Cd nghla, cbiing khdng cdn cd chuc nang ciia mdt ddng tif thuc thu ma chung chi la nhimg tir chi ra hudng cQa boat ddng hoJc hudng phat tridn ciia trang thai, dac trung nao dd: (Thay v[r]
Trang 1V i MOT CACH XAC OjNH NGHIA TLf VlfNG
COA G I 6 | TLf KHONG GIAN VA TLf CHI HadNG
KHONG GIAN OLfNG SAU DONG TLf VAN 0 6 N G
TRONG TIENG VIET
Dinh Thanh Hue - Phqm Tudn Kho§
Khoa Tieng Viet va Van hod Viet Nam cho ngudi nude ngodi
Trudng DH KHXH&NV, DHQG Hd /VA
Trong bit cur ngdn ngu' nao cung cd nhdm gidi tir bilu dat khii
niam v6 khdng gian (gidi tir khdng gian) Do la cac gidi tir: 'Trin,
dudi, trong, ngoai, trudc, sau, cgnh, giila, chung quanh, d (taif
Oiling mang tinh ph6 cap
Tuy phd cap, nhimg gidi tir khdng gian trong cac ngdn ngiicu th<
lai cd dac dia'm riang nhim phan anh each tu duy, tam If, van hod cut
dan tdc san sinh ra ngdn ngir iy Chang han, ciing phan anh quan hi
dinh vi giiia cac ddi tupng khach quan nhung ngudi Viat cd th^ bidu
dat bang hai each ddi lap nhau trong ciing mdt ndi dung phan anh
Thfdu: *
1 - Quin ao cua chau d ngodi tii
- Quin ao cua chau d trong iix
2 - Be choi dudi nha
- Be choi tren nha
Dieu nay chi cd the giai thich dupe khdng chi bing vao mdi quan
be logic giira cac su vat dupe dinh vi trong khdng gian ma con dua vao
'"diem nhin" (views) ciia ngudi quan sat va trong ""diem nhin" do, him
chiia mdt "khdng gian nhan thuc" (Perceptual space) ciia ngudi n6i
Ndi each khac, mdi dan tdc cd each Ui nhan khdng gian khac nhau Vi
196
Trang 2th^ each diing mdt gidi ti3r khdng gian d^ bilu dat quan ha giiia cac ddi
tupng cd ihi cd nhihig net tuong ddng hoac khac biet So sanh:
In the garden (tia^ng Anh) = trong vudn (ti^ng Viet)
In the box (ti^ng Anh) = trong hdp (tieng Viet)
Nhung, trong cau sau day thi khdng phai hi ti^ng Anh dung gidi
a in thi ti^ng Viat nhit thift phai dung gidi tir trong:
She lives in Ha Noi -^ Cd iy sd'ng ngodi Ha Ndi
- • Cd iy sd'ng dudi Ha Ndi
-^CoSiy sd'ng d Ha Ndi
-> C^ iy sdng tren Ha Ndi
Qua do thiy rd vi tri hian dang tdn tai ciia ngudi miau ta la ngudi Viat cd tic ddng quya^t dinh da'n vice diing cac gidi tir khac nhau trong nhihig cau cd ciing mdt ndi dung phan anh Dieu do cd nghla each tri nhan khdng gian ciia ngudi Viet khdng hoan toan gidng each tri nhan khdng gian ciia ngudi Anh trong trudng hop nay
Dudi gdc dd thuin tuy ngdn ngii, gidi tir khdng gian trong tieng
Viat cd mdt sd dac diim sau day:
1 Gidi tir khdng gian la nhiing tir xac lap quan ha giOa ddi tupng
mi no lian he vdi ddi tupng khac, hoac vdi hien tupng, canh hudng ngoai ddi tupng ma nd lian he Ngay ca trong trudng hpp ma cau tnic
cu phap be n6i khdng hian hihi "ddi tupng" thi mdi quan he do gidi tif dam nhiem vin dupe hinh thanh, chang han ten gpi cua mot truyen ngin, mdt hdi kf, v.v Vf du:
- Dudi mat trdi (Truyen ngin trong *Truyen ngdn tri\ NXB Van
hoc 1994)
- Tren tiu tap ket (Hoi kf trong ''Nude vi biin cd" Ha Ndi, 1973)
- Trong nha cd chang thieu uy (Truyen ngin trong ''Ngay hdm
?wa", Ha Ndi, 1999) v.v
Na'u cho ring mdt tan gpi ''Dudi mat trdP\ trong dd gidi tir dudi
khdng thue hian chiic nang quan he giiia cac ddi tupng ma nd lian he
(mat trdi) vdi dd'i tupng khac (khdng hian diaii trong ciu tnic cii phap)
li khdng diing Bdi vi ngoai cac ddi tupng cd lian he vdi gidi tir dudi
Trang 3cdn cd cac ddi tupng khac nhu thanh phd, ddi Sam v.v (Xem: "OMK mat trdi", trong "Truyen ngin U-e" trang 120-121)
Gidi tir lien he chat che vdi "ddi tupng" ma nd chi phdl, di sau ni Ndi dung cua ddi tupng nay chinh la sd hiiu cua tir ngii, do k€t du cf phap dam nhiem, ki^u nhu: Chfn ngpn nen dan deu tren mat link cik vang son mdi mua ve trUdc liic cu cd'ldm chung (Nguyin CdngHotm),
Ndi dung cua ket ciu cii phap dutig sau gidi tir khdng gian duoc hia'u nhu mot "ddi tupng" cd lian he chat vdi gidi tir Neu trim tui^ng
boa mdi lien he cua gidi tir vdi cac ddi tupng bing md hinh k^t c^u di
phap hinh thiic thi se cd: AxB; trong dd A va B la hai ddi tupng dupe
gidi tir x tao ra quan he va xB la su bia'u thi cua mdi lien he hiiu co
giiia gidi tir x vdi ddi tupng B Chfnh mdi lian he gin bd giiia x va Bli
mot tieu chi hien thuc da khu biet ranh gidi giiia gidi tvc va tit cU hudng cua ddng tir trong cac ka't ciu cu phap ddng dang
2 Gidi tir khdng gian khdng chi ka't hpp dupe vdi ddng tir mi c5o
ket hpp dupe vdi danh tir d^ chi ra quan ha giiia ddi tupng ma no litn
ha Vidu:
- Trong (danh ti() tren xa dinh li mat chiu nhihig ddn phu phing (Ngd Tat Td)
- Chim dau (ddng tir) tren ngpn cay
Ngoai ra, vdi chuc nang thiet lap quan ha giiia cac ddi tupng, gidi tir khdng gian cdn xac lap mdi quan he ngii nghla vdi tir chi hudng
Vi du:
- An Duong Vuong sai dat Giang Su- len tren chiec mam ving vi
khieng vao trong cung (Truyen cotich)
- Cau Dich cung dm nang lim, nha con ciing rat, khdng dim
xin phep cd giao cho nghi da xudng dudi nha thuong tham ba con
(Nam Cao)
- Thu ven dupe may ddng, chi vdi va chay vao trong phii kaa oan (Nguyen Cong Hoan)
- Sau su kien khang chien biing n6, Vu Bing cung gia dinh phai
di tan cu ra ngoai khu Bon (Van Gia)
Trang 4J Mdi lian ha ngii nghla ciia cac tir trong ket hpp: ''ra - ngodi, vao
- trongTf Hn - tren va xudng - dudi", cd tb^ giai thich tren co sd nhan
^ thiic v^ khdng gian ciia ngudi Viet Vin d^ nay se dupe dat ra khi tim
hi^u quan ha ciia tvt chi hudng va gidi tit trong ket ciu AxB, (A la ddng
^ tilr, B la danh tir va x la tir chi hudng hoac gidi tir)
Nhu da bi^t trong tia'ng Viat cd mdt nhdm tit chi hudng cua van
ddng trong khdng gian Tir trudc den nay, nhi^u tie gia trong va ngoai
; nude da quan tam ngbian curu vin de nay, dac biet NguySn Lai vdi
cdng trinh ''Nhdm tvr chi hudng van ddng trong tieng Vief (NXB
DH& THC3^ Hi Ndi 1990), da dua ra ba tiau chf sau day d^ lua chpn
tir chi hudng ciia van ddng: "Nbtbig ddng tir thude nhdm nay phai
dupe diing ddc lap nhu nhihig ddng tir khac; phai dupe diing trong
phgm vi hudng khdng gian va trong viae xac dinh hudng khdng gian,
nhihig ddng tir niy phai dupe dung trong phgm vi co gidi hgn " 6ng
cung da dua ra danh muc gdm 11 ddng tir van ddng cd hudng trong
tia'ng Viat: di, len, xudng, ra, vao, den, tdi, sang, qua, ve, Igi [4:10]
Nghla vi hudng trong khdng gian d cac ddng tir van ddng nay, dac biet
b cac ddng tir ra, vao, len, xudng khdng chi hinh thanh iix nghla tir
vung ciia cbiing ma cdn hinh thanh tir nghla theo nhan thiJe khdng gian
cua ngudi Viat
Nghla gdc ciia ddng tir "len, xudng" dupe hinh thanh theo hudng
thang diing', theo dd cd nghla caolthdp Theo each tri nhan khdng gian
ciia ngudi Viat, "nghla mdi" (nghla phai sinh) ciia chung gin vdi dia
hinh Viat Nam theo hudng: tir phia Ddng (dia hinh ciia mien bi^n)
sang phfa Tay (dia hinh mi^n nui) thi cd hudng LEN; ngupc lai, cd
hudng XUONG {len Tay Bic xudng Hai Phdng) Cd the hinh dung
hudng len/xudng theo nghla phai sinh nhu sau:
LEN XUONG
(Tir dd thdp lan dd cao) (Tir dd cao xudng dp thdp)
Nghia gdc:
Nghla phai
sinh:
Viing nui <- vixng bian Viing nui -> viing bian Phfa Tay <— phia Ddng Phfa Tay —> phfa Ddng Nghla tir vung ciia ddng tir ra, vao dupe hinh thinh theo^ hudng
chan trdi (nim ngang), chi su van ddng ddi chd tir khdng gian rdng
Trang 5(ngodi) den khdng gian hep (trong) Nghla phai sinh ciia chung lin
phfa Bic vao phfa Nam va ngupc lai theo phin bd cac vung dia Uir nhian cua Viat Nam ma trong dd cdn cd ca diu i n hinh thanh lanhthi ciia dan tdc Mian lanh thd phfa Bic dupe hinh thanh vdi nghla kh6ng
gian rdng, tuong umg vdi khai niem "ngodf Miin lanh tbd thudc i( phfa Nam dupe tri nhan la khdng gian hep, tuong umg vdi khai ni6i
"trong" Do dd cd each ndi: Vao Nam ra Bic Phu thudc vao h u ^ Bic (ngodi ^ra) Nam (trong ^vdo), su van ddng dupe quy chiau theo
tuong quan giiia cac viing tren lanh thd Viet Nam Chang ban, su v|n
ddng xay ra d mian Trung (theo dia hinh Viet Nam) cd th^ hudng vio hoac ra Vi du: Ra Ha Ndi, vao thanh phd H6 Chf Minh
Cd tha hinh dung hudng ra/vdo theo nghla gdc va nghla phai sinh
nhu sau:
NghTa gdc:
RA (khdng gian rdng)
- VAO
•^ (khdng gian hepj
Su ddi lap dd rdnglhep trong khdng gian tuong umg vdi hudng van ddng ralvdo ddi khi khdng phai la sir tuong umg mdt ddi mOt
Chang ban, theo phan viing dja If - hanh chinh thi tinh Thanh Hoa c6 dien tich (turc dd rdng trong khdng gian) Ion hon nhi^u so vdi dian tich cua tinh Ninh Binh (viing khdng gian hep) nhung lai ndi l i "Ngiy mai,
tdi ra tham ba con ngodi Phat Diem" Trong trudng hpp nay, hudng ra
da ung vdi tinh bieu tupng "Nam -> (ra) Bic"
Khi chuy^n loai thanh ti( chi hudng, cac ddng tir chi hudng ra, vao, len, xudng, sang, qua, ve, lai, khdng cdn kha nang van dung ddc lap Cd nghla, cbiing khdng cdn cd chuc nang ciia mdt ddng tif
thuc thu ma chung chi la nhimg tir chi ra hudng cQa boat ddng hoJc
hudng phat tridn ciia trang thai, dac trung nao dd: (Thay vao nha; bao manh len\ v.v dc tir chi hudng trong tieng Viat deu sinh ra tir ddng tir cd hudng Vi the, giiia chung cd mdi lien be ngii nghla gin bd TU chi hudng ludn dung sau ddng tir hoac tfnh tir trong thanh phin vj ngii
cua cau tao cau Gidi lir khdng gian thi lai sinh ra tir danh tir Mdi Wn
he ngu nghla cua nd ludn gin vdi danh tir sinh ra nd va nd ludn diing
200
Trang 6uudc danh tir Ndi each khac, tir nhOng mdi lian he ngfi nghla khac nhau dd, c^ th^ hinh dung kSt ciu Ax la k^t ciu dupe tao thanh tir
ddng tilr + til chi hudmg K€ft ciu xB la k^t ciu dupe tao thanh tir gidi
tor + danh tir Thfi" nhung trong thuc tian boat ddng ngdn ngii, khdng
hiftn nhiing trudng hpp ti)t chi hudng cd chiic nang nhu gidi tit, tir chi
hudng kft hpp vdi gidi tir song hanh trong ciing mdt ka't ciu cu phap TWdu:
1 Chay vdo trong nhi
2 Chay len tren gac 5
v.v
Lf giai nhiing trudng hcrp din ra, Nguyin Lai cho ring "Phai dua uan binh dian ngii nghla kfi^t hpp vdi binh dian ngii phap, cu phap dupe tilfn hanh ddng thdi va song song vdi qua trinh iy la qua trinh khao sat
su chuy^n boa tir loai trong dieu kien cd thi cd." Ong dua ra ba vf du:
1 Tdi nhin ve tbinh phd (VI)
2 Tdi chay ve thanh phd (V2)
3 Tdi ndi ve thanh phd (V3)
d^ khao sat miic dd hu hoa ciia tir "ve" Va di den ket luan:
" 0 VI, y nghla tir vung phat huy cao dp; y nghla cu phap chua phit huy; V2 - y nghla tir vung va y nghla cu phap song song phat huy
va V3 - y nghla ngii phap, cu phap phat huy cao dp."
Tit dd suy ra trudng hpp VI cd the lupc bd x vi y nghla ngii phap
chua Id rd trong ke't ciu Ndi each khac, x trong trudng hpp nay chua mang dac trung cua tir quan he; V3 dupe nhan xet nhu mot gidi tir quan ha, khdng lupc bd dupe; cdn V2 la trudng hpp khdng the lupc bd, nhung dac trung cua V2 khdng gidng nhu V3 6 day V2 cd mdi lian
ha gin bd chat che ddng thdi giiia hai binh dien ngii nghla - cu phap Mdt mat, V2 lam rd hudng chuya'n ddng trong khdng gian ciia ddng tir; c6 nghla, quan ha nghla nghla ciia nd gin chat vdi ddng tir Mat khac, V2 giii mdi quan ha gifia ddng tir vdi vi tri ma nd boat ddng; tiJc giii chdc nang cd tfnh chit gidi tir Tfnh chit hai mat ciia V2, xet dudi gdc
dd tir loai, la tfnh chit ciia trang - gidi Dd la thuc chit ciia V2 [4: 24-29]
Trang 7Theo each luan giai nay, "vao" trong thf du (1) dupe hi^u li
"trang - gidP' Ndi la "trgng tif' bdi vi nd chi ra each thiic (hudng) coi
boat ddng va ndi la "gidi ti/' bdi nd xac lap mdi quan ba giiia dS
tupng vdi ddi tupng (chii tha' hanh ddng va thanh phd')
Cac trudng hpp "/^n + tren, xudng + dudi, ra + ngodi va v ^ ^
trong" It dupe de cap den trong ngbian curu ngii phap tieng Viat, ngofi
trir Nguyan Lan coi dd la "gidi tii ghep"[2:\%] Nhung, neu qua thuc
dd la "gidi tii gliep" thi khdng tha' xen mdt tir nao vao ciu tao 6n dinh
ciia nd Tha' ma, giOa "len tren" cung nhu cac trudng hpp tuong tu (ra
+ ngodi, vdo + trong, xudng + dudi) cd th^ xen mdt tir khic, ching ban: Chay len tan tren gac 5 Do dd, phai thira nhan "len" la mdt tit
"trin" la mdt tir Cd nghla, day la kia'u "ket cdu hai gidi ri^' - Cu thi
hon: tir chi hudng mang dac trung ciia gidi tir khdng gian
So sanh "ket cdu hai gidi tit" trong tieng Viat vdi ka't ciu gidi tit-hgu tri tit tieng Trung Qude, V.M Xonxev nhin xet "Nhihig k^t ctu hai gidi tir cua tieng Viet hoan toan tuong dng vdi nhihig ket cdu gidi tir - hgu tri tit tieng Trung Qude Gidi tit sinh ra tir ddng tir va hgu tri tit
sinh ra tir danh tir Su phan bd vi tri giiia chiing trong ka't ciu li 6n djnh: d vi tri thu nhit la gidi tir sinh ra tir ddng tir; d vi tri thii hai - hiu tri tir sinh ra tir danh tir, gidng nhu vi tri 6n dinh cua hai gidi tir trong ket ciu cua tieng Viet." [1:179]
Tuy ciing dam nhiam chuc nang ciia gidi tir nhung quan ha ngii
nghla ciia gidi tir trong "ket cdu hai gidi tif" cd nhiing dac di^m riang
biat khac nhau
Dac dia'm chung cua "ket ciu hai gidi tir" la xdc lap hudng ci^ng chieu ciia hogt ddng tie'p can den vi tri cung chieu ciia ddi tugng VI the, hudng vdo/ra dupe quy chieu theo chieu nam ngang (chin trdi) thi
vi tri cua ddi tupng cung phai ciing chi^u trong/ ngodi; hudng len/xudng dupe quy chieu theo chieu thang diing thi vi tri tuong umg li tren/dudi Chinh quan he khdng gian ciing chieu nay la co sd lian k6
chiing thanh mdt chinh th^ cii phap, trong dd tir chi hudng giii vai tr6
chii dao Do dd, cac "ket cdu hai gidi ti^' la nhihig keft ciu 6n dinh:
len + tren, xudng + dudi, ra + ngoai, vao + trong
Ngoai chuc nang tao ra mdi lian ha giiia ddi tupng vdi ddi tupng
hoac ddi tupng vdi canh hudng nhu mpi gidi tir khac, gidi tir kh6ng
202
Trang 8' gian trong-tiShg Viat cdn cd mdt dac di^m nghla dung rit quan trpng:
• dinh vi "sU vat" tSn tai trong khdng gian Cach dinh vi nay mdt mat dupe xic lap theo nguyan If "Con ngudi Id trung tam"
i (Anthropocentrism) mat khac, theo "diem nhin" (views) ciia ngudi
quan sat Bit cii gidi tir khdng gian nao trong bit cii ngdn ngii khac nhau nao cung d^u phan anh each tri nhin khdng gian theo nguyan If
''Con ngudi la trung tdm" Nguyan If "con ngudi Id trung tam " trong
viae tri nhan khdng gian dupe hiiu: Ddng diing thing cua con ngudi
Uiing vdi luc but ciia trai dit tir tran xudng dudi Theo dd, con ngudi
nhan thiic ra chi6u "tren/dudi" Dang diing thing ciing vdi mat dit
(nim ngang) tao thanh ha toa dd trong khdng gian, trong dd mat dit la
mat phing gdc, cd dinh; dang diing thing ciia con ngudi la diim xuit
phit cua ha toa dd dd Khi giao tia'p thi con ngudi ddi dien vdi nhau,
cdn Ichi vin ddng thi con ngudi di chuydn theo hudng nhin ciia mit vi phfa trudc Hudng nhin cua mit quy chieu su vit dgdn hoac dxa; theo
dd cd chi^u "trudc/sau" Phia trudc/phia sau theo ciu tao co the ciia con ngudi la lung/nguc; theo mat nhin thi vat tdn tai d phia lung la "vat
bi che khuit", cdn vit tdn tai d phia nguc la "vat hien rd", khdng bi
che khuit Mdt chi6u khac lian quan den ciu tao ciia co tha' con ngudi
li ben phai - ben trdi Nhu viy, tir ciu tao co ihi cua minh ciing vdi
m6i trudng tu nhian cd dinh (mat dit), con ngudi xac lap he toa dp
trong khdng gian di dinh vi, dinh hudng cho su vat ton tai quanh minh theo ba chi^u: Tren - dudi, trudc - sau va phdi - trdi
Nhung "diim nhin" ciia ngudi quan sat diing de' dinh vi su vat trong khdng gian thi khdng gidng nhau Bdi vi, "diem nhin" lian quan d^n each tri nhan khdng gian ciia mdi ddn tdc, gdn bo vdi mdi trudng,
dieu kien sinh hogt, yeu td tam li, cdch tu duy cua ddn tdc Chfnh vi
Ih^, cd su khac biet qua Idn khi dung gidi tir khdng gian eiia tieng Viet vdi gidi tir khdng gian trong cac ngdn ngii khac va day cung la mot trong nhihig dia'm quan trpng ma ngii phap thuc hanh tieng Viet khdng
(hi khdng di cap d^n trong each giai thfch nghla tir vung ciia mdi gidi
tir khdng gian ciia tia'ng Viat Su khac biet dd cd tha' hinh dung qua vf
du v^ each diing gidi tir in trong tieng Anh va cac gidi tir tuong ling khic trong tia'ng Viat
Trang 91 listlessli dangling his feet in the water -> thin thd tha chin dudi nude
2 Joe's flight had saved him the surrifying of testifying
in court
-> Chuyen bay ciia Joe da tranh cho nd khdi bi ndi kh6 jrfiai lim chiing trudc toa
3 So they drew a ring in the sand -> Chung ben ve mdt v6ng trong tren cat khd,
4 She looked over Hay, which half lost in trees -> C6iy nhin xudng xdm Hay lip Id sau vdm ciy
5 A light in the Church-jard just over his grave -> Mdt diim
sang ngoai nghla dia, diing ngay tren md dng ta (Ngii liau tia'ng Anh
va dich ra tieng Viat din theo Le Van Thanh T/c Ngdn ngii va ddi
sd'ng, sd 6-2002, trang 28)
Nhu vay, each dinh vi su vat trong khdng gian theo nguyan If,
"con ngudi la trung tam " la each dinh vi mang tfnh ph6 cap, phii hop
vdi tu duy nhan loai, hpp thiic vdi Idgfc ph6 niam cua mpi dan tdc
Tam gpi dd la cdch dinh vi khdch quan Ngupc lai, cich dinh vi thdng qua "diem nhin" ciia ngudi quan sat, phan anh nhiing dac net trong tir
duy ciia timg dan tdc ve vi tri tdn tai cua su vat trong khdng gian, tam
gpi la cdch dinh vi chd quan Dudi day, qua cac thi du, se lam r5 m6
thiic cua 2 each dinh vi da de cap den thdng qua nghla dung cua gidi tir khdng gian trong tieng Viet
Thi du 1: a Con meo nim dudi gim ban
b Tdi lam vice d Ha Ndi
c Lp hoa dat tren ban
d Tien d trong vi
d Huan chuong deo trudc ngirc
e Ba Id khoac sau lung
g Vd cay bpc ngodi than cay
Thi du 2: a Me dang d dudi ba'p
b Gia dinh bac An sdng trong thanh phd HCM
Trang 10c Chi iy hian nay dang cdng tac ngodi Ha Ndi
d Bat huong thd cung \6 tian dat tren bat huong thd
chame
d Mat trdi nhd lan trudc hiin
e Bdng nd mit hut sau bui cay
Trong thi du 1, thudc tfnh (hinh Xhi, kfch c5, tu tha', ) ciia vat dupe dinh vi (gpi tit: VDV): con meo, tdi, Ig hoa, tien, hudn chucmg,
ba Id, vd cdy - dupe thudc tfnh cua vat chuin quy cbia'u (gpi tit: VQC): gdm ban, Hd Ndi, bdn, vi, nguc, lung, than cdy Va, theo dd, tao ra
quan ha Idgfc ciia su vat thdng qua gidi tir - khdng gian hiin thi (kf
hiau: R) Ta cd md hinh khai quit ciia co che dinh vi su vat trong khdng gian nhu sau: VDV R VQC Co che nay thfch ling vdi
Idgic pho niem ciia nhan loai, khiic xa vao ngdn ngii Quan ha R dupe hxin dat bing gidi tuf khdng gian (Tach dinh vi nay gpi la dinh vi khdch quan bdi cac tham td ciu thanh nd d^u mang tfnh Idgic pho niem, deu
sinh ra tir quan he logic tat yeu ciia cac thudc tfnh su vat
Trong cdch dinh vi chii quan, "diem nhin" ciia ngudi quan sat giii vai trd chu dao trong dinh vi su vit "Diem nhin" phan anh nhiing dac diim tam If, van boa xa bdi vi tri nhan khdng gian ciia ngudi Viet
Chang ban:
Trong each dinh vi su vat (me) din ra tai (2.a), quan he giiia
VDV va VQC khdng xac lap tran co sd Idgfc ciia su vat ma xac lap
theo nhan thiic ve vai trd ciia "nhd bep" trong tuong quan vdi vai trd ciia "nhd chinh" (nhd tren) theo quan niem cua ngudi Viet Quan he
khdng gian giiia hai su vat do gidi tir khdng gian dudi dam nhiem
trong trudng hpp nay, khdng phan anh chieu cao/thdp nhu kia'u quan
ha "Con meo nim dudi gim ban" ma phan anh quan niem truyen thdng vi vai trd, cbiic nang khac nhau ciia su vat
(Dung nhu tha', each dinh vi su vat tai (2.d), gidi tir tren khdng
phan anh quan he VDV (bat huong thd cung t6 tien) dat d tran VQC
(bat huong thd cha me) nhu kia'u quan he trong "Lp hoa dat tren ban"
ma d day, gidi tir tren bam chi vi tri tach biet cua bat huong to tian dat
b vi tri "cao hem" so vdi ciia bat huong thd cha me Cach dinh vi nay
khdng chi tha' hian tim Idng tdn kfnh ciia hau due ddi vdi td tien ma