm phy ngit tlnh
thdi cdng nh$n, b6n ph$n, quan dilm, thuylt
phyc, rd rdng dupc sii dyng vdi s l lupng rdt
khidm t6n vdi chl m$t hay vdi lan xudt hi^n
X6t v l do da d^ng trong v i ^ sii dyng cdc
Idiu phy rigtt tlnh thdi, kit qud cung chi ra
rdng nit dien gid J K Rowling Id ngudi din
ddu vdi v i ^ bd da diing tdi tdm trdn mudi kieu
phy ngft tinh thdi trong bdi diln thuylt cOa
mhih Trong khi dd, Barbara Kingsolver dfi
diing bdy trdn mudi kilu vd Barack Obama
diitig sdu tren mudi kilu Hai diln gid - hai
dng "tnim cdng ngh$" Id Steve Jobs vd Bill
Gates cd dilm chung khi cimg sii dyng tifim
trong mudi kilu phy ngft tinh thdi dupc l i ^ kd
d bdng trdn
4 Thdo Iu$n
Trong phdn ndy, tdc gid xin dupc phdn tich
mpt vdi vf dy miiih hpa cho vi$c sii dyng phy
ngit thih thdi de hi$n tlnh thdi hda trong cdc
bdi phdt bilu d3 chpn Cdc vf dy dy cung t§p
tiung vdo ba kilu phy ngft tlnh thdi dupc sur
dyng nhilu nhdt Id thudng xuydn, cudng dQ,
vd thdi gian
Thu nhdt, cdc phy ngft ttah thdi thudng
dupc Sli dyng d l the h i | n tinh thdi hda Bon cii nhu trong bdi phdt bieu ciia Bill Gates, dng
ndi: "Dad, I always told you I'd come back and get my de^ee" (Bill Gates, 2007; Bl, c<ni
vln ludn ludn ndi vdi b6 rfing con sS quay Ifd
vd ldy tdm bfing ciia con) Phy ngft tinh thdi thudng xuydn "always" (lu6n ludn) dupc xip trong nhdm tit thuQc miic dQ cao vd d diy khi Sli dyng Bill Gates mu6n thl hi$n sy khd chju khi dng phdi nhfic dl nhfic Ifii rdt nhilu 1 ^ vdi cha mlnh v l viQc quay trd l9i tnrdng d^i hpc
d miic dQ trung bhih vd thdp, cd thl t^t g$p
"sometimes" (thinh thodng) vd "never" (khdng
bao gid) dupc sii dyng trong cdc cix sau:
"Sometimes life hits you in the head with a bricK^ (Thinh thodng cuQc song gidng vdo d^u bfui mQt vidn g ^ h ) vd " / never graduated ffom university (Tdi chua bao gid tot nghi$p
d^i hpc; Steve Jobs, 2005) Khi cdc phy ngQ
"sometunes" hay '*never" dupc sii dyng, tinh khfing dinh hay phii dfnh ciia cii khdng cdn d^t miucc t6l da Thay vdo dd, cdc gid trj tnmg gian hay tlnh thdi hda dupc the hi^n "Thhih thodng" cd nghia Id cd liic cd, cd liic khdng Khdng phdi 10c n t o cuQc sing cfing khd khfin nhung ddi khi nhiing rfic r6i bdt ngd cQng cd the $p.dln trong cuQc s6ng ciia m5i ngudi Tuong ty, "chua bao gid" s6 hodn todn khdc vdi "khdng" Steve Jobs ndi "Tdi chua bao gjd t6t nghiQp d^i hpc" dn chiia thdi dQ cfia dng khi nhdn mfmh vl^c mlnh chua tCmg cd ^ djnh hay ^ muln phdi t i t nghiQp d^i hpc
Thif hai, hai phy ngit thdi thdi cudng d$
dupc sii dyng nhilu nhdt Id "even" ( t h ^ chQ
vd "just" Ichi) bdi IS chiing ldn lupt dupc sli
dyng 19 vd 17 lan trong todn bQ nfim bdi ph& bilu Nhta chung, hai phy ngft tlnh thdi cudng
dQ ndy dupc diing de nhdn m^nh mQt hdnh
dQng hay tr^ng thdi vd chfta dyng trong dd thdi
dQ cOa ngudi phit ngdn Barack Obama
(2009) da ndi "Icome to affirm that one's title, even a title like President ofthe United States, says very little about how wc// one's life has been led* (Tdi khdng dpih rfing mQt chiic
danh ciia u d6, th|Un chl Id ting thing Hoa K^, cho bilt rdt ft v l cuQc sing ciia ngudi d6
da trd ndn t i t d?p nhu till ndo) 6 dfiy, khdng
Trang 535
chi dimg d viQc ndi chung chung "chiic danh
ciia ai dd" md Obama cdn din ra mQt vf dy cy
till nhu chlic danh ting thing Hoa K^ d l nhdn
m ^ ve khodng cdch v l vd bdn ngodi vdi
cuQc sing thyc sy ciia mSi ngudi Xdt din phy
ngit tinh tiidi "just" ta cd t h l bfit g&p trong "I'm
just observing' (Tdi chi dang quan sdt;
Barbara Kmgsolver, 2008) Bd muln nhdn
m^nh din hdnh dQng d a i ^ xdy ra d hiQn tfu Id
"quan sdt" md khdng kdm tiieo bdt kl hdnh
dQng ndo khdc
Thik ba, nhftng phy ngii tinh thdi thdi gian
dupc Sli dyng khd phong phii nhu "now" (bdy
gid), "already" (da), "just" (viia mdi), Trong
dd, "now" dupc sii dyng nhilu nhdt MQt vf dy
cho thdy sy xudt hiQn ciia phy ngfi ndy Id "I'm
fine now" (BSy gid tdi on; Steve Jobs, 2005)
Trong tilng Anh, viQc sit dyng thdi hiQn tfii
don gidn nhu trong cit ndy da dfi d l chl ra
t r ^ g thdi hiQn t^i ciia chii thl md khdng cdn
thdm **now" Tuy nhidn, Steve Jobs van sii
dyng phy ngtt tinh thdi ndy de khfing dinh
t r ^ g tiidi mang tfnh t^m thdi chii khdng mang
tfnh ddi Ifiu Cd till "bdy gid" till dng dy cdm
thdy In, song mQt liic ndo dd d cuQc sing hiQn
t^i ttfuig thdi dy sS khdng cdn dupc duy tri
Ndi din hai phy ngft ttah thdi tiidi gian
"already" vd "just" thl bdn thdn chiing da cd sy
khdc biQt v l m$t ^ nghTa "Already" dupc
dilng d l chi mQt hdnh dQng dfi xdy ra trudc
thdi dilm ndi cdn "just** Id d l chl mQt hdnh
dQng vita mdi xdy ra rdt gdn thdi dilm ndi,
Cd thl thdy, mudi kilu phy ngit tinh thdi
dupc sd dyng diu c6 nhftng dnh hudng nhdt
dinh v l ^ nghia ciia cdu Tuy nhidn, d dfiy tdc
gid chl mdi bdn v l ba kilu dupc sit dyng nhilu
nhdt cDng nhu dua ra mQt vdi vf dy tifiu bilu
dl phdn tich cy till Cdc phy nga ttah tiidi khi
dupc sft dyng deu nhfim myc dfch thl hiQn
nh§n dinh hay ddnh gid ciia ngudi phdt ngdn
vdi nQi dung phdn dodn md hp dua ra
5 K i t lu^n
Geoff Thompson (1996) cho rflng, tinh thdi
Id mQt khfa c^iJi vd ctmg phirc t^p trong ngft
phdp tilng Anh Do vgy, d l nghidn cfhi kT
ludng vh vdn d l ndy cdn rdt nhilu thdi gian vd
cdng sftc Nghidn cftu ndy hi vpng dfi ddng
^ p mQt phdn nhd trong viQc nghien ciru tinh thdi tilng Anh trong cdc bdi phdt bilu cy thl
Tuy v$y, trong khudn k h i bdi vilt, tdc gid mdi chi t|lp trung vdo ttai hilu sy thl hiQn cila ttah thdi hda qua phy ngft ttah thdi trong nfim bdi phdt bilu cua cdc diln gid ndi tilng Anh md chua di sfiu vdo cdc vdn d l khdc lidn quan din ttah thdi K i t qud cua nghifin cftu chl ra rfing, tinh thdi hda trong cdc phdn dodn cfta cdc bdi phdt bilu dupc the hiQn thdng qua mudi kilu phy ngft tinh thdi Trong dd ba kilu dupc sft dyng nhieu nhit Id phy ngtt tinh thdi thudng xuyfin, cudng dQ vd thdi gian Sy v ^ dyng khdo ldo vd linh ho^t cdc phy ngit tinh thdi giftp cdc phdt ngdn thl h i ^ quan <film hay thdi dQ ciia ngudi ndi doi vdi nQi dung md hp muln tmyln d^t
T A I U%\} T H A M K H A O
1 Halliday, M A K (2012), oSn lu^ ngft
phip <Mc nSng Ho&ng Vfin Vdn djch Hd NQi: NXB
DHQG
2 Halliday, M A K (1985), An introduction to
functional ^ammar London: Arnold
3 Halliday, M A K (1994), An introduction to
fimctional ff-ammar London: Arnold
4 Thon^Kon, G (1996), Introducing fimctional
grammar London: Arnold
5 Gates, B (2007), Remarks of Bill Gates -Harvard commencement 2007,
htlp://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2007/06/rem aiks-of-bill-gates-harvard-commencement 2007/
6 Jobs, S (2005), "You've got to find what you
love,' Jobs says,
ht4>://aew8.stanford.edu/news/200S/3unel S/jobs-061S0SJitml
7 Kingsolver, B (2008), 2008 commencement
adtb-ess bfy Barbara Kingsolver,
http://today.dul».edu/2008/05/ldi^8olver.htint tmy c9p ngdy 10 thdng 12 nam 2014
8 Obama, B {2(Xt9), Obama's commencement address at Arizona State University,
http://www.nytmies.coin/2009/05/l 3 / i i s ^ l i t i c s / l 3obama.texUitml?pagewanted=a11&_r=0 truy c$p ngdy 10 tfadng 12 n&m 2014
9 Rowlmg, J K (2008) Text of J K
Rowling's speech,
bt^:/Mews.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2008/06/text-of-j4c-rowlmg-speech/ tmy c ^ ngdy 10 didng 12 nfim