Nghiên cứu về một số loại hình phương tiện biểu đạt tình thái trong câu hỏi tiếng Anh

Bài viết nghiên cứu về một số loại hình phương tiện biểu đạt tình thái trong câu hỏi tiếng Anh. Bốn tiểu loại chính của nghĩa tình thái trong ngôn ngữ là: Tiền giả định, xác nhận hiện thực, xác nhận phi hiện thực, xác nhận phủ định.

NGHIEN ClJtJ VE MQT S 6 LOAI HINH

PHirONG TIEN BIEU D^T TINH THAI TRONG CAu HOI TIENG ANH

AN INVESTIGATION INTO DIFFERENT TYPES

OF MODALITY MARKERS IN ENGLISH

V O DAI QUANG (PGS T S ; Dfi h f c ngoyi ngft, D H Q G Hft N$i)

NGUYfiN T H J V A N ANH ( T h S ; T n r i m g T H P T LS T h i n h Tdng, H i N$i)

Abstract: This article is focuses on three types of modality markers in English: Syntactic structures; vocatives; modal auxiliary verbs

Key words: modal; syntactic structures; saitence;ell^]ticalsaitence

1 D $ t v ^ d ^

Theo quan ^m cua nhfl ngJiiSn c ^

T.Gh>6n(1993X'Tlnh th£ b i ^ dij thdi d$ cOa nguieri

n6i doi vdi phdt ngSn" Theo 6n& "th^ dO" bao g ^

hai lo^i ddtdi gid cOa i^M^d nM v^ IhSng tin cDa phdt

n g ^ dugc chuy&i tdi qua n ^ dung m ^ de £>6 Id

(a) NhQng <Unh ^ nh$n thl^ vS tfnh h i ^ thyc, Idid

nfing, Ifmg tin, stf chfic chfin hay l^big d ^ n g vd (b)

NhQng <^nhgidgidtiiv^ui5cmu6n,svruatfi{ch,^

d^idi, nfing lyc s^ rdt^ bu$c tu^ s^ ( £ ^ Idiiln B&i

t i ^ lo^i difnh cCa nghia tinh thdi trnig ngoi ngCt Id:

1/ Tioi gid ^:ii^xvsiqjxisitiof^; 2/ Xdc nh$n h i ^

ttiVic (retdis asserti(»^; 3/ Xdc nh$n phi h i ^ thyc

farealis assertior^; 4/X6c nh^n f^i^ i ^ (negciive

CM tfa^ giao t i ^ n$i dung m$nh dl vd tlnh thdi

c6 m ^ quan h$ dioig nh^ ch$t diS tnxig tuong tdc

l^oig phuong t i ^ ng&i ti^ C6 ba {^uiong ^Saixc

d i i ^ tdi ng}^ tlnh tiidi: 0 1 ^ vyng h6a

f&03«rfgflito?^v6i phuong tigi Id cdc tfr llnh flidit cdc

b i ^ thucido d6n h$ thong 13 tr? d$ng tCr tlnh thdi

chuy»i dyng; (ii) Ngft p h ^ h6a

(gfwnmaticaliaOion): TMi tiidi dupc b i ^ tiij qua

p h ^ tn) tiute (mood), cy till Id tiiuc chi

^^Aifindicaive mood), tiuSc m ^ 1 ^ {inperative

mood), tiuk gid ( ^ {sii>juntive moody, 01^ Ngdn

C^htA^rosot^icadoiiy.TkiAt:^Ax;fc\yikxi^i&

v&i qua vi§c sur dyng n ^ t £ ^ ^r^nc^on) gom ngQ

£ ^ (fi xu6ng (die ^ide-dowr^, n ^ (£$u <£ len f^

^ide-ip), ngQ <£^ gjdng - Ihfing (die tSve) vd ngQ

d i ^ i£ l&t mpt cdch dgt ng$t (the take-off); thanh

d$ vang (loudness)^ t6c d$ ldi ndi (speech tempo), chat gipng c& tihfin (voice quality) Sau d&y Id phan trinh bdy vh nSng lyc cCia

cdc I09I hlnh phuong tifn trong vi$c chiQ'ln tdi nghTatinhthfii

2 C&n t r i e cA p h i p trone cftu hdi 2.1 C&u 0^ aa vd quy tdc kih hgp tit dnh thdi

Cfiu d^y dix tiiu&ng dupc ngudn c6 vj h i t h ^

hon sur dyng d l bdi n^x6i c6 vj till cao hon ho$c ngudi cilmg vj the Thdi d$ kfnh trpng cua ngudi hdi ddi vdi ngudi doi tho^i dupc chuyin tdi b ^ g con dudng ngdn di^u C£ing m$t cdu nhung khi d i ^ g vdi cdc myc dich phdt ngdn khdc nhau vd vdi nhQng thiu d$ khdc nhau cik n^idi ndi, cd thl dupc ndi vdi nhQng ngQ di^u

khdc nhau X6t vf dy: Would you mind ifl turn down the radio?

+ Nlu cfiu hdi trgn dupc sOr dyng nhu mOt d^ng cfiu hdi dfch thyc (genuine question) thl

nd sS ludn dupc sur dyng vdi ngQ di^u di l£n

(tlw glide-up

+ Nlu dfiy Id mpt ldi d l nghj Ijch s^ thl ngD difu cd thl sdr dyng Id ngQ di$u di xu6ng^ir/ie

glide-down

+ N I U cfiu tren dupc ndi vdi thdt d$ bye bOt> cdu bin thl ngf^ di$u d u ^ sQ dyng d day Id ngQ

di$u di ISn m^t cdch dpt ngOt (the take-off)

+ N I U ldi d l nghj tr6n dirpc ngudi ndivdi sy luOng Iy, thilu dOt khodt ho$c mla mai thi sS dupc chuyin tdi bfing ngQ di$u gidng - tiidng

TiSu ^ikmha trong cau h^ thu6i% ilipc h i ^

time h6a bfing tQ chua fim tilt tilt d i ^ (tonic

syUiAle) Dudng na ngQ ^ (contour) sB tiiay d&

c£lng vdi cdc vj tri khdc nhau oua t i ^ dilm tiidng

bdo

^ 2Z GSu iSJnA begic (eiSpdad sentence)v& qtty

tSckhhgptudnhthM

Kilu cau tinh hipc tiiudng dupc ngudi cd vj till

cao hon sur dyng (^ hdi ngudi cd vj till t h ^ hon ho$c

ngudri Cling vj till Cau tnk cfiu n^, citoig vdi cdc ( ^

( £ ^ ng&i (fi^ Ididc nhau, sS dhuy^ tdi cdc sfic t l ^

tlnh cdm, tiidi d$ <b d^i^ khdc nhau cda ngudi hdi

Cdnh h u ^ (cor^xt ofstuc^on) vd vfin cdnh

(co-tad) sS gji^ ngudri n ^ xdc i!^nh cfiu hdi dupc dfbig

vdi tiidi d$ thfin m$t, su6ng s3 hay hdch c ^ liich

fhupng ^IdnQ/lt tiiilu <M ngQ cda cfiu, traigsy

tuong hpp ^Qa ngudi h ^ ngudi n ^ vd hodn cdnh

giao t i ^ cd thl dupc coi Id phuong t i ^ ngQ

n^ib-ngQ dyng b6 trp till hiqn idti&ig tiidi dQ Ididc nhau dd

Vd, phuong t i ^ ngQ n^i3a - ngQ dyng nicy ^ ^

ngudri n ^ xdc d ^ vj thl cda ngudri ndi Vf dy:

Mnd^Itum on tfe Ag/tf?

3 Thdnh ph&nhdg^ trong cfiu hdi (vocative)

YIU t& dai^ t ^ (ncmind elemerti) dupc tii&n

vdo traig cfiu dl tiiyc h i ^ diuc nfing thu hdt sy diu

1^ cda ngudri Aipc gpi vd dl bdy td thdi d$ cua ngudi

ndi d6i vdi ngudi n ^ dupc gpi Id tiidnh phan ho

gpi Ihdnh [diin hd gpi ndy dupc sCr dyng nhu m$t

k ^ phuong t i ^ diiQ«i tdi tiidng tin ngQ dyng

3.1 Hinh thdc cda thdnh phdn hdg^

Hd ngQ cd till t ^ tfii d ttinh tiiiic danh ngQ

ho$c m ^ dl danh tfnh (nominal clause) Cy thl

nhu sau:

(l)Tan ngudi cd h c ^ khdng cd tudc hifu di

lAn nhu Thomas, M* Brown, DrNorris

(2) Elfu td nhfin xung *yn/' trong chiic nfing hd

ngQ (till h i ^ tiidi d$kh&ig Ijch syr cua ngudi ndO

( 3 ) ^ ) TQ dti quan h$ gja <finh: mother.^ier,

mdle, mom(my)(AmE), mum(my)(BrE), dad(dy),

autUie

(3b) TQ chi n ^ n^ii^ ho$c £^ vj: doctor,

A^/K^dam Chairman; M- Pre^dert; (h&) Prm«

Mnister; Fatherifac priests); Bi^K^

(4) M$nh dl danh t ^ (ft dCing): Whoever said

fiat, come out plefBe

(S) C&:ti]td(l),(2),(?)ti£n(^dik&nvdicdcbS

to (mo(^iers) bo^c cdc ylu t6 ddng vj

ngQf^T^xisitfH?) tiiu^c cdc lo^i Ididc nhau nhir

+Afy deo-M-s David; YowigThomas + You widt Jfte red hair; You over dtere ()d£og

Ijdisy)

+ You boy^ you fyoiff^fellows, you ffiys(4mE) (ihdr^n^duic(i/^fmKd),kh^lichsfir) + Old mtm/feBaw; young man/ young woman

(tiifinni§t)

Vf ( ^ Miffi am I eat ice-cream? (A^ (ai), con dnixmdu^ldidr^?)

Whoever sa^ that, dare you come oii here and fi^? (Ihdt^ ndo noi the, dam ra d^ ddrOx rhcm Ididng?)

11 Chdc ndt^tMoAdnh phdn hd gpi did 1^

H 5 1 ^ cd chdc nfing tiui hut sy chd ^ o&a ngudi dupc gpi vd dl ti^ h i ^ cdc kilu tfidi d$ khdc nhau cua ngudi hdi nhu k ^ tr^ng, tiiSn m ^ s u ^ ^ D6i vdi nhQng ngudri tham gpa d6i thofii till tiidnh phin hd ngQ cdm ^ i ^ xdc (^nh, nh§n diqi vj the xS h$i cda hp Cd hai ngLQ>€n tfic thudng dupc sur dyng

dl xdc # i h vj till cua cdc tiiam tfal gjao t i ^ Id: NgiiySn tdc liy ngudi ndi 1dm tnmg tfim dl bd gpi; Nguyto tfic iSy ngudri khdc 1dm trung tdm dl hdgpi

Vi$c sd dyng td ho gpi bj quy djnh bdi cdc quan hf li6n c^ nhan nhu quan hf khodng cdch

(distance) vd quan hf vj tiie tren/dudi hay Id cdn gpi Id quan hf quyin uy (power) giQa cdc tiiam

till giao tilp Mu6n sd dyng ddng td hd gpi titi ngudri ndi cin phdi xdc djnh dupc mdi quan hf giOa mlnh vd ngudri doi tho^ niim d vj tri ndo

trSn hai tiyc ndy NgQ difu gjdng-tiifing (the iSve) trong thdnh pla^ hd gpi gii^ gia tdng sdc

thdi tilde giyc ngudi ddi tiio^i trd ldi

3.3 VftricOa thdnh phdn hd gpi trong cdu (sentence)

Thdnh phin hd ^ i trong cfiu hdi tilng Anh dupc sd dyng r^ linh ho^t d cdc vj trf khdc nhau.Thdnh phin niy cd till xuit hifn d d k cfiu, giOa cfiu ho$c cudi cfiu Cdc vj tri khdc nhau niy cua thdnh ;diln hd gpi, d mdc dp nhit djnh, mang sfic tiidi ngQ dyng bilu thj cdc muc dp

quan tfim cda ngudri hdi ddi vin ngudri ddi tiio^i

+ Vitri<^cau: thihi$niniiKd$chuycaocCia Vldu:Atgv can you help me now? (iib mS il

ngufiinM vio dii tupng dipchS gpi in&tfa6ngfU%> (&ic&i)

clnchu)inden /maBriksenju: help roi nau/

+ V| trf giOa caic thi hi^ s(t n ^ nhi£n,s(i giin

do^n, niu mi can tii&n thM gian de diin d^ diinh

xdc hon n$i dung cua fliSng £ ^

+ Vj tf cuoi cSu: Ihi hi^ sv uu ti&i trong giao

tiq) dupc d U cho npi dung th6ng di^

QmIpayforthebook,i^?(Mii^lia^c6a)

^csn ai pei &:Sd bdc mxri /

Cimyouhe^menow,Msy.andwecanleaveetrl)ll(l^n^6eSi!idax)

X4.NgtdipidllcBungciathdnhphdnh3gpl

Ngti di$u ^ ^ thing(Ae i£iie/iAe/U.nK) du(K dfing Idii thilnh phin h6 gpi d db ciu h6i H i^i: ^^^

amyou help me now? I nisrilaenju: iielp mi nau /

NgQ* di^ di len fite £^-if»^ise.) dupc diing Idli

h5 ngit A giOa clu vi cuii c&i Vi dvu Gn^ou te^

me now, Mcrv (/- -A and we can leave early?

/ken ju: help mi nau masri dnd wi kdn li:v

aii/

Can you help me now, Mary?

Dii vdi cfiu hii khSng c6 tCr h6i (Yes-No

^uasXan, Idii thinh phin hd g9i £l cuii c&i, till ttlUi

phin h6 g(ii c6 the li mOt ph&i ciu Ihinh tiong

vi kh6ng nhit thiit t^o thinh ni$t don v) ngS difu d$c%>.VIdv:

Canyouhelpme, Mum?

tooiu:helpminiAm

Thdnh phin hd gpi d cfiu hdi fliudng dupc sd dyng

nhu mQt don vj ngQ difu (lone unit) rieng bift, tdch

Ididi phin cdm l^i o ^ cdu vd Aipc [di^ fim k6o ddi

dl thu hut sy did ]^ cua ngudi (&rpc gpL

4 Tj^tinhtfa^

4J.H^thSngtrpra^ tit 6nh thdi trong dS^

Anh

Tilng Anh cd 10 tPp dfng tur tinh ttidi vd 3 dQng

td vCta ^ dyng nhu nhdng d ^ td mangn^i&td

vyng (lexical verbs) via cd till tiiyc h i ^ didc nfing

cda cdc trp d ^ ti^ (eaedliaries): can, could, nn^,

m^it, MnB, would, shall, should, must, ougfa to,

used to, need, tbire

Thdng tin ngQ dyng bd tnp dupc dn^nln tdi hQu

hifu tii&ig qua n g ^ i £ ^ (ngQ i £ ^ dm hipng, dilm

nhin ) kit hpp vdi vj tri vd hdm nghSa cda cdc trp

d$ng td tinh tiidi Cdc trp dfng td tinh tiidi cd khd

i ^ d u i y ^ tdi cdc n ^ n^ua pbcsig pdhd vd da dfvig

Tnmg t i ^ Anh, tiidne tin n ^ dyng ndy dupc

thl h i ^ l^ng ng&i <£^ ket hpp vdi v| tri, vai n^m

cua cdc trp d ^ td tlnh thdi tnmg diuc nfing tdc td

ciu tnjc - tinh tiidL Cdc tdc td d u tnk>tinh tiidi

tiiudng nfim d nhQng vj tri sau (^y:

+ ^ tri ( ^ cfiu tnmg cfiu hdi khnig cd td dl hdi

(Yes-No questions/tag que^tms/dedaradve

questions) ^^ cfiu hdi lya d i ^ h i ^ ng&i (ExpUdt

alternative questi(ms

+Vi tri sau td hdi tn)ng cfiu hdi cd td dl hdi fTf^

quesHm^

Ttf? dfng td tinh tiidi trong tioig Anh cd khd

nfing biln c^i vl Itinh tiidi de trial tiij tiidi gjan cda

hdnh dfng Chfing h^n nhu C m (Ixlu tiij tiidi ^ Id

hifn t^O CbuU(bilu tiij tiidi gian Id qud khd)

4J.TStdnhauiicdthiaiepicsitifyngnhirm$t

logi phtan^ apt thi hl^vid trd, vi^ cda ngudi

ndi

Ndua tinh tii^ tnmg tilng Anh cd till dupc

chiQ^ tdi trcmg cdc td tinh tiidi timfc cdc td kt^

Ididc nhu ti^ng tile, danh tC^ dpng td; tinh td NhQng

td ndy ttiudmg Id ti&i dilm hdi Td mang n ^ tinh

tiidi £Su cd tiK xuit hifn d cdc ki^i cfiu hdi khdc nhau

(Cfiu hdi lya chpn hiin ngdn, cdu hdi ^la chpn ng^im

In v i cfiu hdi khdng lya chpn) Cdc td tinh tiidi

tiuidng Irilu d^t ;^ muon (Vofificv;), 1^ quyin / sy d u

pt^ (at^horityjxrmission), y nguy^ (wilhr^iess)

^ vdi vai trd, vj till cua nhCbig ngudri tham gja gjao

5 NgQ- difu: Mft to^i phuong t i ^ hOu h i ^ iHm dft tinh thdi trong tilng Anh

Khi bdn vl ngQ ( £ ^ nhu mft phuong ti^ trilu d^ n^ua tinh tiidi d n dl c ^ hai ylu to chfnh: dEcngn^ ngQ (fi^ 0iitemation coitour) vd vj tri cua

dm tiatiet fifu (tonk: syllable) Trong tieng Anh, cd bin ngQ (fifu CO bdn (JD.O' Connor, 1:108) Id: 1/

NgQ <fi^ di xudng/hgQ d i ^ gjdng (the gfide

-obtin); 2/NgQ i£fu CG loi / ngQ difu tiidng (//e gilui^

-iqj); 3/ NgQ (fifu gjdng- tiifing (the dive); 4/ NgQ

<fifu (fi Irai dpt ngft (dK take-off) Hlnh ddng cy

thl cda cdc c ^ sd dyng nhQng n ^ <fi^ n ^ phy tiiupc vdo s6 lupng fim ti^ cd trpng fim vd vj tri cda dm tilt ti^ difu (tonic jrt^^As&Zs) tn»% tdng cfiu

Am tilt tilt difu trong cdc td ti&i dilm (focus)

Ididc nhau till hifn nhQng tiidi df, sy ddnh gik khdc

nhau cda ngudri ndi Vf dy: "Thomas didn't throw

thebaU"

-Neutioidionndivdo "da//"tliltii&ig(£^md

ngudi ndi mudn diuyln tdi Id: "Thomas nem vgt

the IditSc chd khdng phdi Id qud bdng (bcdl) "

- Neu ti€u ^kn rcri vdo "throw " thl thdng (fifp

I&: Thomas dd Idm vi?c g2 dd khdc vdi qud bdng chdhhdngphdi nim nd

- N I U ti&i (film roi vdo "Thomas" hdm n g ^

sS Id: ^/ d^ n&m qud hdr^ chu Ididng phm Id Thomas

Nhu v$y, \ i tii cda fim ti^ tilt <&fu cd khd nfing

chuyka tdi tinh tiidi rit rS ndt Cdc kilu ngQ difu

khdc nhau cQng cd khd ndr^ chuyin t ^ nhQng tiidi

dp, tlnh cdm khdc nhau cda ngudri ndi (^xdcer)

Cy till Id:

0)NgQ difu di xudng (r/e glide - down)

I h u ^ bilu tiij sy^ dific difin cda n^idri ndi ve thraigtindu^duara Vidy:

"Joe left here yestenhy."

/doaulefthigjeslcdei/

(Tdi diSc chfin Id h ^ qua Joe rdi Ididi ^ ) Cu) NgQ difu d i l ^ ( r / e s / u ^ - I f ? ; tiiudng bilu thj thdi dp ngjii ngd ho$c tim kion thdng tin diua

"Joe lefi here yesterdc^?"

/doaulefthiajestadei/

(C6 dung li h5m qua Joe da rin kh6i (Sy khSng?)

(liQ NgS di$u g ^ - thing (lAe dtue) biiu H^

thii d$ iudng Ivr, d^ d$t, kh«ig emic chin ho$c mia

mai.VidM:

M$t b i m? nhln thiy con trai da minh cim

phinvSb$yi€ntudng.Bimcc6thin6i "Youdraw

beautiftilty! "(Con vSdep ddy rMQIyx dro biu.1iiiili /

Ngit di$u giing - tiling (the (hve) roi vio

"beauUfiiUy" dupc hiiu nhu l i ldi nhic nhd cua

bi m? vdi con tiai Ii khdng ngn v6 b$y Pllit

ngdn niy khdng phii l i ldi khen nggri ciia b i m ;

dinh cho con trai mlnh N i u ciu ndi niy d u ^

sijr dvmg nhu ldi khen thi ngO- difu chiQ>&i dvmg d

day li ngtt d i ^ giing (Ifte giui^ - lAniTi^ Vi dy:

"Yottitawbeautifidly." /juidra: biutiflili/

Ngti £^udil&i dpt ng$t(tferait£-(!^ thi hi$n

thii d§ khd chju, tiie gi$n cda ngudi ndi Vi dy:

"Ididn'lbreaklhevase" (Sodon'tbo&erme.)

/ ai di:d6tit breikSd veiz /

6 Kitlu|n

(0 V i ^ sii dvng thinh phin hd gpi, cic kiiu

ciu triic clu (ciu diy dii, ciu tinh lupc) v i h?

bi^ li trp dOng til tinh thii, trong tiing Anh nhu m^t phuong t i ^ ngit dyng nil tipi cd khi ning chuyin tii n ^ tinh thii Han quan din vai tid, vj thi cua cic tham tiii giao t i ^

00 Cic tit mang n ^ tlnh diii diu xuit h i ^ 6 cic lo^ ciu hdi Iva chpn hiin ngdn, ciu hdi Iva chpn ngam i n v i ciu hdi Ididng Ivra chpn Cic tit tinh tiiii ludn chuyin tii ngluJB li€n nhin gin vdi vai fed, vj tiii ciia tiiam tiii giao dip Cu tiii li, nhfing lit

tinh thii tiiudng bioi tiij ^ muon (volition), uy

quyin/svi cho p h ^ (ouI^unlH^ieiTnissMn), ^ ngu)^

(yvillingness): can, could, mt^, mi^, should, sht^ will would,

(m) uidng tin v i quan h$ liSn nhin dupc tiii

h i ^ did yiu l ^ ngdn d i ^ kit hpp vdi vj tit vi n^iia ciia cic ti? dpng til tinh tiiii trong chiic ning

tic tur ciu tniotinh thii (modal - structural

cp&ator) Trong phuong t i ^ ngdn d i ^ dmsoify)

till ngit di$u (mHomlion) Ii {diuong tipn bieu ti4 tinh tiiii i6 n£t nhit lien quan din mvic dich phit ngfin ciia ngudi ndi

TAI LI|;U THAM KHAO

1 Connor, JD.6 (199IX Better Engliih

promindatlon.CUP

2 Givdo, T (1993), English grammtr: A fimction-basedimroducUonVohnx l&2,P.C.CUP

3 Kieftr F (1997) Some semantic andpragmOic properties of Wh^uesttons and the corresponding

answer%l(rn "SMIL") No 3

4 Ladd, DR (1977), Intonationd phonplos)

Cambridge U o i v a ^ Press

5 Lycan, W.G (1994), Modality and meaning

Kluwer Academic Publisher

6 Palmer, F (1986), Mood and maUtt)

Cambridge, CUP

7 Qiai%VODai (2008),7MtU'iningaii>^

ng^ Mdi sd vdn diu ludn ca bin T^iM-tt^vgi

viDMsingT Si3(149Xtr 1-17

8 Quang, Vfi Dai, PrincqHss of En^ish phoneHa and jJionolagyCr^ taping ad dm'^^''^ da

cdc 16p cao hoc vi ogbi€n c ^ sinh chuyfo ngdnh Anb ng(t hQC lai Thi6ng Dai hoc ngoai nglK Dai b9C Quic gia H»N«0

9 Searie, J (2007); PhUosapIv of language

Cambridge: CUP

10 Roicfa, P (I988X English phonetics and

;jAonoJ^ Cambridge Uiiiwraity Press

11 Sei^i.'R{\9T9), Expression and meming

Cambridge (Mass)

12 Spensor, A (1996), Phonology (Iheory and