Tài liệu tham khảo môn Anh với chuyên đề: Relative Clauses - Mệnh đề quan hệ dành cho các bạn học sinh và quý thầy cô nhằm phục vụ cho công tác giảng dạy, học tập và ôn thi Đại học. Mời quý thầy cô và các bạn tham khảo để củng cố kiến thức và trau dồi kinh nghiệm.
Trang 1A Khái niệm:
1 Đại từ quan hệ: who, which, that…
Dùng để thay thế cho một danh từ đi trước mở đầu một mệnh đề quan hệ.Đại từ quan hệ có thể làm chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ cho động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ
The people who/ that work with me are very friendly
The car which/that he bought last year has broken down
2 Mệnh đề quan hệ:
Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ hoặc đại từ đi trước, nó có chức năng như một tính từ nên còn được gọi là mệnh đề tính ngữ ( adjective clause).Có ba loại mệnh đề quan hệ cơ bản:
a/ Mệnh đề quan hệ giới hạn: ( Restrictive relative clause)
b/ Mệnh đề quan hệ không giới hạn: ( Non-restrictive relative clause)
c/ Mệnh đề quan hệ liên hợp: (connective relative clause)
B Các loại mệnh đề quan hệ:
I Mệnh đề quan hệ giới hạn: ( Restrictive relative clause)
Là mệnh đề quan trọng cho ý nghĩa của câu, nó có chức năng phân biệt danh từ đi trước với các danh
từ khác đồng loại.Chúng ta không thể lược bỏ loại mệnh đề này
Các đại từ, tính từ quan hệ dùng trong mệnh đề quan hệ giới hạn:
* Với người:
1/ Làm chủ ngữ:
Sau who/that là một động từ hoặc trợ động từ Dung who/that chủ ngữ để kết hợp câu khi từ lặp lại chỉ người và làm chủ ngữ trong câu đơn thứ hai
The man who/ that teaches us English comes from London
S RC V
Main clause
The woman who/ that lives next door to us is a doctor The people who/that live in my neibourhood are very hospitable
The man who robbed you has been arrested The girls who serve in the shop are the owner’s daughters
Only those who had booked in advance were allowed in
Would anyone who saw the accident please get in touch with the police?
A mathematician is someone/a person who studies maths A writer is someone/a person who writes books
Notes: Khi kết hợp câu, dùng đại từ quan hệ, cần lưu ý:
- Đại từ quan hệ phải đứng ngay sau danh từ hoặc đại từ mà nó thay thế
The man was English.He invented the theory of evolution
RELATIVE CLAUSES ( MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ)
Trang 2 The man who invented the theory of evolution was English
( Không dùng: The man was English who invented…)
- Động từ sau đại từ quan hệ chia số it hay số nhiều phụ thuộc vào danh từ hoặc đại từ mà đại từ quan hệ thay thế
The man who works for us is a skilful worker/ The people who work for us are skilful workers
She is one of those who like spending money
Is it he or I who am to go?
- Phải lược bỏ danh từ hoặc đại từ lặp lại trong câu đơn thứ hai
2/ Làm tân ngữ (object)
Sau whom/who/that là một mệnh đề Trường hợp này ta có thể lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ mà không ảnh hưởng đến nghĩa của câu.Dung whom/who/that tân ngữ để kết hợp câu khi từ lặp lại chỉ người và làm tân ngữ trong câu đơn thứ hai
The man (whom) I met on the train was going to Berlin
The girls (whom) he employs are always complaining about their pay
Notes: Với những động từ có giới từ đi kèm, giới từ có thể được đặt trước whom
The friend with whom I was travelling spoke English very well
Or The friend who/that I was travelling with spoke English very well
3/ Sở hữu ( possessive)
Whose được dùng để thay thế cho các tính từ sở hữu (my,her, his,their…) do vậy sau whose luôn luôn là một danh từ
The woman was a French physicist Her father was Polish
=> The woman whose father was Polish was a French physicist People whose rents rents have been raised can appeal
The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him An orphan is a child whose parents are dead
The man was an English physicist whose name is famous in the history of electricity
The man whose house is the biggest in the village is a millionaire
A mathematician is a person whose interest is in mathematics
* Với vật:
1 Làm chủ ngữ: Sau which/ that là một động từ hoặc trợ động từ Dùng which/ that chủ ngữ để kết hợp câu khi từ lặp lại chỉ vật và làm chủ ngữ trong câu đơn thứ hai
The house is now worth $ 20,000 It cost $ 10,000 last month
The house which/that cost $ 10,000 last month is now worth $ 20,000
The cars which/that are made in Japan are very good and economical
The songs which/that were written in the war time are timeless
* Which ( không dùng that) có thể được dùng để thay thế cho một mệnh đề
Jim passed his driving test This surprised everybody
Jim passed his driving test, which surprised everybody ( Which = the fact that Jim passed his driving test) Sheila couldn’t come to the party, which was a pity
The weather was very good, which we hadn’t expected
I had paid all the money before I received the goods It was stupid of me
=> I had paid all the money before I received the goods,which was stupid of me
2/ Làm tân ngữ (object)
Sau which/that là một mệnh đề Trường hợp này ta có thể lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ mà không ảnh hưởng đến nghĩa của câu.Dùng which/that tân ngữ để kết hợp câu khi từ lặp lại chỉ vật và làm tân ngữ trong câu đơn thứ hai
The language (which/that) we are learning is the most popular in the world
Trang 3( The language is the most popular in the world We are learning it)
The car which they bought last year has broken down
The watch (which) I am wearing is very accurate
The exam (which) we took last year was very difficult
The poems (which/ that) Xuan Dieu wrote are about love
The mobile phone which I am using was made in China
* So sánh WHAT & THAT
What = the thing(s) that
Thank you for what ( = the things that) you have done I can lend you $5 It's all that I have
I don't understand what you mean They give their children everything that they want
What surprised everybody was John's exam result
3/ Sở hữu ( possessive)
Whose/ of which được dùng để thay thế cho các tính từ sở hữu (its, their…) chỉ vật, nhưng:
Whose + Noun Noun + of which
The house is ours Its doors are green
The house whose doors are green is ours/ The house the doors of which are green is ours
The house whose roof/ the roof of which was blown off by the hurricane is now in bad condition
II Mệnh đề quan hệ không giới hạn (Non-restrictive relative clause)
Là mệnh đề phụ để dùng để nói rõ nghĩa hơn cho danh từ đi trước, khi cần ta có thể lược bỏ mà không ảnh hưởng đến nghĩa của câu Mệnh đề không giới hạn theo sau một danh từ đã được xác định ( danh từ được xác định có thể là một danh từ riêng, tính từ sở hữu + danh từ, tính từ chỉ định + danh từ) và được ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính bằng dấu phẩy
Chú ý:
- THAT không được dùng trong mệnhđề này
- Không được lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ ở tân ngữ
Các đại từ, tính từ quan hệ dùng trong mệnh đề không giới hạn
Newton , who invented the theory of gravity/graviation, was a famous English scientist
President Ho Chi Minh, whom we admire, was an outstanding leader
Jame Watt, whose invention of steam engine is famous throughout the world, was a Scottish inventor
My dictionary, which has 150,000 words, is very useful to my studies
English, which we are learning, is the most international in the world
My television, whose case is made of wood, was made in Russia
III Mệnh đề quan hệ liên hợp (Connective relative clause)
Mệnh đề liên hợp thường theo sau túc từ của một động từ để tiếp tục câu nói
I have a car which was made in Japan
They have two cars They rarely use one of them
They have two cars, one of which they rarely use
So sánh:
Mr Brown has two daughters Both of them are doctors
Mr brown has two daughters, both of whom are doctors
Mr Brown has two daughters They are doctors
Trang 4 Mr Brown has two daughters who are doctors
All of/ most of/none of/neither of/any of/either of/ some of/many of/ much of/ (a) few of/ both of/ half of/ each of/ one of/ two of …etc + whom/ which
Mary has three brothers All of them are married
=> Mary has three brothers, all of whom are married
They asked me a lot of questions I couldn’t answer most of them
=> They asked me a lot of queations, most of which I couldn’t answer
Tom tried on three jackets, none of which fitted him
Two men, neither of whom I had ever seen before, came into my office
They have got three cars They rarely use two of them
=> They have got three cars, two of which they rarely use
She has got a lot of friends, many of whom she was at school with
* Relative adverbs: Where, when, why
1/ WHERE ( = IN WHICH/ AT WHICH)được dùng để thay thế cho các trạng từ chỉ nơi chốnSau
WHERE luôn là một mệnh đề ( không dùng WHERE làm chủ ngữ)
I love Vietnam I was born and grew up in Vietnam/there
I love Vietnam where/in which I was born and grew up ( where thay thế cho in Vietnam/there)
Do you remember the place where/at which you first met?
He went to Hollywood where/in which he made a film
In 1919, He went to the Italian Front where he was badly wounded This is the school where/ at which I used to study
A birthplace is a plcace where you were born A cinema is a place where films are shown
A cemetery is a place where dead people are buried A laboratory is a room where experiments are done
Do you remember the shop where you bought this book?
2/ WHEN( = IN/ ON/ AT WHICH) được dùng để thay thế cho các trạng từ chỉ thời gian
1975 is the year when/in which I was born It was the time when we lived happily
I must find a time when I can tell you the truth
I still remember a time when/at which cars rarely seen in the village
I still remember a time when people had to queue
3/ WHY
The reason (why)+ clause + is/was that + clause
+ to V
The reason why I don’t like him is that he is dishonest
The reason why we come here is to learn English
The reason why I don’t like that house is that it hasn’t got a garden
The reason why I like working as a teacher is that I love children
The reason why he was late for work was that his car broke on half way
Một số câu hỏi áp dụng
1) The book I bought at the bookstore yesterday is expensive
A who B whose C that D B & C are corre
2) What’s the name of the blonde girl just came in?
A who B whose C whom D A & B are correct
3) I don’t like people lose their tempers easily
A who B whose C that D A & C are correct
Trang 54) Mexico City, has a population of over 10 million, is probably the fastest growing city in the world
A which B whose C that D A & B are corre
5) This is Henry, sister works for my father
A who B whose C that D.All are correct
6) He’s the man people like at first sight
A who B whom C that D All are correct
7) Could you iron the trousers are hanging up behind the door?
A who B which C that D B & C are correct
8) Where is the girl sells tickets?
A who B whose C whom D A & C are correct 9) The man we consider our leader had much experience in climbing mountains
A who B whose C whom D A & C are correct 10) The artist name I couldn’t remember was one of the best I had ever seen
A who B whose C that D A & C are correct
Trang 6
CÁC TRẠNG TỪ QUAN HỆ
1 When: là trạng từ quan hệ chỉ thời gian, đứng sau tiền ngữ chỉ thời gian, dùng thay cho at, on, in + which, then
That was the time when he managed the company (= at which)
2 Where: là trạng từ quan hệ chỉ nơi trốn, thay cho a, on, in + which; there)
Do you know the country where I was born?
Hanoi is the place where I like to come
3 Why: là trạng từ quan hệ chỉ lí do, đứng sau tiền ngữ “the reason”, dùng thay cho “for the reason”
He told me the reason why he had been absent from class the day before
EXERCISES ON RELATIVE CLAUSES
I Combine each pair of sentences using a relative pronoun or relative adverb
1 She is the most intelligent woman I’ve ever met this woman
2 This doctor is famous You visited him yesterday
3 These children are orphans She is taking care of these children
4 The two young men are not good persons You are acquainted with them
5 My father goes swimming everyday You met him this morning
6 The man is my father I respect this man most
7 The man is my father I respect his opinion most
8 Mary and Margaret are twins You met them yesterday
9 I’ll introduce you to the man His support is necessary for your project
10 The middle-aged man is the director My father is talking to him
11 The boy is my cousin You make fun of him
12 The student is from china He sits next to me
13 I thanked the woman This woman had helped me
14 The professor is excellent I am taking his course
15 Mr Smith said he was too busy to speak to me I had come to see him
16 I saw a lot of people and horses They went to market
17 Tom has three sisters All of them are married
18 I recently went back to Paris It is still as beautiful as a pearl
19 I recently went back to Paris I was born in Paris nearly 50 years ago
20 Do you know the music? It is being played on the radio
21 You didn’t tell us the reason We have to cut down our daily expenses for that reason
22 The day was rainy She left on that day
23 I’ve sent him two letters He has received neither of them
24 That man is an artist I don’t remember the man’s name
25 One of the elephants had only one tusk We saw these elephants at the zoo
26 That car belongs to Dr Clark Its engine is very good
27 You sent me a present Thank you very much for it
28 This is Mrs Jones Her son won the championship last year
29 Rod Lee has won an Oscar I know his sister
30 Is this the style of hair? Your wife wants to have it
31 A man answered the phone He said Tom was out
32 7.05 is the time My plane arrives then
ĐẠI TỪ QUAN HỆ
Trang 733 Max isn’t home yet That worries me
34 Do you know the building? The windows of the building are painted green
35 Last week I went to see the house I used to live in it
36 I don’t know the girl’s name She’s just gone into the hall
37 Be sure to follow the instructions They are given at the top of the page
38 Hoan Kiem lake is a historical place Its water is always blue
KEY TO EXERCISES ON RELATIVE CLAUSES
I
1 She is the most intelligent woman (that) I’ve ever met
2.This doctor, whom you visited yesterday, is famous
3 These children,whom she is taking care of, are orphans
4 The two young men, whom you are acquainted with, are not good persons
5 My father, whom you met this morning, goes swimming everyday
6 The man whom I respect most is my father
7 The man whose opinion I respect most is my father
8 Mary and Margaret whom you met yesterday are twins
9 I’ll introduce you to the man whose support is necessary for your project
10 The middle-aged man is the director whom my father is talking to
11 The boy whom you make fun of is my cousin
12 The student who sits next to me is from China
13 I thanked the woman who had helped me
14 The professor whose course I am taking is excellent
15 Mr Smith, who I had come to see, said he was too busy to speak to me
16 I saw a lot of people and horses that went to the market
17 Tom has three sisters, all of whom are married
18 I recently went back to Paris, which is still as beautiful as a pearl
19 I recently went back to Paris, in which I was born nearly 50 years ago
20.Do you know the music which is being played on the radio?
21 You didn’t tell us the reason for which we have to cut down our daily expenses
22 The day on which/when she left was rainy
23 I’ve sent him two letters, neither of which he has received
24 That man, whose name I don’t remember, is an artist
25 One of the elephants which we saw at the zoo had only one tusk
26 That car, the engine of which is very good, belongs to Dr Clark
27 Thank you very much for the present which you sent me
28 This is Mrs Jones, whose son won the championship last year
29 I’ll introduce you the man whose support is necessary for your project
30 Rod Lee, whose sister I know has won an Oscar
31 Is this the style of hair which your wife wants to have?
32 A man who answered the phone said Tom was out
33 7.05 is the time at which my plane arrives
34 Max isn’t home yet, which worries me
35 Do you know the building the windows of which are painted green?
36 Last week I went to see the house in which I used to live
37 I don’t know the name of the girl who has just gone into the hall
38 Be sure to follow the instructions that are given at the top of the page
39 Hoan Kiem lake, the water of which is always blue, is a historical place