Tiếp nối phần 1, mời các bạn cùng tham khảo phần 2 "Giáo trình Đọc hiểu tiếng Anh ngành Thư viện - Thông tin" sau đây. Giáo trình được biên soạn nhằm giúp cho sinh viên rèn luyện kỹ năng đọc hiểu, trong đó chú trọng kỹ năng đọc để tìm thông tin, nhằm phát triển khả năng đọc hiểu tài liệu tiếng Anh ngành Thư viện - Thông tin. Tham khảo nội dung 2 phần giáo trình để nắm bắt nội dung chi tiết.
Trang 12 W o rk out as m an y ty p e s o f c a ta lo g as p o ssib le?
3 W h ic h ty p e s o f c a ta lo g d o y o u o fte n use in fin d in g materials
in th e lib rary ?
♦ R e a d i n g
A lib ra ry c a ta lo g is an in d ex to the lib ra ry ’s collection that
e n a b le s a u se r to find m a te ria ls L ib ra ry u se rs can determine
w h e th e r th e lib ra ry o w n s th e m a te ria ls th ey n eed by searching
th r o u g h c a ta lo g reco rd s In m a n y c a se s th e in fo rm a tio n provided on
th e re c o rd w ill en a b le th e p a tro n to m a k e a d e c is io n a b o u t whether
th e item listed su its h is o r h er n e e d s C a ta lo g re c o rd s typically list
th e ite m ’s a u th o r, its title , its s u b je c ts, th e d ate it w a s pub lish ed , the
n a m e o f its p u b lish e r, an d o th e r in fo rm a tio n In ad d itio n , the
c a ta lo g re c o rd c o n ta in s th e ite m 's c a ll n u m b er, a co m b in atio n of
le tte rs a n d n u m b e rs u sed to c la s s ify th e w o rk T h e call n u m b er also
in d ic a te s th e ite m 's lo c a tio n in th e lib rary F o r e x a m p le , a book on
a rc h ite c tu re is c la s s ifie d — a n d a rra n g e d in th e lib ra ry — w ith the lib r a r y 's o th e r b o o k s on a rc h ite c tu re
Trang 2L ibrary catalo g s m ay lim it th eir listings to the item s the library
ow ns, or they m ay include listings for the holdirm s o f other libraries as well Library catalogs that list the holdings o f m ultiple
libraries are called union catalogs L ibraries list their holdinas in
several different kinds o f catalogs, including book catalo as card catalogs, m icroform catalogs, and com puterized catalogs in either
C D -R O M o r online form at T he m a jo r ity o f library patrons now use com puterized catalogs
Book C atalogs
B ook catalogs list th e ho ld in g s o f the library in a catalog in book form L ibraries first introduced book catalogs in the late 16th century, and they r e m a in e d p o p u lar fo r som e 300 years The book catalog features co m p lete info rm atio n about each item , usually under the nam e o f the author A lternate listings organized by title
or subject usually co n tain b rie f d escriptions o f each item Librarians co n sid er the p o rtab ility o f the bo o k catalog to be a m ajor advantage Book c ata lo g s are also relatively inexpensive to produce
in m ultiple copies T he bo o k c a ta lo g ’s g reat d isad v an tase is th at it
is not easily updated; lib raries m ust issue supplem ents to list new items that the library has acq u ired Few m odern libraries continue
to publish book catalogs
Card C atalogs
Card catalog en tries are printed on cards th at libraries arrange alphabetically in d raw ers A card catalo g usually contains three tvpes o f cards fo r each item in the lib ra ry 's collection The first t^pe has the a u th o r's nam e o r o th e r perso n s or institutions that contributed to the w o rk on the top line, the second has th e title o f
Trang 3the bo o k o r o th e r item on th e to p lin e, an d the th ird h as th e subject
o f the item on th e to p line U su ally th e su b je c t h e a d in g is printed in all ca p ita l le tte rs o r in red fo r fu rth e r e m p h a s is E ach d ra w e r in the lib ra ry 's card c a ta lo g h as a label te llin g w h at in itial letters are
in clu d ed in it
T h e c a rd c a ta lo g larg ely re p la c e d th e b o o k c a ta lo g in the late 19th c e n tu ry b e c a u se it c o u ld e a sily be e x p a n d e d bv filing new card s as the lib rary a d d ed n ew m a te ria ls In a d d itio n , m ore than one
p erso n c o u ld use th e c a rd c a ta lo g at an y g iv e n tim e The card
c a ta lo g ’s a c c e p ta n c e w a s e n h a n c e d in 1901 w h en th e Library of
C o n g re ss b e g a n to sell c o p ie s o f its c a ta lo g c a rd s to o th e r libraries
T h e card c a ta lo g sy stem is still w id e ly used, a lth o u g h its popularity
b eg an to d e c lin e w h e n lib ra rie s a d o p te d c o m p u te riz e d catalogs
M ic r o fic h e C a ta lo g s
A m ic ro fic h e c a ta lo g is s im ila r in o rg a n iz a tio n to a book or card c a ta lo g , b u t its fo rm a t is d iffe re n t M ic ro fic h e is a sm all sheet
o f film p rin te d w ith ro w s o f v e ry sm a ll im ag es th a t can be viewed
u sin g a lib ra ry ’s m ic ro fic h e v ie w e r, w h ic h m a g n ifie s th e images A
m ic ro fic h e c a ta lo g a llo w s lib ra rie s to sto re v ast a m o u n ts o f catalog
in fo rm a tio n in m u c h s m a lle r sp a c e s th a n p rin te d ca ta lo g s require
W h ilst b o o k c a ta lo g s a n d a fe w c a rd c a ta lo g s list c o m p le te entries
o n ly u n d e r th e a u th o r 's n a m e , u su ally all en trie s in a microfiche
c a ta lo g are c o m p le te T h is m e a n s th a t each e n try w ill contain the ite m 's a u th o r, its title , its su b je c t, its call n u m b er, the date it was
p u b lish e d , th e n a m e o f its p u b lish e r, an d o th e r in fo rm a tio n Despite
th is a d v a n ta g e , o n ly a fe w lib ra ry u se rs can a c c e ss the typical lib ra ry ’s lim ite d n u m b e r o f m ic ro fic h e v ie w e rs at an y given time
A lth o u g h m a n y lib ra rie s m a in ta in m ic ro fic h e c a ta lo g s, m ost rely
p rim a rily o n th e ir c o m p u te riz e d cata lo g s
Trang 4C om p u terized C atalogs
O ften referred to as o n lin e p u b lic a ccess catalogs (O P A C s) or online catalogs, com p u terized catalogs w ere first introduced in
libraries in the early 1980s O nline catalogs provide broader access
to a lib rary ’s co llectio n by allo w in g m ore sophisticated search in g
o f the catalog T hey are also updated easily U sing a com puter, a
m odem , and telep h o n e lines, they can be searched from locations outside the library b u ild in g through the Internet In addition, m any
libraries have in teg ra ted th eir online catalogs w ith th eir circulation
system s, p roviding in fo rm atio n on the status o f a b o o k ’s availability in th e lib rary in addition to the usual cata lo g in g inform ation T his useful featu re has never been a characteristic o f
other catalog form ats D esp ite these advantages, libraries w ith
small o p eratin g b u d g ets h ave d iffic u lty raising the funds to
convert book cata lo g s, m icro fich e catalogs, o r card catalo g s into
m achine-readable fo rm ats th a t com p u ters can u s e 1
♦ W o r k in g w ith v o c a b u la r y
A F ocus on th e rea d in g
C hoose the best w o rd o r phrase for each sentence U se each
w ord o r ph rase on ly o n ce T hey are in sentences from the reading passage
Encyclopedia, 20Ơ4
179
Trang 51 A lib rary c a ta lo g is an in d e x to the lib ra ry s c o lle c tio n that
a u se r to find m a te ria ls
2 In m an y c a se s th e in fo rm a tio n p ro v id e d o n th e reco rd will
e n a b le th e p a tro n to m a k e a d e c is io n a b o u t w h e th e r th e Itemliste d su its h is o r h e r •
3 In a d d itio n , th e c a ta lo g re c o rd c o n ta in s th e item s call
n u m b e r, a c o m b in a tio n o f le tte rs an d n u m b e rs used to
th e w o rk
4 T h e o f lib ra ry p a tro n s n o w u se computerized
c a ta lo g s
5 B o o k c a ta lo g s list th e h o ld in g s o f th e lib ra ry in a catalog in
b o o k fo rm L ib ra rie s first in tro d u c e d b o o k catalogs in the
la te 16 th c e n tu ry , an d t h e y _ p o p u lar for some
3 0 0 y e a rs
6 T h e c a rd c a ta lo g sy stem is still w id e ly used, although its
p o p u la rity b e g a n to d e c lin e w h en lib raries _
c o m p u te riz e d c ata lo g s
7 In a d d itio n , m an y lib raries h a v e their online
c a ta lo g s w ith th e ir c irc u la tio n sy stem s, providing
in fo rm a tio n o n th e statu s o f a b o o k ’s availability in the lib ra ry in a d d itio n to th e u sual c a ta lo g in g inform ation This
u sefu l fe a tu re has n e v e r b een a o f other
c a ta lo g fo rm ats
8 D e sp ite th e s e ad v a n ta g e s, lib raries w ith sm all operating
b u d g e ts h a v e the funds to
c o n v e rt b o o k c ata lo g s, m icro fich e c a ta lo g s, o r c a rd catalogs
in to m a c h in e -re a d a b le form ats th a t c o m p u te rs can use
Trang 6B F o cu s on N ew C ontexts
C h o o se the best w ord or phrase for each sentence U se each
w o rd o r phrase only once T hese w ords are in different sen ten ces
en ab le classified
m ajo rity difficulty
rem ains characteristics
by the
1 V ietn am ese L aw on labour w a s _
V ietn am ese N ational A ssem bly in June 1994
2 T he b u ild in g s are w ell w ith the landscape
3 W e tried o u r best to the rep u tatio n o f our
firm.
4 T a x i s _ us to see all o u r relativ es in th is city
5 1 feel a to talk to y ou a b o u t it
6 T he b o o k s in the library are _ acco rd in g tosubject
7 T h e o f people seem to prefer TV to radio
8 H is p o p u larity am o n g w orking p e o p le _ as trong
as ever
9 I'd the g r e a t e s t in persu ad in g her
10 W h a t d istin g u ish the V ietn am ese from th e C hinese?
U n d e r s ta n d in g th e r e a d in g
A C o m p r e h e n sio n : T ru e/F a lse
W rite T i f th e sen ten ce is true and F i f the sen ten ce is false
181
Trang 71 T h e o ld e st kin d o f c a ta lo g s w as called 'book, c a ta lo g s'.
2 B o o k c ata lo g s had th e a d v a n ta g e th at it w as eas> to update
th em from tim e to tim e
3 C ard c a ta lo g s a lw a y s in d icate the nam e o f a b o o k 's au th o r on the to p line o f e a c h card
4 In a c a rd c a ta lo g it is n o rm al fo r each b o o k to h ave three
se p a ra te ca rd s: o n e w o u ld be a rra n e e d alphabetically
a c c o rd in g to a u th o r, a n o th e r a c c o rd in g to title , and the third
a c c o rd in g to su b je c t-m a tte r
5 N o rm a lly each o f th e th re e c a rd s fo r an y on e b o o k w ould list
a u th o r, title and su b je c t m a tte r, th o u g h n o t n ecessarily in that
8 C o m p u te riz e d c a ta lo g s c a n be e ith e r on C D -R O M o r online
9 O n lin e c a ta lo g s ca n be e a sily u p d a te d , an d th ey can be
c o n s u lte d by larg e n u m b e rs o f e n q u ire rs a t the sam e time,
a n d e ith e r a t o r a w a y fro m th e re le v a n t lib rary
10 C o m p u te riz e d c a ta lo g s are to d a y th e b e st o p tio n for all lib ra rie s, larg e an d sm all
B C o m p r e h e n s io n q u e stio n s
A n s w e r the q u e stio n s a b o u t th e read in g
1 N a m e six im p o rta n t item s o f in fo rm a tio n th at would
n o rm ally be s h o w n o n a c a ta lo g c ard (o r c a ta lo g record on
co m p u ter)
Trang 82 W hat is a call num ber?
3 W hat is it for?
4 W hat is a union catalog?
5 W hat is the m ain disad v an tag e o f a book catalog?
6 B efore the age o f co m p u ters, w hat w as the alternative to book catalogs?
7 W hat are th eir ad v an tag es?
8 Often a card catalog will have three separate cards for each book (or other item) W hat is the difference betw een the cards?
9 W hat is the ad v an ta g e o f hav in g th ree cards?
10 W hat tw o k inds o f cata lo g s m ake use o f m od em technology?
11 W hat ad v an ta g es do o n -lin e (o r co m p u terized ) catalogs have ov er m icro fich e catalogs?
12 W here w ould y ou still ex p ect to find a card-index catalog?
♦ F u rth er p r a c tic e
A D iscu ssion
1 H ow m any ty p es o f c ata lo g are used in V ietnam ese libraries?
2 W hich types o f c a ta lo g are often used? W hy? W here0
3 W hich types o f c a ta lo g are not often used? W hy not?
4 Do y ou th in k th at in m o d ern lib raries all types o f catalog should be used? G ive y o u r reasons
B G u id ed w r itin g
C o m p o sitio n to p ic: T e x tb o o k s d e alin g w ith a specific academ icsubject
183
Trang 9! S e le c t an a c a d e m ic su b je c t w ith w h ic h y o u are fa m ilia r, e.g
C h e m istry H isto ry L ib ra ria n s h ip a n d In fo rm a tio n List
th re e te x tb o o k s d e a lin g w ith th a t subject
2 N o w w rite a sh o rt c o m p o s itio n d e sc rib in g an d comparing the th re e b o o k s Y ou sh o u ld in clu d e m a tte rs su ch as the
fo llo w in g : (i) th e to p ic s o r a re a s d e a lt w ith in th e books, (ii)
so m e in fo rm a tio n o n th e p h y sic a l a p p e a ra n c e o f each book,
e g its size, an d w h e th e r it is illu s tra te d , (iii) w hether the
b o o k s are in te n d e d fo r d iffe re n t le v e ls, e.g elementary,
in te rm e d ia te , a d v a n c e d , (iv ) so m e e stim a tio n o f how well
y o u th in k e a c h b o o k h a s a c h ie v e d its p u rp o se, e.g in terms
o f su b je c t m a tte r an d h o w c le a rly th is is ex p lain ed
♦ F u r t h e r r e a d in g
H IS T O R Y O F R A R E B O O K C A T A L O G ÍNG
T h is is a b r i e f tim e lin e o u tlin in g so m e o f the historical
d e v e lo p m e n ts in ra re b o o k c a ta lo g in g
• 1889: E s ta b lis h m e n t o f th e A sso c ia tio n o f C olleee and
R e se a rc h L ib ra rie s (A C R L ) as p a rt o f the A m erican Library
A s s o c ia tio n (o rig in a lly k n o w n as the C o lle g e and Reference
S e c tio n )
• 1948: T h e U n iv e rs ity L ib ra rie s S ectio n o f th e A C R L devotes a
m e e tin g to th e to p ic o f rare b o o k s in the u n iv ersity library settin g
• 1955: T h e C o m m itte e o n R are B o o k s M a n u s c rip ts and
Trang 10Special C o llectio n s w as form ed by the A CRL to "p ro m o te
w id er u n d erstanding o f the value o f rare books to scholarly research and to cultural grow th, and bring im provem ent to the care, use and reco g n itio n o f rare books in all libraries."
• 1958: A C R L reo rg an izatio n transform s the C o m m ittee on Rare B ooks, M an u scrip ts and Special C ollections into the
R are B ooks an d M anuscripts Section (R B M S ), w hose
m andate includes "defining, developing, and p ro m u lg atin g standards an d g u id elin es"
• 1961: First R B M S pre-conference O ne has been held an n u ally since 1961
• 1967: A n g lo -A m erican C ataloging Rules (A A C R ) ispublished w ith a ch ap te r (10) devoted to cata lo g in g
m an u scrip t co llectio n s 1977 First draft o f the IS B D (A ) or International S tan d ard B ibliographic D escription fo r O ld er
M onographic P u b licatio n s (A ntiquarian) w as issued by the International F ed eratio n o f Library A sso ciatio n s and Institutions (IF L A ) In 1973 it w as reco g n ized th at the ISB D (M ) w as not su fficien t for older m aterials, w hich
p resented special p ro b lem s The 1973 edition o f the IS B D (M ) had a p arag rap h a d d ed w h ich read, "The IS B D (M ) is p rim arily concerned w ith c u rre n t publications, it therefore m akes no
p ro v isio n s for th e special p roblem s o f o ld er books." T h ere w as
no real d e m a n d fo r a m ore d escriptive publication until 1 9 7 5 -
1976, w hen several E uro p ean libraries began to co m p ile union catalogs o f rare bo o k s The [FLA C o m m ittee on R are and
P recious B o o k s an d D o cu m en ts (now d esig n ated a S ection) set up a w o rk in a party in 1975 to p roduce a d raft ISB D (A )
185
Trang 11T h e (A ) stood for A n cien t, A n tiq u e , A n tiq u a ria n , etc Two
m o re d ra fts w e re issued in 1978 an d 1979 an d th e n the
IS B D (A ) w as p u b lish ed in 1980
• 1978: A A C R 2 is p u b lish ed w ith a c h a p te r (4 ) d evoted to
c a ta lo g in g m a n u s c rip ts and m a n u s c rip t c o lle c tio n s
• 1981: B ib lio g ra p h ic D e sc rip tio n o f R are B o o k s (B D R B ) was
p u b lish e d by th e L ib rary o f C o n g re ss to su p p le m e n t and
in te rp re t th e ru le s p ro v id ed in A A C R 2 T h e in troduction to
th is e d itio n states: "T h ese ru les sh o u ld be co n sid ered the
L ib ra ry o f C o n g re ss ' in te rp re ta tio n o f A A C R 2 C h ap ter 2 for its o w n c a ta lo g in g o f o ld e r p rin ted m aterials." 1983:
A rc h iv e s , P erso n al P ap ers, an d M an u scrip ts: A Cataloging
M a n u a l fo r A rch iv al R e p o sito rie s, H isto rical S ocieties, and
M a n u s c rip t L ib ra rie s is p u b lish e d in resp o n se to inadequate
p ro v is io n s in b o th e d itio n s o f A A C R fo r the catalo g in g of larg e c o lle c tio n s o f a rch iv al m aterials
• 1991: D e sc rip tiv e C a ta lo g in g o f R are B o o k s (D C R B ) 2nd ed
is p u b lish e d an d a v a ila b le o n th e W eb ( \ A n u p d ated version
o f B ib lio g ra p h ic D e sc rip tio n o f R are B o o k s
• 1995: G u id e lin e s fo r B ib lio g ra p h ic D escrip tio n of
R e p ro d u c tio n s d e v e lo p e d by th e C o m m itte e o n Cataloeine:
D e sc rip tio n a n d A c c e ss to be used in h a rm o n y w ith AACR2R
P u b lish e d to h elp w ith th e d iffic u lty o f c a ta lo a in e multiple
v e rs io n s, m e a n in g item s w h ic h h av e id en tical co n ten t but
a p p e a r in d iffe re n t p h y sical fo rm a ts D e fin e s rep ro d u ctio n as
an "item th a t is a c o p y o f a n o th e r item and is intended to
( * ) http: W\v\v.tlcdelivers.com/tlc/crs.'rare0l70.htm
Trang 12fu n ctio n as a substitute for that item ”
• 2000: D raft o f D escriptive C atalo g in g o f A ncient M edieval,
R en aissan ce, and E arly-M odern M anuscripts placed on the
W eb * 1 is prepared bv G regory A Pass in collaboration w ith
E lectro n ic A ccess to M edieval M anuscripts and the
B ib lio g rap h ic S tandards C om m ittee o f th e R B M S T he Task
F orce o f th e R eview o f th e D raft is to report by D ecem ber 1,
2000 to th e C hair o f the C om m ittee on C ataloging:
D escrip tio n and A ccess, on the m anual's consistency o r lack
th e re o f w ith A A C R 2 Published as a su p p lem en t to C hapter 4 (M an u scrip ts) o f A A C R 2 (,)
(**) ftp ://l6 5 1 3 4 156.3/vatican
(*) Extracted from Chesk-O M Dunkin s , Hogg, c (2000)
Advanced Bibliographic Control (Description and Name Access) A rc h iv a l
and Information Studies.
187
Trang 13L A N G U A G E F O C U S
A S c a n n in g
S can th e fu rth e r re a d in g p a ssa g e to find th ese an sw ers
1 W h a t is a m a n u s c rip t?
2 W h e n w a s a c o m m itte e d e a lin g w ith rare bo o k s etc set up
by th e A sso c ia tio n o f C o lle g e a n d R esearch Libraries (in
A m e ric a )?
3 T h a t c o m m itte e w a s ch an g e d into the R are Books and
M a n u s c rip ts S e c tio n o f th e A C R L th ree y ears later What,
a c c o rd in g to the ab o v e article, w e re som e o f the m ain things
N e g a tiv e p re f ix e s : il-, im -, o r un- = not
Y o u c a n ch a n g e th e m ean in g o f a w o rd in E n g lish by placine a
p refix (il-, im -, or un -) in front o f it.
A d d a p re fix (ĨI-, im -, o r u n -) to th e fo llo w in g ro o tw o rd s then fill
th e g a p s in the sen ten ces below
p o ssib le _ h e a l t h y
Trang 14friendly legal
happy - able
! He w ould n ev er m ake a good teacher H e 's far too
2 M ost m o d em cities are lonely, dangerous and rath er
5 N o person can live to th e age o f 200; it’s _
6 D o n 't believe a w o rd he tells you It’s a l l !
7 Pass m e a cu sh io n please, Jane T his c h a ir 's very
8 H er child ren are v e r y and never say ‘p le a se ’ o r
"thank you"
9 Y ou can n o t re m e m b e r th in g s w hen you are tired and
10 I w ould like to co m e to y o u r party but 1 a m _ to
I c a n 't com e
11 The service at th is restau ran t is very slow It's
to h ave a q u ick lunch here!
12 S m oking is not go o d to r you It s
189
Trang 15c P r e p o s itio n s
Fill in th e b la n k s w ith c o rre c t p rep o sitio n s
In a d d itio n (1 ) _ m a in ta in in g d iv e rse c o lle c tio n s, publiclib raries o ff e r an in c re a sin g v a rie ty (2 ) se rv ic e s and activities(3 ) _ re s p o n s e (4 ) _ c o m m u n ity needs Common
s e rv ic e s ran g e (5 ) _ sto ry h o u rs, crafts, and p u p p e t show s for
c h ild re n (6 ) _ c o m p u te r te c h n o lo g y w o rk sh o p s, concerts, andlectu re se rie s fo r u sers (7 ) _ all ages M any public libraries
sp o n s o r e x h ib its a b o u t h isto rical e v e n ts an d p o p u la r culture.(8 ) _ a d d itio n , th ey h o st b o o k -d isc u ss io n g ro u p s, lectures,film s c re e n in g s, a n d live p e rfo rm a n c e s (9 ) _ auditorium s or
p u b lic m e e tin g ro o m s M a n y p u b lic lib rary s ta f f m em bers are
sp e c ia lly tra in e d to re c o m m e n d b o o k s (1 0 ) _users of
p a rtic u la r a g e g ro u p s o r (1 1 ) _ sp ecific interests Thelib ra ria n s w h o o ffe r th e s e se rv ic e s first d is c e rn the educational and
re c re a tio n a l in te re s ts (1 2 ) _ a lib rary u se r and th en draw up a
c u s to m iz e d list ( 1 3 ) _ su g g ested title s (1 4 ) _ the user toread F o r e x a m p le , a lib ra ria n m ig h t p rep are a list o f item s about
th e local c o u rt sy ste m fo r so m e o n e p lan n in g to testify in a small-
c la im s c o u rt O r a c h ild re n ’s lib ra ria n m ig h t co m p ile a list of
p ic tu re b o o k s ( 1 5 ) _ use by ch ild -c a re p ro v id ers
Trang 16group o f subjects concerned
w ith people w ithin society and including econom ics,
sociology, politics and geography
books about im aginary people and events
w riting th at gives info rm atio n
o r is about the real th in g s and events rather than im aginary ones
p erson o r firm th at p u b lish es books, new spapers, etc subjects o f study (e.g
languages, literature, h istory)
in w hich im aginative and creative skills are m ore
im portant th an the exact
m easurem ent and calc u latio n needed in science
room or b u ilding used for (especially scientific) research, experim ents, testing, etc book or set o f books giving inform ation about every branch o f kn o w led g e o r about one p articu lar subject w ith articles in alp h ab e tical order subjects o f study co n cern ed
191
Trang 17w ith h u m a n c u ltu re , especially lite ra tu re , la n a u a g e history and p h ilo s o p h )
P ra c tis e u sin g c o n te x t clu es C h o o se the nearest equivalent
w o rd /p h r a s e to e a c h w o rd in b o ld print from a, b c and d These
w o rd s a re fro m unit 11 (D o not use y o u r dictionary.)
1 I se a r c h e d the ho u se for the co in that I lost.
Trang 18c com patibility
d having the ag reem en t o f all the people concerned
4 I ag ree w ith the m ain c o n tc n t o f the letter, although 1 do not like its style o f w riting
8 T he rules in A u stralian and E nglish u n iv ersities are rather
d if f e r e n t fro m those in A m erican universities
Trang 20U N IT 113IBLI0G RAPHIC DESCRIPTIONS OF LIBRARY
3 Can you su g g est at least tw o w ay s in w hich the inform ation
on a catalo g entry fo r a research institution or university
m ight be d ifferen t from a cata lo g entry fo r a prim ary school?
• R e a d in g
C A TA LO G D E S C R IP T IO N S O F L IB R A R Y M A T E R IA L S
L ibrarians give careful c o n sid eratio n to the w ays in w hich they
escribe th e ir m aterials so th a t u sers can easily search library
atalogs to d e te rm in e w h e th e r the library has specific item s Rules
)r describ in g all fo rm s o f lib rary m aterials are govern ed by
ataloging co d es d ev elo p e d at th e national o r international level, 'ataloging co d es set stan d ard s fo r th e types o f inform ation th at a atalog should include and fo r the fo rm at in w hich that inform ation
195
Trang 21sh ould be p re se n te d By e sta b lish in u c o n s is te n c y in the contat and fo rm a t o f c a ta lo g d e sc rip tio n s, th e se sta n d a rd s simplify the
u s e r’s search fo r lib rary m a te ria ls In ad d itio n , stan d ard iz ed catalog
d e sc rip tio n s e n a b le lib raries to easily sh are in fo rm a tio n about their
c o lle c tio n s w ith o n e an o th er
In th e U n ited S ta te s, lib raries first a t t e m p t e d to establish a
s ta n d a rd fo r c a ta lo g d e sc rip tio n s in the late 19th century Since
th en , lib ra rie s in th e U n ited S tates, th e U n ited K in sd o m , Canada,
an d a n u m b e r o f o th e r c o u n trie s h a v e a d o p ted a standard set of
ru le s fo r d e s c rib in g d o c u m e n ts in th e ir co llectio n s These rules
c a lle d th e A n g lo -A m e r ic a n C a ta lo g in g R u le s (A A C R ) were first
p u b lish e d in 1967 an d w e re issu ed in a second edition in 1978 (A A C R 2 ) T h e A A C R 2 o u tlin e s c o m m o n principles o f catalog
d e s c rip tio n th a t a p p ly a c ro ss all d o c u m e n t form ats It also gives
sp e c ific r u le s n e e d e d to d esc rib e p a rtic u la r types o f documents For
e x a m p le , in fo rm a tio n needed to d escrib e videotapes will vary
s o m e w h a t fro m th a t n ee d e d to d escrib e books, sound recordings, or
c o m p u te r files In th e early 1970s the International Federation of
L ib ra ry A sso c ia tio n s a n d In stitu tio n s (IF L A ) developed different
in te rn a tio n a l sta n d a rd s fo r d e sc rib in g all t\ p e s o f library
d o c u m e n ts T h e se sta n d a rd s, called the International Standard
B ib lio g ra p h ic D e sc rip tio n (IS B D ), form the basis for many of the
n a tio n a l c a ta lo g in g c o d e s th at w ere su b seq u en tly developed
a r o u n d th e w o rld
A lth o u g h c a ta lo g in g co d es w ere o n ce p rim a rih designed 10
se rv e u sers o f larg e rese a rc h lib raries, m o re r e c e n t standards allow
fo r d iffe re n t le v e ls o f detail to m eet th e n eed s o f users in other
ty p e s o f lib ra rie s T h e se v a ria tio n s reco g n ize th a t a user in a large
re s e a rc h lib ra ry m ay need o r w an t to know far m o re about a
d o c u m e n t th an a p a tro n in a p u b lic library o r a stu d e n t in a school
Trang 22rary F o r ex am p le, a card-cataiou record developed for a search library m ig h t look like this:
jeenan Joe
y o u 're talk in g to m e y o u r career m ust be in trouble: m ovies, ayhem, an d m alice / by Joe Q ueenan.— 1st ed.— N ew Y ork: yperion, © 1994
The form o f in fo rm atio n on the typical catalo g card rem ained ỉlatively stab le from the late 19th century until the ad v en t o f nline cata lo g s in th e 1980s O n lin e catalogs h ave ch an g ed the
resentation o f c a ta lo g in fo rm atio n con sid erab ly A lth o u g h som e
nline c ata lo g s h a v e elec ted to present entries in a screen display hat resem b le s th e c ata lo g card, m ost have chosen to use a m aster atalog reco rd th at co n ta in s com plete catalog in fo rm atio n ab o u t a
;iven item F rom th is m a ste r catalog record, users can generate
197
Trang 23c o m p u te r d is p la y s o f v a ry in g a m o u n ts o f in fo rm a tio n , depending
on th e ir n eed s F o r e x a m p le , the u se r m ay e sta b lish param eters ini
se a rc h th a t w o u ld g e n e ra te th e fo llo w in g level o f display, which
p ro v id e s o n ly b asic in fo rm a tio n to id en tify th e d o cu m en t:
S U B J E C T : M o tio n p ictu res— U nited S tates— R ev iew s
S U B J E C T : M o tio n p ictu res— U nited S ta te s— H u m o r
Trang 24l i b r a r y H O L D IN G S :
L O C A T IO N : M ain Library -C A L L N U M B E R : P N I9 9 5 Q 4 41994
S T A T U S : C h eck ed out
S om e n am es associated w ith library m aterials present peculiarities th a t com plicate search es in library catalogs For exam ple, so m e a u th o rs publish w orks under m ore than one nam e
A m erican a u th o r M ark T w ain w ro te under th is celebrated pseudonym , but he also w rote under his original nam e, Sam uel Langhorne C lem ens C atalo g in g stan d ard s call fo r th e use o f the name th at a p p ears in the w o rk being cataloged L ogically, users may search u n d er T w ain fo r books w ritten under th e nam e T w ain, but they m ust search u n d er C lem en s to find th o se books w ritten under the a u th o r’s original nam e T o assist cata lo g users w ho search on ly u n d er the secondary nam e, o r under a nam e used for only som e o f a p e rs o n ’s w orks, c ata lo g ers ty p ically p rovide cross references in the catalog In card and book cata lo g s, th ese cross
references d irect users to “s e e ” o r “see a lso ’’ an altern ate nam e A
library th a t cata lo g ed a w ork u n d er M ark T w ain but did not ow n any books th a t had S am uel L an g h o m e C lem en s as au th o r w ould likely p ro v id e th e follo w in g reference:
Clem ens, Sam uel L anghorne see T w ain , M ark.
[f the library had bo o k s fo r w hich C lem en s w as listed as the author and o th e rs fo r w hich T w ain w as th e au th o r, th e references
w ould likely read as follow s:
C lem ens, S am u el L anghorne see also T w ain, M ark,
and T w ain , M ark se e also C lem en s, S am uel L anghom e.
In th ese situ atio n s, users could search u n d er eith er nam e and they w o u ld find e ith e r the cata lo g reco rd o r a referen ce instructing them on h o w to find the altern ate nam e in the catalog In som e
199
Trang 25search on e ith e r " T w a in " o r “ C le m e n s" w o u ld d isp lay catalog
re c o rd s fo r all b o o k s w ritte n u n d er e ith e r n a m e '
1 L ib ra ria n s give carefu l c o n s id e ra tio n to th e w av s in which
th ey d e sc rib e th e ir m a te ria ls so th a t users can easily _ library' c a ta lo g s to d e te rm in e w h e th e r the libraryhas sp ecific item s
2 R u les fo r d e sc rib in g a ll fo rm s o f lib ra ry m aterials are _ by c a ta lo g in g c o d e s d e v e lo p e d at th e national or
Trang 265 T he A A C R 2 o u tlin es com m on principles o f catalog
d escrip tio n th a t apply acro ss all docum ent form ats It also
types o f docum ents
6 In the early 1970s the intern atio n al Federation o f Library
A sso ciatio n s and In stitutions (1FLA) developed intern atio n al stan d ard s for d escrib in g all types o f library
d o cu m en ts T h ese stan d ard s, called the International Standard B ib lio g rap h ic D escrip tio n (ISB D ) form the basis for m any o f th e n atio n al cata lo g in g codes that w ere subsequently d e v elo p e d the w orld
7 A lthough c a ta lo g in g c o d es w ere o nce prim arily d esigned toserve users o f large research lib raries, m o r e standards allo w fo r d ifferen t lev els o f detail to m eet the needs o f users in o th er ty p es o f libraries
8 O nline cata lo g s h av e ch an g e d th e p resen tatio n o f catalog
in fo rm a tio n _
B F ocus on N ew C o n tex ts
rules
1 S he w ill
2 In
ch an aes
_ to beat the w orld record,
y ears, th ere have been m any oreat
Trang 274 In B rita in the Q u e e n reig n s, b u t e le c te d rep resen tativ es of
W rite T i f th e s e n te n c e is tru e an d F i f the se n te n c e is false
1 S o m e o f M a rk T w a in 's b o o k s are listed u n d er the name
4 O n c a ta lo g e n trie s , it is c o n sid e re d th a t d escrip tio n s of
v id e o -ta p e s w o u ld be ra th e r d iffe re n t from d escrip tio n s of
b o o k s
5 T h e a c ro n y m IS B D sta n d s fo r " In te rn a tio n a l Standard
B ib lio g ra p h ic D e sc rip tio n "
6 O n lin e c a ta lo g s sta rte d to re p la c e c ard in d e x e s in the 1960s
Trang 287 M ost m odern o n lin e cata lo g s have a m aster c a ta lo a record
w ith quite full in fo rm atio n about each book etc
8 U sers can often ch o o se to look up books on a sim pler listing
by m o d ify in g all the en tries that w ould appear on screen
9 C atalo g en tries do not usually indicate the subject area o f a book e.g g eo g rap h y , p sychology, botany
10 W ith o n -lin e catalo g s, the read er can look up a book eith er
un d er its a u th o r or u n d er its title
B C o m p reh en sio n q u estio n s
A n sw er the q u estio n s a b o u t th e reading
1 W hy is it im p o rtan t fo r lib raries all ov er th e w o rld to use the sam e cata lo g in g c o d es?
2 W hich im p o rtan t ru les (in th is area) w ere first pub lish ed in 1967?
ed u catio n in V ic to ria in th e nineteenth century" E ventually
it w as p u b lish ed in M elb o u rn e four y ears later by the
A lex an d er P u b lish in g C om p an y A t the b e a in n in a o f the book th ere are 10 p a s e s num bered in R om an num erals (i tox) and th en th e m ain te x t o f the book has 153 pages In size,the b o o k is 23 c e n tim e te rs long N ow co n stru ct a card-
c a ta lo a entr_Y fo r th a t book O n separate lines show : author:
203
Trang 29lin e ; p n y sical d e sc rip tio n ; p lace (c ity ) o t publication:
p u b lish e r; d a te o f p u b lic a tio n ; su b je c t areas (at least three)
7 W h a t is th e su b -title o f the a b o v e -m e n tio n e d b o o k 0
♦ F u r t h e r p r a c tic e
A D isc u s sio n
D isc u s s th e s e q u e stio n s in groups
1 C o n s id e r th e fo llo w in g (im a g in a ry ) c a ta lo g en try , then add
th e a p p ro p ria te h e a d in g s to it to m ak e it a c o m p lete one
T h o m p s o n , J o h n
H is to r y a n d d isc o u r se : T h e a p p lic a tio n o f tech n iq u es o f
d is c o u r s e a n a ly s is to h isto r ic a l n a r r a tiv e and exp lan ation
10 a b o v e , a n d m a k e a su ita b le c a ta lo g en try fo r it
2 I f y o u r c a ta lo g e n try has n o t in clu d ed all the ite m s in your
o th e r d e s c rip tio n , e x p la in the reaso n s fo r o m ittin a them
Trang 303 W rite a sh o rt com position explaining the reasons for
in clu d in g each item in your catalog entry
♦ F u r t h e r r e a d i n g
THE A N G L O -A M E R IC A N C A T A L O G IN G R U LES (A A C R )n
The A n g lo -A m e ric a n C ataloging R ules (A A C R ) are “designed for use in the co n stru ctio n o f catalogs and o th e r lists in general libraries o f all sizes T he current text is the Second E dition, 2002 Revision (w ith 2003 and 2004 updates) w hich incorporates all changes ap p ro v ed by the Jo in t Steering C om m ittee fo r R evision o f
A ACR (JS C ) th ro u g h February 2004 T he rules are p u blished by:
• T he A m erican Library A ssociation
• T he C an ad ian Library A ssociation
• C IL IP : C h artered Institute o f L ibrary and Inform ation
P rofessionals
In su p p o it o f effectiv e cata lo g in g practice, the Jo in t Steering
C om m ittee d e v e lo p s and m aintains the A ng lo -A m erican
C ataloging R u les acco rd in g to estab lish ed p rinciples for
b ibliographic d escrip tio n and access To this en d , the C o m m ittee
w orks in a tim ely and proactive m anner to form ulate a catalo g in g code th at is resp o n siv e to user needs and to changes in the inform ation en v iro n m en t, and that results in cost-effective cataloging
(*) http://www.colleclionscanada.ca JSC'index.html
205
Trang 31A B r ie f H isto r y o f A A C R
T h e ru le s are m a in ta in e d by th e Jo in t S teerin g C o m m ittee for
R e v isio n o f A A C R
In su p p o rt o f e ffe c tiv e c a ta lo g in g p ra c tic e , th e Joint
S te e rin g C o m m itte e d e v e lo p s an d m a in tain s th e A nalo-
A m e ric a n C a ta lo g in g R u les a c c o rd in g to established
p rin c ip le s fo r b ib lio g ra p h ic d e sc rip tio n and access To
th is e n d , th e C o m m itte e w o rk s in a tim ely and proactive
m a n n e r to fo rm u la te a c a ta lo g in g code that is
re s p o n s iv e to u se r n eed s a n d to ch an g es in the
in fo rm a tio n e n v iro n m e n t, and th a t resu lts in cost-
e ffe c tiv e c a ta lo g in g
J S C M issio n Statem ent
T h e c o n s titu e n t o rg a n iz a tio n s rep resen ted on the Joint Steering
C o m m itte e are:
• T h e A m e ric a n L ib rary A sso ciatio n
• T h e A u stra lia n C o m m ittee on C ataloging
T h is list o f tra n sla tio n s has been su p p lied by th e co-publishers
T h e J o in t S te e rin g C o m m ittee does not review o r endorse tra n s la tio n s o f A A C R
A A C R is stric tly the co p y rig h t o f th e A m e ric a n Library
Trang 32A ssociation, the C an ad ian Library A ssociation and the C hartered Institute o f L ib rary and Inform ation P rofessionals (C iL IP ) Translations m ust be licensed by the copyright holders C ILIP landles tra n sla tio n licenses on b e h a lf o f the copyright holders, and ỉny en q u iries sh ould be sent to V ivien Scorer.*
G uide to S ta tu s :
C urrent = tra n sla tio n rig h ts are cu rren t
Expired = tra n sla tio n rights have exp ired - out o f print
L a n g u ag e Version C o u n tr y O r g a n iz a tio n S ta tu s
Arabic 1988 Jo rd an Jo rd an L ib rary A ssociation Expired
C zc ch N atio n al Library E xpired
Estonian 2002 I'slo n ia N ational L ibrarv o lT s to n ia C urrent
Filipino 1988 P h ilip p in es University o f P hilippines
In stitu te o f Library S cience
E xpired
207
Trang 33French 1988 Canada A S T E D Expired
French 1998 Canada A S T E D Current
German 1998 Germany K G Saur Vcrlae Current
Greek 1988 Grccce Technological Educational
In stitu tio n o f Thessaloniki
Expired
Italian
1988 &
1993 update
Italy ỉìd itric c B ib lio e ra fica Current
Japanese 1978 Japan Japan IJh ra rv Association F.xpircd
l.aiv ian 2002 L a t\ ia N ational Libran o f Latvia Current
Muluxsian 1978 M alaysia
Lanuunsc and l.ite ra o Agenes
l-Apirod
Norwegian 1978 X o r\\a \ NB1 l-'iislc Kntalockorr.iiJ 1-A pi red
\ ’o r \\0"ian 1998 N orw a\
N orw egian 1 • •'"ur Association
Trang 34Federacao Brasileira de Asociacoes
de Bibiotecarios (FEBAB)
Portuguese Concise Mozambiq
ue
llniversidade Eduardo Mondlane
Current
Portuguese 2002 Brazil Federacao Brasileira de
Asociacoes dc Bibiotecarios (FE B A B )
Current
Russian
1988 &
1993 update
Russia Russian Library Association Current
Slovakian 2002 Slovakia Slovak National Library Current
Slovenian Concise Slovenia
IZ U M Institute o f Inform ation Scicncc
Current
Slovenian 2002 Slovenia
IZ U M Institute o f Inform ation Science
C olom bia Rojas l£berhard Edilores Current
Swedish 1978 Sweden Swedish Library Association Expired
209
Trang 36The prefix re- m ean s "to do so m ething ag ain ”
The prefix ou t- m ean s “ better, q u ick er and longer”
The prefix en - m eans “ cause so m ething to, put so m ething in and
nake so m eb o d y /so m eth in g ”
\d d the p refix es r e -, out-, o r en- to the follo w in g w ords Then
:hoose th e best w ord for each sentence Be sure to use the correct :ense
Trang 37-1 D ave and S usan got d iv o rc e d 15 y e a rs ago L ast summer Susan 20t and m oved to C an ad a w ith her newhusband.
2 S m o k in g _y o u r health
3 The strikers w e r e by the m ilitary police
4 T he new o w n e r o f th e h o u se w a n ts t o _ the lawn
5 I th in k 1 sh o u ld _ th e fu rn itu re in myapartm ent
6 M y children love to h e a r sto ries T h ey often ask me to th eir fav o u rite sto rie s m any tim es
7 H er broken arm w a s in plaster
8 S h e _ h er husb an d
9 The new waiter at the restaurant forgot our order for dinner,
so w e had t o _ e v e ry th in g
10 I ' l l _ y o u r le tte r w ith m ine
11 Y ou should read b o o k s t o _y o u r m ind
12 I f you d o n ’t get a g o o d sco re o n th e IE L T S exam this
w eek en d , you c a n _it n ex t m o n th
1 3 T h e a u th o rities are th ere t o th e law
B W o r d f o r m s : G e ru n d s o r In fin itiv e s
W rite th e co rrect form o f the v e rb s in p a re n th e se s
In lib raries w here s t a f f tu rn o v e r is hig h it m ay w ell be worth
w hile (1 ) _ (lo o k ) at the s t a f f tra in in g programs(2 ) _ (see) if th ey can be u sed (3 ) _ (h elp ) reducethe n u m b er o f re sia n a tio n s O f c o u rs e th e re are a lw a \s factors (affect) the n u m b e r o f re s ig n a tio n s w h ich are quite
Trang 38eyond the scope o f any train in g co u rse (5) _ (resolve):jctors (6 ) _ (ran g e) from d ifficu lties in (7) _ (find)ccom m odation to the high co st o f fares to and from w ork.,’onversely, on e should n e v e r aim at (8) _ (have) a
om pletely static s ta ff as this co u ld result in stagnation o f ideas
nd en th u siasm , but the read er w ill certain ly feel m ore confidence
n the library if th ere is at least a steady core o f fam iliar faces lehind the counter
r Sequencing: L inking P hrases
n groups, try to put the sto ry b ack into the correct order Read the
;entences aloud until all ag ree on th e co rrect order Pay particu lar Ittention to the w ords at th e b eg in n in g o f the sentences
a T his story all b egan on e w eek en d w hen Joe v isited Y ork
He had passed his d riv in g te s t o n lv a few w eeks b efore and had ju s t b o u g h t a se c o n d -h an d Ford
b But, after a w hile, he m an ag e d to find a space in a side street ju s t ou tsid e the centre
c In spite o f his n e rv o u s n e ss about driving, he w as
d eterm in ed to go on a lo n g trip
d After searching the next two streets he hound the car and o f
co u rse, felt v ery reliev ed b u t ra th e r foolish
e In fact, ev e ry th in g w e n t m u ch b etter than he had expected, and a few h o u rs later he w as ap p ro ach in g the o u tsk irts o f
Y ork
f N ex t, he set o f f to lo o k ro u n d th e cathedral and all the o th er
h isto ric buildings
213
Trang 39g To begin with, he thought it had been stolen and immediately set o ff to call the police but then he noticed that the adjoining streets looked very similar.
h Even though it was late September, York was packed with tourists and, as a results, all the central car parks were full.
i Finally, when Joe had got tired o f sightseeing, he returned
to where he had left his car To his surprise, it was nowhere
to be seen.
j Fortunately, the traffic was not too heavy and even better, the weather was perfect Soon he was nearine the city centre.
♦ Building Vocabulary Skills
A V o c a b u la r y rev iew
Match the words in column A with their meanings in column B.
b each item kept in a libran is given
a unique number so that it can be found on the sh elf
c business or place o f business providing a (usuallv specified) service.
d organized 2roup o f people
Trang 40f regular custom er o f a shop, restaurant, etc
g o f a particular o r certain type; not com m on
h the unique identification n um ber located on books and o th er library
m aterials, For exam ple, 3 1290
01617 3163
i A sum m ary o f w hat a book or
jo u rn a l article is about
B C o n tex t clues
Practise using c o n te x t clues C hoose the nearest eq u iv alen t
w ord/phrase to each w o rd in b o ld print from a, b, c and d T hese words are from unit 12 (D o not use y our dictionary.)
1 M ichael H allid ay invented a new sy ste m fo r an aly z in g language
a rep resen ts/m ean s
b d oes not m ean or represent
c te lls us ab o u t
d co u n ts
215