引言 ããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããã 1
研究意义 ãããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããã 1
In recent years, the relationship between China and Vietnam has become increasingly friendly, particularly in the areas of economy and education More and more students in Vietnam are choosing to learn Chinese, while a significant number of Chinese students are coming to Vietnam to study Vietnamese However, the differences in vocabulary associations between the two languages often lead to learning difficulties and communication barriers during the language learning and interaction process.
This paper focuses on food-related vocabulary, aiming to identify the similarities and differences in associative meanings and extension paths of food terms in Chinese and Vietnamese through cognitive analysis and comparison.
This article explores the associative meanings of Chinese and Vietnamese culinary vocabulary, providing valuable insights into the natural environment, historical culture, customs, values, and thought processes of both countries Such knowledge is beneficial for learners of both languages, enhancing their understanding and application of these terms in real communication The author hopes this work serves as a useful reference for those engaged in Chinese-Vietnamese cross-cultural communication and for teaching and learning Chinese as a foreign language.
研究综述 ãããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããã 2
0.2.1 联想意义研究现状
0.2.1.1 联想意义在西方的研究状况
The term "association" is widely recognized in psychology, referring to the mental activity of recalling related people or concepts triggered by an individual or object Since the 17th century, scholars have utilized the concept of association as a fundamental principle to explain various psychological phenomena, leading to the formation of the Associationist school As social sciences evolved, the concept of "association" gradually permeated linguistics, garnering attention from scholars, particularly in the field of semantics Linguist Ferdinand de Saussure emphasized that in the realm of language, everything is based on relationships, one of which is the associative relationship.
1923年，C.K.Ogden 和I.A.Richards出版一本经典著作《意义之意义》（“The Meaning of
The book explores the concept of "meaning" from both theoretical and non-theoretical perspectives, presenting 22 distinct definitions Among these definitions, the emphasis is placed on the interconnectedness of ideas and interpretations, highlighting the multifaceted nature of meaning in various contexts.
The concept of "associative meaning" was formally introduced in the field of linguistics during a time when structuralism held significant importance in linguistic research As a result, linguists focused primarily on studying language structure, often neglecting the exploration of associative meaning Although some related studies were conducted, they predominantly emphasized conceptual or logical meanings rather than associative aspects.
1973（1971）年，美国语言学家 Goeorge Lakoff （乔治.莱考夫）发表文章《模糊限制词
The "Semantic Standards" actively promotes the significance of associative meanings and the ambiguity of language, highlighting the pragmatic use of sentence meanings Additionally, George Lakoff emphasizes that dictionary definitions should incorporate the content of associative meanings.
In 1981, linguist Geoffrey Leech made significant revisions and additions to his work "Semantics," reflecting new developments in the field The release of the second edition marked a departure from traditional linguistic boundaries in the study of word meaning, emphasizing the communicative function of semantics within the broader socio-cultural context Leech categorized semantics into seven distinct types: (1) conceptual meaning, (2) connotative meaning, (3) social meaning, (4) affective meaning, (5) reactive meaning, (6) collocative meaning, and (7) thematic meaning Notably, five of these types—connotative, social, affective, reactive, and collocative meanings—are considered non-conceptual and can collectively be referred to as "associative meanings."
Zhou Honghui and Zhou Changle's article, "Self-Association and Prediction Thinking Models and Contextual Hypothesis Construction," published in the Journal of Xi'an International Studies University, explores innovative cognitive frameworks that enhance understanding and interpretation within various contexts The authors discuss the significance of self-association in fostering predictive thinking, which is essential for constructing relevant hypotheses in language and communication studies Their research emphasizes the integration of cognitive models to improve contextual analysis, providing valuable insights for scholars and practitioners in the field.
② 蔡花子，英汉植物词的联想意义对比，硕士学位论文，延边大学，2009（6 页）
意义也可称为次要意义或外延意义。
Lyons stated that if the conceptual meaning represents a substantial part of the shared system among members of a linguistic community, then associative meaning plays a crucial role in understanding language dynamics.
The concept of associative meaning, as proposed by Leech, refers to the additional or implied meanings of words influenced by cultural traditions, making it distinct from conceptual meaning due to its openness and subjectivity Associative meaning is inherently unstable, relying on various factors such as geography, environment, history, customs, religion, values, and thought processes, and it can change with shifts in these factors This meaning primarily stems from the social and cultural context of language Leech's work in semantics provides a valuable theoretical framework, particularly through his exploration of associative meaning, which has guided subsequent research in this area.
另外还有几位学者从不同的角度对词义的类型和性质进行探讨：
L.Zgusta（兹古斯塔） ② 在《词典学概论》（1983）中根据词义的主要构成成分，将词义划
The meaning of words can be categorized into three aspects: conceptual significance, connotative significance, and scope of usage The first two categories are determined primarily from a functional perspective Conceptual significance refers to the core meaning of a word, encompassing its referential content, while all meanings that do not pertain to reference are classified as connotative significance Although words with consistent conceptual meanings across different languages may exhibit varying connotations, the "scope of usage" pertains to the meanings that words generate within specific contexts.
Roland Barthes, in his work "Elements of Semiology" (1999), explores language signs from a semiotic perspective, identifying two levels of meaning: denotation and connotation Denotation refers to the most basic and obvious meaning of a language sign, while connotation encompasses the implied meanings that arise from the social and cultural context surrounding the sign This secondary meaning results from the interaction between the language sign and the user's feelings and cultural values Connotation is derived from denotation and is culturally specific, exhibiting a lower degree of stability.
The three theories discussed are prominent in the field of cultural semantics Despite varying classifications due to different perspectives and objectives, the scholars' interpretations reveal that word meanings can be categorized into two types: conceptual meaning and non-conceptual meaning Conceptual meaning refers to the fundamental significance of a word, while non-conceptual meaning builds upon this foundation to express aspects closely related to social and cultural contexts.
0.2.1.2 联想意义在中国的研究现状
This article combines theoretical research from global linguists with an examination of the actual semantics of the Chinese language.
In "Semantics," Lyons explores the intricacies of meaning in language, emphasizing the cognitive aspects of vocabulary and cultural semantics This foundational work, published by Cambridge University Press in 1977, has been referenced in Zhang Zaihong's research on the cognitive study of lexical cultural semantics, highlighting its significance in understanding how language reflects cultural cognition.
Trong cuốn sách "Từ điển học tổng quan" của tác giả Zgusta, được dịch bởi Lâm Thư Vũ và xuất bản bởi Nhà xuất bản Thương mại Thượng Hải năm 1983, có trích dẫn từ công trình của Trương Tái Hồng về nghiên cứu nhận thức văn hóa ngữ nghĩa từ vựng, xuất bản năm 2010 bởi Nhà xuất bản Dịch văn Thượng Hải.
Bài viết này đề cập đến cuốn sách "符号学原理" của tác giả 巴尔特, được dịch bởi 王东亮 và xuất bản bởi 三联书店 vào năm 1999 Nội dung cuốn sách được trích dẫn từ tác phẩm của 张再红, tập trung vào nhận thức văn hóa và ngữ nghĩa của từ vựng.
研究》 ，上海译文出版社，2010） （39 页）
④ 张再红《词汇文化语义的认知研究》 ，上海译文出版社，2010）（41 页）
研究任务 ãããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããã 13
The article examines the comparative analysis of dietary vocabulary in Chinese and Vietnamese, identifying similarities and differences in their associative meanings along with several influencing factors.
Understanding the factors that influence vocabulary associations, such as natural environment, customs, psychological concepts, and thinking styles, can provide deeper insights into the social life and historical culture of both China and Vietnam.
From the perspective of cognitive metaphor, this article explores the associative meanings of dietary terminology in two different languages, highlighting the pathways through which these meanings are extended.
理论基础 ãããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããã 13
This paper will utilize cultural semantics, particularly Mr Li's theories on lexical associative meanings, cognitive linguistics with a focus on cognitive metaphors, and contrastive linguistics as theoretical tools to deeply explore the research questions.
This article examines the associative meanings of dietary terms in Chinese and Vietnamese through the lens of the theory of associative meaning, identifying similarities and differences between the two languages It also explores the pathways through which these associative meanings arise, focusing on phenomena such as metaphorical extension and domain transfer in dietary vocabulary, primarily utilizing Lakoff's cognitive metaphor theory.
和与Johnson所研究的有关认知隐喻的理论作为理论基础。
0.4.1 联想意义的理论:
0.4.1.1 联想意义的分类
Linguist Geoffrey Leech, in the second edition of his book "Semantics," discusses associative meaning, providing a classification and detailed description of this concept This paper adopts Leech's theoretical framework on associative meaning as one of its foundational theories.
Li Chi categorizes semantics into seven types: (1) conceptual meaning (also known as rational, extensional, or cognitive meaning), (2) connotative meaning, (3) social meaning, (4) emotional meaning, (5) reactive meaning, (6) collocative meaning, and (7) agentive meaning Among these, connotative, social, emotional, reactive, and collocative meanings are classified as non-conceptual meanings, sharing similar characteristics, thus collectively referred to as "associative meaning," which can also be termed secondary or extensional meaning The associative meanings of culinary terms are the focus of this study.
Conceptual meaning refers to the conventional significance of words or phrases based on objective reality, which is summarized in human consciousness It is an essential component of language, characterized by stability, clarity, and specificity The conceptual meaning, or the fundamental meaning of a term, can be found in dictionaries.
Associative meaning refers to the mental connections formed based on experiential encounters In everyday life, when a word is presented, its associative meaning and related objects naturally come to mind Many associative meanings are not scientifically grounded but are closely linked to the characteristics of the objects they represent.
The concept of connotative meaning encompasses various dimensions, including intrinsic, social, emotional, reactive, and collocative meanings Connotative meaning refers to the communicative value a word holds beyond its literal definition, influenced by the context it represents This type of meaning is not static; it evolves with changes in society and the passage of time.
Social meaning refers to the significance of a segment of language within its social context It varies based on factors such as dialect, time, usage domain, social status, tone, and characteristics According to Leech, social meaning is comparable to register or stylistic meaning.
Affective meaning is often explicitly conveyed through the rational or connotative content of the words used Essentially, affective meaning is dependent on various factors, as expressing emotions relies on conceptual, connotative, and social meanings, as well as vocal elements such as tone and intonation.
Reflected meaning refers to the related significance conveyed through the association of an alternative meaning of the same word On the other hand, collocative meaning is derived from the various associations a word generates, which stem from the meanings of words that frequently appear alongside it.
0.4.1.2 联想意义的引申基础
The associative meanings of food-related terms primarily stem from their characteristics, such as appearance ("radish head"), internal features ("hollow radish"), uses ("rice bowl"), and taste ("bitter words") These meanings are also influenced by homophony or historical cultural references, such as "eating tofu," "closed door soup," and "bubbling soup." The extension of associative meanings is deeply impacted by national historical and cultural factors, making it essential to consider these elements in the exploration of associative meanings Consequently, these meanings carry rich cultural connotations, vividly reflecting a nation's lifestyle, psychological traits, aesthetic values, ethics, and moral perspectives.
The extension of dietary terminology primarily occurs through cognitive methods such as metaphor and metonymy This process leads to semantic shifts in words, transitioning from conceptual meanings to associative meanings.
In her article "Cognitive Research on Vocabulary Culture and Semantics," Zhang Zaihong discusses four types of cognitive structures: propositional models, imagery schemas, metaphorical models, and metonymic models This paper primarily focuses on the theories of imagery schemas, metaphors, and metonymy to analyze the associative meanings of dietary vocabulary and their extension paths The emergence of associative meanings represents a phenomenon of semantic evolution, resulting in the expansion of word meanings, which is characteristic of polysemy Polysemy occurs through human cognitive processes, such as metaphor and metonymy, extending from a word's central or basic meaning to other meanings, reflecting the results of human cognitive categorization and conceptualization.
Imagery schema and metaphorical structures are essential components of human cognition, serving as fundamental means for generating new associations and experiences In cognitive semantics, imagery schemas represent the most significant semantic structures, forming the foundation of metaphors and closely linked to human experiences Key characteristics of imagery schemas include simplicity, abstraction, generality, and psychological reality.
Lakoff đã tổng hợp một số loại hình ảnh cơ bản, bao gồm hình ảnh chứa đựng, hình ảnh đường đi, hình ảnh kết nối và hình ảnh bên ngoài.
研究方法 ãããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããã 17
The study primarily employs comparative analysis, focusing on Chinese and Vietnamese culinary vocabulary The researcher categorizes these terms into several groups: cooking and seasoning terms, food items, cooking methods, and eating/drinking expressions From a cognitive perspective, the analysis explores the conceptual meanings and associative significance of each category, examining relevant examples to identify the similarities and differences in the associative pathways of Chinese and Vietnamese culinary vocabulary This approach strengthens the discussion of these distinctions through detailed examples.
In analyzing and comparing the similarities and differences between China and Vietnam, it is essential to examine the cultural and ethnic influences that shape these nations This deeper exploration will enhance our understanding of their natural environments, historical backgrounds, customs, and values.
① 赵艳芳《认知语言学概论》 ，上海外语教育出版社（36 页）
观念、思维方式等方面的异同。
In conclusion, this paper explores the implications of studying the associative meanings of Chinese and Vietnamese dietary terms for the teaching and learning of Chinese as a foreign language.
The corpus used in the paper can be categorized into two types: first, Chinese and Vietnamese culinary terms; second, various examples related to these terms.
选择作为论文研究对象的饮食词语主要根据以下几条标准：
在汉、越两种语言中共同所有，概念隐喻基本相同
是生活中即接近又常用并具有联想意义的词语（偏向生活日常用语）
在对外汉语教程中所采纳的词语
Based on specific criteria, the author selects Chinese dietary vocabulary from the "Chinese Proficiency Test Syllabus" for examination To facilitate research, these terms are categorized into several groups related to food: taste-related terms, food items, cooking-related vocabulary, and general dietary terms The conceptual meanings of the examined words primarily reference the "Practical Chinese Dictionary" (compiled by the Research Center for Chinese Language, Commercial Press, 2000) and the "Vietnamese Dictionary" (Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences, Language Dictionary Center, 1998).
This study explores the similarities and differences in the associative meanings of dietary terms in Chinese and Vietnamese, utilizing data from the CCL corpus at Peking University and the Vietlex corpus from the Vietnam Lexicography Center, along with examples from various literary works and culturally rich idioms The paper first examines the conceptual meanings of corresponding dietary terms in both languages and then identifies their associative meanings, comparing them to uncover basic similarities, differences, and gaps Rather than focusing on the classification of associative meanings, the research emphasizes the pathways of meaning extension and the cultural factors influencing them The derivation of these meanings occurs through phenomena of extension, which can be categorized into metaphorical and metonymic extensions This analysis adopts a cognitive perspective to investigate the pathways of associative meaning extension in dietary terms across both languages, paying particular attention to phenomena of transference and domain shifts, as well as relevant factors such as natural environment, customs, psychological concepts, and modes of thinking.