Bài viết đưa ra những cơ sở lý luận chung về bản sắc văn hóa Châu Âu, phân tích một vài nét cơ bản về những giá trị của bản sắc văn hóa Châu Âu và từ đó đưa ra những bài học kinh nghiệm mà các nước Hiệp hội các quốc gia Đông Nam Á (ASEAN) có thể học tập.
Trang 1/ MOT Vfll N6T V€ NH&NG Gifl TRj BAN SflC VAN HOfl CHflU flU
Ths Vu Thanh Ha
Vien Nghien cim Chau Au
Tdm tat: Bdn sdc vdn hda chdu Au cSng nhu nhirng vdn de lien quan din bdn sdc chdu
Au hiin khdng chi dugc gi&i hgc gid quan tdm md cdc nhd lanh dgo cUa Lien minh Chdu Au cQng nhu lanh dgo nhieu nu&c tren thi gi&i cUng dgc bi?t chu y Bdi viet ndy dua ra nhirng ca s& ly ludn chung ve bdn sdc vdn hda chdu Au, phdn tich mgt vdi net ca bdn vi nhirng gid tr\ cua bdn sdc vdn hda chdu Au vd tir do dua ra nhirng bdi hgc kinh nghiem md cdc nu&c Hi?p hgi cdc qudc gia Ddng Nam A (ASEAN) cd thi hgc tgp
Tir khda: bdn sdc, vdn hda, da dgng chdu Au ASEAN, EU
Q u a trinh hinh thanh va phat trien ciia giii gin tinh da dgng cua cac nen van hda Lifin minh Chau Au la mgt tien trinh hgi chau Au trong khi vdn hinh thanh mgt nfin nh|.p khu vgc bat dau tir kinh tfi, chinh tii rdi van hoa chung chau Au vd md rfng phgm vi den van hda - xa hgi Di qua chang dudng anh hudng cua van hda chau Au ra cac quflc phat trifin ban mia the ky qua Lien minh gia vd khu vgc khac trfin thfi gidi
Chau Au dugc xem nhu lien minh thanh 1 Mft so van d l ly lufn ve ban sac cflng nhit trong Heh su loai ngudi ma phdn van hoa chdu Au
ldn nhd vao nhiing ket qua noi bat dugc nhac "Bdn sac, nhin chung, la mft khai nipm nhifiu trfin cac ITnh vgc kinh tfi, chinh tri Bfin chi each thuc ma mfli ca nhdn tg nhgn biet canh do, chiing ta khdng thfi khflng nhdc tdi minh trong mdi lien hf vdi ngudi khac nhiing thanh qua cua van hda - xa hpi da Trong sg nhgn biet ndy, ca nhan thudng tg so dugc gay dung tii nfin tdng ljch su vd mdt sdnh va dfli chilu minh vdi ngudi khac, doi phan do chfnh siic hap dan cua nfin van hda khi tren ca sd cd nhan, ddi khi trfin ca sd chau Au noi tifing nay Ddu vay, hifin nay cfng dong Ndi mft each khae, ban sac ca lifin minh nay dang phai ddi mat vdi nhiing nhan giflng nhu nhiing gi Mach ndi, do la
thach thirc ldn phai k l ra nhu: gidi quylt cau trd ldi cho cau hoi: "Toi Id ai trong mdi khung hodng ng cdng, xay dgng mgt chinh ^Hn hi v&i ngu&i khac?" va ban sdc cfng sach dfli ngi doi ngoai chung, hay nhu vifc ^ong la cdu tra ldi cho cdu bfli: "Chiing ta Id
Trang 2ai trong mdi liin he v&i nhirng nhdm ngu&i
khdc?"^
Cho den nay da ed rdt nhifiu dinh nghia
ve van hoa dugc dua ra nhung tiec rang van
chua cd dinh nghia thdng nhat ve khdi nipm
nay O day cd thfi sir dung dinh ngbia vfi van
hda ca bdn nhdt cua UNESCO da dugc
thdng qua nam 1982 tai Mexico, sau do duge
su dung lgi trong Tuyfin bfl v l Da dang van
hfla (2001): "Hiiu theo nghia rgng nhdt, vdn
hda ngdy nay cd the dinh nghia Id mot tap
hgp cdc net khu bi$t, cdc dgc diim khde bigt
vi tinh thdn vd vgt chdt tri thirc, tinh cdm
dgc tnmg cho mgt xa hdi hay mgt nhdm xd
hgi"^
Khai nipm ban sdc van hoa da dugc
UNESCO d l xudng trong khudn kho cufc
ddu tianh trfin Imh vgc vdn hoa diln ra tgi
cdc dien ddn da phuang trong nhiing nam 60
va 70 the ky 20, dugc quflc tfi tb^a nhan nhu
mft quan niem chfnh thdng ve van hoa mang
nfi dung tich cyc Tgi Hfi nghi Hen chinh
phd vl Cdc chinh sach vdn hda d Venise,
F.Mayor - nguyen Tong giam dflc UNESCO,
dd dua ra mft dinh nghTa khai nifim van hda
trfin CO sd nhan mgnh tinh dde thii eua ban
sle van hod ddn tge, dd la: "Vdn hod bao
gdm tdt cd nhUng gi ldm cho ddn tdc ndy
khde vai ddn tgc khde, tic nhirng sdn phdm
tinh vi hi?n dgi nhdt cho den tin ngu&ng
' Bfli Hai Ding, BUCK ddu tim hiiu khdi ni4m "Bdn
sdc c$ng ddng", T§p san Khoa hpc x i hpi & Nhan
vfin, s6 37,2006, tr 108
^ Jean TARDIF, Todn cdu hda va cdc nin vSn hda, tai
t^i: http://vndocs.docdat.com/doc5/index-l 1764.html
phong tuc tap qudn, ldi sdng vd lao dgng"
Trong quan he quflc tfi, ban sac van hda dan tfc dugc xem nhu "the can cudc", la cflt each cua mfli ddn tge thfi hifin tren mgi phuong difin quan he ngogi giao ve kinh te, chinh tri, van hda va xa hfi Vfi ban chit, ban sac van hda dan tflc the hifin tinh than, linh hon, cdt each, ban ITnh ciia mgt dan tdc Day dugc coi la "dau hipu khac biet vfi chat" giiia dan tfc nay vdi dan tdc khac Trong qua trinh tfln tgi va phat trien, ban sac van hoa la yfiu tfl mang sire mgnh tinh than dan tdc, giup dan tpc vugt qua nhiing thu thach ciia ljch sii, bdi vi ban sac van hda dan tpc la cflt loi cua van hda dan tfc Nd vira la myc tifiu, vira la dgng lgc de phat trien van hda dan tfc Chinh vi vgy, vipc giu: gin va phat huy bdn sac van hoa dan tgc da va dang dugc nhilu quflc gia dan tflc coi trgng va cd nhimg giai phap cy thfi trong qua trinh phat tiien
Cd rat nhifiu each phan logi ban sac:
N I U phan chia theo ITnh vyc, ta cd: ban sac van hda, ban sac nghe thuat, ban sac tfln giao ; Nfiu phan chia theo quy mfl, ta cd: ban sdc dan tgc, ban sic quflc gia, ban sac khu vgc Dfli khi chung ta bat gap nhung khdi nifim ed chung mot y nghTa va dugc su dyng lan Ifn nhu ban sac dan tde, ban sac qudc gia Trong phgm vi bai vifit nay, chiing tdi chgn cdeh phan logi khai quat nhat la ban sde ea nhan va ban sde cfng dflng (trong do chu yeu nhan manh den ban sac cgng dflng chau Au, ban sdc chau Au)
^ Tir diin Itdch khoa Vift Nam, t^p 4 - NXB Tir dien
Trang 358
Nhung nam gin day, van de ban sac
chau Au cung nhu cac van de Hfin quan dfin
ban sac chau Au trd thdnh dfi tdi kha pho
bifin vd dugc nhilu gidi quan tdm, ddc bifit
lanh dgo cua Lien minh Chdu Au Trong nfl
lgc phat trifin dfi trd thdnh mgt td chiic
chinh trj sieu qudc gia, ben canh vific phdt
trien kinh tl, ciing cfl dia vi ehinh trj, EU
cdn phai xay dyng eho duge bdn sac rifing
minh Tuy nhien, EU khflng the xay dung
mgt ban sdc hoan toan mdi ma phai su dung
nhung chat lieu chung cd san ciia khu vgc
dfi tgo dgng sy dflng thugn xa hfi Nhimg
chat lieu ay cd thfi tim thay trong hang loat
nhiing gia trj tmyen thdng ciia van hda, van
minh phuong Tay
Elisabeth Bakke (1995) trong bai
Towards a European Identity? (Hudng tdi
ban sac chau Au?) cho ring: Ban sle, vl mat
ehu quan duge tfln tai ti-ong tam tri cua eon
ngudi vdi nhirng y tudng: Chiing ta la ai va
chung ta thuge vl ai Mgt khac, v l mat khach
quan, ban sac dugc xac djnh bdi nhiing
ngudi thude cac nhdm nhat djiib Dd la
nhung tifiu chi cho phep cae thanh vien cua
mdt cflng ddng nhan ra nhau, thufc vfi ciing
mgt cgng dflng"*
David Gress cho ring, ban sdc van hda
chau Au la sg tflng hgp ciia nhiing gia tii dan
chii, dac tfnh cua chii nghia tu ban, khoa hgc
va nhan quyen chii nghia ca nhan vd siic manh ciia duy Iy*
Khi tim hieu vfi bdn sac van hda chau
Au, ngudi ta thudng tim ve nhung goc rfi mang tinh ljch sii Tren thgc te, khdi niem
"chau Au" dan thuan chi Id mgt chau luc Ten ggi chau Au (Europe) theo than thogi Hy Lap la con gdi Vua xg Phenixi Than Ddt dem long yeu Europea va hda thdnh mft con
bd, dfi eho nang cudi trfin lung va lao xuflng bien Tuy nhifin, tgi sao luc dja chdu Au lai
cd tfin gpi nay thi dfin nay vin chua cd Idi giai dap thda ddng Cd ngudi cho ring Europe, tiieo tieng Phenixi, cd nghia la
"viing ddt nai mat trdi lan", tiic la "viing dit nam d phfa Tay"^ Nhu vay, neu nhin nhan chau Au la thgc thfi van hda thi cd thi hilu ban sac van hda chau Au la khai nipm chi nhiing gia trj van hda edt loi cua vimg van hda chdu Au (gan vdi nhirng gid trj tmyen thflng ciia van minh Tay Au), tgo ra sg khac biet ca ban trong sg tuang quan so sanh vdi cae vimg van hda khac Nhu vay, khai niem
da neu ehi ban sac van hda ndi ehung ciia mft nen van hda ma nhieu ngudi vdn thudng gpi la vdn hda van minh Tdy Au
Trong bdi phdt bifiu cua minh ngay 16 thdng 3 nam 2009, Jean-Claude Triehet, Chit
tjch Ngdn hang ECB tai Frankfurt dd vi: "Toi thdy bdn sdc vdn hoa cua chdu Au nhu mgt logi vdi det chat che Vdi ndy bao gdm tren
* Elisabeth Bakke (1995) Towards a European
Identity?
httD://folk.uio.no/stveb 1 H'oward.'i a European IdentJt
Gress, D (1998), From Planlo lo Nolo: The idea ol the west and its opponents Free Press, New York
* Trin Phirong Hoa (2005), Khdi qudt chung vi ijch
Trang 459
mgt mgt cda mgt sgi dgc keo ddi mgt each
cdn than, tuang ung v&i nhiiu nen vdn hoa
mgnh me cda qudc gia md minh cd bdn sac
riing vd tim ngudn gde trong mgt qud khuxa
xdi, mat khac la sgi ngang, md dgi diin
cho vdn hda xuyin qudc gia dan xen,
nhirng dnh hu&ng ddi irng qua biin gi&i
giira cdc nen van hda vd giira cdc ngdn
ngir Tdi tu&ng tucmg vdn hgc, nghi thugt,
ngdn ngu, vdi van hda chdu Au ndy nhu ve
dpp cua nd, thdng nhdt vd dodn kit cua nd
tir con sd tuyet ddi vd da dgng cua cdc chii
di cda nd "
Thuc te cho thay chau Au rat da dgng vfi
sac tflc, ton gido va ddc bifit la van hda, nhung
ngudi chdu Au da thdnh cong tiong viec tao ra
mft ban sle chung eho minh Nhu Jose
Manuel Barroso, Chii tjch Cgng dflng chung
Chau Au ndi; "Bdn sdc cua ioi dong gdp cho
bdn sac chung vd sic da dgng cua chdu Au."
Ddy chinh la thanh cdng to ldn ciia chau Au vi
dd tgo ra nhihig nguyfin tic dan chu, tdn tigng
sy da dgng lam nen tang ddi thogi, xay dyng
nen hda binh trfin todn bg chau Au Dilu nay
dugc ghi nhgn bang giai Nobel Hda Binh nam
2012 vi "hon sau thgp nifin ddng gdp cho sy
tien bf cua hda binh va hda giai, dan chii va
nhan quyln tai chdu Au"
2 Mft vdi n£t ve nhirng gid trj ban
sdc vdn hda chau Au
Vifc xdc djnb nhiing gid trj bdn sic vdn
hda chdu Au la gi ciing Id mft dfi tdi gdy
tranh cdi gong gidi hgc gia Vdi Wintie,
danh mgc cac dae dilm chung ciia chau Au gom cd: truyfin thdng La Ma, van hda va tu tudng Thifin Chua giao, nhiing gia tri tu tudng thdi Khai Sang, cflng nghiep hda, ngfln ngir va mft mdi trudng tu nhien chung Trong khi dd, Soledad Garcias dua ra mgt danh muc cd ddi chut khde bifit vdi dgc trung vdn bda Hy Lgp, gia trj ciia luat phap va thfi chfi La Ma, Thien Chiia giao, nhung gia tri thdi Phue Hung, Khai Sang, chii nghia lang man, xa hfi phuc Igi va sy da dang xuyfin chau luc d chau Au Vaclav Havel thi cho rang, nhung gid tri cdt loi cua chau Au ehinh
la mflt cam kfit chung vi mgt chau lyc khflng chia cat, vi tg do ea nhan va vi ehu nghTa nhdn van
Rdt khd ed thfi ehi ra, liet kfi mgt each tudng tan gia tij ban sac van hda chau Au bao gdm nhimg gia trj gi Tuy nhifin, d tam phfl quat nhit nlu cho rdng van hda chau Au chinh la ca sd nfin tang tao nen nhimg gia tri ban sac chau Au, thi theo chiing tdi cd nhiing gid tri nfin tang ciia ban sac van hda chau Au phai dugc nhac tdi la: Gia tri van hda truyen thflng Hy Lap - La Ma; Gia tn tu tudng Thifin Chiia giao; Gia tri cua thdi ky giai phdng tu tudng va khoa hpc khdi sy kim kpp ciia Nha Thd (Thdi ky Phyc Hung va Khai Sang); Gia trj thdi hipn dai
2.1 Gid tri vdn hoa truyen thong Hy Lgp vd La Md
Van hda Hy Lap va nhiing gia tij vdn
hda dudng nhu thdm dugm trong mgi hogt
' Jean-Claude Trtchet, Europe - cultural identity - * Biii Hai Ding, EU vd bdn sdc chdu Au Tqp chi
Trang 560
ddng ddi sdng ciia ngudi dan chdu Au
Nhiing gia trj ngay vfln dT cd chung mgt
ngudn gflc bit ngudn tir truyen thflng van
hda Hy La Vdi siic manh ciia minh, Hy
-La tir thi ky thii V TCN da bdnh tiudng
khdng chi sang phfa Dflng ma cdn sang cd
phfa Tay, dfin tan khu vgc ma ngay nay la
Phap vd Tay Ban Nha, rfli sang ca cac hdn
dao hien thugc Anh, Ireland va Na Uy^ Sg
banh trudng cua Hy Lap ciing dflng nghTa
vdi sg phd bifin nhting gia trj van hoa Hy
Lap dfin eac quflc gia, vung dat ma ngudi Hy
Lap dgt chan dfin hay thfln tinh Nhiing gia
tri van hda chau Au cd ngufln gflc tii thdi Hy
Lap cho den nay van cdn nguyfin gia tij ciia
nd Dd la nhtrng gia tri tgo nfin mgt he thflng
chu viet chung Hfi thong chii cai Hy Lap da
dat den trinh do khai quat cao, vdi khoang
hon 20 chir cai, ngudi ta cd thfi difin dgt dugc
mgi y tudng trim tugng bang each ghep cac
chu dga theo dm tifit Bang chii cai Hy Lgp
bao gdm h? thdng ehu hoa va chit thudng:
Chii Hoa: A, B, F, A, E, Z, H, 0 , 1 , K,
A, M, N, S, 0, n , P, S, T, Y, 0), X, "¥, Q
Chu Thudng: a, p, y, 5, e, ^, q, 8, i, K, X,
g, v, ^, 0,71, p, o (q), T, u, tp, X, v
to-Sau khi Hy Lgp lui tan, nha nudc La Ma
da ke thua hau hfit cac thanh tyu cua van hda
Hy Lap, song xet tren khia egnh nfi tgi, nfin
van minh La Ma vdn chira dung hong nd
nhung net rifing dgc sdc eiia minh Chvt vilt
la mpt trong nhiing tiianh tiiu nfli bat eiia van
Tran Phucmg Hoa (2006), Nhin lgi Ifch su chdu Au
vd tu tuang vi chdu Au, T^p chi Nghien cuu Chau
minh La Ma cd dgi Tir chu cdi Hy Lap, ngudi La Ma da sang tao nen he thdng ch& cdi Latinh Day la hfi thdng chii vifit don gian
va thudn tien nfin ngay eang dugc sii dung rflng rai trong d l quflc La Ma vd ddy la ngudn gflc ciia nhilu ngdn ngii hifin dai Dugc tiep xiic vdi nhung thdnh tuu eua van minh Hy Lap, ngudi La Ma da say mfi va tifip thu ehiing Hai chii X va Z trudc day bj gat ra khdi chii eai Latinh vi khflng can dimg din, nay duge dua vao Nd ciing la nguon gflc ciia nhilu ngdn ngii chau Au hifin dgi (Y, Tay Ban Nha, Bfl Dao Nha, Phap ) Luc diu, chii Latinh gdm 21 chu cdi, ve sau diing them Y va Z (till ki I TCN), W (thi ki XI), J va U (thi ki XVI), hien nay cd tit ca
26 chii eai Vdi he thdng chir viet don gian
va tien lgi, tieng Latinh ngay eang dugc phd bien va dugc sir dgng rfng rai d cae nudc thufc de ehe La Ma Ngoai ra, ngudi La Ma cdn de lgi hf thdng ehii sd ma ngay nay ngudi ta van thudng diing va quen ggi la chii
sd La Ma
That thifiu sdt neu ta khflng nhac den gia tri ciia triet hgc Hy Lap cfl dai - mgt trong nhiing thanh tuu nfli trfi, cd dnh huong sau sac den mai v l sau nay Cd thi eoi tiilt hpc
Hy Lgp cd dai la dinh cao cua van minh Hy Lap vdi cac ddc tiirag ca ban sau:
- Triet hgc Hy Lgp cd sg phan chia rfl rdng giiia cac gdg luu, trudng phai: chii nghia duy vgt (trudng phdi Milet, trudng phdi Heraclite, trudng phai Da nguyfin, tiirdng phai Nguyen tii lugn), chu nghTa duy tdm (tiudng phai Elfie, tiudng phai Duy tam
Trang 661
khach quan), chii nghia nhi nguyfin (trifit hgc
Aristote) Todn bd nen triet hgc till gidi sau
nay ciing dga trfin nhung nin tang ca ban dd
- Triet bgc cfl Hy Lgp nhu hoi chudng
thuc tinh giac mf ng thin thanh mufln ddi cua
ngudi dan Hy Lgp, tach vai trd ciia than
thanh ra khdi y thuc bf cua con ngudi Cdc
nha trilt hgc Hy Lap cfl dai da bilt gin bd
chat che trifit hgc vdi khoa hpe ty nhifin de
tdng hgp mgi hifiu bifit vfi cac ITnh vgc khac
nhau, dfi hudng tdi viec xay dyng thfi gidi
quan tflng thi, biln bifit hgc thanh "khoa hgc
ciia eac khoa hgc" va phdn nao tra ldi dugc
cau hdi: Con ngudi cd kha nang nhgn thiic
duge thi gidi khflng?
- Ngoai ra, trilt hgc Hy Lgp ciing rat coi
tigng van dfi con ngudi Vai trd ciia tg nhifin
va con ngudi dugc dfi cap mft each khaeh
quan nhdm di din tim hilu con ngudi va tg
nhifin tii dau ma cd va di v l ddu
2.2 Gid ttf tie tir&ng Thiin Chda gido
Tren phuang difin ton giao, Kito giao
dugc xem la nen tang tinh thin ciia chau Au
va cd y nghTa quan trgng dfli vdi sg phat
trifin cua vdn hda chau Au mdc dii khflng
phdi la san pham cua chdu lgc ndy''' Liic
dau, ngudi La Ma da tilp nhdn toan bf tfln
gido ciia ngudi Hy Lap vdi ddy du cac dgc
diem eua nd: Tran tyc va thuc tfi; Khflng cd
nfi dung thdn thanh vd luan li; Mfli quan hp
giita con ngudi vd than thdnh thgc chat la
moi quan hf cd lgi cho ca hai bfin Ra ddi
Bill Hii Ding, Ca sd Uch su vd vdn hoa cua bdn
sdc vdn hoa, Tfip chi Nghien cuu Chiu Au sl 9(120)
vao thi ki I d cae tinh phia Dong eiia dl chl
La Md, dao Cdng giao theo tmyen thuylt do Jesus sdng lgp ra Ong la ngudi Do Thai, sinh ra d Bethleem Kinh thanh cua Cflng giao bao gflm kinh Cyu ude va Tan ude Liic ddu, ngudi theo dgo chi gdm nfl IS va dan ngheo tg do Sau nay, ti'n dfl ngay cang dflng dao, trd thanh Iue lugng xa hgi quan tipng Ban dau quan difim cua Kito giao thfi hifin chii yeu trong ddi sflng dao due - tmh than,
v l sau nhiing gia tij Kito giao cdn thim dugm trong tu mdng va ddi sflng ciia ngudi dan Gia tri tfln giao da trd thanh gia trj dan tgc vd tir dd tid thanh difim chung cua khu vgc, ciia cae quflc gia - dan tgc trong khu vgc Kito giao quan tipng va gan vdi chau
Au dfin mue ngay nay tu "phuang tay" cdn dugc sii dgng de chi dSc tinh Kito giao phuang Tay, xae djnh van minh phuang Tay theo hudng la ban chii khflng phai bang cai tfin ciia mflt dan tflc nao, tfln giao, hoge viing dia ly nao
2.3 Gid tri cua th&i ky gidi phdng tir tu&ng vd khoa hgc ra khdi sir klm kep cda Nhd Tha (Thai ky Phuc Hung vd Khai Sdng)
Sudt thdi ky trung dai, Kito giao bi de nen, tuy nhifin, chinh sg kim hdm nay da thde day va lam nfin phong trao van hda Phyc Hung vdi tifiu ehf lam phyc sinh nhimg gid tri cua vdn hda Hy - La ma myc tifiu cao
cd nhdt la quyen tg do con ngudi Thdi ky Phgc Hung la cugc tdi sinh cac gia tpi nghp tiiugt, tu tudng, khoa hgc eua thdi ki Co dgi
Trang 7vd su sflng lai, phat trifin rue rd ciia nen vdn
minh phuang Tay Phong trao Phuc Hung
thudng dugc coi bit diu tit khoang the ki 14
tgi Y va thfi ki 16 tgi Bac Au Nd cung dugc
eoi la danh dau giai doan chuyen tifip eua
chau Au tic thdi ky Trung cfl sang thdi ky
Can dgi Thdi ky Phyc Hung dugc ggi nhu
thfi vi quan niem vfi vii try, ve nhdn sinh, tit
ca chan ly phai tim trong tap Kinh Thanh do
Giao hdi La Ma giai thfch va ban bfl Mft y
tudng, mgt ldi ndi khflng dugc phai Giao hgi
La Ma thua nhan, chuan y, lap tue bi liet vao
hang ta thuyet cua ac ma va tinh co ban cua
thdi ky nay la sy hfli sinh cua tinh than thdi
ky Cd dgi
Thdi ky Phuc Hung gin vdi sy hinh
thanh va phat trien ciia chii nghla nhan vdn
(TK XVI-XVH) trfin ca sd k l thua va lam
hfli sinh cac gia tri trilt hpc Hy Lap trudc
day Chu nghia nhan van la trdo luu tu tudng vd
van boa thdi Phyc Hung d chau Au Day la
mgt phong trao chflng Thifin Chua giao nham
dfi cao con ngudi, giai phdng ca nhan khdi sy
de nen tinh than cua chl do phong kiln,
chflng chii nghia kinh vien va gido hfi,
hudng eon ngudi vao xay dgng cugc sdng
thgc tai, Ngi dung chinh eua chu nghTa nhan
van Phyc Hung gdm'^:
Hong Van, NhQng vdn de ccr bdn vd s\e bieu hi^n
cua chu nghia nhan van trong then dgi Phuc hung d
chdu Au (The ky XIV - XVI) a Chdu Au, tai:
htip://huc.edu.vn/vi/spct/id 161 /tfflUNG-V
AN-DE-
CO-BAN-VA-SU-BIEU-HIEN-CUA-CHU-NGHIA-CHAU-AU-THE-KY-XIV—XVl-0-CHAU-AU/ tii
ngay 20 thing 12 nam 2013
The gidi do tg nbien sinh ra, khdng phai do Chiia Trdi tao nen;
Con ngudi la san pham ciia su phat triln tu nhien, chir khflng phai do Chiia tgo ra tii "mdu ddt" hay cai "xuang sudn cut"; Cugc sflng khdng phai la noi day ai
md la noi con ngudi cd the xay hgnh phiic dudi tidn thi, khflng phai dgi ngdy mai len thien dang;
Cupc ddi chua dgng vfl van cai dep
ma con ngudi la trung tdm cua eai dep, vi thi con ngudi phai trd thdnh dfli tugng eua nghfi thuat
Tren nfin tang ciia cuflc each mang khoa hpc ky thuat lin thii nhat d the ky 17, phong trao Khai Sang bat dau dien ra d chau Au tir the ky 18 vdi muc tieu phd bifin cac tu tudng tien bd dga tren nen tang tri thiic khoa hpc de bien dfli xa hgi, dflng thdi phii nhgn cac gia tri tfln giao va cac giao difiu cd san Co the ndi, trong ljch sii triet hgc chau Au, chua co mgt tiao luu tu tuomg nao rgc rd va sdi noi nhu trao luu "Khai Sang" trong khoang giiia the ki 18, mft trao luu dac thii ciia tu tudng Tay Au nhit Id d Anh, Phap va Diic: Tai Phap thi ki thii 18 dugc xem la thdi dai ciia
"dnh sang"; Tgi Anh, Khai Sang duge xem la
"chilu sang" hay giac ngg; vd Tgi Diic la
"khai sdng"
Nhung ngon tir "anh sang, chilu sang" hay "khai sdng" thoat tifin ndi len nifim l^c
^ Trin Phucmg Hoa (2010), Vdi net ve diqn mgo, (Hfc
trung vai tro cua vdn hoa chdu Au, tr 35, dl tii ap
Trang 8quan ndm tiong tu tudng eon ngudi the ki
tiiu 18; bdng toi eua huyen bi, giao dieu, mfi
tin, lgc hdu, chdm tien, bat cflng, dp biic ngan
can budc phdt trifin cua con ngudi tren tdt ca
cde lanh vgc xa hfi, ehinh tri, van hda, tdn
gido, khoa hpe cua qua kbd bj ddnh tan,
nhudng budc cho anh sang ciia ly tri vd tifin
bf Chii nghTa lgc quan nay di tir su tin tudng
toan difin vao nhiing thanh tuu khoa hpc ciia
thdi tan tiln va y mudn ap dgng nhiing thanh
tgu ay vdo ddi sflng con ngudi trong chifiu
hudng phat trien, tien len Phong tiao Khai
Sang coi vific tuyfin truyfin, pho bifin cac tu
tudng tien bg, nang eao cae chuin mgc dgo
diic va tri thiie khoa hgc (chii khdng phai tdn
giao, giao dieu ed sin) la nhung phuang tipn
quan trpng dfi bifin dfli cupc sflng xa hgi, con
ngudi, lam cho nhan logi tien bd Phong tiao
thuc giyc, kfiu ggi cac nha tu tudng - chinh
trj xay dgng lgi quan hp xa hgi tren ca sd
binh ding, cdng ly va eac nguyfin tic bat
nguon tir quyen lgi con ngudi
Thdi ky Khai Sang thudng dugc lien hp
chdt chfi vdi cufc Cach mgng Khoa hgc do
ca hai phong trao deu nhdn manh vao ly tinh,
khoa hpc hay sy hgp ly, trong khi phong trdo
Khai Sang edn tim each phat trien hifiu biet
cd hfi thflng vfi cdc quy ludt tg nhien va than
thdnh NhCmg ngudi di dau phong trao Khai
Sang tin ring hg se ddn thfi gidi budc ra khdi
thdi ky dai eiia sg phi ly, me tfn di doan, va
dfc tai ma hg ggi la Thdi k^ Den tfli (Dark
Ages) dl tiln din m tudng eua ly tri va tiln
bf Phong ti-ao Khai Sdng d chau Au gan vdi
va khdi diu cho cac dft pha ve khoa hpc
tien bf ve cdng nghfi, phdt trien kinh te va thay dfli xa hfi Thdi ky nay da gdp phan tao
ra ca sd tri thitc cho Cdeh mgng My va Cach mgng Phap, phong tiao dflc lap My Latinh,
va Hifin phap Ba Lan; va dan tdi sg nfli len ciia chu nghia ty do cd dien, dan ehu, va chii nghia tu ban
2.4 Gid tri ^h&i hiin dgi
Thdi ky Khai Sang vdi sy giai phdng khoa hgc ra khoi sy kim kep ciia Nha Thd vdi nhirng nifim tin tfln giao da md dudng eho sy tien bp vfi khoa hgc, cflng nghe va tang trudng kinh tfi vdi nhirng thay dfli to ldn
ve xa hgi Mdt tiong nhung gia trj thdi hien dgi phai dugc dfi cap den dd la chii nghTa lang mgn Chu nghia lang man khdi phat tir Anh va Due tu khoang nam 1795 Trao luu lang man cd mat ddng thdi d hau het ITnh vgc nghfi thuat nhu van hgc, hfi hpa, dieu khac, am nhac Trao luu nay phd bicn d chau Au sudt niia dau thfi ky 19, mang tinh chat da dgng va phiic tap (nha van, nghp sT, nhac si) den ndi cac sir gia khdng dflng y trong viec dua ra mgt djnh nghia thdng nhat vfi ehu nghia lang man Ngudi theo cbii nghTa ldng mgn thdng thudng mang trong minh sg ty do, tu tudng giai phdng va sy phdn khang Mgt sfl ngudi ban tam den tdn gido va tdi Chiia Trdi, trong khi dd, mft sd khae thi cd sg quan tam tdi nifim tin Rat khd trong vifc thau tdm tit ea tinb chat bao ham trong cac tac phdm cua nhthig nha lang mgn, tuy nhifin v l dgi thi, chung ta cd the nhgn thay net ddc thii lam nfin nhirng thugc tinh,
Trang 9nhung chii de eiia chu nghTa lang mgn la:
Kham phd cam xiic ca nhan, khdng dinh va
thang hoa cdi tfli Ndi ham trong thflng difp
cua nhiing ngudi theo chii nghTa ldng man la
sg tudng tugng ca nhdn se quyet dinh tdi
hinh thai, ngi dung cila sg sang tgo ciia cac
nghe sT Nhiing ngudi theo chii nghTa ldng
mgn nhan mgnh tinh da dang va don nhat:
nhiing net dac trung da lam eho mgt phan
trong con ngudi cd nhiing net khac Kham
pha va bieu 16 chfnh ban than minh, nhiing
ngudi theo chu nghTa Iang mgn da de nghi:
nufli duong ehinh ban than bang nhung
tuong tugng, dim chim trong dm nhac, viet
nen nhiing van tha, vfi nfin nhflng sac mau
cua cudc sflng, sdng, yfiu va chiu dgng bang
chinh each cua minh Trong nhirng ddng md
dau cufln sach Thu tgi (The Cofessions) cua
tac gia Jean Jacques Rouseau, mgt ngudi di
theo chu nghTa lang mgn, da nhan mgnh
nhirng dam me trong tinh chu quan rang do
la nhirng dgc difim ciia phong trao lang man
Con dudng dan dfin sy that cua nhiing ngudi
theo chu nghTa lang man dugc diln ra ty phat
tiong cam xiic ciia con ngudi ban la tri tup
Nhimg ngudi theo chii nghla lang mgn muon
con ngudi phai cam nhan va trai nghiem dl
"dam minh tiong ddng chay cudc ddi" theo
nhu Blake Hoge theo nhu Johann Wolfgang
Goethe, mft nha tha vt dgi cua Due, da vifit
trong tac phim Faust: "Ly thuyit Id mdu
xdm, cdn cdy dai mdi mdi xanh tuai"
Nua sau thi ky 19 chirng kiln sg phat
qud trinh the tgc hda ddi sflng va tu duy Chu nghia hien thgc, chii nghTa thgc chiing, thuyfit Ddc Uyn, chii nghTa Mac vd chii nghia
tu do, tu duy thgc nghiem ngay cang chilm
uu thfi, di ngugc lai vdi tu duy lang man diy mdu sic tdn gido vd sifiu hinh''' Sau nay, chu nghia duy vgt (tiie ky XIX va XX) xuat hien
la phong trao ddi khdng vdi quan difim duy tdm eho rang khflng phdi y thuc quyfit dinh vat chat ma that ra vat ehat quyet dinh y thitc
vd suy nghT ciia con ngudi Lich s\x triet hpc
ghi nhan nhieu giai doan phat trien cila chii nghia duy vat, my nhifin chii nghia duy vgt gin day nhat mdi that sy mang tfnh khoa hpc dugc Marx (1818 1883) vd Engels (1820 -1895) xay dyng Cho du chiing ta ed thfch hay khflng thich di nua, chii nghla duy vat that sg cd anh hudng mgnh me den ca nhan logi ti-ong till k y X X ' ^
3 Tix nhung gia trj ban sdc vdn hda
den phuvng cham "thdng nhat trong da
dang" ciia Lien minh Chau Au va kinh
nghifm hoi nhap vdn hda cua EU co thfi
van dung cho ASEAN Myc tieu "Thdng nhdt trong sg da dang"
la phuang chdm cua Lien minh Chdu Au, dugc coi la mgt trong nam bilu tugng bieu tiung cila EU hien nay (Cd Chau Au, Ngdy Chdu Au, Chau Au Ca, Phuang cham Chau
Au va Dflng Euro) Khai nifm "Thdng nhat ti-ong su da dgng" thuc te gdn vdi nhung gia tri, di san van hda, tdn giao vd nhan van cua '* Tran Phuang Hoa (2010), tldd, tr, 39
'^ Bill Hii Ding (2013), Ban sdc chdu Au trong tiin trinh hinh thdnh vd phdt trtin cua EU (Luin an tifc "
Trang 1065
chdu Au "Thflng nhdt" la muc tifiu ma EU
dang theo dudi nhdm tgo dung "mft van
menh chung" "Da dgng" kfiu gpi cdc dan tgc
chau Au phdi ty hdo vfi ban sic qudc gia va
lich sir ciia cac nudc thanh vien vdi sg tdn
trgng ldn nhau, nhan mgnh nhiing gid tri
chung cda cac quflc gia thanh vifin EU, v:
day ciing la nhung gia tri nfin tang eua EU
Tim kilm sg can bing giiia thflng nhat va da
dang la dieu thiet yeu, vi neu thdng nhdt qua
se dan den nhung nii ro cua vipc chuan mgc
hda va vi the cd the phd buy ban sac cua
qudc gia; da dgng qua cd thfi de dang ngan
chgn sg hfi tu va tiong thdi gian dai cd kha
nang pha buy cdng cugc tai thifit mgt chau
Au thong nhat'*
Qua trinh hon 45 nam thanh lap va phat
tiiln, Hipp hgi cac quflc gia Dflng Nam A
(ASEAN) da dgt dugc nhieu thanh tuu ddng
kl Hiln chuang ASEAN la kit qua ciia mft
qua tiinh, thi hifin sg can bang va dung hda
quan diem eua eae quflc gia thanh vifin, phu
hgp vdi myc tieu vi lgi fch chung ciia cac
quoc gia thanh vien Ciing gidng nhu Lifin
minh Chau Au, ngufln gflc sau xa cua sy gdn
kit trong ASEAN chinh Id nhiing nhiing gia
tri v5n hda tmyln thdng ciia cdc dan tfc
tiong khu vgc da dugc hfli sinh sau hang the
ky b) kim kpp dudi deh thdng trj ciia chii
nghia thyc dan, rfli ke thira, tilp thu ed chgn
lpe nhihig tinh hoa ciia van hda nudc ngoai
dl phdt triln ngang tam thdi dai Cd tiie
khing dinh, vdn hda chinh la mgt trong
nhung yeu tfl quan trpng gdp phan hinh thanh va phat triln ASEAN
Doan kit va hgp tac dfi cimg tgo ra "mgt van mfinh chung" do la myc tieu ma ca EU
va ASEAN dang nfl lgc hudng tdi Doan ket
ma van tdn tigng sg da dgng Neu khflng cd
sg tfln trpng thi khd Idng doan kfit vi mfli quoc gia dfiu cd ban sac rifing, Igi ich rieng Thgc te 46 nam qua da cho thay, chfnh sy tdn trgng ldn nhau, khong can thiep vao cong vific nfi bf cua nhau va dflng thuan la nguyfin tac dam bao sy gan ket giiia cac quflc gia thanh vien ASEAN
Qua trinh hinh thanh Lifin minh Chau
Au va nhat the hda chau Au da cho thay mdi qudc gia thanh vien can phai tu bfl di mgt phan quyln Ipi rieng ciia minli de hda nhap vao cfng dflng Ddi lai, sy hda nhgp do se mang lgi nhirng Igi ich to ldn ban eho cac qudc gia thanh vien Quan difim hai hda giiia Igi fch quflc gia vdi Igi ich cfng ddng la mot trong nhiing dgc difim quan trgng nhat ciia hgi nhap chau Au, Day cirng la bai hgc can thifit cd thfi vgn dyng cho hpi nhap ciia ASEAN Tham gia vao cdng ddng chung dong thdi tdn trgng nhirng khac biet cila nhau la hudng di dung ddn nhat eho viec hgi nhap vdn hda cua ASEAN, dfi tu ITnh vyc vdn hda cd thfi hdi nhgp sau hem vfi kinh tfi, chfnh tri, dua ASEAN tid thanh mgt tfl chiic lien ket khu vgc chdt che nhu dd dfi ra trong 'Tdm nhin ASEAN 2020", vdi myc tifiu tflng