Macmillan English Grammar In Context Advanced 3

4 Write a new sentence with the same meaning, using a form of the phrasal verb fram the list.. 5 Write a new sentence with the same meaning, containing the word in capitals[r]

lt's curious toimagine what peop/e once usedtothink lt's best toleave before the rush hour.

• it's hard top/ease you / you are hard top/ease

Same adjectives (egeasy, good, hard, impossib/e) can follaw this pattern:

lt's impossible (for me) to reach the top she/f The top shelf is impossible (for me)to reach.

Adjectives describing feelings (egannoying, interesting, /ove/y, terrific, wonderful)

wark in a similar way

It was interesting tovisit the cast/e The cast/e was interesting tovisit.

However, not ali alternatives wark in the same context

It was wonderful tosee you. '<A" """"'" "'onc/orf,.! to 000

• adjective + of +person+to-infinitive

good, great, interesting, /ove/y, nice, wonderfu/

It was good of you to see me. (=::thanks for seeing me)

It was nice ofyou to think of me. (=::thanks for thinking of me)Compare:It was good to see you. (=:: I enjoyed it)

adjective + that-c1ause or + to-infinitive

• afraid, angry, annoyed, ashamed, astonished, certa in, disappointed, g/ad, happy, p/eased, shocked, sorry, sure, surprised, unhappy, upset, worried

In an infinitive construction the subjects of both c1ausesare the same

Wewere afraid to go back tothe house.

I was pleased tosee him again.

• In a that-clause, the subjects of the clausescan be different

I was afraid that the bus was going tocrash.

I'm astonished that you haven't won the prize.

Note that it is possible to leave out that.

I was afraid the bus was going tocrash.

• A past infinitive may be possible

I was disappointed not tohave won.

adjective + that-c1ause

• aware, it's elear, confident, hopefu/, it's obvious, positive (very sure)

I wasn't aware that the ru/es had been changed It's elear that something has gone wrong.

Note that it is possible to leave out that.

• fee/ + awfu/, bad, good, gui/ty, terrib/e

I felt guilty that the others had been punished

I felt go od that I had been proved right

adjective + that-c1ause wit hshould

• Used in more formai speech and writing, and common in it-sentences

it's absurd, it's advisab/e, it's a/arming, /'m angry, /'m anxious, /'m ashamed, it's awfu/, /'m content, I'm

determined, /'m eager, it's essentia/, it's fortunate, it's funny, /'mkeen, it's natura/, it's unnecessary, it's

odd, it's right, it's sad, it's sil/y, I'm sorry, it's strange, it's unusual, it's unfair, it's vital etc

It's odd that you should say that! I was just thinking the same thing.

I'm angry that they should take that approach to this issue.

We are keen that he should take up this post immediately

• Past simple is also possible

It was odd that he shou/d have forgatten.

• These phrases can also be used informally without shou/d.

I'm angry that they are taking that approach to this issue.

ltwasodd that heforgat.

adjective + -ing

• We can use busy, no good, (not) worth +-ing.

We can use fee/ +awfu/, bad, good, gui/ty, terrib/e +ing.

Martin 15busy cooking the dinner It's not worth seeing that film.

I feel terrible leaving you alone Ilke that.

adjective + to-infinitive or -ing

• common in it-sentences

a/arming, absurd, awfu/, cheap, dangerous, easy, *foo/ish, good, great, hard, hope/ess, /ove/y, nice,

p/easant, point/ess, *rude, *sad, safe, *silly, strange, *stupid, *unwise, usefu/, use/ess, wise, *wrong

It was point/ess to dothat / doing that It's better to go naw

It was sadtohear / hearing your bad news It was lovely tosee / seeing you.

• Those marked * can also be used with a person, with a to-infinitive

11mwas foolish togive up his job I'm sad tosay I agree.

You were wrong tosay that She's sil/y tospend sa much.

• For it's easy / hard see above, adjective +to-infinitive

• (it +)make +person +adjective +to-infinitive

Use to describe how something makes us feel, wit h adjectives describing feelings: angry, ashamed,

aware, embarrassed, furious, g/ad, happy, miserab/e, nervous, sad, tired, uncomfortab/e, unhappyetc.

We can also use it makes me fee/ +adjective +to-infinitive

This news makes me feel embarrassed tobe amember of this company

Knowing that you love me makes me g/ad to be alive!

It makes me sad toknow that you feel you way you do.

• We can turn the it-infinitive into an ing-form and use it as the subject

Knowing that you fee/ you way you do makes mesad.

• Informally we can also use it makes me +adjective +-ing, especially with sad, happy, unhappy.

It makes mesad knowing that you feel you way you do.

be, seem, appear, look

• Seem /ook, appear can also be used instead of be in the constructions above

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1 Underline the correct form

a Sony, but I'm unable to help / helping you.

b It made me really angry to find out / finding out I'd been cheated.

c I think it's better to leave / leaving early.

d I'm sony, but it wasn't elear that you wanted / to want the projects finished today.

e It's hard for some people understanding / to understand maths.

f It makes me angry to see /see so many people wasting their time.

g Helen is busygetting / to get things ready for her party.

h You are freeto go / going whenever you want.

This book about astrophysics is impossible to understand / understanding.

I was surprised that I found out / to find out what happened at the end of the film.

2 Write a new sentence with the same meaning, containing should.

a You are here at the same time! How odd!

ll1s Qdd lhel.tjQl.-l shQL-tld Qe- he-re- el lhe- SeMe- liMe-,

b Why talk to me like that! It makes me angry!

c Maria has won first prize And that's right.

d We have to work until IO.30! That's unfair!

e No repetition of today's unfortunate events! I'm determined about that.

f There's no security at all in the building! That's alarming!

g The employees feel badly treated That's only natural.

h You have the same initials as me! That's strange!

3 Complete the sentences about sport training by writing one word in each gap The first letter

of the word is written for you

a It's o QviQLlS that if you have a serious sporting ambition, you should go about training in a serious manner.

b It's e that you should follow a regular training programme.

c It's really p to train a lot one week, and then miss training for two weeks.

d It's b to work an another area of fitness (eg gym exercises, swimming etc) than do no training at all.

e You should aIso be a that diet and rest are important.

f Too much training can fi you feel exhausted and unmotivated.

g It's also L to get nutritional advice from an expert.

h Most athletes are c not to train without proper warming-up.

In some sports it is L to improve your performance without visual recording and feedback from a coach.

It's v that you should refer any injuries to a sports elinic.

4 Write a new sentence with the same meaning containing the word in capitals.

a I'd put on plenty of sun-cream before you go out, if I were you.

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b Your bad news upset me very much.

BEST

SORRY

5 Complete the text with a word fram the list in each gap

aware be able cIear hopeful impossible possible surprised unusual unwilling unwise

Science news

Scientists carrying out research in swamps in Sumatra have discovered the world's smallest fish The female is only

7.9 mm !t was thought to be a JrlAppSs.ible,.that any living organism should survive in the swamps, as the water is

extremely acidic !t is also very low in minerais and this is thought to explain why it is b for larger speciesto

develop

EXTENSION ACTIVITY

Scientists at NASA believe that they may h to detect earthquakes fram space before they happen

!t's i to monitor the build up of energy in the Earth's crust, and scientists arej .that this

information can be interpreted by computer programs which will give approximate predictions of future quakes

Write five example sentences based on each of these patterns

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that Antarctic ice could be melting faster than we had thought.'but it makes usg

Researchers examining satellite data from the Antarctic have been c to find that there are large lakes

and rivers beneath the ice sheets.'!t's d that Antarctic ice is moving much faster than we supposed,' said

Professor Susan Graham from the Antarctic Survey She wase to say whether this would mean a more

rapid rise in sea levels due to melting ice '!t's f to predict at this stage exactly what this discovery means,

adverbs

adverbs and adjectives

• Some words ending -tyare not adverbs but adjectives: friend/y, /one/y, sil/y, ug/yetc.

• Some adverbs and adjectives have the same form: fast, dead, ear/yetc.

• Hard andhard/y are both adverbs, but have different meanings

I can hard/y hear you. (=almost not) You've worked hard (= with a lot of effort)

gradable and ungradable adjectives and intensifiers

• Adjectives that describe age, size, beauty etc can be measured or graded, and are calledgradab/e.

We can use intensifiers very, extreme/y with them

This tree is extreme/y o/d It'sa very beautifu/ painting.

This problem is extreme/y difficu/t I feel very unhappy

• Ungradab/e adjectives cannot be graded because the qualities they describe are either present orabsent

This painting is superb This problem is impossib/e.

We cannot say Tf,·", ".·"t;"", ",•••••.•.""n"" •.I.

degree adverbs: quite

• With gradable adjectives (or adjective + noun) or adverbs,quite has a negative meaning: 'not verymuch' or 'less than expected'

The film was quite entertaining, but I didn 't really enjoy it.

It's quite a/ong way to walk.

They did the wark quite s/ow/y.

• Wit h ungradable adjectives and adjectives with an 'extreme' meaning, quite meanscomp/ete/y.

It can be used in the same way before a verb or adverb

I'm sorry, but you are quite wrong. (ungradable)

This puzzle is quite impossib/e! (extreme meaning)

I quite agree. (= I agree completely)

I can't qu;te make up my mind. (not completely)

• Quite can be used with + a /an + noun to show that something is unusual or interesting

That's quite acar!

• Quite can be used with a superlative to mean 'very much'

That's qu;te the /ongest book I've ever read'

degree adverbs: rather

• Wit h gradable adjectives (or adjective + noun) rather has a stronger meaning than quite. It can beused in the same way before a verb or adverb

I think she's rather c/ever This is rather asteep hill.

We all worked rather hardo I rather like your friend Anna

• Rather is common with negative adjectives

I thought the film was rather uninteresting.

That wasarather stupid thing to do'

• Rather is also often used with comparatives (see Unit 28)

This painting is rather more interesting.

degree adverbs: fairly

• With gradable adjectives (or adjective + noun) fairly usually has a similar meaning to 'quite'

Fairly is lessstrong than quite. It can be used the same way before an adverb

She'safairly good pianist, I suppose. (= not very good)

They worked fairly hard, but that wasn't real/y good enough.

Soph;e ;s a fairly 90011 p;an;st but she neel1stopract;se more.

intensifiers

• These are words that modify gradable adjectives and adverbs:

very, extremely, real/y, terribly, particularly, awful/y etc

This is really tasty! I thought the play was terrib/y boring.

• especial/y, particularly, real/y are often used with verbs

I really admire youl I particu/arly like this one.

• Some intensifiers ten d to collocate wit h certain adjectives:

absolutely ridiculous, completely useless, entirely unexpected, greatly admired, perfectly obvious etc.There are no rules to explain which intensifiers go with which adjectives

• Some ungradable adjectives, usually with a negative meaning, can be modified byutterly,

complete/y, total/y.

The food was comp/ete/y awfu/!

The house was totally destroyed in the explosion.

These adverbs can also be used with verbs

I comp/etely agree with you. We utter/y condemn what has happened.

comment and viewpoint adverbs

• Comment adverbs show the attitude of the speaker, egelearly, probably, luckily, surprisingly, foolishly Sue naturally didn't agree. We obvious/y liked it.

Alan kind/y gave usalift 5tupid/y, I had left my wal/et at home.

• Other sentence adverbs indicate how we should understand what follows, eggeneral/y, apparently, supposedly.

• Viewpoint adverbs tell us from what point of view the speaker is talking, egpolitical/y, financial/y, technical/y.

Environmentally, this wasadisaster (=From an environmental point of view )

Logically, this can't be correct.

Sometimes phrases are used for emphasis, egpolitical/y speaking, from apolitical point of view,.

as far as politics is concerned

1 Underline ali the forms which are correct.

a Bye for nowo I'1I see you rather la ter / soon /obviously.

b Everyone acted welI, but I thought that Naomi did absolutely / fairly / particularly welI.

c Tony can't quite / really / surprisingly decide what he wants to study at university.

d If you work hard / extremely / hardly, I'm sure you'lI be a success.

f Sorry, can you speak up - I can't quite / rather / really hear you.

g The thatched cottage was completely / structurally / awfully destroyed by a devastating fire.

h I'm leaving tomorrow early / extremely / quite in the moming, so I'1I say goodbye nowo

See you again soon Yourstruly / fairly / friendly, Your friend Carl.

2 Underline ali the words in brackets which can be used to complete the sentence.

a This French cheese you bought is tasty.

b The hotel tumed out to be expensive.

c Gina Evans is expected to be com e deputy prime minister.

d The glu e I bought was useless so I had to buy some more.

e It was obvious that Jack had made a mistake.

f Sue was disappointed to lose the match.

g The police decided that Tom was blameless.

h We appreciate alI the help you gave us.

I liked the first beach we went to.

Quite honestly, I think this is ridiculous.

(absolutely, realIy, completely) (clearly, incredibly, luckily) (considerably, greatly, widely) (completely, extremely, utterly) (completely, perfectly, realIy) (awfully, terribly, very) (entirely, extremely, greatly) (completely, greatly, widely) (absolutely, especialIy, particularly) (totally, utterly, very)

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3 Write a new sentence with the same meaning containing the word in capitals.

a I realIy do understand how you feel.

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b Nobody came to the party, which was unfortunate.

c I didn't find the match very exciting.

d The decision was disastrous from a financial point of view.

e We realIy didn't expect this result.

f Mrs Bums has agreed to provide sandwiches, which is kind of her.

g This printer is of no use at alI!

h I can't see the end of the road very welI!

The answer is as obvious as it could be.

H's logical to suppose that the missing money must be in this room.

4 Choose the best option, A, B, or C, to fili each gap.

Street design

People in some British towns are eomplaining about the a 13 uninteresting streets and squares beingdesigned by 10eaI eouneil arehiteets lt seems that one b unexpeeted result of improved healthand safety Iaws is a / an c unimaginative approaeh to urban design d , street features sueh

as fountains, steps and even eobbled roadways, are being excluded from our streets beeause of the risk

of aeeidents e , many eouneils are paying out huge sums on claims for damages made againstthem by people who injure themselves in the street, and although it isf possible to design a / ang aeeident-proof urban environment, arehiteets are taking the easy way out Henee the h dulldesigns we now see in some eity eentres lt seems i obvious that streets should be safe, but it is also important that they should make us feel proud to be walking in them k , there are arehiteetswho have eome up with I more ereative solutions, as a visit to many city eentres will show So in theend, it's up to Ioeal eouneils to try harder

Give some opinions using fair/y, quite, rather about the following:

public transport in your town TV in your country learning a foreign language

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making comparisons

modifiers

• Comparisons can be modified to make them lessextreme

This is probably the best computer at the moment.

Smiths is one of the largest companies in Britain.

I've dane just about as much as I can.

This isn't quite as easy as I thought.

The new one is not nearly / half / nowhere near as good as the old one.

It is nowhere near as good as the old one. (informal)

• Comparisons can be made stronger

This is easily the best car in its c/ass.

Football is far and away the most popular sport in the world.

It's the most popular sport in the world by far Tennis is far / alot / much more demanding.

It's much / miles /Ioads more interesting (miles andloads are informal)

Golf is every bit as interesting as football.

Golf is rather more interesting than I thought.

comparative constructions

• as +adjective + a +noun + as

We asked for as large acar aspossible.

It's not aslong ajourney as I used to have.

• too + adjective + a + noun

A nuc/ear war is too terrible athing to contemplate (formal)

• not as / sa +adjective +to-infinitive + as It's not as /sa easy toexplain as I thougM

• sufficiently +adverb + to-infinitive

Same students are unable to write sufficiently well to pass the test. (forma I)

• more +adjective +than +adjective, or not sa much + adjective +as+adjectiveThis construction can be used to make a distinction between two similar adjectives

I was more surprised than angry

I wasn't sa much angry as surprised.

be + comparative + to-infinitive

• it+be+ comparative +to-infinitive

It's cheaper tobuy a return ticket.

• noun +be +comparative +to-infinitive

French is easier tolearn than Chinese Tennis is more interesting to watch than golf (=It's more interesting to watch tennis than golf.)

comparative + comparative

Two comparatives together are often used in descriptive writing, with verbs of becoming, changing,movement, etc

The bike began to go faster and faster.

The boat was getting further and further away lane was growing more and more confused.

the + comparative or superlative + of the + number / quantity

• This structure can be used with a comparative to compare two things

This is by far / easily the more interesting of the two.

• Itcan be used with a superlative compare one thing with many things

I think this one is the best of the lot / themall / the bunch (informal)

present perfect + superlative

We often use the present perfect with a superlative

This is the worst holiday I've ever had. (I'm on holiday now)

That was by far / much the best film I've seen this year

the + comparative, the + comparative

• This structure is often used to give advice

The more you put off going to the dentist, the worse you will feel.

The longer you leave it, the more painful your tooth will become.

• Adjectives and adverbs can be mixed

The more exercise I take, the more slowly I run!

• Fixed phrases include:

The sooner, the better The more, the merrier.

• as as

Stay for as long as you want His hands were as cold as ice.

You look as white as a ghost.

as as is often used in proverbial expressions

He was as good as gold She's as happy as the day is long.

• like

A cara van is like a house on wheels (it is similar)

• look like, smelllike

The schoollooks like a prison (it resembles a prison)

You smelllike a beautiful flower! (the smells are the same)

• look Iike, sound like

It looks like rain. (= it looks as if it's going to rain)

That sounds like the postman. (= it sounds is if he has arrived)

• feellike

The pain felt like a burning needle in his arm (it is similar)

I feellike going out tonight. (That's what I want to do)

• work as / like

Sue works as a bar-maid at weekends (She is a bar-maid)

compare: They worked like slaves to get the project finished (They are compared to slaves)

• look as if +present simple / unreal past simple

You look as if you need / needed a rest You must be really tired

• not +adjective +enough +to-infinitive

I wasn't quite old enough to get into the film (= I was nearly old enough.)

He didn 't run fast enough to win

• too + adjective + to-infinitive

The rescue services arrived far / much too late to save him

It was too great atemptation (for him) toresisf.

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1 Underline the best word

a This camera is easily the / abest of its type.

b I wasn't sa much surprised as / than shocked by the result.

c That wasprobably / not nearly the best football match I've ever seen!

d Politics istoo / soimportant an activity to be left to politicians.

e H was as / toogood an opportunity to miss, sa I accepted the job.

f H's quicker to travel by bus than / like by car in the city centre.

g As the medicine took effect, Tina became far and away / more and more sleepy.

h You areevery bit / mzles as responsible for what happened as lam.

Cats are not nearly / a lotharder to understand than dogs.

j This looks like / asthe place H fits the description, anyway.

k I think the Harry Potter films are about as / a lot more interesting than the books.

I This is definitely the better / the best beach we've been to sa far.

2 Complete the sentence with one word in each gap

a Budapest is one of theltt()$± beautiful cities in the world.

b You haven't really worked hard to get a higher marko

c The more exercise you take, the you will feel!

d Quite honestly, I don't think this is as hard an examination it used to be.

e This is the most beautiful beach in the Mediterranean Don't you think sa?

f I've dane just as much shopping as anyone can do in one day!

g The film was every as entertaining as I expected it to be.

h Most of Winterson's books are good, but I think this one is the best of alI The boat drifted and no-one noticed Sue had fallen into the sea.

j The hotel was a more expensive than I expected, sa I looked for a che ap er one.

k This crossword puzzle isn't quite as easy I thought it was.

I Helen's paintings were far and the best in the exhibition.

3 Complete the sentence with like, as, too or enough.

a You can use the pool c;{S many times as you like in a week.

b We called the fire brigade but they didn't get to the house soon

c Wear same warm clothes H looks snowo

d Harry walked into the city centre, but it was early to get any breakfast.

e A kilt is a bit a skirt, but for men.

f At weekends Tony works a cashier in a supermarket.

g They wouldn't let Dave into the club because he didn't look old

h You don't look as well you did last week.

Open a window! This room smells a farmyard!

j The man next to me on the train was snoring a pig.

k Quite honestly, I thought the news was good to be true.

I The ladder wasn't quite long to reach the upstairs windowo

4 Choose the best option, A, B or C, to complete the sentence.

Memory

It's quite common to hear sameone complainthat their memory isac; as it used to be,

ar that the more things they try to remember,

b quickly they seem to forget However,memory is c complicated than weusually think For example, rememberingfacts is not at aU d rememberinghow to perform an action, and it seemsthat we don't 'forget' how to ride a bicycle

ar drive a car For same people, it may be

e to remember what they have just read

more we remember about it, and we are almost certainly h to recaU something we have read

ar seen recently, because it remains active in aur memory Where studying is concerned, there arecertainly ways of making the me mory i It's j to remember disorganized information,

sa note-making and summarizing are important, and the learner, not the teacher, has to do this

Regular reviewing of what has been learned is k ways of strengthening memory Samelearners have I visual than a verbal memory, and may remember more by associating ideaswith visual images There are plenty of books on the market which illustrate these techniques,always assuming that you can remember to buy one!

EXTENSION ACTIVITY

Make statements about these topies, including a comparative or superlative, andusing some of the modifiers on the explanations page

a film, book etc something you dislike a sport an activity

Check these proverbial as as expressions What is the equivalent inyour language?

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Need more practice? Go to the Review on page 208.

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place and movement, prepositional phrases

prepositions and adverbs

• A preposition always has an object, but many prepositions of place can be used as adverbs (adverbparticles) with no object

What's inside the box? (preposition) Shall we wait inside? (adverb)

Others include: above, across, along, around, behind, below, beneath, by, in, inside, near, oft, on, opposite, outside, round, through, under, underneath, up.

These adverbs often combine wit h verbs (see Unit 29)

Come on! Please sit down.

• Some adverbs cannot be used as prepositions and do not have objects

Brian lives abroad The red car moved ahead.

These adverbs can often be used with a preposition and an object

The red car moved ahead of the blue one.

place

At, on and in, and their variations such as within, upon are used with be and verbs that describe

position not movement, eg sit, stand, live etc.

• at aplace, an address, ahouse, a building, apoint on ajourney She'satthe shops /athome /at 12Green Street /atthe cinema /atthe Grand Hotel Thi" train doesn't stop at Acton. (point on a journey)

• on He was standing on the chair trying to reach the book on the top shelf.

She was on the bus / train / pIane

• in aroom, container etc, a city, country ar area It's in the kitchen / in your pocket / in New York / in Greece / in the car.

These are used to talk about movement as in a circle

Follow the road round to the left I've been walking around the centre.

• abroad, ahead, ashore Ashore implies movement, while abroad and ahead can be place or movement.

Several boxes were washed ashore later that day (= to the shore) Peter lives abroad I'm going abroad next week

Let's stop now we are ahead United have now moved ahead in the tit/e race.

• across /over

With a verb of motion these often have the same meaning (from one side to the other)

She walked across / over the road.

Over can also mean 'covering an area' or 'above' wit h a verb of motion

The police put ablanket over his head They f/ew over the mountains.

• along / on / alongside Along means 'in the direction of a line' He walked along the top ofthe wall.

On just describes place, not movement in a line He sat on the wall.

Alongside means close to the side The road runs alongside the canal.

• away (fram), out (of), in, back (to)

Away (fram) describes a movement, the opposite oftowards.

Come away from the firet It's dangerous.

To be away means you have left home for some time, perhaps to stay somewhere else

Helen and Bill are away in France Anna is away from school today

We often usefar with away, or as an adjective to describe a place

I wish I was far away from here It's at the far end of the room.

Out (of) can mean 'not at home', in can mean 'at home' Back (to) describes a returning movement

I'm afraid Maria is out / isn't in at the moment She's out of town.

When wil/ she be baek? Come baek! I want to talk to you!

• backwards, forwards / forward

80th describe a direction of movement

This bus is going baekwards! I reached forward and took her hand.

Backward andforward are also used as adjectives eg aforward movement.

• by, past

80th describe something that passes,wit h verbs of motion

We wa/ked past / by the house twice before we recognized it.

Someone ran past / by me and threw abag to the ground.

• up / down

Often used with raad, street etc to meanalong.

I saw him as I was walking up the road.

• above, below, over, under

Above andover can be used to mean the same thing, especially when something is at a

higher level exactly vertically

We used to live ina fiat over / above arestaurant.

In other contexts, above means at a higher level than something, and not touching it,

while over means touching

There isa forest above the vil/age They put ablanket over him.

Undercan mean 'covered by' while belowhas a more generai meaning 'at a lower level'

There'sacat under the tab/e Terry lives in the fiat be/o w us.

Under can also mean 'less than' andover 'more than' with numbers and measurements

The total cost of the project was over E2 mil/ion.

There were over 200 peop/e present Are you over sixteen?

• among, between

Among means 'in a num ber of things', between means 'in the middle of two things'

Among the guests were several of Tom's old teachers. Welive half way between London and Oxford.

• pairs

Many adverbials are used in pairs to describe movement, usually in first one direction,

then the other, and repeated

backwards and forwards (back and forth) toand fra raund and raund up and down in and out

He's been pacing baekwards and forwards for an houf The children were running in and out of the house.

phrases

Many prepositions form phrases with nouns Check meanings wit h a dictionary

above above average above the law

below belowaverage

under under construction under pressure under suspicion

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1 Underline the best word.

a Jane isn't here at the moment She's in / at / tothe shops.

b The children ran at / down / onthe street shouting.

c Does this bus goat / to / inSouthampton?

d Maria could see someone coming at / towards / anto her.

e You'll find more coffee in / on / at the top shelf.

f Are you coming at / to / in the cinema this evening?

g Delivery on purchases is fn~eat / by / within the London area.

h With a shriek, Juliet fell senseless at / upon / down the floor.

We spent an enjoyable evening at / in / onthe theatre.

2 Write a new sentence with the same meaning containing the word in capitals.

.clil1A.p~± g she:e:± qve-, ~.ic;; f1e:g4 gV\4 PCe:±e:V\cl~cl ±O be- 0 CJ~qC;;±~

3 Complete each sentence with a word from the list.

abroad among ashore away by backwards ettt through

a The Smiths aren't at home They'reQul at the shops, I think.

b The train went H a long tunnel before it stopped in the station.

c You have to stand the fridge at least 20 cm from the wall.

d Helen has left the country and gone to live

e Angela walkedHHHH me without saying a word.

f The boxes felI off the ship and were later washed H 200 km away.

gHHH those present at the ceremony was the local MP, Claire Sims.

h The car starte d slipping down the hill.

4 Complete the second sentence with one word so it means the same as the first Use a

dictionary if necessary.

a I really don't have any time to spare.

rm /1\ a hurry.

b Helen often travels abroad as part of her job.

Helen often travels abroad .business.

c As things are, we'll replace the faulty machin e free of charge

the circumstances, we'll rep lace the faulty machine free of charge.

d Leave the building as quickly as you can You are all at risk.

Leave the building as quickly as you can You are all danger.

e For ten long years, the twa countries fought each other.

For ten long years, the twa countries were war.

f The company employees have stopped workingin order to get what they want.

The company employees are .strike.

g After buying the remaining shares, Michael Wilson is naw head of the company.

After buying the remaining shares, Michael Wilson is naw control of the

company.

h I supposed that lane would be bringing the keys with her.

I was the impression that lane would be bringing the keys with her.

The police said that David was to blame for the accident.

The police said that David was fault for the accident

Generally speaking, a child dies on the roads every day of the year

average, a child dies on the roads every day of the year.

5 Complete each sentence with one word.

a Please sit4QWI\ over there.

b When the pIane rose the clouds, there was brilliant sunshine.

c The cat jumped the wall and landed in next door's pond.

d I walked the security check without noticing it was there.

e The policeman walked up and the street checking the doorways.

f They're building a new house aur house and the primary school.

g We walked the riverbank looking for a good place to fish.

h The teacher put Mark charge of the class during her absence.

Walking is difficult if you don't look over your shoulder.

j After the murder, several people were suspicion.

k The police officer stopped the fight and stood the twa men.

I You'd better tum round The road is blocked further

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6 Complete the text wit h one word in each gap.

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Arriving by bicyc1e

Tum a Ja-f-Q fordwich Road frorn Malling Road

Walk b the visitors' car park until you corne to the science building

c your right there is a footpath running d the side of the building.Take this footpath and follow it e the left

Directly f ,there is a bicycle shed for visitors g your left Please leaveyour bicycle here fordwich l10use is h the end of the footpath

Arriving by car

Drivei the town centre until you see a sign for Malling Road (A1202)

Once you have passed Downs Road take the second right, which is fordwich Road

follow the blue signs for visitors' parking Please park j the visitors' car park Walk

k the archway at the far end of the car park and take the footpath running

I the two large buildings fordwich l10use is at the m end of the path

7 Complete the sentence wit h one suitable word Use a dictionary if necessary

a The children kept running in and aul of the room.

b The injured man was swaying to and and looked as if he was about to collapse.

c That policeman has been walking and down outside the house for an hour.

d I've be en driving round and this city alI day!

e Next door's burglar alarm has been ringing and off for two hours.

f People came from and wide to see the Christmas lights in the main street.

g I've be en going and forwards to the hospital alI this week.

h Our company offers cheap holidays both at home and

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along the route

A Translate the answers to Exercise 3 into your language

B Use a dictionary to find phrases beginning:

(2005)

Hi-speed railway under construction

The high-speed rail project f

in Taiwan promises to promote and balance

the country, involves the construction of a

in the north and the port of Kaohsiung in the south.

Six stations have been constructed

Global warming spelIs disaster for Ganges

Scientists ajV\.JVlc/ig have warned that an ancient glacier in the

ofthe century Water from the glacier feeds the River Ganges which f10ws

mountain rivers depend on glacial melt, and d H'

monsoon rains provide much of the water However, these rains may well fali

e levels in future as a result of climate change.

along the western side

between

on the plains

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8 Complete the texts with a phrase from the list in each gap

You can also use an Internet search engine

time words

yet and already

• Yetcomes at the end of questions and negatives, and in BrE is used with perfect tenses

I haven't dane ityef Have you seen that film yet?

• Already is not normally used in negative sentences and it can take any position

I've dane it already / I've already dane it He's already here.

for, since, ago

• For is used with a period of time

I haven't seen him for weeks / for ages I've been waiting for an hour.

For can be used with past simple as well as present perfect

Maria lived in Rome for ayear.

• Since is used with a point of time, and comes before the time reference

I haven't seen him since last Thursday I've been waiting since 10.00.

Ilast saw him aweek ago I started waiting an hour ago.

by, until, so far

• By refers to an action which will happen at some point before a certain time, though we do notknow exactly when

1'11 cali you at six 1'11 have finished my wark by then. (= at some point before)

By the time I len I was tired. (I became tired during the time before)

• Until/ till refers to a point of time at the end of a period of time

I waited until six, and then Ilett.

1'11 be here until Thursday, but then I'm going to Paris.

• For a situation that continues into the future, we use50 far.

The police have been searching ali day, but 50 far they haven't found anything. (and they are still looking)Note that we cannot useuntil now in this context

by, past

By orpast with go can also describe time that passes

A week went by / past, and no letters came for Helen.

during, throughout

• During describes a point in a period of time, or a whole period of time

The house was broken into during the nighf. (point in a period)

During the day, cats tend to sleep. (whole period)

• Throughout emphasizes 'from the beginning to the end'

She had many successes throughout her career. (ali the time)

There were several explosions during the nighf. (at some points)

after, afterwards, later

• After is a preposition and needs an objeet.Afterwards is an adverbial meaning 'afterthat', and can stand alone

1'11 see you after the lesson.

I've got alesson now 1'/1 see you afterwards.

• Later or later on means 'at some time after this', and is more general It can combine with a timeword to make a more specific reference

Bye for now 1'11 see you la ter 1'/1 see you later this afternoon.

on time, in time

• On time means 'at the moment which was arranged' The opposite is/ate.

The train arrived exact/y on time

• In time is the opposite of too /ate.

The paramedics did not arrive in time to save the man's life. (They were tOG late to save him.)

at last, finally, in the end, at the end

• At /ast is used when something you have been waiting for happens

At last you are here! I've been waiting for 50 /ong to see you'

• Final/y introduces something that happened after a long time It is usually positioned before the verb

We finally moved into the f/at last Thursday

It also begins a sentence, to describe the last in a series of events or process, or introduce

the last thing you want to say

Finally, the products are packed in cardboard boxes and sent to the warehouse.

Finally, I'd like to propose a toast to the bride and groom.

nowadays, these days

Both are used to describe generai present time

Nowadays very few men wear hats.

Most people these days wear casual c1othes.

once, one day, at once

• Once refers to a past event, or something which used to exist but no longer does

I ance ate nothing but apples for three days!

There was ance a castle here, but it was destroyed many years ago.

Once can also meanas soon as.

Once we got on the piane, we started to relax

• One day can have past or future reference

One day I was waiting for the bus, when suddenly I saw

I hope that one day everyone in the world will have enough to eat.

• At once meansimmediately.

Please make sure you complete the letter atonce.

• Ali at ance meanssuddenly.

Ali atonce there wasaknock at the door.

in, within

In andwithin can mean 'before the end of a period of time' Within is more forma!

Helen managed to finish the exam paper in / within fifteen min utes.

Please be sure to return the completed form within fourteen days of receipt.

They can also have future reference

1'11 see you in four days / in four days' time.

next Tuesday etc

Although we useon with days and dates, we cannot useon if we usenext orlast.

1'11 see you on Friday 1'11 see you next Friday.

1 Underline the best word

a Harry has already / before / yet decided which university he wants to go to.

b I've got to go now, but 1'11see you after / later.

c If I haven't finished past / by / until six, 1'11give you a call.

d Luckily, we landed exactly in time / on time, so we were able to catch our connecting flight.

e Apparently, Samat once / once played football for Scotland.

f Kate waited for Patby / until / since 6.30, but then gave up and went home.

h Martin had a bad attack of hay-fever within / during / onthe film and had to leave.

1'11see you on next Saturday / next Saturday / the next Saturday, same place, same time.

2 Complete the sentence with one phrase from the list

at last at once by now during the night ever since

for weeks in half an hom in the end in time until 5.30

a 1'11be here 4I'1,lile),'BO ,but 1'11have to leave then.

c The whole basketball team has been training hard

d Good news! The plumber has turned up to fix the shower,

e Wait for me here, and 1'11be back

f That's very odd! Alan should have got here

h I've be en looking forward to meeting you I heard you were coming.

Tina arrived at the station just to see the train draw away fram the

platform.

I need to speak to you urgently Please come to my office

3 Complete the text with one word in each gap.

Vesuvius

Vesuvius is a volcano which started forming about 25,000 years a gqq

b its best-known eruption in 79 AD, which destroyed the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum, the volcano had c erupted many times, but its history had

be en forgotten It seemed to have d grown quiet, and was covered in gardens and vineyards e hundreds of years the Romans lived around the volcano without realizing the danger f the 79 AD eruption, which is thought to have lasted 19 hours, the volcano released about four cubic kilometres of ash and rock over a wide area Down the sides of the mountain rushed a pyrocastic tlow, a cloud of superheated gas and ash, which

g the time it reached the cities below had a temperature of about 350°C This is probably what killed their populations h the eruption of 79 AD, Vesuvius has erupted around three dozen times, with four serious eruptions i the past 100 years.

It last erupted in 1944, and j scientists learn to accurately predict the dates of serious eruptions, the risk of a sudden eruption remains a constant danger to the three million people living nearby.

4 Complete the sentence with one word.

a The convicted bank robber was sent to prison±Q[ six years

b I'm a bit busy now but I can see you on

e The contract should be ready for signing a week

d By the time we got to the theatre, the play had started

e H's ages I last read a really good novel

f There's no point in calling Chris, because he won't be awake

g I was in yom situation, so I know how you must feel

h My project is due in on Friday, but I won't have finished it then

The letter I had been waiting for arrived on Satmday morning

Sam hasn't felt well the beginning of the year

5 Choose the best word, A, B or C, for each gap

The BattLe of ThermopyLae

The Battle of Thermopylae took place nearly 2500 years a C , when the Persian King Xerxesinvaded

Greece A huge Persian armymoved down the east coast of Greece b it reached the narrow pass of

Thermopylae, which was defended by Leonidas with 300 Spartans, 600 slaves and a small number of otherGreeks The Persian army halted, and soon c a Persian scout reported to the king that the Greekdefenders were combing their hair, their custom before battle The Persians waited d four dayswhile they tried to persuade the Greeks to leave, but the Greeks held firm e on the fifth day thePersians launched ,an attack but the Greeks easily defeated them f the following two days, thePersians attacked again and again, but g the end of the second day the pass had still not beentaken, and thousands of Persians had been slaughtered On the third day a traitor, Ephialtes, offered toshow the Persians a secret path over the mountains to the rear of the Greek position h a largeforce set off and i a brief battle with the Phocians who were defending the path, the main Greekarmy was surrounded j the small Greek force was completely destroyed, but their bravery and skilland the small size of their army shocked the

Persians, and won them a place in history

Write some examples which include these phrases

Need more practice? Go to the Review on page 20B,

VI

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verb and preposition

This section lists verb + preposition foliowed by noun / verbal noun (-ing) patterns or a wh-c1ause.Some of these verbs also have verb + that-c1ause patterns, or can be foliowed by a wh-clause, or aninfinitive, but these are not listed here

Other meanings are also possible Always check with a dictionary

e

about

boast about / of dream about / of guess about protest a'bout / against

against

advise against advise on / about argue for / against argue with decide against /

in favour of decide on insure against vote against / for

at

glance at / through laugh at

from

benefit from deter from differ from distinguish sth from distinguish between resign from

result from result in suffer from

She is always boasting about her och relatives.

I've been dreaming about / of you latelyl For centuries people have guessed about the nature of the un/verse.

The students are protesting about / against the war.

We advise you against travelling alone.

He advises the government on / about global warming.

The report argued against any change /n the law Stop arguing with your sister'

I've decided against buy/ng a larger car.

We decided on Greece for our hol/day You should insure ali your belongings against theft.

More than a hundred MPs voted against the proposais.

I've only just g/anced at the pap er I haven't read it in detal!'

We weren't /aughing atyou. (a person)

Something silly happened, and we've been /aughing about it ali day

You might have to choose between your work and your sociallife.

Poor weather cannot account for the sheer number of accidents.

I admire you for your honesty

In the financial plan, you have to allow for unforeseen future costs.

I must apologize for being late The traffic is a nightmare tonight.

I b/ame myself for everything that happened They b/amed the crash on the bus driver.

We won 't charge you for use of the gym It's free for guests.

A man arrested nearby has now been charged with murder.

Let me pay for the coffee You paid last time.

Many people have benefited from the government's new polic/es.

The bad weather didn't deter people from trave/ling to the match.

How exactly does a toad differ from a frog?

It can be hard to distinguish faet from fiction.

Only experts can distinguish between genuine and fake paint/ngs.

Tom was forced to resign from the company The acc/dent resulted from poor maintenance of the rai/way tra eks.

A three-hour delay resu/ted in the patient's death.

After the acc/den( she suffered from double vision.

(See also Units 37, 38, 39, phrasal verbs.)

The goal istoinvolve workers in the decision-making prace55.

Anna specializes in Latin American dancing.

Fortunately, we succeeded in rescuing all the passengers.

You should have trusted in me alittle more.

They accused Jim of stealing three cars.

I don't approve of children staying up too late.

After along tria I, he was convicted of theft and sentenced to four years.

00you know of /about any flats to rent in this area?

That old man reminds me of my grandfather.

Police suspect the same man of breaking into four other houses nearby This is supposed to be chicken soup but it doesn't taste ofchicken!

The authar has based the book on her experiences in China.

You need to concentrate more on your written wark.

We must congratulate you on passing your driving test.

How much money you make will depend on how much you invest.

The prime minister refused to elaborate on his statement any further.

The council has imposed higher parking charges on 4x4 vehicles.

Jane insisted on seeing the doctor immediately

The restrictions no longer apply to those aver 75.

Please wait here Sameone will attend toyou shortly Twa men have confessed tostealing the lorry Louisa devotes alot of time toher children.

Could you explain thisto meplease7 Many local residents have objected tothe redevelopment scheme.

Personally I prefer tea tocoffee.

Kate referred to the matter several times when I spoke to her.

The central heating has braken down, but sameone is coming to seeto it.

Same people only associate sport with their school years.

They charged Bill with receiving stolen gaods.

The speeding car collided with a tree.

/'m sorry but you're confusing 'profit' with 'turnover'.

/'ve been dealing with this problem all morning.

I need to discuss something with you.

She pleaded with her parents to let hergo on the trip.

The school authorities provides all pupils with textbooks.

Someone almost certainly tampered with the bus and caused the crash.

Can I trust you with a secret/

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1 Underline the best word.

a The head teacher accused George fI[ /for starting the fight.

b I haven't really read the report properly I just glanced for / atit while I was on the train ( I strongly object to / forthe tone of the last paragraph of your letter.

d Sarah was involved in / with a traffic accident on hel' way to work.

e Harry pleaded with / tothe judge not to send him back to prison.

f I always confuse Katewith / on hel' sister Maggie H's hard to tell them apart.

g A diesel engine differs {rom / toa petrol engine in many important respects.

h Same business people find it har d to choose with / between their work and their family.

I insisted on / for seeing the doctor at ance, even though I did not have an appointment.

2 Complete the sentence wit h a preposition.

a The future of civilization dependsC)Vl our use of technology.

b I would advise you taking any violent exercise before the leg has healed.

c The manager feels that nabody else can be trusted the keys to the safe.

d Two boys have confessed setting fire to the school.

e l'd like to congratulate you passing the examination.

f We finally decided a camping holiday in Greece.

g ]im has been suffering severe headaches for same time.

h Helen voted the proposal, but everyone else voted against.

Harry says that his car accident has not deterred him driving again.

3 Choose the best word, A, B or C, for each gap.

Goats in My Bathroorn

Jane Howe's book Goats in My Bathroom isac: hel' experiences on a Mediterranean island Jane has always b escaping from the rat race, but has never c taking the plunge, and is trapped in a duH nine-to-five job in an insurance office After a comic episode with an amorous boss, she d the job and heads for the sun, and this is the story of hel' adventurous new life And there is plenty to e !She has

tof short-sighted builders who can't understand a word she says, and then gets

g a dispute with hel' neighbours about the mysterious disappearance of twelve goats, which the whole village h her She is also the kind of person who seems to saying the wrong thing at the wrong time, but somehow, surprise, surprise, the local population end s up completely j her How does she do it? You'H just have

to read the book.

a Aaccounted forCbased onBborrowed {rom

4 Complete each sentence with a verb from the list.

advise apply benefit blame boast concentrate provide refer specialize tamper

a If I were you, I'dc:()~c.?I't:±r::g±~HH more on studying, and forget sport for a while

b We will you with aU the necessary equipment

c Richard likes to about his success as a foatbaUer

d Some people always try to their poor performance on others

e A security guard caught someone trying to with the CCTV camera

f I think you should .HHHHthis problem to an expert

g Helen would like to in psychiatrie medicine

h Everyone in the area will trom the new social centre and sports club

The new regulations to anyone parking in the area between 8.00 and

20.00.

I you against taking this case to court, as it will not succeed

5 Complete the text with one word in each space

Wornen and the First World War

After the outbreak of war in August 1914, as more and

more men became ajYlYQly~d in the war effort,

many women replaced them at wark However, most

employers b between jobs they thought

were suitable for women, such as office work and work

in the c10thing industry, and others, such as in heavy

industry, where they believed women's skilIs

( H greatly from those of men.There were

other reasons why they did not d of

women working in heavy industry.They felt that women

would not be able to e in skilled

engineering work, and they also feared that the unions

would f on restricting such jobs to men

only By 19 16 the war effort had g In a

severe labour shortage, and the employment of women

was to some extent h H on an unwilling

nation by circumstances Soon government industries such as munitions manufacturing

i on women to a great extent, and those who hadj to women in men's

jobs were proved quite wrong, as women took on a range of jobs - engineering, welding, steel working,

bus driving - which had previously been k exclusively with men

Write some examples describing things you:

argue about dream about admire someone for approve / don't approve of

Need more practice7 Go to the Review on page 208.

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prepositions with adjectives and nouns

A selection of phrases is given here Always use a dictionary to check meaning and context Note thatother prepositions may be possible, with different meanings The most common are given here

adjective and preposition

• about angry / annoyed about something anxious about the test results upset about / over / by something not sure about the answer

amazed atthe difference / by the difference

(+similar wordsshocked, surprised)

• for eager / desperate / impatient for news famous for its cheeses

feel sorry for aperson

• from absent from school different from / tothe others

keen on gardening

• with satisfied with the work

curious about the subject pleased about / with your performance right / wrong about something sorry about / for being late

angry / annoyed at /with someone good / bad / awful/ terrible etcattennis

ready for something different responsible for the damage

free from additives safe from harm

fond of children free of charge jealous of his brother

good with his hands

e

be + participie -ed + preposition

Note that many participies are used as adjectives, see also the list above

• about I'm concerned / worried about Tom.

She was absorbed in her work I'm not interested in buying the house.

• to

I'm now resigned to the fact that I was wrong Maria is addicted to Internet chatrooms.

Peter wasn 't used tothe hot climate.

• with

We are faced with serious social problems He was confronted with adiffiwlt situation.

Are you acquainted with this article? The train was packed with people.

This meeting is concerned with the details of the scheme. (formal: is dealing with, is about)

I was bored by/with this film

noun + preposition

I have no sympathy for you

I have a lot of respect for your view

15 there room for one more?

You must take responsibility for your actions.

Sue has a good relationship with her parents.

preposition + noun phrases

• at

More than a hundred homes areatrisk.

The company wasatfault for the power cut.

• by

I went to the wrong house by mistake.

The antique vase was broken by accident.

The army took over the country by force.

/'11be staying here for the time being.

Gur team won yesterday for a change.

At any rate, nobody was injured (=anyway)

We met completely by chance.

Can I pay by cheque / by credit card?

I know this poem by heart.

Sorry, but the car is not for sale.

Please describe what happened in detai/.

Jim was in danger and had to be rescued.

You need to come to the office in person.

The doctor asked if I was in pain.

Vicky is in trouble with the police.

In theory this works, but not in practice!

In business, mistakes can be costly Sam was in tears at the end of the film.

/'mafraid the lift is out of order.

You're singing out of tunel /'ve been running and /'mout of breath.

Good news Jan is now out ofdanger.

I think Helen broke the cup on purpose.

The railway workers are on strike again.

You must be here at8 00 without fai/.

Everyone must be here, without exception.

Storms occur once a month on average

Run' The house is on fire!

• out of

I think that attitude is rather out ofda te.

It's out ofstock but wecan order it for you

The books were out of reach on the top shelf.

What a terrible shot! /'mout of practice!

• under

Under the circumstances, we accept your excuse (= considering the special ditficulties)

I was under the impression that you had finished the work. (that's what I thought)

The fire was brought under control after an hou(

• without

Please send my order without delay.

This is without (ajdoubt an important day

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1 Underline the best word.

a lane has been absent trom / at school for several days this month

b Charles is very fond for / of the sound of his own voice

c Sorry, but 1'm not acquainted with / in the details of the plan.

d Kate is still anxious for / about her exam results.

e You know that stealing is wrong! You should feel ashamed with / of yourself!

f Because we are students, we get into all the museums free (rom / of charge.

g Our town is famous for / from its medieval churches

h Is anyone interested in / with starting a tai-chi club?

The transport system is incapable (rom / of dealing with the increasing number of commuters

The minister said she was sure the stadium would be ready for / with the opening of the Games

2 Complete each sentence with a noun trom the list

chance date detail effect fault person practice purpose room time

a The teacher accused Tim of breaking the window onpUCrQSe,

b What did the closing of the factory have on you?

c My French is terrible! I'm really out of

d I found the address I was looking for completely by

e Before my parachute jump, the instructor explained in what would happen

f The computer software I've been using is now out of

g Alan was unable to receive the award inH but his manager received it on his behalf

h There's H HHHHH.HH for at least three more people at the back

I've decided to stay here for the be ing, and think about moving next yeal

The inquiry found that the builders were not at for the collapse of the building

3 Complete the text using a phrase fram the list in each gap

an effect on annoyed by at fault aware of better at by mistake

different from in business without exception wrong about

c

EFFECTIVE (OMMUNICATION

a lnQ?i$il'1,~$S how staff communicate with each other and wit h customers is vitally important Noteveryone is b the importance of using both the right language and the appropriatetone of voice You can give someone the right information, but be c the way youhave chosen to express yourself when you do this In this case, you could be sending the wrong messaged , by putting it in an inappropriate way The same issues apply to writing Theway you come across in an email may be very e H the way you speak on the phone,

or talk to someone face to face Some people may even bef what you say if youappear too friendly or tOGdistant In writing, the organization of a letter or email, its typeface and generalappearance can also have g how the message is understood In this case your style

of writing may be h HHHHH' and you may need more practice It may be true that somepeople are naturally i communicating than others, but ali staff,

j .,need training in this area, and their performance should be monitored

4 Write a new sentence with the same meaning, containing the word in capitals.

a I didn't know about the problem

lhe-b The drinks machine isn't working

c You didn't damage this chair by accident!

d David was concentrating totally on his work

e Mr Gordon gets on well with his employees

f Many people in the crowd were crying

g Send in yom application at once

h Harry can't stop playing computer games

We don't have this book in the shop, but we can order one

Robert knows a lot about genetic engineering

Complete the text with one word in each space

Nowadays we are all well agl()g[~ of the problem of globalwarming, and it is generally agreed that we are ali at b

fram rising temperatures, climate change, and changes in sea levels

Massive consumption of fossil fuels, such as oil, coal and wood, is

c for greatly increasing the amount ofCO2 in theatmosphere, and many people believe that we are d withpossible catastrophe if we cannot bring this situation under

e However, there is another side to the fact that we are

a world f to the use of petral, oil, coal and wood In

9 , there is enough oil and gas to keep industrial societiesgoing for several centuries, but in practical terms, we might have to get

h to looking for energy elsewhere, as resources dwindleand become more expensive There is no iHH for complacencywhen, onj ,an American home uses more than 30 times

as much electric light as an Indian one, and 1.6 billion people e.,j) RV

e.,

in the world have no electricity at all " :3

EXTENSION ACTIVITY

A Choose ten example sentences from the explanation pages, and translate them into your language

B Choose twenty phrases from the explanations pages, and look them up in a dictionary Note any other uses

Need more practice? Go to the Review on page 208.

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If you do that, you risk /osing the contract,

• Verbs marked * can also be foliowed by a that-clause

He admitted that he was wrong / being wrong,

• Note that the -ing form can be preceded by a possessive

I dislike your being on your own 50much.

folIowed by -ing or to-infinitive

• mean doing, mean to do

!f you accept the job, it means moving to Scotland. (= involve)

I meant to post these /etters, but I forgot. (= intend)

• suggest sameone does, suggest doing, suggest that sameone shou/d

I suggest we take the busasfar as the square and then walk.

In that case, I suggest going to seeaphysiotherapist.

I suggest that you should re-apply next year. (formal)

• can't bear, love, /ike, hate, prefer

Normally folIowed by-ing, though to-infinitive is com mon in US English In GB English, using-ing

means that the activity is enjoyed (or not)

I/ove going to the cinema, I can't stand working on aSaturday

To-infinitive wit h these verbs describes a habit, what you choose to do, or think is a good idea

llike toget up early on Saturday I prefer tobuy organie vegetab/es They can be used with a person+to-infinitive, to talk about another person's wishes

My boss prefers me to dress forma/ty at the office.

• forget, remember Forget / remember to do are used for things we intended to do (often used when we didn't dothem)

Oid you remember tophone Jack? I forgot topost my letter.

Forget / remember doing are used for thinking about a past event

I don't remember /eaving the party I have no memory of it at ali

• try Tryto dodescribes an attempt

I tried tostop him, but I failed.

Try doing describes an experience, or an experiment

Have you tried changing the batteries/ That might wark.

If yau feel faint, try putting yaur head between yaur knees,

• go on, continue

Goon / continue doing andcontinue todo are used to talk about a continuing action

The guests went on eating and drinking for three hours.

Goon to do is used to talk about the next in a series of events or actions

Hi/ary Clinton went on tobecome president three years later.

The prime minister began by describing what measures had already been taken, and went on tooutline new proposais.

• regret Regret doing describes being sorry for a past action

I regret not learning to play the piano when I was younger.

Regret to do describes a person's feelings when something happens

We regret toannounce the death of professar Angela Jackson.