TỔNG hợp 20 CHUYÊN đề ôn THI lý THUYẾT TIẾNG ANH THPT

Ch ăng ăl ăm tăd nhăđ ngăt ,ăđ ngăt ănguyênăth hay m tăm nhăđ :ăđ ngăt ăchi ătheoăngôi th ă3ăs ăít.. Eg: John said that he liked reading science books The teacher said that he would giv

CHUYểNă ă1 CỄCăTHỊă(TENSES)

1 THỊăHI NăT Iă NăSIMPLEăPRESENT

Vì d : The sun ries in the East

Tom comes from England

Thì hi n t i đ n di n t 1 thói quen, m t hành đ ng x y ra th ng xuyên hi n t i

Vì d : Mary often goes to school by bicycle

I get up early every morning

L u Ủ: ta thêm "es" sau các đ ng t t n cùng là: O, S, X, CH, SH

Thì hi n t i đ n di n t n ng ệ c c a con ng i

Vì d : He plays badminton very well

Thí hi n t i đ n còn di n t m t k ho ch s p x p tr c trong t ng lai ho c th i khoá bi u, đ c bi t dùng v i các đ ng t di chuy n

2 THỊăHI NăT IăTI PăDI Nă- PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Công th c

Kh ng đ nh: S + be (am/ is/ are) + V_ing + O

Ph đ nh: S + BE + NOT + V_ing + O

Nghi v n: BE + S + V_ing + O

T nh n bi t: Now, right now, at present, at the moment

Cáchădùngăthìăhi năt iăti pădi n

Thì hi n t i ti p di n t m t hành đ ng đang di n ra và k o dài dài m t th i gian hi n t i

Ex: The children are playing football now

Thì này c ng th ng ti p theo sau câu đ ngh , m nh ệ nh

Ex: Look! the child is crying

Be quiet! The baby is sleeping in the next room

Thì này còn di n t 1 hành đ ng x y ra ệ p đi ệ p ệ i dùng v i phó t ALWAYS:

Ex: He is always borrowing our books and then he doesn't remember -

Thì này còn đ c dùng đ di n t m t hành đ ng s p x y ra ( t ng lai g n)

Ex: He is coming tomrow

L u Ủ: Không dùng thí này v i các đ ng t ch nh n th c chi giác nh : to be, see, hear, understand,

know, like, want, glance, feel, think, smell, love hate, realize, seem, remmber, forget,

Ex: I am tired now

She wants to go for a walk at the moment

Do you understand your lesson?

3 THỊăHI NăT I HOÀNăTHÀNHă- PRESENT PERFECT

Kh ng đ nh: S + have/ has + Past participle (V3) + O

Ph đ nh: S + have/ has + NOT + Past participle + O

Nghi v n: have/ has + S + Past participle + O

T nh n bi t: already, not yet, just, ever, never, since, for, recenthy, before

Thì hi n t i hoàn thành di n t hành đ ng đã x y ra ho c ch a bao gi x y ra 1 th i gian Ệhông xác đ nh trong quá Ệh

Thì hi n t i hoàn thành c ng di n t s ệ p đi ệ p ệ i c a 1 hành đ ng trong quá kh

Thì hi n t i hoàn thành c ng đ c dùng v i since và for

Since + th i gian b t đ u (1995, I was young, this morning etc.) Khi ng i nói dùng since, ng i

nghe ph i tình th i gian là bao lâu

For + kho ng th i gian (t lúc đ u t i bây gi ) Khi ng i nói dùng for, ng i nói ph i tình th i gian

là bao lâu

4 THỊăHI NăT IăHOÀNăTHÀNHăTI PăDI Nă- PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Kh ng đ nh: S has/have + been + V_ing + O

Ph đ nh: S + Hasn't/ Haven't + been+ V-ing + O

Nghi v n: Has/HAve+ S+ been + V-ing + O?

T nh n bi t: all day, all week, since, for, for a long time, almost every day this week, recently,

lately, in the past week, in recent years, up until now, and so far

Cáchădùngăthìăhi năt iăho năth nh:

Thí hi n t i hoàn thành ti p di n nh n m nh kho ng th i gian c a 1 hành đ ng đư x y ra trong quá kh

Nghi v n: Was/Were + S+ V-ing + O?

T nh n bi t: While, at that very moment, at 10:00 last night, and this morning (afternoon)

Cáchădùngăthìăquáăkh ăti pădi n:

Dùng đ di n t hành đ ng đư x y ra cùng lúc Nh ng hành đ ng th nh t đư x y ra s m h n và đư đang ti p t c x y ra thí hành đ ng th hai x y ra

CH T + WERE/WAS + ợ NG TỐ THểM - ING

While + thì quá kh ti p di n (past progressive)

7 THỊăQUỄăKH ăHOÀNăTHÀNHă- PAST PERFECT

Kh ng đ nh: S + had + Past Participle (V3) + O

Ph đ nh: S + hadn't + Past Participle + O

Nghi v n: Had + S + Past Participle + O?

T nh n bi t: after, before, as soon as, by the time, when, already, just, since, for

Cáchădùngăthìăquáăkh ăho năth nh:

Thí quá kh hoàn thành di n t 1 hành đ ng đư x y ra và k t thúc trong quá kh tr c 1 hành đ ng

Kh ng đ nh: S + had + been + V_ing + O

Ph đ nh: S + hadn't + been+ V-ing + O

Nghi v n: Had + S + been + V-ing + O?

T nh n bi t: until then, by the time, prior to that time, before, after

Cáchădùngăthìăquáăkh ăho năth nhăti pădi n:

Thí quá kh hoàn thành ti p di n nh n m nh kho ng th i gian c a 1 hành đ ng đư đang x y ra trong quá kh và k t thúc tr c 1 hành đ ng khác x y ra và c ng k t thúc trong quá kh

9 THỊăT NGăLAIă- SIMPLE FUTURE

Kh ng đ nh: S + shall/will + V(infinitive) + O

Ph đ nh: S + shall/will + NOT+ V(infinitive) + O

Nghi v n: shall/will + S + V(infinitive) + O?

Cáchădùngăthìăt ngăl i:

Khi đoán (predict, guess), dùng will ho c be going to

Khi ch d đ nh tr c, dùng be going to Ệhông đ c dùng will

CH T + AM (IS/ARE) GOING TO + ợ NG T ( hi n t i: simple form)

Khi di n t s tình nguy n ho c s s n sàng, dùng will Ệhông đ c dùng be going to

CH T + WILL + ợ NG T ( hi n t i: simple form)

10 THỊăT NGăLAIăTI PăDI Nă- FUTURE CONTINUOUS

Kh ng đ nh: S + shall/will + be + V_ing+ O

Ph đ nh: S + shall/will + NOT+ be + V_ing+ O

Nghi v n: shall/will +S+ be + V_ing+ O

T nh n bi t: in the future, next year, next week, next time, and soon

Cáchădùngăthìăt ngăl iăti pădi n:

Thí t ng lai ti p di n di n t hành đ ng s x y ra 1 th i đi m nào đó trong t ng lai

CH T + WILL + BE + ợ NG T THểM -ING ho c

CH T + BE GOING TO + BE + ợ NG T THểM –ING

11 THỊăT NGăLAIăHOÀNăTHÀNHă- FUTURE PERFECT

Kh ng đ nh: S + shall/will + have + Past Participle

Ph đ nh: S + shall/will + NOT+ be + V_ing+ O

Nghi v n: shall/will + NOT+ be + V_ing+ O?

T nh n bi t: by the time and prior to the time (có ngh a là before)

Cáchădùngăthìăt ngăl iăho năth nh:

Thí t ng lai hoàn thành di n t 1 hành đ ng trong t ng lai s k t thúc tr c 1 hành đ ng khác trong

t ng lai

CH T + WILL + HAVE + QUỄ KH PHỂN T (PAST PARTICIPLE)

12 THỊăT NGăLAIăHOÀNăTHÀNHăTI PăDI Nă- FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Kh ng đ nh: S + shall/will + have been + V_ing + O

Ph đ nh: S + shall/will + NOT+ have been + V_ing + O

Nghi v n: shall/will + S+ have been + V_ing + O?

Cáchădùngăthìăt ngăl iăho năth nhăti pădi n:

Thì t ng lai hoàn thành ti p di n nh n m nh Ệho ng th i gian c a 1 hành đ ng s đang x y

ra trong t ng lai và s Ệ t thúc tr c 1 hành đ ng Ệhác trong t ng lai

Khi ch d đ nh tr c, dùng be going to Ệhông đ c dùng will

CH T + AM (IS/ARE) GOING TO + ợ NG T ( hi n t i: simple form)

Khi di n t s tình nguy n ho c s s n sàng, dùng will Ệhông đ c dùng be going to

CH T + WILL + ợ NG T ( hi n t i: simple form)

CHUYểNă ă2

AGREEMENT)

* PH NăI:ăLụăTHUY T

TrongăTi ngăAnhăđ ngăt ăph iăphùăh păv iăch ăng c ănó C ăth :

• Ch ng s ìt (He, She, It,The boy, The camel,…) đ ng t chia s ìt

Ex: The car was new

• Ch ng s nhi u chia đ ng t s nhi u

Ex: The books were on the top shelf

Ex: These women wash their clothes everyday

Nh ngăch ăng ătrongăTi ngăAnhăkhôngăph iălúcăn oăc ngăd ăxácăđ nhătheoăs ăítăho căs ănhi uăvìăv yăkhiă

xácăđ nhăch ăng ăt ăc năL u ý các tr ng h p sau:

1 Ch ăng ăl ăm tăd nhăđ ngăt ,ăđ ngăt ănguyênăth hay m tăm nhăđ :ăđ ngăt ăchi ătheoăngôi

th ă3ăs ăít.

Ex: Walking in the rain is not a good idea

Ex: To learn a foreign language is necessary

Ex: That you get high grades in the school is very important

2 Ch ăng ăl ăm tănhómăt ăăthìăph iătìm t ăchínhăv ăchi ăđ ngăt ăphùăh păv iăt ăđó

Ex: A list of new books has been posted in the library

Ex: The shops along the mall are rather small

3 S1 + of/ as well as/ with/ together with/ in addition to/ along with/ accompanied by/ no less than +S2 => ngăt ăhò ăh păv iăS1.

Ex: The professor together with his three students has been called to court

Ex: The mayor as well as his councilmen refuses to endorse the bill

Ex: The students along with their form teacher were at the beach yesterday

4 Ch ăng ăl ăđ iăt ăb tăđ nh: one, everyone, no one, nobody, anyone, anybody, someone,

somebody, everybody, anything, something, nothing, everything => ngăt ăchi ăs ăít

Ex: Nobody is at home now

Ex: Is there anybody here?

Ex: Everything has been all right so far

5 Ch ăng ăkép:

a • S1+ANDă+S2ă+ầ=>ă ngăt chi ătheoăch ăng ă ăs ănhi u

Ex: England, Scotland and Wales form Great Britain

Ex: EJohn and I are cousins

Ex: The headmaster and the teacher are talking

*But: The secretary and accountant hasn't come yet (M t ng i làm hai nhi m v )

The great doctor and 'discoverer is no more

Whisky and soda has always been his favourite drink

(trong tr ng h p 2 danh t n i v i nhau b ng AND nh ng chúng cùng ch 1 ng i, 1 b ho c 1 món n i

v i tr ng h p cùng ch 1 ng i thí d u hi u nh n bi t là danh t th 2 không có THE, còn v i b ho c món

n thí tùy vào ý c a ng i nói)

Ex: - Fish and chips is a popular meal in Britain

Ex: Each boy and each girl is to work independently

b • S1+ OR +S2 => ngăt hò ăh păv i S2:

Ex: Has your mother or father given you permission to use the car?

c •Either+S1+ or + S2  V hòa h p v i S2:

Neither+ S1+Nor +S2

Ex: Neither the students nor their teacher regrets the approach of summer

• EACH/EVERY/EITHER/NEITHER + singular noun +singular verb

of + plural noun / pronoun

• ALL / BOTH / FEW /A FEW/ MANY / SEVERAL / SOME + plural noun  PLURAL VERB

of + plural noun / pronoun

• ALL/ SOME /LITTLE/A LITTLE +Non count noun  singular verb

of+ Non count noun

6 Ch ăng ăl danh t t păh p dùngănh ă1ăđ năv =>Văchi ătheoăSăăs ăít (GROUP / JURY/ ARMY /

FAMILY / CLASS /COMMITTEE / TEAM /ENEMY/ COUNCIL )

Ex: The football team practises every day

Ex: The herd of elk is in the meadow

Ex: The family arrives together at 8 00

*Danh t t păh p ch ăt ngăth nhăviên =>Văchi ătheoăSăs ănhi u.

Ex: The football team buy their own uniforms

Ex: John has just arrived and now the family are all here

*Các danh t nh : the police, the military, the people,ăc ttle,ăpoultry,ăclergy,ầăăăăă=>ăăVăchi ă theoăSăs ănhi u.

Ex: The police are questioning him

*** D nhăt ăt păh păđ căhìnhăth nhăb iăăbyă"theă+ă djective"ă=>ăVăchi ătheoăSăs ă

nhi u

Ex: The sick need medical care and tenderness

Ex: The American people don't trust the news

**** D nhăt ăt păh pănh ăFURNITUREă/ăLUGGAGEă/ăINFORMATIONă/ăKNOWLEDGEă/ăTRAFFICă / EQUIPMENT / SCENERY / MACHINERY (khôngăb oăgi ăcóă_Săv iănh ngăd nhăt ăn y)ă=>ăVăchi theoăSăs ăít

Ex: The furniture was more expensive than I thought

Ex: Traffic is heavy

Ex: The traffic has increased rapidly in the downtown areas

7 Ch ăng ăl nhómăd nhăt ăch ăs ăl ng (kho ngăth iăgi năđoăl ng,ătr ngăl ng,ăth ătích,ăs

l ng) =>V chia theo Săs ăít.

Ex: Twenty-two inches is a tiny waist measurement

Ex: Fifty dollars seems a reasonable price

*Ph ân s /ph nătr mă+ăNă(s ăít)ă => V chia theo S s Ít Ex: A quarter of the cake is gone.

+ N( s ănhi u) => Vchia theo S s ănhi u Ex: Half of the tables are occupied

Ex: The majority of the customers are happy

8 Tiờu đề sỏchăbỏo,ătờnăc ăqu n,ăt ăch căđo năth ,ăqu căgi ,ădựăvi tă ăs ănhi uă->ăđ ngăt ăchi theoăSăs ăớt.

Ex: Chaucer's Canterbury Tales includes many humorous characterizations

Ex: The Malay States is now part of the Federation of Malaysia

9 C ỏc danh t ch b nhăt t,ămụnăh c,ămụnăth ăth o,ătờnăn c,ăth ăđụ: news, means, series,

billiards, mathematics, species, measles, mumps, rickets, mathematics, economics,, linguistics, physics,phonetics, athletics, politics, statistics, Algiers, Athens, Brussels, Marseilles, Naples, the Philippines, the

United Nations, the United States, Wales ) => đ ng t chia theo S s Ít

Ex: The morning news is on at 6 o'clock

Ex: Measles is sometimes serious

10 Những danh t sau đây luôn đi s ănhi u (glasses, scissors (keo), pants, shorts, jeans, tongs (cai kep), pliers

(kim), tweezers (nhip), eye-glasses, ear-rings )  ngăt chia theo S s ănhi u

Ex: My trousers are torn

Ex: These scissors are dull

But:- A pair of glasses costs quite a lot these days

- This pair of scissors is sharp.

11 THE NUMBER OF +N( s ănhi u)=> ngăt ăchi ătheoăs ăớt.

Ex: The number of road accidents is increasing

12 A NUMBER OF +N ( s ănhi u) => ng t chia theo S s nhi u.

Ex: A number of spectators were injured

13 No + singular noun + singular verb: Ex: No example is right in this case

plural noun + plural verb: Ex: No examples are right in this case

14 None of the + non-count noun + -singular verb

plural noun + plural verb Ex: - None of the counterfeit money has been found

Ex: - None of the students have finished the exam yet

15 It + be + noun / pronoun (in the subject form)

Ex - It is they who provide the modem medical aids

Ex- Go and tell them it is I who did it

16 There + be + noun: (đ ng t ph thu c vào danh t )

Ex: There have not been many large-scale epidemics lately

CHUYểNă ă3 DANHă NGăT ăVÀă NGăT ăNGUYểNăTH ă(GERUND AND INFINITIVE)

watching films on Tv

id, mind, enjoy

2 M tăs ăcáchădùngăđ căbi t:

a Verb + V- ing:ăD nhăđ ngăt ătheoăs uăm tăs ăđ ngăt :

Keep: gi , ti p Mind: phi n Miss: l , nh Mention: đ c p Pardon: tha th , tha l i Prefer

Prevent: ng n ng a Postpone: hoưn l i Practice: th c hành Prevent

Propose (= suggest) Quit: t b

Recollect: nh l i Resent: c m thù Recall: g i nh / recollect Resume: cho r ng

Resist: kháng c , ng n c n Risk: m o hi m

Remember/ forget Suggest: g i ý Stop/ begin/ start Understand: hi u Discuss: th o lu n Hate: ghét

Ex: He admitted taking the money

Avoid over-eating

He detests writing letters

He didn‘t want to risk getting wet

I can‘t understand his/ him leaving his

wife

ChúăỦ: excuse, forgive, pardon, prevent không

tr c ti p theo sau b i danh đ ng t mà theo sau

b i:

Possessive adjective/ pronoun + danh

đ ng t ho c pronoun + preposition + danh đ ng

t

Appreciate th ng theo sau b i tình t s

h u ho c danh đ ng t d ng b đ ng

Ex: Forgive my/ me ringing you up so early

Forgive me for ringing you up so early

You can‟t prevent his/ him spending his own

NG ăPHỄPăTI NGăANHăTHPT

b common phrasal verbs + V- ing:ă(s uăm tăs ăc măđ ngăt )

carry on, end up, give up, go round, keep on, put off, set about…

c Expression + V- ing:ăM tăs ăth nhăng ătheoăs uăb iăV-ing

- have fun/ a good time + V-ing: vui v …

- have trouble/ difficulty + V-ing:

- have a hard time/ difficult time + V-ing

- spend + time/ money + V-ing (present participle)

He spends 3 hours studying English every day

- waste + time/money + V-ing:

-sit + Danh t n i ch n + V-ing: she sat at her desk writing a letter

-stand + danh t n i ch n + V-ing

- lie + danh t n i ch n + Ving

-can‘t help = can‘t bear = can‘t stand = can‘t resist (không th ch u đ c)

I can‟t bear hearing his lies

I can‟t stand seeing him here

- it is no good / it is no use (vô ìch / không có ìch): It‟sănoăuse phoning him at this time

This book is worth reading

- be use to = get used to = be accustomed to : quen v i

- S + prefer + V-ing + to + V-ing: thìch làm gí h n làm gí

= S + would rather Vinf than Vinf

d go + gerund đ ch m t ho t đ ng đ c bi t nào đó: (Present participle)

- go fishing đi câu cá go hunting go bowling go jogging

- go shopping đi mua s m go camping go sightseeing go sailing

- go swimming đi b i go dancing go running …

- go hiking đi b dư ngo i go birdwatching go boating go canoening

- go mountain climbing

* C m gi i t theo sau b i V-ing:

be excited/ worried about V-ing

dream about/ of + V-ing prevent (someone) from V-ing

think

blame (someone) be interested in V-ing

forgive (someone) for V-ing succeed

be responsible

thank (someone)

be tired of V-ing in addition

* Pr epositionă+gerundă(gi iăt ă+gerund):

Be interested in (thìch thú) think about (ngh v ) apologize for (xin l i v )

Insist on (kh ng kh ng v ) talk about (nói v ) instead of (thay ví)

be / get used to quen /thìch nghi v i be familiar with

Ex: He was accused of having stolen her money

He denied having been there

4 The passive gerund:

Form: being + past participle (present)

Having + been + Vpp (past)

Ex: She hates being called a dull

The mountain climbers are in danger of being killed by an avalanche

I am interested in being given money by my mother

He was punished by being sent to bed without any supper

The safe showed no signs of having been touched

II INFINITIVES: ng t nguyên th

1 Ch căn ng:

- Làm ch ng c a câu: (cùng v i các đ ng t : appear, seem, be)

Ex: To save money now seems impossible

= It seems impossible to save money (more usual)

- Làm b ng c a đ ng t (be):

Ex: His plan is to keep the affair secret

- Làm tân ng c a đ ng t :

Ex: He wants to play

- Ch m c đìch: He learns English to sing English songs

- Sau m t s tình t :

2 Bare infinitive (infinitive without to)

 c dùng sau đ ng t make, have v i ngh nguyên c (causative)

The Brown made their children clean their room

The guest had the porters carry their luggage upstairs

 c dùng sau đ ng t giác quan nh see, hear, feel,notice, taste, smell,

We incidentally saw the plane crash into the moutain

The man noticed his assistant leave work earlier than usual

*ăchúăỦ:

Feel, hear, see, watch, smell, findă+ăOă+ăVingă(presentăp rticiple):ăb tăg pă iăđóăđ ngăl măgì

Feel, hear, see, watch, smell, find + O + bare inf.: th yă iăđóăđưăl măgì

 u c dùng sau đ ng t let và help

My brother let me use computer

The parents helped their children set up the tent

 c dùng sau các đ ng t khuy t thi u và tr đ ng t : can, could, will, shall, would, should, used to, had better, need, ought to, do, did …

 Trong c u trúc: would rather + bare infinitve/ had better

3 To – infinitive:

A Toăinfinitiveăs uăđ ngăt :

D ng1: V + TO INFINITIVE : M t s đ ng t theo sau là to infinitive

+ ask: yêu c u + cause: gây ra

+ command: yêu c u, ra l nh + encourage: khuy n khìch

+ expect: mong ch + forbid: c m

+ force: bu c + instruct: ch d n

+ invite: m i + oblige: b t bu c

+ need: c n - We need you to help us

+ teach: d y - My brother taught me to swim

+ warn: c nh báo + remind: nh c nh

+ order: yêu c u, ra l nh + persuade: thuy t ph c

+ request: yêu c u + show:

+ train: đào t o, hu n luy n + instruct: ch d n

+ permit: cho ph p + remind: nh c nh

* NOTES:

+ allow / permit / advise/ recommend/ encourage + object + to infinitive

Ex: She doesn‟tă llow me to smoke in her room

+ allow/ permit/ recommend/ encourage/ advise + gerund

Ex: She doesn‟tă llow smoking in her room

D ng3: V + TO INFINITIVE/ GERUND (m t s đ ng t theo sau b i to infinitive and gerund)

Nhómă1:ăVă+ătoăInfinitiveă/ăGerund (khôngăkhácăngh )

- begin b t đ u - prefer thìch h n - can‘t stand

- start b t đ u - hate gh t - can‘t bear

- continue ti p t c - love yêu thìch - intend

- like thìch - bother làm phi n

Các đ ng t trên có th đ c theo sau b i to Infinitive ho c Gerund mà ý ngh a hÇu nh- không đ i

Víăd :ă

- He began to laugh

= He began laughing

ChúăỦ:

a) Không nên dùng: It‘s beginning raining

Nên nói: It is begining to rain

b) ng t nguyên m u th ng mang ý ngh a c a m t m c đìch, m t d tình trong t ng lai, trong khi danh đ ng t mang ý ngh a m t kinh nghi m s n có Cách s d ng chúng đôi khi r t tinh t nh sau:

Víăd

- I like to meet the public

(Tôi thìch g p công chúng – Tôi th y nên g p, c n g p d đ nh)

- I like meeting the public

(Tôi thìch g p công chúng Tôi th y vui khi g p và tôi luôn làm th )

Nhómă2:ăVă+ăinfinitive / Gerund (khácăngh )ă

remember, forget, regret, try, stop, need, go on

a. NEED

Need to do = it is necessary to do:c n ph i làm (đ ng t nguyên m u mang ngh a ch đ ng)

Need doing = need to be done: c n ph i đ c làm (đ ng t nguyên m u mang ngh a b đ ng)

 Tom needs to work harder (It is necessary for Tom to work harder.)

 The grass in front of the house needs cutting (The grass in front of the house needs to

be cut.)

b. STOP

Stop to do = stop in order to do: d ng l i đ làm vi c khác

Stop doing = not to do something any longer : d ng vi c đang làm

 They stopped to look at the pictures

 They stopped smoking because it is bad for their health

c REGRET/ REMEMBER/ FORGET:

Remember/forget/regretă+ătoăV:ănh /quên/ti căs ăph iăl măgìă( ăhi năt iăv ăt ngăl i)

* Remember to send this ệetter (hãy nh g i b c th này) Don‟t forget to buy fệowers (đ ng quên mua

hoa đ y)

* I regret to inform you that the train was canceệed (tôi r t ti c ph i báo tin cho anh r ng chuy n t u đã

b h y b )

Remember/forget/regret + V- ing:ănh /quên/ti căđưăl măgìă( ăquáăkh )

I paid her $2 I still remember that I still remember paying her $2 (tôi nh đã tr cô y 2 đô ệa)

She will never forget meeting the Queen (cô y Ệhông bao gi quên ệ n g p n hoàng)

He regrets leaving school early It is the biggest mistake in his life

d TRY

Try to do: c g ng ệàm

Try doing: th ệàm

 She tries to pass the entrance exam to the college of pharmacy

 I‘ve got a terrible headache I try taking some aspirins but they didn‘t help

e GO ON:

Go on doing s th.: ti p t c l măcùng m t vi c gìăđó

Go on to do s th.: l m hay nóiăvi căgì khác

 The Minister went on talking for two hours

 We must change our ways We can‘t go on living like this

 After discussing the economy, the Minister went on to talk about foreign policy

f MEAN

Mean + to V = intend to V: d đ nh làm gí đó

Mean + V-ing = involve: bao g m, bao hàm, có ngh a là

B Toăinfinitiveăs uăm tăs ătínhăt :ă

 Trongăc uătrúcăs u:ăăITă+ăBEă+ăADJECTIVEă+ăTOăINFINITIVE

Víăd :ă

- It‘s difficult to find their house Th t khó tím ra nhà c a h

- It‘s dangerous to drive fast Lái xe nhanh thí nguy hi m

- It‘s important to learn English H c ti ng Anh thí r t quan tr ng

Có hai d ng t ng đ ng nh sau:

= To infinitive + be + Adjective

Gerund

Víăd :ă

- It‘s exciting to play football Ch i bóng đá th t thú v

= to play football is exciting

= playing football is exciting

 Toăinfinitiveăs uă1ăs ătínhăt :

Able, unable, happy, delighted (vui v ), easy, lovely, glad, sorry, eager (háo h c), amazed (ng c nhiên), pleased (hài lòng), disappointed, surprised, willing (s n lòng), certain (ch c ch n)

 Trongăc uătrúc:

* S + be/ get/ look/ seem/ become + too + Adj +(for O) + to infi

Să+ăVă(th ng)ăăăăăăăăăăăăăăăăăăăăăăăăăăăăăă+ătooă+ăAdvă+(forăO) + to infi

Ex: The water in this glass is too hot to drink

This coffee is too hot for me to drink

He runs too slowly to catch the bus

*S + be + Adj + enough (for O) + to infi

Să+ăVă(th ng)ă+ăAdvă+ăenoughă(forăO) + to infi

Ex: He is old enough to get married

He‟s inteệệigent enough to get good marỆs

They speak slowly enough to understand

C S uăm tăs ăt ăđ ăh i:

Verb + how/what/when/where/ which/why + infinitive

Nh ng đ ng t s d ng công th c này là ask, decide, discover, find out, forget, know, learn,

remember, see, show + object, think, understand, want to know, wonder

Ex : He discovered how to open the safe

I found out where to buy fruit cheaply

She couệdn‟t thinỆ what to say

I showed her which button to press

She wondered whether to write or phone

D Ch ăm căđích:

Ex: He tried to study hard in order to / so as to/ to pass every exam

E Noun + to infinitive (replace a relative clause)

Ex: 1 I have many things which I must do/ to do

2 She is always the last to go/ who goes

F S + Vă+ă iăt ăb tăđ nhă+ăToăV

(anywhere, anybody, anything, somebody, something, somewhere, nobody, nothing, nowhere, everything, everybody, everywhere)

Ex: Is there anywhere to go?

He has got nothing to eat

G S uăm tăs ăc măt ăs u:

be about:đ nh, s

be able: có th

do one‘s best: c g ng

make an/ every effort: n l c

make up one‘s mind: quy t đ nh

can‘t afford

Ex: He is just about to leave

We can‟t afford to ệive in the centre

H Th yăchoăm tăm nhăđ ăqu năh :

- ng t nguyên th có th đ c s d ng sau the first, the second , the last, the only và th nh tho ng

sau so sánh h n nh t

Ex: He loves parties; he is always the first who comes and the last who leaves

= He loves parties; he is always the first to come and the last to leave

He is the second one to be killed in this way

4 The perfect infinitive:

+ Form: to have + Vpp

+ Use:

- Dùng v i was/ were đ di n t m t k ho ch ch a th c hi n đ c

Ex: The house was to have been ready today (but it isn‘t)

- Dùng sau would/ would like đ di n t m t đi u c v n ch a hoàn thi n

Ex: He would like to have seen it (but it was impossible)

- Dùng v i m t s đ ng t : appear, happen, pretend, seem, believe, consider, find, know, report, say, suppose, think, understand…

III PASSIVE INFINITIVE AND GERUND:

+ Passive gerund: being + past participle

Ex: She hates being called a dull

The mountain climbers are in danger of being killed by an avalanche

I am interested in being given money by my mother

+ Passive infinitive: to be + past participle

Ex: I hoped to be invited to the party

He refused to be taken to hospital

She doesn‟t want to be asỆed personal questions

 c dùng đ nh n m nh hành đ ng/ s Ệi n h n ệà tác nhân gây ra hành đ ng

a) use: câu đi u ki n lo i 1 còn đ c g i là câu đi u ki n có th c hi n t i i u ki n có th x y ra

hi n t i ho c t ng lai

b) Form:

Ifă+ăSă+ăVă(hi năt iăđ n), Să+ăWill(c n,m y)ă+ăVă(nguyênăm u)

(Să+ăWill(c n,m y)ăă+ăV(nguyênăm u)ăă+ăăIfă+ăSă+ăV(hi năt iăđ n)

Ex: If it is sunny,I will go fishing

If she gets up late,she will miss the bus

* Câu đi u ki n m nh l nh

If S + V1, V2

– D ng câu đi u ki n này dùng đ nêu m t yêu c u, m t m nh l nh mà ng i nói mu n ng i nghe th c hi n n u đi u ki n đ c nêu x y ra

– D ng câu m nh l nh ch có th dùng v i câu đi u ki n lo i I

– Cu i câu ta đ t m t d u ch m than, bi u th cho th c m nh l nh

– Khi dùng d ng câu này, m nh đ đi u ki n v n gi nguyên, riêng m nh đ chình s đ c chuy n thành m nh đ m nh l nh b ng cách s d ng nguyên đ ng t và khuy t đi ch ng

Ex: If you meet him, tell him to write to me!

Ex: Don‘t go outside the harbor if the wind is strong

2/ Conditional sentences:TYPE 2:

a) use: câu đi u ki n lo i 2 dùng đ di n t m t hành đ ng không có th t hi n t i

b) Form:

Ifă+ăSă+ăV(quáăkh ăđ n) , S +Would (could, might ) + V(nguyênăm u)

(S +Would(could, might) + V( nguyênăm u) +ăIfă+Să+Vă(quáăkh ăđ n))

c) Note: ng t trong m nh đ đi u ki n n u là đ ng t tobe thí ta dùng were cho t t c các ch ng

Ex If I were you , I would go abroard

If I knew his address, I would give it to you

3/ Conditional sentences: Type 3

a/ use: Di n t hành đ ng không có th t quá kh

b/ Form:

If +S +had +V(PII), S + Would (could,might) + have + V(PII)

(S + Would (could, might) +have +V(PII) +IF + S +had +V (PII)

Ex:If he had studied harder for that test,he would have passed it

4/ăM tăs ătr ngăh păcâuăđi uăki năđ căbi t

/ăCỂUă I UăKI NăK TăH P

Form: If + S + had + P2, S + would have + P2

Ex: 1 If I h dn‟tăst yed up late last night, I wouldn‟tăbe so tired now

2 You wouldn‟tăbe so hungry if you had had breakfast this morning

 Trong tr ng h p này, m nh đ If chia đ ng t lo i 3, m nhăđ ăchính chia đ ng t lo i 2

b/C UăTRÚCă OăNG ăC AăCỂUă Kă

*ă oăng ăđkălo iă1

Should + S + Vinfinitive, S + Will + Vinfinitive

* oăng ăcâuăđi uăki nălo iă2:ă

Were + S + (to + Vinfinitive), S + Would + Vinfinitive

If I learnt Russian, I would read a Russian book

=> Were I to learn Russian, I would read a Russian book

* oăng ăcâuăđi uăki nălo iă3:

Had + S + P2, S + would have + P2

Ex: If Ann had found the right buyer, she would have sold the house

 Had Ann found the right buyer, she would have sold the house

*ă oăng ăc ăcâuăđi uăki năk tăh p:

Had + S + P2, S + would Vinfinitive

c/CỄCăCỄCHăKHỄCă ăDI NăT ă I UăKI N

* Imper tiveă(m nhăl nh)ă+ăor/ ndă+ăSă+ăV(simpleăfuture)

Ex: Prepare the lesson carefully or you will get a bad mark

= If you don't prepare the lesson carefully, you will get a bad mark

* Unless = If not ( Tr ăkhi)

If he doesn‘t come, I will bring this package to him

Unless he comes, I will bring this package to him

* In case ( Phòngăkhiăđi uăgìăđóăx yăr )

Trong m nh đ theo sau In case th ng dùng thí hi n t i đ n ho c quá kh đ n, không dung will ho c would

I always take an umbrella in case it rains

*ăDùngăWith/Without/ăButăfor

With/ Without/ But for + a noun/ a noun phrase

Eg: If you help me, I can finish this assignment

= With your help, I can finish this assignment

Without water, life wouldn‘t exist

= If there were no water, life wouldn‘t exist

* As long as/ So long as/ Provided (that)/ Providing (that)/ On condition that + Clause (Mi năl /ăv iă

đi uăki n)

Ex: As long as you drive carefully, you can use my car

= If you drive carefully, you can use my car

* Otherwise ( N uăkhôngăthì): Dùngăđ ăth yăth ăchoăv ăIfăv ăliênăqu năđ năm tăỦ t ngăc ăcâuă

tr c

(Tr c Otherwise th ng có d u; ho c d u, sau otherwise có d u,)

Eg: You must read the instruction; otherwise, you don‘t know how to do it

PART B - WISH / IF ONLY

I- PH NăLụăTHUY T

Wish và if only th ng đ c đ di n đ t c mu n (if only m nh m và rõ ràng h n wish) Sau wish và only là m t m nh đ ch s ao c m t K không có th t M nh đ sau wish và if only đ c xem nh m t

m nh đ danh t

Sau wish /only có 3 lo i m nh đ đ c dùng đ ch s ao c hi n t i, quá kh và t ng lai

1 Aoă că ăhi năt iă(presentăwish)

a C u trúc:

b Cách dùng: di n đ t mong c v m t đi u không có th t ho c không th th c hi n đ c hi n t i Eg1:I wish I lived nearer Then we could meet more often (I'm sorry that I don't live nearer)

Eg2: Cathy wishes she had blond hair (Cathy is sorry that she doesn't have blond hair)

- Would không đ c dùng đ di n đ t mong mu n hi n t i, nh ng chúng ta có th dùng could

Eg3: You're brilliant I wish I could play the guitar like you (I'm sorry that I can't play the guitar like you)

2 Aoă că ăquáăkh ă(p stăwish)

a c u trúc:

b Cách dùng: di n đ t mong c v m t đi u đư x y ra trong quá kh ho c di n đ t s h i ti c v m t

đi u gí đó đư không x y ra

S + WISH (es) /IF ONLY + S+ V (past subjunctive)

(be were)

S + WISH(es) /IF ONLY + S+ V (past perfect subjunctive)

Eg: I wish I had never told him my secret (I'm sorry that I told him my secret)

Eg: Santiago wishes he hadn't spent so much money last night (Santiago regrets spending so much money last night)

-Chúng ta có th dùng could have +past participle đ vao c v quá kh khi ch ng tr c và sau wish là

m t ng i hay m t v t

Eg: I wish I could have been at the wedding,but I was in New York

3 Aoă că ăt ngăl i(futureăwish)

a C u trúc:

b Cách dùng:mong mu n đi u gí đó x y ra ho c mu n ng i nào đó làm đi u gí đó

Eg: I wish it would stop snowing

Eg: I wish Mark would call me back

Eg: I wish more people would read my blog

Chú ý: I wish woud đ c dùng khi nói v hành đ ng và s thay đ i,would không đ c nói v m t tính tr ng

Eg: I wish something exciting would happen

P ARTăC:M tăs ăc uătrúcăgi ăđ nhăkhác

1 Clause after AS IF, AS THOUGH:

* AS IF, AS THOUGH có ngh a là ―nh th , d ng nh ‖

* Hai t n i trên đ ng tr c m t m nh đ ch m t đi u không th t ho c trái v i th c t

/ i uăkhôngăcóăth tă ăhi năt i

S + V + as if /as though + V past subjunctive (V-ed/ were)

Eg: The old lady dresses as if it were winter even in the summer (It is not winter)

+ She walks as though she studied modeling (She didn‘t study modeling)

+ He acts as though he were rich (He is not rich)

b/ i uăkhôngăcóăth tă ăquáăkh

S + V + as if /as though + V past perfect subjunctive /(had + V-ed/ (pp))

Eg: + Tom looked very tired as if he worked very hard

+ The child ate as though he had been hungry for a long time

+ He looked as if he hadn‘t taken a bath for month

Note: Past Subjunctive (quá kh gi đ nh) có hính th c gi ng thí Simple past nh ng v i đ ng t TO BE thí ph i đ i thành WERE cho t t c các ngôi

- Past Perfect Subjunctive (quá kh hoàn thành gi đ nh) có hính th c gi ng thí Past perfect

- ng t đ ng tr c as if/as though có th thí hi n t i ho c quá kh mà không có s thay đ i thí trong

m nh đ gi đ nh

Eg: He talks/talked as if he knew everything

Eg: He looks /looked as though he hadn‘t a decent meal for a month

- Trong m nh đ so sánh (m nh đ ch cách th c và m nh đ chình có cùng ch ng ), chúng ta có th dùng as if /as though theo sau b i m t phân t (present /past participle) ho c đ ng t nguyên m u có to (to –infinitive)

It‟sătime/ăIt‟săhighătimeă+ă(foră+ăObject)ă+ăto-infinitive

E x: It‘s time to buy a new car ( ã đ n ệúc ph i mua xe m i r i.)

It‘s high time for the children to go to bed ( ã đ n gi b n tr đi ng r i)

c M nh đ (đ ng t chia quá kh nh ng mang ngh a hi n t i)

It‟sătime/ăIt‟săhighătimeă+ăSă+ăVă- past simple

E x: Ten o‘clock - It‘s time you went home

(10 gi r i - ã đ n ệúc các b n ph i v nhà)

It‘s high time the children were in bed

( ã đ n gi b n tr đi ng )

L u ý: Were có th dùng thay cho Was

E x: It‘s time I was/were in bed

E x: I would rather stay at home tonight (T i nay tôi thích nhà.)

Would you rather have tea or coffee? (B n thích dùng trà hay cà phê h n?)

I‘m tired I‟dăr therănotăgoăout this evening

(Tôi m t Chi u nay tôi Ệhông thích đi ch i.)

John would rather go for a swim than play tennis

(John thích đi b i h n ch i qu n v t.)

We‘d rather walk than take a bus (Chúng tôi thích đi b h n ệà đi xe buít.)

* quá kh

S + would rather (+not) + have + V_past participle (+ than)

E x: We went by sea but I‘d rather have gone by air

(Chúng tôi đã đi b ng tàu th y nh ng tôi thích đi b ng xe máy h n.)

I wanted to go by air but I didn‘t get my wish

Tommy would rather have gone skiing than fishing last week

(Tu n tr c, Tommy đã thích đi tr t tuy t h n ệà đi câu)

But he didn‘t get his wish

b Wouệd rather (mong mu n) còn đ c dùng đ di n đ t ngh a m t ng i mu n ng i Ệhác ệàm đi u gì

đó

* hi n t i ho c t ng lai

S + would rather (that) + S + V _past simple

E x: I‘d rather you went home now (Tôi mu n anh v nhà ngay bây gi )

I‘d rather you didn‟tătell anyone what I said

(Tôi Ệhông mu n b n Ệ v i b t Ệ ai nh ng gì tôi đã nói.)

We‘d rather she was/were here tomorrow

(Chúng tôi mu n cô ta có m t đây ngày mai.)

* quá kh

S + would rather (that) + S + V_past perfect

E x: Roberto would rather we h dn‟tăleft yesterday

(Roberto mu n hôm qua chúng tôi Ệhông ra đi.) but we left yesterday

I would rather you had met my future wife (Tôi mu n ệà b n đã g p v s p c i c a tôi)

but you didn‘t meet

c Di n t s vi c hi n t i (present subễunctive):

Là lo i câu ng i th nh t mu n ng i th hai làm vi c gí (nh ng làm hay không còn ph thu c vào

ng i th hai) Xem thêm v câu c u khi n ph n sau Trong tr ng h p này đ ng t m ng đ hai đ

d ng nguyên th b to N u mu n thành l p th ph đ nh đ t not tr c nguyên th b to

S1 + wo uldăr therăth tă+ăS2ă+ă[verbăinăsimpleăform]ăầ

E x: I would rather that you call me tomorrow

He would rather that I not take this train

Ng pháp nói ngày nay đ c bi t là ng pháp M cho ph p b that trong c u trúc này mà v n gi nguyên hính th c gi đ nh

4 Presentăsubjunctiveă(Hi năt iăb ngăthái)

- c dùng trong m nh đ ―that‖ đ ng sau m t s đ ng t ch các c m giác m nh nh : to demand (đòi

h i), to request (yêu c u), to insist (nài n ), to recommend (khuy n ngh , đ ngh ), và các t ng it is essential (đi u c t y u là), it is necessary (đi u c n thi t là), it is important (vi c quan tr ng là)… đ

nh n m nh

- ng t trong m nh đ ―that‖ d ng nguyên th

Eg: I demand(ed) that he be here on time

It is necessary that he take the exam

- Hi n t i bàng thái cách c ng th ng đ c thay th b i should + infinitive

I request(ed) that I should be given more time to consider the matter further

5 P stăsubjunctiveă(quáăkh ăb ngăthái)

- đ c dùng trong m nh đ ―that‖ đ ng sau đ ng t wish di n t c mu n c ao hi n t i, trái v i

th c t

I wish (that) I had a car now

CỂUăB ă NGă(PASSIVE VOICE)

*ăPH NăI:ăLụăTHUY T

I Cách dùng câu b đ ng

- Khi không c n thi t ph i nh c đ n tác nhân gây hành đ ng (do tính hu ng đư quá rõ ràng ho c do không quan tr ng)

Eg: The road has been repaired

- Khi chúng ta không bi t ho c quên ng i th c hi n hành đ ng

Eg: The money was stolen

- Khi chúng ta quan tâm đ n b n thân hành đ ng h n là ng i th c hi n hành đ ng

Eg: This book was published in Vietnam

- Khi Ch ng c a câu ch đ ng là Ch ng không xác đ nh nh : people, they, someone…

Eg: People say that he will win

 It‘s said that he will win

- Khi ng i nói không mu n nh c đ n ch th gây ra hành đ ng

Eg: Smoking is not allowed here

II C u trúc

Lo i 1: B đ ng v i các thì không ti p di n

Công th c t ng quát

Lo i 2: B đ ng v i các thì ti p di n

Công th c t ng quát sau:

Lo i 1 áp d ng cho sáu thí b đ ng không ti p di n và lo i 2 áp d ng cho sáu thí b đ ng ti p di n

Nh ng trong ph n này tôi ch gi i thi u nh ng thí h c sinh đư h c trong ch ng trính, ph c v cho thi h c

kí và thi t t nghi p THPT bao g m b n thí b đ ng không ti p di n là : thí hi n t i đ n, thí quá kh đ n, thí hi n t i hoàn thành, thí t ng lai đ n, b đ ng v i đ ng t khuy t thi t và hai thí b đ ng ti p di n là :

hi n t i ti p di n và quá kh ti p di n

Lo i 1:ăB ăđ ngăkhôngăti pădi n

1) Thí hi n t i đ n

Eg:

Active: They raise cows in Ba Vi

Passive: Cows are raised in Ba Vi

2) Thí quá kh đ n

BE + PAST PARTICIPLE

BE + BEING + PAST PARTICIPLE

S + am / is/ are + Past Participle

S + was / were + Past Participle

Eg:

Active: Jame Watt invented the steam engine in 1784

Passive: The steam engine was invented by Jame Watt in 1784

3) Thí hi n t i hoàn thành

Eg:

Active: They have just finished the project

Passive: The project has just been finished

4) Thí t ng lai đ n

Eg:

Active: They will build a new school for disabled children next month

Passive: A new school for disabled children will be built next month

5) ng t khuy t thi u

EX1:

Active: You can see him now

Passive: He can be seen (by you) now

EX2:

Active: He should type his term paper

Passive: His term paper should be typed

Lo i 2: B đ ng ti p di n

1) Thí hi n t i ti p di n

Eg:

Active: Ann is writing a letter

Passive: A letter is being written by Ann

2) Thí quá kh ti p di n

Eg:

Active: She was cleaning the room at 7 a m yesterday

Passive: The room was being cleaned at 7 a m yesterday

S + have/ has been + Past Participle

S + will be + Past Participle

S + Modal Verb + be + Past Participle

S + am / is / are +being + Past Participle

S + was / were + being + Past Participle

III Cách chuy n t câu ch đ ng sang câu b đ ng

Mu n chuy n t câu ch đ ng sang câu b đ ng, h c sinh c n n m ch c các b c chuy n sau đây:

 Xác đ nh tân ng trong câu ch đ ng, chuy n nó thành Ch ng trong câu b đ ng

 Xác đ nh thí c a đ ng t trong câu ch đ ng, chia ―to be‖ t ng ng v i thí ti ng Anh đó và v i

ch ng m i c a câu b đ ng

 Chia đ ng t chình trong câu ch đ ng d ng past participle trong câu b đ ng

 By + tác nhân gây hành đ ng (khi mu n nh n m nh tác nhân gây hành đ ng)

 This work will befinished (by them) tomorrow

Trong ph n này c n l u ý h c sinh m t s v n đ sau:

- Các tr ng t ch cách th c th ng đ c đ t tr c đ ng t phân t hai trong câu b đ ng

Eg: He wrote the book wonderfully

 The book was wonderfully written

- By + tác nhân gây hành đ ng đ ng sau tr ng ng ch n i ch n và đ ng tr c tr ng ng ch th i gian Eg1: A passer- by took him home

 He was taken home by a passer- by

Eg2: We will receive the gifts on Monday

 The gifts will be received by us on Monday

- Câu b đ ng ph đ nh và nghi v n đ c t o gi ng nh cách c a câu ch đ ng

Tuy nhiên không ph i b t c câu nào c ng có th chuy n t ch đ ng sang b đ ng ho c ng c lai i u

ki n đ chuy n câu ch đ ng sang b đ ng là câu đó ph i m t transitive verb (đ ng t ngo i h ng) Câu

có intransitive verb (đ ng t n i h ng) thí không th chuy n sang câu b đ ng ng t ngo i h ng là

đ ng t c n m t tân ng tr c ti p trong khi đ ng t n i h ng thí không c n m t tân ng tr c ti p

Eg: 1) She is making a cake  A cake is being made by her

Transitive verb

2) They run along the beach every morning

Intransitive verb

II. Các d ng đ c bi t c a câu b đ ng

Vi c chuy n t câu ch đ ng sang câu b đ ng hoàn toàn tùy thu c vào c u trúc câu do đó cách t t

nh t đ n m v ng cách chuy n đ i là xem xét nó d i c p đ các m u câu đư bi t

1 M u câu: S + V + O (C, A)

Trong m u câu này tân ng có th là m t danh t , c m t ho c đ i t

Eg: Active: Her mother is cleaning the kitchen

S + V + O

Passive: The kitchen is being cleaned by her mother

Eg: They called him Mr Angry

He was called Mr Angry

Eg: He put the table in the corner

 The table was put in the corner

2 M u câu:

i v i câu có hai tân ng , chúng ta có th dùng m t trong hai tân ng chuy n thành ch ng trong câu b

đ ng Tuy nhiên, tân ng ch ng i th ng hay đ c s d ng nhi u h n

Eg: We gave him a nice present on his birthday

Oi Od

- Cách chuy n th nh t: He was given a nice present on his birthday

- Cách chuy n th hai: C n thêm m t gi i t

A nice present was given to him on his birthday

Có hai gi i t có th đ c dùng trong tr ng h p này là: to, for

M t s đ ng t dùng v i ‗to‘: give, bring, send, show, write, post, pass…

M t s đ ng t dùng v i ‗for‘: buy, make, cook, keep, find, get, save, order ………

Eg1: She didn‘t show me this special camera

 This camera wasn‘t shown to me

Eg 2: She is making him a cup of tea

 A cup of tea is being made for him

3 Câu b đ ng v i các đ ng t t ng thu t

Các đ ng t t ng thu t th ng đ c dùng đ t ng thu t l i các câu nói, ý nh , câu h i, yêu c u, l i xin

l i… M t s đ ng t t ng thu t th ng g p là: say, think, know, believe, ask, tell, promise…

Có hai c u trúc liên quan đ n đ ng t t ng thu t:

a M u câu: Active:

Passive:

Eg: He told me that you had a new bike

 I was told that you had a new bike

b Mâu câu

M u câu này có hai cách chuy n

Cách 1: dùng Ch ng gi¶ ―it‖

Eg: People think that I am the best student in my class

 It is thought that I am the best student in my class

Cáchă2: dùng ch ng c a m nh đ that và s d ng d ng nguyên m u c a đ ng t vì d trên, có cách

cách chuy n th hai, có th dùng 3 d ng nguyên m u c a đ ng t :

1) To – inf: khi hành đ ng x y ra m nh đ that di n ra cùng thí ho c di n ra sau hành đ ng m nh đ

Eg1: People say that he is a rich man

 He is said to be a rich man

Eg2: They think that she is living there

 She is thought to be living there

Eg3: They said that Tom had left home before the weekend

 Tom was said to have left home before the weekend

4.ăCâuăm nhăl nh:

Khi chuy n câu m nh l nh sang câu b đ ng, ta s s d ng c u trúc sau:

Eg: Take off your hat!

 Let your hat be taken off!

Ngoài các trên, còn m t cách khác đ chuy n câu m nh l nh sang câu b đ ng nh ng ìt dùng h n đó là:

Eg: Active: Look after the children please!

Passive: The children should be looked after!

Ho c: The children are to be looked after!

5 WH- question

i v i nh ng câu h i có t đ h i, chúng ta có th chia làm hai lo i:

Lo iă1: T đ h i có ch c n ng là tân ng trong câu ch đ ng V i d ng câu h i này vi c chuy n sang

câu b đ ng r t đ n gi n ví t đ h i đó s có ch c n ng là ch ng trong câu b đ ng

Eg: Active: How many languages do they speak in Canada?

Passive: How many languages are spoken in Canada?

Lo iă2: T đ h i có ch c n ng là ch ng trong câu ch đ ng khi chuy n sang câu b đ ng, nó s có vai

trò là tân ng trong câu Khi đó, ta s có hai cách chuy n Ho c chuy n By đ u câu (t đ h i s d ng tân ng ) ho c đ By cu i câu

Eg: Who wrote this novel ?

 Who was this novel written by?

HoÆc:  By whom was this novel written?

6 C u trúc:

Có hai tr ng h p x y ra:

a) Tân ng c a Ving cùng ch m t đ i t ng v i ch ng c a câu:

Eg: He kept me waiting

-> I was kept waiting (by him)

b) Tân ng c a Ving không ch m t đ i t ng v i ch ng c a câu:

Active: V + O + Adjunct Passive: Let +O + be past participle + Adjunct

S + V + O + Ving

S + am/ is/ are + to be + past participle

Ho c S should be + past participle

Eg: He hates people looking at him

=> He hates being looked at (by people)

7 C u trúc:

a

- Khi tân ng không cùng đ i t ng v i ch ng

Eg: We asked him to do it

-> He was asked to do it

Khi tân ng cùng đ i t ng v i ch ng

Eg: She would love someone to take her out to dinner

-> She would love to be taken out to dinner

b

- Khi chuy n sang câu b đ ng chóng ta dïng To-infinitive tr đ ng t ―let”

Eg: We heard him sing this song

-> He was heard to sing this song

Nh ng: They let us go home

-> We were let go home

Ho c: We were allowed to go home

8 C u trúc

a V i have

Eg:

I has him repair my bicycle yesterday

-> I had my bicycle repaired yesterday

a V i get

Eg:

I get her to make some coffee

-> I get some coffee made

S + V + O + to + V

S + V + O + V(without to)

Have / get something done ( d ng nh b o)

Active: S + have + Object(person) + bare infinitive + Object

Passive: S + have + Object (thing) + Past Participle (+ by + Object(person))

Active: S + get + O (person) + to infinitive + O (thing)

Passive: S + get + O (thing) + Past participle (+by + O(person))

S + V + O (to) + V

CHUYểNă ă6 CỂUăGIỄNăTI P (REPORTED SPEECH)

*ăPH NăI:ăLụăTHUY T

A Câuătr c ti păv ăcâuăgiánăti p (Direct and Reported speech):

Gi ng: Luôn có 2 ph n: m nh đ t ng thu t và l i nói tr c ti p hay l i nói gián ti p

Eg: Tom says, ―I go to college next summer‖

eg: John said, “I like reading science books”

The teacher said, “I‟ll give you a test tomorrow”

b Reported speech / Indirect speech: Là l i nói đ c thu t l i v i ý và t c a ng i thu t, nh ng v n gi nguyên ý Không b ng n cách b i d u ph y hay d u ngo c k p, và luôn t n cùng b ng d u ch m câu Eg: John said (that) he liked reading science books

The teacher said (that) he would give us a test the next day

B/ăCácăth yăđ iătrongăcâuăgiánăti p

1 Thay đ i đ ng t t ng thu t: ng t t ng thu t c a l i nói tr c ti p ph i đ c đ i phù h p v i

ngh a ho c c u trúc câu c a l i nói gián ti p

Eg: He said, ―Do you like coffee?‖  He asked me if I liked coffee

―If I were you, I‘d not buy that coat,‖ said Mary  Mary advised me not to buy the coat

Chú ý: SAY TO: không bao gi đ c dùng l i nói gián ti p (ph i đ i b ng TELL + (O))

TELL: không bao gi đ c dùng l i nói tr c ti p

2 Thay đ i các ngôi (đ i t , tính t , đ i t s h u):

VD: Mr Nam said to Hoa, ―You take your book out and show it to me‖

- Tính hu ng 1: M t ng i b n c a Hoa t ng thu t v i ng i b n khác: Mr Nam told Hoa that she took her book out and showed it to him

- Tính hu ng 2: Hoa t ng thu t v i m t ng i b n khác: Mr Nam told me that I took my book out and showed it to him

- Tính hu ng 3: Th y Nam t ng thu t v i ng i khác: I told Hoa that she took her book out and showed

- the day before yesterday

- the day after tomorrow

 then, at that time, at once, immediately

 an hour before/an hour earlier

 that day

 that night

 the day before/the previous day

 the next day/the following day

 the previous morning/ afternoon

 the next/following morning

 two days before

 (in) two days‘ time

- last year

- next month

 the year before/the previous year

 the month after/the following month

b T ch n i ch n, đ a đi m:

HERE  THERE: Khi ch m t đ a đi m xác đ nh

Eg: ―Do you put the pen here?‖ he said  He asked me if I put the pen there

HERE c m t thìch h p tùy theo ngh a:

Eg: She said to me, ―You sit here‖  She told me to sit next to her

―Come here, John,‖ he said  He told John to come over him

c Các đ i t ch đ nh:

THIS/ THESE + t ch th i gian  THAT/THOSE

Eg: ―They‘re coming this evening,‖ he said  He said (that) they were coming that evening

THIS/THESE + danh t  THE

Eg: ―Is this book yours?‖ said Mary  Mary asked me if the book was mine

THIS/THESE: ch th đ i t  IT/ THEM

Eg: He said, ―I like this‖  He said (that) he liked it

Ann said to Tom, ―Please take these into my room‖  Ann asked Tom to take them into her room

4 Thay đ i thì c a đ ng t

 Cácătr ngăh păth yăđ iăthì:

Khi các đ ng t t ng thu t (say, tell, ask…) thí quá kh , đ ng t trong câu gián ti p ph i lùi v quá

kh m t thí so v i câu tr c ti p

Simple Present: ―I don‘t know this man‖

Present Continuous: ―I‘m working for a

foreign company‖

Present Perfect: ―I‘ve read a good book‖

Present Perfect Continuous: ―I have been

writing my report‖

Simple Past: ―I finished my assignment‖

Simple Future: ―I will do it later‖

Modal Verbs:

―I can work late today‖

―I may see her tonight‖

―I must/have to go now‖

Simple Past: He said he didn‘t know that man

Past Continuous: He said he was working for a foreign

Past forms of modals:

He said he could work late that day

He said he might see her that night

He said he had to go then

 Cácătr ngăh păkhôngăth yăđ iăthì:

a Khiăđ ngăt ăt ngăthu tă(s y,ătell,ă skầ)ă ăthìăhi năt iăđ n,ăt ngăl iăđ năh yăhi năt iăho nă

th nh:

Eg: He says, ―I don‘t know the answer to your question‖

 He says to me that he doesn‘t know the answer to my question

They‘ll say, ―We‘ll buy a new house‖  They‘ll say (that) they will buy a new house

b Khiăđ ngăt ăt ngăthu tă(s y,ătell,ă skầ)ă ăthìăquáăkh ,ăđ ngăt ătrongăcâuăgiánăti păkhôngăđ iăthìăă trongăcácătr ngăh păs u:

- T ng thu t m t s th t hi n nhiên, m t chân ệý, đ nh ệu t Ệhoa h c hay v t ệý:

Eg: My teacher said, ―Russia is the biggest country in the world‖

 My teacher said that Russia is the biggest country in the world

He said, ―health is more precious than gold‖  He said (that) health is more precious than gold

- c t ng thu t ngay sau Ệhi nói hay Ệhi thu t ệ i s Ệi n v n Ệhông đ i:

Eg: (In class): A: What did the teacher say?

B: He said (that) he wants us to do our homework

- Khi đ ng t trong câu tr c ti p ệà các đ ng t nh : USED TO, hay các đ ng t Ệhi m Ệhuy t: COULD,

WOULD, SHOULD, MIGHT, OUGHT TO, HAD TO, HAD BETTER

Eg: He said, ―They might win the game‖  He said to me that they might win the game

- V i MUST di n t l i khuyên:

Eg: ―This book is very useful You must read it‖, Tom said to me

 Tom told me (that) the book was very useful and I must read it

- Khi đ ng t trong câu tr c ti p các thì: Past Continuous, Past perfect, Past Perfect Continuous, (n u thì Simpệe Past đi Ệèm m t th i gian c th có th Ệhông thay đ i thì)

Eg: He said, ―I was eating when he called me‖  He told me he was eating when she called him

- Khi t ng thu t m nh đ c mu n (wish): theo sau đ ng t WISH, WOULD RATHER, IF ONLY

Eg: He said, ―I wish I were richer‖  He told me he wished he were richer

She said, ―I wish I had a good memory‖ She said she wished she had a good memory

- Các câu đi u Ệi n ệo i 2, 3 (câu đi u Ệi n Ệhông th t)

Eg: He said, ―If I had time, I would help you‖  He said to me if he had time, he would help me

- C u trúc “It‟s (high) time…”

Eg: He said, ―It‘s time we went‖  He said it was time they went

He said, ―It‘s time we changed our way of working‖  He said (that) it was time they changed their way

of working

C/ăăCácălo iăcâuăgiánăti p

1 T ngăthu tăcâuătr năthu tă(st tements)

- Dùng say ho c tell đ t ng thu t

- Th ng b t đ u b ng: He said that… / she said to me that…/ they told me that….,

eg: She said, ―I‘m happy to see you again‖

 She said that she was happy to see me again

She said to me that she was happy to see me again

She told me that she was happy to see me again

- Chú ý đ i thí, các đ i t , các t ch th i gian, đ a đi m…

2 T ngăthu tăcâuăh iă(questions)

a i v i câu h i tr c ti p (Wh-question)

- Th ng b t đ u b ng: He asked (me) …/ He wanted to know…/ She wondered…

Eg: She asked, ―What is his job?‖  She asked what his job was

They asked me, ―Where did you have lunch?‖  They asked me where I had lunch

- Không đ t tr đ ng t tr c ch ng nh trong câu h i tr c ti p

- Không đ t d u ch m h i cu i câu

- Thay đ i thí, đ i t , các t ch th i gian, đ a đi m…

b i v i câu h i “Yes – No” ho c câu h i l a ch n “Or”

- Ph i thêm t “if/whether” đ m đ u câu t ng thu t

eg: She asked, ―are you a teacher?‖  She asked him if/whether he was a teacher

They asked me, ―Do you want to go or stay at home?‖  They asked me if/ whether I wanted to go or stay at home

- Câu h i đuôi đ c t ng thu t gi ngăcâuăh iăYes/No nh ng b ăph năđuôiăphí ăsau

eg: She asked, ―You will stay here, won‘t you?‖  She asked me if/whether I would stay there

3 Câuăt ngăthu tăv iă“infinitive”:

a T ng thu t câu m nh l nh, yêu c u (Imperatives / Commands or Requests) dùng c u trúc: tell/ ask/

request/ order somebody (not) to do something

Eg: ―Read carefully before signing the contract,‖ he said  He told me to read carefully before signing the contract)

―The commander said to his soldier, "Shoot!"  The commander ordered his soldier to shoot

―Please talk slightly,‖ they said  They requested us to talk slightly

―Listen to me, please‖  He asked me to listen to him

―Will you help me, please?‖  He asked me to help him

―Will you lend me your dictionary?‖  He asked me to lend him my dictionary

b T ng thu t l i khuyên (Advice) dùng c u trúc: advise somebody (not) to do something

L i khuyên: - Had better, ought to, should, must

- Why don‘t you + V?

- If I were you, I‘d (not) + V…

Eg: ―Why don‘t you take a course in computer?‖ my teacher said to me

 My teacher advised me to take a course in computer

c T ng thu t l i m i (Invitation) dùng c u trúc: invite somebody to do something

Eg: ―Would you like to have breakfast with me?‖ Tom said to me  Tom invited me to have breakfast with him

d T ng thu t l i c nh báo (warn) dùng c u trúc: warn somebody (not) to do something

―Don‘t touch the red buttons,‖ said the mom to the child  The mom warns the child not to touch the red buttons

e T ng thu t l i nh c nh (reminders) dùng c u trúc: remind somebody to do something

―Don‘t forget to turn off the lights before leaving,‖ Sue told me  Sue reminded me to turn off the lights before leaving

f T ng thu t l i đ ng viên (encouragement) dùng c u trúc: encourage / urge somebody to do something

―Go on, take part in the competition,‖ said my father  My father encouraged me to take part in the

competition

g T ng thu t l i c u kh n dùng c u trúc: beg/impệore somebody to do something

―Do me a favor, please,‖ said the servant to his master  The servant begged/implored his master to do him a favor

h T ng thu t l i đ ngh , t nguy n (offers) dùng c u trúc: offer to do something

―Shall I bring you some tea?‖ He asked  He offered to bring me some tea

i T ng thu t l i h a (Promises) dùng c u trúc: promise (not) to do something

Eg: ―I‘ll give the book back to you tomorrow,‖ he said  He promised to give the book back to me the next day

j T ng thu t l i đe d a (threat) dùng c u trúc: threaten to do something

―I‘ll shot if you move,‖ said the robber  The robber threatened to shoot if I moved

4 Câuăt ng thu t v iă“gerund”

Các c u trúc c a câu t ng thu t v i danh đ ng t :

S + V + V-ing: admit, deny, suggest…

S + V + preposition + V-ing: apologize for, complain about, confess to, insist on, object to, dream of,

thinỆ of…

S + V + O + preposition + V-ing: accuse of, bệame…for, congratuệate…on, criticize…for,

warn…about/against, praise…for, thanỆ…for, prevent…from…

Eg: ―I‘ve always wanted to study abroad,‖ he said  He‘s dreaming of studying abroad

―It‘s nice of you to give me some fruit Thanks,‖ Ann said to Mary Ann thanked Mary for giving her some

fruit

―I‘m sorry, I‘m late,‖ Tom said to the teacher  Tom apologized to the teacher for being late

―Shall we meet at the theater?‖ he asked  He suggested meeting at the theater

5 Câuăc măthánătrongăl iănóiăgiánăti p

What a lovely dress!  She exclaimed that the dress was lovely

She exclaimed that the dress was a lovely one

She exclaimed with admiration at the sight of the dress

6 Cácăhìnhăth c h n h p trong l iănóiăgiánăti p

She said, ―Can you play the piano?‖ and I said ―no‖

 She asked me if I could play the piano and I said that I could not

Eg: The man who lives next door is very friendly

D nhăt ăđ ngătr c

(Antecedent)

Ch ăng ă (Subject)

Tânăng (Object)

S ăh uăcách (Possesive Case)

I iăt ăqu năh ă(Relative pronouns)

1 WHO: thay th cho ng i, làm ch ng / tân ng trong M QH

Ex: - I need to meet the boy The boy is my friend‘s son

 I need to meet the boy who is my friend‘s son

The girl is John‘s sister You saw her at the concert

=> The girl who you saw at the concert is …

2 WHOM: thay th cho ng i, làm tân ng trong M QH

Ex:- I know the girl I spoke to this girl

 I know the girl whom I spoke to

3 WHICH: - thay th đ v t, làm ch ng /tân ng trong M QH

Ex: - She works for a company It makes cars

 She works for a company which makes cars

The accident wasn‘t very serious Daniel saw it

=> The accident which Daniel saw ……

* Th yăth ăchoăc ăm nhăđ ăđ ngătr cănó – a connector

Ex: He passed his exam This pleased his parents

He passed his exam, which pleased his parents (dùng d u ph y tr c đ i t quan h )

4 THAT: thay th cho WHO/ WHOM/ WHICH trong M QH h n đ nh (Mđ Ệhông có d u ph y)

Ex: - I need to meet the boy that/ who is my friend‘s son

- I know the girl that/ who/ whom I spoke to

- She works for a company that/ which makes cars

*Notes:

+ăNh ngătr ngăh păth ngădùngăTHAT:

- Sau đ i t b t đ nh: something, anyone, nobody,…ho c sau “ aệệ, much, none, little ” đ c dùng nh

đ i t

Ex: I‘ll tell you something that is very interesting

All that is mine is yours / These walls are all that are remains of the city

- Sau các tình t so sánh h n nh t, các t ch th t : onệy, first, ệast, second, next…

Ex: - This is the most beautiful dress that I‘ve ever had

- You are the only person that can help us

- Trong c u trúc: Ită+ăbeă+ăầă+ăth tăầă(chính ệà …)

It is/was not until + time/clause + that……(mãi t i Ệhi… thì…)

Ex: It is my friend that wrote this sentence

It was not until 1990 that she became a member of the team

+ăNh ngătr ngăh păkhông dùngăTHAT:

- Trong m nh đ tình t không h n đ nh

Ex: Mr Brown, that we studied English with, is a very nice teacher (sai)

- Sau gi i t

Ex: The house in that I was born is for sale (sai)

+ăB tăbu cădùngăTHAT:

- Sau c m t v a ch ng i và v t, b t bu c dùng “that”:

Ex: He told me the places and people that he had seen in London

We can see the farmers and their cattle that are going to the field

- Trong c u trúc: Ităbeăầầầ th tăầầầầ (có th dùng WHO khi ch ng Ho c tân ng đ ng gi a

―It be N / O th tăầ ‖ ch ng i

5 WHOSE (OF WHICH): thay th cho các danh t có tình t s h u đi kèm (his-, her-, its-, their-) Ex: - John found the cat Its leg was broken

 John found a cat whose leg/(the leg of which) was broken (Of which is informal)

- This is the student I borrowed his book

This is the student whose book I borrowed

*Các t ch s l ng nh (quantifiers): All of, None of, each of, most of, many of, neither of, the

m jorityăofăầ=>ăcó th dùng v i WHICH / WHOM/ WHOSE trong m nh đ quan h Ệhông xác đ nh:

Ex: - Daisy has three brothers All of them are teachers

 Daisy has three brothers, all of whom are teachers

- He asked me a lot of questions I couldn‘t answer most of them

 He asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn‘t answer

She has a teddy- bear Both of its eyes are brown

=> She has a teddy-bear, both of whose eyes are brown

*L uăỦăv ăm nhăđ ăqu năh :

1 Gi i t có th đ ng tr c Whom và which

- in formal written style: prep + which/ whom Eg:The man about whom you are talking is my brother

- in informal style: gi i t th ng đ ng sau đ ng t :The man whom you are talking about is my brother

ChúăỦ: Khi TQH làm tân ng trong m nh đ quan h xác đ nh và gi i t đ ng sau đ ng t trong m nh

đ thí ta có th b đ i t quan h

Eg: The picture (which) you are looking at is very expensive

- Nh ng khi gi i t đ ng tr c đ i t quan h thí ta không th b đ i t quan h :

Eg: The picture at which you are looking is very expensive

2 Gi i t không dùng tr c That và Who:

3 Khi đ ng t trong m nh đ là Phrasal verbs: không đ c chuy n gi i t lên tr c TQH whom

/which:

Eg: Did you find the word which you were looking up?

The child whom I have looked after for a year is very naughty

The man whom you are looking forward to is the chairman of the company

4 Without luôn đ ng tr c whom/ which:

Eg: The woman without whom I can‘t live is Jane

Fortunately we had a map without which we would have got lost

5 Các đ i t quan h có ch c n ng tân ng (mà tr c chúng không có gi i t ) trong m nh đ quan h xác

đ nh đ u có th ệ c b Tuy nhiên trong m nh đ quan h Ệhông xác đ nh thì Ệhông th ệ c b

Eg: That‟s the house (which) I have bought

The woman (whom) you met yesterday works in advertising (ệàm ngh qu ng cáo)

Eg: Mr Tom, whom everybody suspected, turned out to be innocent

II Phóăt ăqu năh ă(Rel tiveăAdverbs)

1 WHERE : thay th cho c m t ch n iăch n ho c thay cho (in/ at / on which), there / here

Ex: - The movie theater is the place We can see films at that place

 The movie theater is the place where we can see films

at which

Eg: That is the house We used to live in it

=> That is the house where we used to live (= in which)

This is the table My teacher put his book on it

=> This is the table where my teacher put his book (= on which)

2 WHEN:thay th cho c m t ch th iăgi năho c thay cho (in/ on/at which), then

Ex: - Do you remember the day We first met on that day

 Do you remember the day when/on which we first met?

Eg: That was the time when he managed the company (= at which)

 Spring is the season when flowers of all kinds are in full bloom (= in which)

3 WHY (for which): thay th cho c m tr ng t ch líădo

Ex: - Tell me the reason You are so sad for that reason

 Tell me the reason why/for which you are so sad

*Note:

- “Where” có th đ c s d ng mà Ệhông c n c m t ch n i ch n

Eg: Put it where we all can see it

- Không s d ng gi i t tr c “Where, When, Why”

Eg: The building in where he lives/ where he lives in is very old (sai)

=> The building in which he lives is very old

III CỄCăLO IăM NHă ăQUANăH (Defining & Non-Defining relative clauses)

1 Defining Relative Clauses:

- Dùng đ b ngh a cho danh t đ ng tr c ch a đ c xác đ nh rõ, n u b đi thí m nh đ chình s không rõ ngh a (modify the antecedent which is unclear in meaning)

Ex: - I saw the girl She helped us last week

 I saw the girl who/that helped us last week

• L U ụ: Ta có th b đ i t quan h : WHO, WHOM, WHICH, THAT khi chúng làm tân ng trong M QH h n đ nh

2 Non-Defining Relative Clauses:

- Dùng đ b ngh a cho danh t đ ng tr c đư đ c xác đ nh rõ (nó ch là ph n gi i thìch thêm), n u b đi

thí m nh đ chình v n rõ ngh a (modify the antecedent which is clear in meaning, so it‟s ễust an extra

information)

- M nh đ này ng n cách v i m nh đ chình b ng d uăph yă(use commas to separate with main clause)

Ta dùng m nh đ quan h không h n đ nh khi:

+ Tr c đ i t quan h có: this/th t/these/those/my/her/his/ầ+ăN

+ T tr c đ i t quan h là tênăriêng,ăd nhăt ăriêng,ăv tăduyănh t

Ex: - My father is a doctor He is fifty years old

 My father, who is fifty years old, is a doctor

- Mr Brown is a very nice teacher We studied English with him

 Mr Brown, who we studied English with, is a very nice teacher

- The sun made the traveler thirsty It was hot at midday

 The Sun, which was hot at midday, made the traveler thirsty

* L U ụ: + KHÔNG đ c b đ i t quan h trong M QH không h n đ nh

+ Không dùng THAT trong m nh đ này

B REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSES

i uăki n: Khiăđ iăt ăqu năh ăl măch ăng ătrongăm nhăđ ăqu năh ,ătr că TQHăkhôngăcóăgi iăt

1 Dùngăphânăt :

a Dùng hi n t i phân t (present participle): V-ing -> Khi V trong M d ng ch ăđ ng

Eg: + The man who is standing there is my brother

=> The man standing there is my brother

+ Bill, who wanted to make an impression on Ann, invited her to his house

=> Bill, wanting to make an impression on Ann, invited her to his house

* Notes: Không nên dùng HTPT đ di n đ t hành đ ng đ n trong quá kh

Eg: + The police wanted to interview the people who saw the accident

=> The police wanted to interview the people seeing the accident (không nên)

But: + The people who saw the accident had to report it to the police

=> The people seeing the accident had to report it to the police

b) Dùng quá Ệh phân t (Past participle): Ved/3 Khi V trong M d ng b đ ng

Eg: + The boy who was injured in the accident was taken to the hospital

=> The boy injured in the accident………

+ Most of the goods that are made in this factory are exported

=> Most of the goods made in this factory are exported

+ Some of the people who have been invited to the party can‘t come

=> Some of the people invited to the party can‘t come

2) Dùng c m to inf: (To V/ For sb to V / to be + PII ) (2)

-Dùng Ệhi danh t đ ng tr c có các t sau đây: The ONLY, LAST, FIRST, NEXT, SECOND

Ex: + This is the only student who can solve the problem (đ ng t mang ngh a ch đ ng)

=> This is the only student to solve the problem

+ She is the youngest player who won the game

=> She is the youngest player to win the game

- TQH ệà tân ng trong m nh đ , Ệhi mu n di n đ t m c đích, s cho ph p

Ex: + The children need a big yard which they can play in

=> The children need a big yard to play in

-Câu b t đ u b ng: HERE (BE), THERE (BE)

Ex: + Here is the form that you must fill in

=> Here is the form for you to fill in

+ There are six letters which have to be written today (đ ng t mang ngh a b đ ng)

There are six letters to be written today

GHI NH : Trong ph n to-inf này c n nh 2 đi u sau:

- N u ch ng c a 2 m nh đ khác nhau thí dùng for sb +to V

Ex: + We have some picture books that children can read

=> We have some picture books for children to read

Tuy nhiên n u ch ng đó là đ i t có ngh a chung chung nh : we, you, everyone thí có th không c n ghi ra

Ex: + Studying abroad is the wonderful thing that we must think about

=> Studying abroad is the wonderful thing (for us) to think about

- N u tr c relative pronouns có gi i t thí ph i đ a gi i t xu ng cu i câu

Ex: + We have a peg on which we can hang our coat

=> We have a peg to hang our coat on

3) Dùng c m danh t (đ ng cách danh t / ng đ ng v )

Dùng khi m nh đ quan h có d ng:

Which/ăWho+ăBEă+ăDANHăT ă/C MăDANHăT ă/ăC MăGI IăT /ăTệNHăT ă(3)

Cách làm: b who, which và be

Ex: Vo Nguyen Giap, who was the first general of Vietnam, passed away one week ago

=> VNG, the first general of Vietnam, passed away one week ago

Ex: We visited Barcelona, which is a city in northern Spain

=> We visited Barcelona, a city in northern Spain

B c 1: - Tím xem m nh đ quan h n m đâu

B c 2: Rút g n m nh đ quan h thành c m danh t

1 Nhín xem m nh đ có công th c S + BE + C M DANH T không ?N u có áp d ng công th c (3)

2 N u không có công th c đó thí xem ti p tr c TQH có các d u hi u the first,only, second, third /so sánh h n nh t…, n u có thí áp d ng công th c (2) L u ý thêm, xem 2 ch ng có khác nhau không (đ

dùng for sb+ V)

3 N u không có 2 tr ng h p trên m i x t xem câu đó ch ăđ ngăhay b ăđ ngămà dùng V-ing hay Ved/3

C REDUCED CLAUSES: RÚTăG NăM NHă ăTR NGăT ă(Reduceă nă dverbi lăcl use)

*ă i uăki n: Ch t trong m nh đ chình và m nh đ tr ng t gi ng nhau

*ăCáchărútăg n:

- B các liên t b t đ u m t m nh đ tr ng t

- Chuy n các hính th c đ ng t d ng ch đ ng thành present participle (đ i v i các thí đ n / ti p di n)

ho c having + past participle (V 3, ed ) (đ i v i các thí hoàn thành)

Example: + After he had finished his work, he went home

 (After) having finished his work, he went home

+ He was lying on the floor, he was reading a book

 Lying on the floor, he was reading a book

Or: He was lying on the floor, reading a book

- Gi nguyên hính th c đ ng t d ng b đ ng d ng past participle ho c being + past participle ( i

v i các thí đ n / ti p di n) ho c having been + past participle (V 3, ed) (đ i v i các thí hoàn thành)

Example:

+ He was punished by his father, he cried bitterly

 Being punished by his father, he cried bitterly

Or: Punished by his father, he cried bitterly

+ After she had been treated cruelly by her husband, she divorced him

 Having been treated cruelly by her husband, she divorced him

a M nhăđ ătr ngăng ăch ăth iăgi n

- Hai hành đ ng x y ra song song:

+ He was lying on the floor, he was reading a book

-> He was lying on the floor, reading a book

- Hai hành đ ng x y ra tr c sau (th ng rút ng n mđ x y ra tr c)

+ When I came home, I turned on the lights

-> Coming home, I turned on the lights

b M nhăđ ătr ngăt ăch ănguyênănhân

+ Because she was unable to afford a car, she bought a motorcycle

 Being unable to afford a car, she bought a motorcycle

+ She felt very confident because she had prepared well for the test

 Having prepared well for the test, she felt very confident

c M nhăđ ăch ăs ăt ngăph n

+ Although I admit he is right, I do not like him

 Admitting he is right, I do not like him

+ Although he is famous, he looks very simple

 Being famous, he looks very simple

d M nhăđ ăđi uăki n

+ If you follow my advice, you can win the game

 Following my advice, you can win the game

+ If you had gone to the party, you would have met her

 Having gone to the party, you would have met her

e M nhăđ ăk tăqu :ăKhiăh nhăđ ngăth ă2ăt oăth nhăm tăph năho căl ăk tăqu ăc ăh nhăđ ngă1,ăt ă cóăth ărútăng năh nhăđ ngă2ăv ăc măHTPTă(V-ing)

+ As she went out, she slammed the door

 She went out, slamming the door

+ He fired, wounding one of the bandits

COMPARISON

*ăPH NăI: LụăTHUY T

Adj: - long adj / short adj

Adv: - long adv / short adv

I earn less than he does (less than he earns)

I swim better than he does/better than him

- Trong v n nói ho c ti ng anh không trang tr ng có th b đ ng t sau “than/as”, và có th dùng

đ i t tân ng

He has more time than I have

He has more time than I

He has more time than me

- So sánh ngang b ng và so sánh h n ch dùng khi so sánh gi a 2 ng i ho c 2 v t, còn khi so sánh t 3 ng i ho c 3 v t tr lên ta dùng so sánh h n nh t

A Soăsánhăng ngăb ngă(Equal Comparison)

1 Să+ă“be/Vn i”ă+ă s + adj + as + N (Pronoun) + (Verb)

Ex - Peter is as tall as his father

- Mary is as beautiful as her friend

2 Să+ăVăth ngă+ă să+ă dvă+ă să+ăNă(Pronoun)ă+ă(Verb)

Ex - Jane sings as well as his sister

Note:

- Sau “as” th hai nh t thi t ph i ệà đ i t nhân x ng ch ng (đ c dùng tân ng nh ng ch y u trong v n nói.)

- N u ệà câu ph đ nh (so sánh Ệhông b ng), “as” th nh t có th thay b ng “so”

Ex: His work is not so difficult as mine

- Danh t c ng có th dùng so sánh trong tr ng h p này nh ng đ m b o danh t đó ph i có tính t

t ng ng

Chú ý các tính t sau và các danh t t ng ng c a chúng

Adj N

- Danh t c ng đ c dùng đ so sánh, nh ng tr c Ệhi so sánh thì c n xác đ nh danh t đó ệà đ m

đ c hay ệà Ệhông đ m đ c và s d ng công th c so sánh sau:

N đ m đ c: Ex: book, pen, table

N không đ m đ c: money water, salt

m ny/ăfewăăăăăăăăăăăăNăđ măđ căs ănhi uă

S + V + as + + + as + noun/pronoun

much/littleăăăăăăăăăăăNăkhôngăđ măđ că

Ex: David earns as much money as his wife

* Ý “b ng nhau, nh nhau” có th đ c di n đ t cách khác:

S+ V + the same + (N) + as + N (pronoun)

Ex - My house is as high as his

 My house is the same height as his

-Tom is as old as Mary

 Tom and Mary are the same age

Note:

- i ngh a c a the same as là difference from

Ex: My teacher is different from yours

-Chúng ta dùng “ the same as” ch Ệhông dùng “ the same ệiỆe”

B Soăsánhăh n (Comparative)

1 Soăsánhăh nă(Comparative)

Să+ăbe/ăVn iăăăăăăăshortăAdjă+er + than + N (pronoun)

more + long Adj

Ex -Today is hotter than yesterday

-This chair is more comfortable than the other

S + V + short Adv +er + than + N (pronoun)

more + long Adv

Ex - He speaks English better than me

- My father sings more beautifully than my brother

* nh n m nh so sánh, có th thêm much/far tr c so sánh, công th c:

S + V + far/much + Adj/Adv +er + than + noun/pronoun

S + V + far/much + more + Adj/Adv + than + noun/pronoun

Eg: Harry‟s watch is far more expensive than mine

He speaks English much more rapidly than he does Spanish

Note:

- Adj ng n 1 âm ti t + er/ est:

Ex Thick  thicker / thickest, cold  coệder/ coệdest …

+ V i nh ng tính t 1 âm ti t có câu t o: ph âm + nguyên âm + ph âm thì ta g p đôi ph âm cu i

r i thêm er/ est:

Ex Hot  hotter/ hottest, big  bigger// biggest

+ V i nh ng tính t t n cùng ệà nguyên âm + y ta gi nguyên và thêm er / est

Ex: gay  gayer / gayest

gray  grayer / grayset

+ V i nh ng tính t 2 âm ti t có t n cùng ệà đuôi: –y, -er, -ow,-le: thì ta thêm đuôi er / est:

Ex dirty  Dirtier

+ Còn ệ i nh ng tính t 2 âm ti t Ệhác ta thêm more đ ng tr c tính t

- V i nh ng tính t 3 âm ti t tr ệên ta thêm more đ ng tr c:

Ex beautiful  more beautiful intelligent  more intelligent

interesting more interesting

C Soăsánhănh tă(Superlative)

So sánh nh t b t bu c ph i có t 3 đ i t ng tr lên (th ng là N t p h p)

S + V + the + short adj/ adv +est +(N)+ (in/ of) + N

most + long adj/ adv Ex: Lan is the most beautiful in my class

Note:

-Dùng in v i danh t s ít Dùng of v i danh t s nhi u

Ex This dress is the most beautiful of the dresses

-Các quy t c Ệhác c ng gi ng nh d ng so sánh h n

Ex Hottest, biggest

Ex John is the tallest boy in my class

It/This is the best beer (that) I have ever drunk

It/This was the worst film (that) he had ever seen

He is the kindest man (that) I have ever met

It was the most worrying day (that) he had ever spent

D So sánhăkém

1 So sánhăkém h n:

S + V + less + adj/adv + than + noun/ pronoun

Ex - Nga is less young than I

- My brother runs less fast than I

2 So sánhăkém h nănh t:

S + V + the + least + adj/ adv +(N) + (in/ of) + N

Ex - These shoes are the least expensive of all

3 Soăsánhăl yăti năc ngăng yăc ngăkém

S+ V+ less and less + long/short adj/ adv

She becomes less and less beautiful

E Soăsánhăkép (Double Comparative)

)ăSoăsánhăđ ngăti n:ă(c ngầầthìăc ng)

The+ comparative + S + V +(O), the + comparative + S + V +(O)

Ex The hotter it is, the more terrible I feel

The sooner you leaver, the earlier you will arrive at your destination

The more you study, the smarter you will become

b)ăSoăsánhăl yăti n:ă(c ngăng yăc ngầ )

- Tínhăt ăv ătr ngăt ăd i:

S+ V+ more+ and +more + long adj/ adv

Ex She becomes more and more beautiful

(Cô y càng ngày càng xinh.)

- Tínhăt ăv ătr ngăt ăng n:

S + V + short adj/ adv + er and + short adj/ adv + er

Ex Lan is younger and younger (Lan càng ngày càng tr )

Note: M t s adj không dùng đ so sánh là nh ng adj ch tính ch t duy nh t, đ n nh t, ch kích

th c, hình h c (mang tính qui t c)

Eg: only, unique, square, round, perfect, extreme, just

COMPARISON CHART

One syllable adjective:

old, fast, clean, long

Older, faster, cleaner, longer

The oldest, the fastest, the cleanest, the longest

One syllable adjectives ending in

Two syllable adjectives ending in

–y, -er, -ow,-le: dirty, simple,

Other adjectives with two or

more syllables: honest, modern,

comfortable

modern, more comfortable

The most honest, the most modern, the most comfortable

Irregular adjectives: good, bad,

far, old

farther/further, older/elder(only with family members)

The best, the worst, the farthest/the furthest, the oldest/the eldest (only with family members)

CHUYểNă ă9 LIểNăT ă(CONJUNCTIONS)

The short, simple conjunctions are called "coordinating conjunctions":

 and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so

A coordinating conjunction joins parts of a sentence (for example words or independent clauses) that are grammatically equal or similar A coordinating conjunction shows that the elements it joins are similar in importance and structure:

Look at these examples - the two elements that the coordinating conjunction joins are shown in square brackets [ ]:

 I like [tea] and [coffee]

 [Ram likes tea], but [Anthony likes coffee]

Coordinating conjunctions always come between the words or clauses that they join

When a coordinating conjunction joins independent clauses, it is always correct to place a comma before the conjunction:

 I want to work as an interpreter in the future, so I am studying Russian at university

However, if the independent clauses are short and well-balanced, a comma is not really essential:

 She is kind so she helps people

When "and" is used with the last word of a list, a comma is optional:

 He drinks beer, whisky, wine, and rum

 He drinks beer, whisky, wine and rum

The 7 coordinating conjunctions are short, simple words They have only two or three letters There's an easy way to remember them - their initials spell:

For And Nor But Or Yet So

II Correlative Conjunctions

Correlative conjunctions are sort of like tag-team conjunctions They come in pairs, and you have to use both of them in different places in a sentence to make them work They get their name from the fact that they work together (co-) and relate one sentence element to another Correlative conjunctions include pairs like ―both/and,‖ ―whether/or,‖ ―either/or,‖ ―neither/nor,‖ ―not/but‖ and ―not only/but also ‖

 I want either the cheesecake or the frozen hot chocolate

 I‘ll have both the cheesecake and the frozen hot chocolate

 I didn‘t know whether you‘d want the cheesecake or the frozen hot chocolate, so I got you both

 Oh, you want neither the cheesecake nor the frozen hot chocolate? No problem

 I‘ll eat them both - not only the cheesecake but also the frozen hot chocolate

 I see you‘re in the mood not for dessert but appetizers I‘ll help you with those too

Here are some more pairs of correlative conjunctions:

 as/as - Bowling isn‘t as fun as skeet shooting

 such/that - Such was the nature of their relationship that they never would have made it even if they‘d wanted to

 scarcely/when - I had scarcely walked in the door when I got the call and had to run right back out again

 as many/as - There are as many curtains as there are windows

 no sooner/than - I‘d no sooner lie to you than strangle a puppy

 rather/than - She‘d rather play the drums than sing

III Subordinating Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions introduce subordinate clauses, which are clauses that cannot stand by themselves as a complete thought

The subordinate conjunction connects a subordinate clause to an independent clause, which can stand by itself

Ex We will go whale watching if we have time

*List of Subordinating Conjunctions

Subordinating Conjunctions of Condition

The most common subordinating conjunctions are:

After – later than the time that: later than when

Example: ―Call me after you arrive at work‖

Although – despite the fact that: used to introduce a fact that makes another fact unusual or surprising Example: ―Although she was tired, she couldn‘t sleep‖

As – used to introduce a statement which indicates that something being mentioned was known, expected, etc

Example: ―As we explained last class, coordinating conjunctions are sentence connectors‖

Because – for the reason that

Example: ―I painted the house because it was a horrible colour‖

Before – earlier than the time that: earlier than when

Example: ―Come and visit me before you leave‖

How – in what manner or way

Example: ―Let me show you how to knit‖