1.Chấp nhận theo sau là to-inf và gerund mà nghĩa không thay đổi: begin, start, continue, intend, prefer + to-inf / gerund.. Chấp nhận theo sau là to-inf hoặc gerund mà nghĩa thay đổi [r]
Trang 1BỒI DƯỠNG THI HỌC SINH GIỎI TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9
1 SUBJECT & VERB AGREEMENT
*Special notes: Cần chú ý chia động từ hòa hợp với chủ từ (danh từ) theo các quy tắc sau:
1 Noun phrases có dạng (N1)-(N2) chia theo (N1)
Ex: The study of languages is interesting
2 (S1) as well as (cũng như là) (S2)
together with chia theo (S1)
along with
accompanied by (được áp dụng với)
Ex: The actress, along with her manager and some friend is going to the party
3 Either (S1) or (S2) chia theo (S2)
Neither nor
Ex: Neither John nor his friends are going to school today
4 Either (S) chia Vít
Neither
Ex: Neither of his pen is able to use
5 Each/ Every (Nít) chia Vít
Ex: Each boy and girl has a text book
6 Đại từ bất định: someone, nobody, everybody chia Vít
Ex: No one is here
7.- Khoảng thời gian, tiền bạc, khoảng cách… chia Vít
- News, physics, maths…
- Army, police, cattle, poor… chia Vnhiều
Ex: 5,000 dollars is not for us.
8 No/ None Nít chia Vít
Nnhiều chia Vnhiều
Ex: None of students have got finished the test yet.
9 The number of (Nnhiều) chia Vít
A number of (someone / Nnhiều) chia Vnhiều
Ex: The number of days in a week is 7 A number of hours in a day are 24
Trang 22 PASSIVE VOICE
*Special notes:
1.Mệnh đề chính thường gặp: say (said), think (thought), believe, report…(+clause)
Ex: 1 People say the price of gold is going up
It is said the price of gold is going up
The price of gold is said to be going up
2 They thought Mary had gone
Mary was thought to have gone
*Nếu ở 2 mệnh đề bị lệch thì cần dùng have + V 3
2 Đối với các (V) tri giác: notice, smell, feel, watch, see, hear, make, let… (+V-ing/ bare inf)
Ex: 1 I saw her come in
She was seen to come in
2 He let me go out
I was let to go out
*Dùng to-inf sau các (V) tri giác
3 Đối với các (V) sai khiến: advise, ask, beg, order, urge… (+clause)
Ex: He advised me to put my money in the bank
He advised me my money should be put in the bank
*Giữ nguyên các (V) sai khiến, chỉ thay đổi cấu trúc trong mệnh đề sau đó
4 Thể truyền khiến: (A) Have S.O do S.T (P) Have S.T done by S.O
Ex: I have Paul repair my bike
I have my bike repaired by Paul
5 Câu mệnh lệnh: Dùng cấu trúc Let + O + be + V 3 trong câu bị động
Ex: Write your name here
Let your name be written here
6 Nếu (S) chỉ vật thì không dùng by mà dùng with
Ex: Smoke filled the room
The room was filled with smoke
Trang 33 CONTINUOUS
Verbs Được chia ở tiếp diễn Không được chia ở tiếp diễn
1 feel (sờ)
I’m feeling a table
(cảm thấy)
I feel tired
2.think (nghĩ về ai, điều gì đó)
I’m thinking of him
(+ (that) clause)
I think he is a nice boy
3.see ( + off : đưa tiễn)
I was seeing off at the airport
(nhìn thấy)
I saw her in the library
4.smell (ngửi)
I’m smelling the roses
(cảm giác một mùi hương)
This soup smells good
5.taste (nếm)
I’m tasting this soup
(cảm giác một mùi vị)
This disk tastes awful
6.have (kết hợp một cụm từ mang nghĩa khác)
I’m having a shower
(có, sở hữu)
I have a dog
7.look (kết hợp pre: at, for…)
He’s looking for a house
(trông có vẻ)
You look more beautiful
8.be (cư xử)
He’s being as he is a boss
(thì, là, ở)
I am a student
4 WISH CLAUSE
S 1 + WISH + S 2 + V
IF ONLY
1.Present wish: S1 + wish + S2 + V (past subj)
Ex: He isn’t here now I wish he were here now
2 Past wish: S1 + wish + S2 + V (past perfect: had + pp)
Ex: I didn’t go to Vung Tau last week I wish I had gone to Vung Tau last week
3 Future wish: S1 + wish + S2 + could/ would + V (B.I)
Ex: You won’t come here soon I wish you would come here soon
*Special notes (đối với TH3)
- S2 là I, we V2 : could + B.I
Ex: She wishes I could come here soon
-S1 = S2 V2 : could + B.I
Ex: He wishes he could come here soon
-Mệnh lệnh, phàn nàn, bực mình: V2 : would + B.I
Ex: You’re always talking in class I wish you wouldn’t talk in class
Trang 45 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
1 Real condition (type 1)
If clause: present simple
Main clause: future simple: việc sẽ xảy ra Ex: If the weather is good, I’ll play football
present simple: sự thật hiển nhiên Ex: If you pour oil to water, it floats
(can/ may)+ B.I: mệnh lệnh Ex: If you need her phone number, ask me
2 Unreal in the present condition (type 2): ngược lại, trái với sự thật ở hiện tại
If clause: past subj
Main clause: would/ could/ might + B.I
Ex: If he were here, I would take him to the cinema
3 Unreal in the past condition (type 3): muốn chuyện không xảy ra, không có thật trong quá khứ
If clause: had + pp
Main clause: would have + pp
Ex: If the weather had been good yesterday, I would have gone to the movie
*Special notes: Mixed condition
Ex: 1 He is not a good student, so he took part in the flight last night
If he were a good student, he wouldn’t have taken part in the flight last night
2 My father drank so much wine, so he feels tired
If my father hadn’t drunk so much wine yesterday, he wouldn’t feel tired
6 REPORTED SPEECH
*Special notes:
1 deny (từ chối) : + V-ing
+ (that) clause
Ex: “No, it isn’t true I didn’t steal that money’
He denied he hadn’t stolen that money
stealing that money
2 suggest (đề nghị): + V-ing
+ (that) clause S + B.I
S + should + B.I
Ex: “If I were you, T would take a rest”
He suggested I (should) take a rest
taking a rest
3 offer (đề nghị ) + to-inf
Ex: “Let me carry your suitcases, Mary”
He offered to carry Mary’s suitcases
4.offer (mời) + SO + STH
Trang 5Ex: “A cigarette?”
He offered me a cigarette
5 advise (khuyên) SO + to do + STH
Ex: “You had better go to the dentist”
My mother advised me to go to the dentist
6 apologise/ apologize (xin lỗi) + to SO + for doing + STH
Ex: “I’m awfully sorry, Jack Because I have broken your bike”
She apologized to Jack for breaking his bike
7 Remind (nhắc nhở) SO to-inf
Ex: “Don’t forget to do your homework”
The teacher reminded his students to do their homework
8 Admit +V-ing
(thừa nhận) + (that) clause
Confess +V-ing
Ex: “That’s right I stole that money”
He admitted stealing that money
that he had stolen that money
confessed stealing that money
9 Doubt (nghi ngờ) + (that) if/ whether + clause
Ex: “I don’t think Liverpool will win”
He doubted whether Liverpool would win
10 Accuse (buộc tội) + SO + of doing + STH
Ex: “You murdered your father”
The judge accused him of murdering his father
11 Other structures: agree/ refuse/ decide/ promise/… + to-inf
Trang 6
7 TAG QUESTIONS
*Special notes:
1.Câu khẳng định có các trạng từ phủ định câu phủ định: never, at no time, rarely, seldom, hardly, no longer, by no mean, hardly ever,…
Ex: He never goes to school late, does he?
2 Các câu có chủ từ là no one, nothing, nobody câu phủ định
Ex: No one came to the party last night, did they?
3 Nếu chủ ngữ là someone, everybody, nobody, no one,… they
Ex: Everyone likes it, don’t they?
4 Nếu chủ ngữ là nothing/ this, that it
Ex: Nothing is impossible, is it? / This is your chair, isn’t it?
5 Nếu chủ ngữ là there there
Ex: There is a big tree, isn’t there?
6 Nếu chủ ngữ là I am aren’t I?
Nhưng I am not am I?
Ex: I am stupid, aren’t I?
7 Câu đề nghị có Let’s shall we?
Ex: Let’s go to the movie, shall we?
8 Câu mệnh lệnh khẳng định can/ could/ will/… you? và ngược lại
Ex: Read this passage, can you?
9 Sử dụng ý kiến của người nào đó thêm think ở phần đuôi
Ex: These pictures are good, don’t you think?
10 Cảnh báo, nhắc nhở, khuyên nhủ, mong ước will/ won’t you?
Ex: Don’t forget to lock the door, will you?
11 Trong văn nói, người ta có thể dùng Yes/ No/ OK/ Right trong Tag Questions
Note:
-Chủ ngữ trong câu hỏi đuôi lúc nào cũng chuyển thành đại từ
Ex: Lan is a doctor, isn’t she?
-Phần động từ, trợ động từ + not trong câu hỏi đuôi được viết ở hình thức là viết tắt (n’t)
Ex: You met her at the airport, didn’t you?
Trang 78 COMPARISONS
1.So sánh bằng:
as + Adj/ Adv + as Ex: He is as tall as I
not as (so) + Adj/ Adv + as Ex: He is not so clever as I
the same + N + as Ex: This room is the same length as that one
like Ex: She is a bit like her sister
similar to Ex: The motel is similar to the hotel
different from Ex: Pens are different from pencils
2.So sánh hơn, so sánh nhất
-Tính từ ngắn là những tính từ có 1 âm tiết và 2 âm tiết trừ những tính từ có tận cùng là (-ed, -ing, -ous, -ish, -less, )
- Tính từ dài là những tính từ có 3 âm tiết trở lên và 2 âm tiết có tận cùng là (-ed, -ing, -ous, -ish, -less, ) Ex: tired, boring, cheerful, careless, nervous, reddish, …
3 So sánh kép
The + (so sánh hơn) … , the + (so sánh hơn) + (càng… càng)
(so sánh hơn) + AND + ( so sánh hơn)… (càng, ngày càng)
Ex: The older she is, the more beautiful she gets
The earth is getting hotter and hotter
9 INVERSION
Đảo ngữ: trật tự từ trong câu là câu hỏi Chỉ được phép đảo ngữ trong các trường hợp sau:
1.Có các trạng từ phủ định: never, at no time (không bao giờ), hardly, scarcely (vừa mới), little (hầu như
không), no where (không nơi nào), no longer (không còn nữa)
Ex: He no longer smokes
No longer does he smoke
2 Có in/ under no circumstance (dù hoàn cảnh nào đi nữa), in no account (dù lí do gì đi nữa)
Ex: You mustn’t reveal this secret in no account
In no account mustn’t you reveal this secret
3 Có hardly … when, no sooner … than (vừa mới … thì)
Ex: He had no sooner entered the room than it began to rain
No sooner had he entered the room than it began to rain
4 Có not ony… but also (không những… mà còn)
Ex: This room is not only small but also dark
Not only is this room small but also dark
5.Bỏ “if” trong câu điều kiện (chỉ đối với trường hợp có were, should, had)
Trang 86 Có so… that
Ex: I was so tired that I can’t work more
So tired wes I that I can’t work more
7 Có here, there trong câu cảm
Ex: The bus comes here!
Here comes the bus!
8 Particle
Ex: The rain came down
Down came the rain
9.Có trạng từ thời gian (Vmovement + S)
Ex: A big tree stands in a middle of the school yard
In the middle of the school yard stand a big tree
10 Có not until
Ex: He didn’t begin to read until later
Not until later did he begin to read
11 Có “only” đầu câu không phụ nghĩa cho chủ từ (only + rarely, when, then, by, later…)
Ex: You will succeed only by working hard
Only by working hard will you succeed
10 TO-INF OR GERUND
1.Chấp nhận theo sau là to-inf và gerund mà nghĩa không thay đổi:
begin, start, continue, intend, prefer + to-inf / gerund
2 Chấp nhận theo sau là to-inf hoặc gerund mà nghĩa thay đổi
A like/ love/ hate/ dislike
B try + to-inf (cố gắng) Ex: I try my best to do this exercise
+V-ing (thí nghiệm, thử) Ex: I try wearing the new jeans but it doesn’t fit me
C stop + to-inf (ngừng để làm gì) Ex: I stop my car to buy a newspaper
+V-ing (ngừng hẳn) Ex: I stop reading newspaper because it’s so noisy
D mean + to-inf (dự định, muốn) Ex: I mean to study abroad
+V-ing (ám chỉ) Ex: It means working with him very hard
E go on + to-inf (làm một việc khác mới) Ex: I go on to do my test after come back home
+V-ing (tiếp tục) Ex: She goes on talking
F allow, forbid, advise, encourage, permit, suggest + object + to-inf + V-ing
G remember/ regret/ forget + V-ing (đã làm gì)
+ to-inf (sẽ làm gì)
Trang 93 Bắt buộc theo sau là V-ing:
After prepositions
After these verbs
1.admit (công nhận) 2.anticipate (dự tính)
3.appreciate (đánh giá ) 4.avoid (tránh xa)
5.carry on (mang theo) 6.consider (xem xét)
7.defer = delay (làm trì hoãn) 8.deny (phủ nhận)
9.detest= dislike = hate (ghét) 10.dread (sợ)
11.enjoy (thưởng thức) 12.escape (trốn thoát)
13.excus (tha lỗi) 14.fancy (mong muốn)
15 give up (từ bỏ) 16.imagine (tưởng tượng)
17.finish (hoàn thành) 18.forgive (tha thứ)
19.involve (liên quan đến) 20.keep (on) (tiếp tục)
21.loathe (ghê tởm) 22.miss (nhớ, lỡ)
23.postpone (hoãn lại) 24.practise (thực hành)
25.prevent (ngăn ngừa) 26.propose (đề nghị)
27.put off (làm chậm lại, hoãn lại) 28.recollect (hồi tưởng lại)
29.resent (phẫn nộ) 30.resist (kháng cự )
31.save (cứu, tiết kiệm) 32.understand (hiểu)
33.bear (mang) 34 omit (bỏ sót)
35.force (ép buộc)
After these expressions:
to have difficulty (có sự khó khăn)
to be worth (đáng)
to be busy (bận)
to fell like (cảm thấy yêu thích)
a waste of (lãng phí vì)
spend time / hour (dành thời gian)
waste time (phí thời gian)
to have a good time / fun / trouble (có thời gian đẹp/ niềm vui /sự lo lắng)
can’t bear =can’t stand (không thể chịu đựng)
can’t help =can’t face (không thể không)
it’s no use / good (chẳng ích gì)
it’s (not) worth (không đáng)
4 Bắt buộc theo sau là to-inf:
1.agree (đồng ý) 2.aim (nhắm đến)
3.appear (có vẻ) 4.arrange (sắp xếp)
5.ask (yêu cầu) 6.attemp (cố gắng)
7.beg (van xin) 8.can’t afford (không đủ sức)
9.can’t wait (ước ao làm gì) 10.choose (chọn)
11.claim (yêu cầu) 12.decide (quyết định)
13.demand (đòi hỏi) 14.desire (ước ao)
Trang 1021.learn (học tập) 22.help (giúp đỡ)
23.hope (hy vọng) 24.offer (ngỏ ý)
25 plan (vạch kế hoạch) 26.prepare (chuẩn bị)
27.pretend (giả vờ) 28.promise (hứa)
29.prove (chứng tỏ) 30.refuse (từ chối)
31.seem (có vẻ) 32.tend (có khuynh hướng)
33.threaten (đe dọa) 34.turn out (hóa ra)
35.undertake (đảm trách) 36.want (muốn)
37 wish (ước) 38.volunteer (tình nguyện)
39.urge (cổ vũ) 40.manage (tìm cách)
11.OTHER STRUCTURES
1.would rather (tốt hơn là)
had better
A would rather (not) + B.I 1 + than + B.I 2
Ex: You’d rather stay at home than go out
B would rather + S + V 2 -clause (2) ở hiện tại thì V2 ở past subj
-clause (2) ở quá khứ thì V2 ở past perfect
Ex: I would rather you hadn’t gone to Da Lat last week
C Had better + B.I
2 It’s time/ It’s high time/ It’s about time + S + V 2 (ở simple past)
It’s time for + O + + to-inf
Ex: It’s time we caught the bus It’s time for us to catch the bus
3.This is the first time + S + V 2 (ở present perfect)
This was the first time + S + V 2 (ở past perfect)
The first time + S + V 2 (ở present perfect) + is + khoảng thời gian
This is the second time + S + V 2 (ở present perfect)
Ex: This is the first time I have seen this film
The first time I have seen this film is 2 years ago
4.As if (như thể là) + V2 (ở past subj)
Ex: He behaves as if he were a boss
5 So… that/ Such …that (quá… đến nỗi)
So + Adj/Adv + that…
Such + noun phrase: (a/an) + Adj + N + that…
*Special notes:
-Dùng so…that đối với much, many, little, few
Ex: There are so many stars in the sky that we can’t count them on