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Outline of Presentation Background: oil and transportation  Stats showing trends in the trucking industry  Sampling of methods for both improving fuel efficiency and reducing consump

Reducing Petroleum

Consumption of Trucks

Outline of Presentation

 Background: oil and transportation

 Stats showing trends in the trucking industry

 Sampling of methods for both improving fuel efficiency and reducing consumption of

petroleum in heavy duty trucks

Methods of Reducing

Petroleum Consumption by Trucks

 Conventional methods

 Technologies

 Hybrid technologies

 Alternative fuels

Issues Limiting Fuel

 Relatively low price of diesel fuel

 Low fuel tax on Diesel fuel: 24.4 ¢

 Cheaper to produce than gasoline

Oil and Transportation

Today

over 1/2 of the nation’s oil demand

 Transportation consumes about 2/3 of the nation’s oil demand

on petroleum fuels

 Transportation uses all domestic oil

production plus 40% of imports

 Number of vehicles on our roads and miles driven continue to steadily increase

History of Motor Vehicle Fuel Use

Projected Fuel Use of Motor Vehicles

Why We Need More

Energy Efficient Heavy

Vehicles  Essentially all of the increase in highway

transportation fuel use since 1973 has been due to trucks

 1996: highway energy use by trucks exceeded that of automobiles for the first time in US history

 Our nation's economic health depends on HD vehicles, which transport the bulk of our country's goods

Gross Domestic Product

and Trucks

 The Nation’s economy is linked to

efficient heavy vehicle transportation

H-D Trucks: Population v Consumption

Fuel Use by Truck Class

 Fuel use of Class

8 trucks, at 18 billion gallons per year, far exceeds that of

commercial trucks in any other weight class

Fuel Use by Truck Class

and Trip Length

 Class 8 Long haul trucks use about

13 billion gallons

of fuel/yr

 Class 8 short haul trucks less than 1/2 that amount

at 5 billion gallons

of fuel/yr

Reasons Diesel is the

Preferred Fuel for HD

Trucks Diesel fuel has a higher energy density

Diesel Engines are More

Powerful

 Higher compression ratio with

Diesel engines

 The higher the compression ratio, the

more power is generated by the engine

 Gasoline engine compresses at a ratio of 8:1

to 12:1

 Diesel engine compresses at a ratio of 14:1

to as high as 25:1

Diesel Engines Need to Be

Hot

 Diesel engine has no spark plug to produce heat

 Direct Injection Process:

 It intakes air and compresses it, and then it injects the fuel directly into the combustion chamber

 The heat of the compressed air is what actually lights the fuel in a diesel engine

 When a diesel engine is cold, the

compression process may not raise the air to

a high enough temperature to ignite the fuel

 Big reason for idling

Conventional Methods

Policy for Conventional

measures

 With a 25% shortage of imported oil, prices are sure to rise and fleet operators as well as independent drivers will look to basic

methods of improving efficiency first,

because they represent the cheapest and

quickest alternatives

Proper Vehicle

Maintenance

 Although diesel engines don’t require tune-ups, it

is important to replace fuel filters at the proper intervals

 Keeping all axles both drive and steer, properly aligned to minimize rolling

resistance

Proper Vehicle

Maintenance

 Monitoring fuel quality at the pump

 dirty fuel causes the fuel injectors to clog or disrupt the spray pattern negatively affecting fuel efficiency

 Repairing any body damage

 For example, that front corner of the

dinged-up bumper hanging down hurts the vehicle's aerodynamics, and thus, fuel economy suffers

Switch to Synthetic

Lubricants

 Replacing popular conventional engine and driveline lubricants with synthetic

lubricants in Class 8 diesel-fueled vehicles has been shown to increase fuel mileage

up to 8.2%

 Saves $, because less frequent fluid changes are required

Proper Inflation of Tires

Reducing Speed of Trucks

 Trucks burn an additional 0.1 gallons

of fuel for each an-hour increase in speed over 55 mph

mile- Slower shifting through the gears

 Slower Starts from stop

 Cost benefit analysis:

 is the time you save worth the cost of the extra fuel?

Technologies

Idling Away Fuel

 According to the Department of Energy’s

largest research center, Argonne National

Laboratory the average truck sits idling for up

to 1,800 hours each year, which is an

equivalent of 75 straight days

Idling Away Fuel

 Trucks typically consume 0.8 gallons of fuel/hr during idling

 American trucking association estimates that idling for only one hour/day for a year results

in the equivalent of 64,000 miles of engine

wear and wastes over 500 gallons of fuel

Idling Away Fuel

fuel each year,

just from idling

Legislation on Idling

 Federal government currently has no policy

limiting vehicle idling

 Only about a dozen states that have explicit laws against excessive idling

 State wide: CT, HI, MA, MD, NH, NJ, NV, NY, VA

 However, most states have nuisance laws that prohibit excessive idling

Industry – Idling = $avings

 Many fleets already have rules in place to limit driver idling time

 Some fleets have installed equipment that

automatically turns off the engine when a

vehicle has been idling for a certain amount of time

 UPS has placed an outright ban on idling

Why Do Truckers Idle?

 To keep the cab/sleeper heated or cooled

 To keep the fuel warm

in the winter

 To keep the engine warm to avoid cold starting it in the winter

 Because all the other drivers do it

Truck Stop Electrification

Alternative Devices

Cost of Alternatives and Fuel Consumption

APU to Reduce Idling

 Willis Truck APU

 Uses industry-proven

Kubota

3-cylinder engine to

run the APU

 Uses less than a

 Eliminates engine idling, thereby

reducing fuel usage as well as emissions

 Functions as an integrated alternator, heat exchanger and air conditioning

compressor

 Maintains a comfortable living

atmosphere by providing heating, air conditioning, and electricity to the cab and sleeper

 Allows for the elimination of electric starter and three to four batteries when used in

conjunction with air start operation

 Provides a dependable source of power to support the running and maintaining of all electrical systems

 Including all the running lights for both

tractor and trailer, and modern

communications and location systems,

while truck is parked

 Monitors and maintains engine temperature

 Monitors battery voltage and recharges

when necessary

Products to Reduce Idling

 Superior noise attenuation keeps noise levels down

 around truck stops

 along highways, and

 at rest stops

 Reduces the possibility of violating the idling and nuisance laws

The SuperDrive Transmission

The SuperDrive

Transmission

system to uncouple engine rpm from

wheel speed and then allows the

electronic control module to seek the

lowest rpm at which sufficient torque is available to maintain the desired speed

engine idle rpm

Energy $avings

 Heavy-duty trucks consume about 18 billion

gallons of total fuel annually and SuperDrive is expected to improve fuel economy by 20% to 25%

 Assuming a 20% improvement in fuel economy and an average gas cost of $1.50 per gallon, the potential savings could be $7500 per truck annually

Hybrid Technologies

Regenerative Drive System

 Hybrid powertrains appear to be promising for Class 8 urban use trucks where stop-and-go driving is prevalent, or in hilly or mountainous areas

How it works

 The RDS captures energy generated by

a vehicle’s braking process, then

releases the energy back into the

driveline as power is needed

 Key design features include an

innovative inline drive shaft, energy

storage devices that utilize special

composite materials, ultra-light-weight metals, and advanced hydraulic and

electronic engineering

Potential Fuel Savings

 Permo-Drive Technologies’ hybrid hydraulic drive

system can reduce fuel consumption for trucks and buses by

Alternative Fuels

 Fuels that use existing diesel engine technology or slightly modified

 Fuels types

 Natural gas based fuel

 Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)

 Biodiesel

Liquefied Natural Gas

 Fueling stations with equipment to cool the gas

 Trucks must have tanks capable of keeping the LNG cool until usage

Onboard Storage &

Delivery of LNG

 The fueling system utilizes a double-walled,

cryogenic tank with an air seal

 The insulated tanks keep the fuel cold without

requiring additional refrigeration while on board the truck

 When the truck engine is operating, LNG is

pumped from the tank as a liquid and the

temperature is then increased through the use of

a heat exchanger supplied with engine coolant, which returns the LNG to a gaseous state

 The gas is then delivered to the engine under

pressure

Dual-fuel natural gas

(DFNG) engines

 These engines can be run on diesel only but

cannot be run on natural gas only because the

autoignition characteristics of natural gas are poor

 Basically the same power and performance of

normal diesel engines

How It Works : LNG in a high

compression diesel engine

 Use of a high pressure direct-injection fuel

injector capable of introducing a small amount of diesel fuel into the cylinder during compression to create ignition, followed by a much larger injection

of natural gas to generate power on the down stroke.

How It Works : LNG in a high

compression diesel engine

compression ignites the diesel fuel, which in turn ignites the natural gas

LNG and diesel fuel occurs relatively late in the combustion cycle, which allows for a much higher compression

ratio than in a typical natural gas engine

 Installation of the high-speed injectors to

deliver the natural gas and diesel through

separate outlets within the engine cylinder

 Either disable or remove the engine's camshaft since the natural gas is under pressure

 The result is a quieter running engine

Issues in Using LNG

INFRASTRUCTURE:

barriers pertain more to vehicle fuel storage and refueling stations rather than with the engine

infrastructure and unreliable fueling stations

have their own supply of LNG

Issues in Using LNG

LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY:

 The weight of the vehicle resulting from the extra

components required on the engine as well as additional fuel tanks can be a barrier

on the vehicle for the extra tanks can also be a barrier for long haul trucks

 However, the Westport-Cummins fuel delivery

system seems to have solved the load capacity issue for at least local trucks

UPS Purchased 10 LNG TRUCKS for a 545 Mile Route

Biodiesel

What is Biodiesel?

 Biodiesel is the name of a clean burning alkyl ester-based oxygenated fuel made from soybean oil or other vegetable oils or animal

 Biodiesel is registered as a fuel and fuel additive

with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and meets clean diesel standards established by the

California Air Resources Board (CARB)

 Neat (100%) biodiesel has been designated as an alternative fuel by the Department of Energy (DOE) and the US Department of Transportation (DOT)

Biodiesel contains no sulfur or aromatics and

already meets the 2007 sulfur standards

Biodiesel Operates in

Conventional Engines

diesel

because of the lower energy content of the biodiesel (121,000 Btu compared to 135,000 Btu for No 2 diesel fuel

sometimes found in pre-1994 vehicles

and gaskets, so those would need to be changed to more

modern material if B100 is used

below

complete combustion with biodiesel than with petroleum

Safety of Biodiesel

 Biodiesel is safer to use than

petroleum diesel or E diesel

 The flash point for biodiesel in its pure form is more than 260 ° F versus about 125° F for regular No 2 diesel.

 This makes biodiesel the safest fuel to use, handle and store

Biodiesel Exhaust

 Biodiesel exhaust is less offensive than diesel exhaust

 The use of biodiesel and biodiesel

blends results in a noticeable, less

offensive change in exhaust odor

 Equipment operators have compared it to the smell of french fries

 Users also report having no eye

irritation.

About 75 Biodiesel Retail Outlets for B 100 & B 20 Fuel Bosselman Travel Center 1944

North 9th; Interstate 70, Exit 252; Salina, KS 67401; (785) 825-6787; public B2 pump

Hydrogen Fuel Cells?

 Currently development of hydrogen fuel cells is only at the prototype stage

 More development for busses in Europe and US

 Some truck makers are working on fuel cells for APUs