+ Qua lao dong ehe tao va sijr dung cong cu lao dong, ban tay con ngufdi kheo leo dan.. da biet each chuTa nhieu loai benh khae nhau.. - Do dieu kien tU nhien : Cau ndi giao luu giuTa [r]
Trang 1CHWNG I
xA H6I NGUY£:N THUY
Cau 1
Phan tich va neu ro npi dung (thdi gian, cong cu lao dpng vd ddi song, to
chOc xa hpi) c d c giai dogn hinti thdnh, phot trien vd tan ra c u a xd hpi nguyenthuy
DAPAN
1 Thcfi ki hinh thanh
a) Thdi gian : Thdi ki hinh thanh ciia che dO xa h^i nguyen thuy tMng
lifng vdfi thdi do da cu (each day 40 000 nSm trd ve trifdfc den 3,5 tri$u nSm)
b) To chuTc xa hoi: Bay ngUdi nguyen thuy
Ngirdi thiforng c6 da c6 quan he hop quan goi la b^y ngif&i nguygn thuy,
s6'ng theo quan h§ ruot thit gom til 5 den 7 gia dinh, c6 ngiiiii Mng diu c) Cong cu lao dong va ddi song:
diiac ghh mot mat tho so Do la nhCfng chiec riu van n&ng Biet dung
lijfa vk lay lijfa
Song trong hang dong D&i song ho^n to^n phu thu6c vao s&n duoi v^ hdi lifom Do la cuoc song til nhien bap benh, keo dki trien mien may trieu nam
2 Thcfi ki phat trien
a) Thdi gian : Thdi ki phat trien cua che d6 cong xa nguyen thuy tuang
ufng v(Ji cuoi thdi do da cu, hau ki do da giQa wk do da mdri (each day 10 000 nam den 40 000 nam ve tri/dc)
b) To chvlc xa h^i: Thi tQC, bo lac
Tif khi ngudi tinh khon xua't hi§n, dan s6' d6ng len Moi nhom ngUdi c6 tr§n
diidi 15 gia dinh, gom 2 - 3 the h? c6 chung dong mau, duoc goi la thi toe
Trang 26 Chaang I. XA HQI N G U Y E N THUY
Vdi ch§' d6 cong xa thi tQC mau/h§, trong thi toe c6 sU phan cong, hdp tAc
lao dong Cac thanh vien hLfdrng thu bang nhau, cao hofn nufa la sir cong dong
Bo lac la tap hop mOt s6' thi tQC c6 ho h^ng vdi nhau GiCfa cac thi tpc
trong mpt hg lac c6 quan h$ gan bo giup d3 nhau
c) Cong cu lao d^ng va ddi song :
- Cung ten : Mot thanh tifu Idn Vdi cung t§n, ngifdi ta chuyen tii s&n
dudi sang san hAn, c6 hif u qua va an toan cao
- Riu, dao, nao, due : Dd difOc ghe deo thanh hinh dang gon va chinh
xdc, thich hop vdi titog cong vi^c, dUOc mai nhan d ria lifSi hay toan than,
duac khoan lo hay c6 nac de tra cAn
- Lirdi danh ca b^ng v6 cay
- Do go'm
Nhd C O cong cu lao d6ng t6't hcfn, thuTc an tang l§n ddng ke, nha't la thufc
an dong vat NgiTdi ta c6 the rdi hang dong ra CLT trii ngoai trcri nhieu ban
Tii san ban hai luam da tien tdti trong trot va chan nuoi Con ngifcri da bat
dau biet khai thac thien nhien, song c6 van hod (c6 "quan do" bang da thii,
vong deo co bang v6 6c, dng sdo bang xaong, dan hkng dd, )
3 Thori ki tan ra :
a) Thdi gian : Thofi ki tan ra ciia che do cong xa nguy§n thuy tiTcfng iJng
v<Ji thdi dai kim khi (each day 3 000 nam den 5 500 nam)
b) Cong cu lao dgng : Cong cu lao dong bkng kim loai
Thoat tien la dong do (5 500 nam each ngay nay) roi sau do la dong
thau Khoang 3 000 nam each ngay nay, ngifdi TSy A va Nam chau Au biet
suf dung do sat Vdti cong cu lao dpng bling kim loai nang suat lao dpng tang
len vurgt bac Ngifdi ta c6 the cay sau cudc bam, xe go dong thuyen di bien,
xe da xay difng
Day thifc sif la mgt cuoc cdch mang trong san xua't. Con ngifdi c6 the
lam ra mot lifong san ph^m thifa thifdng xuyen
c) SI/ tan ra ciia che d0 c6ng xa nguySn thuy :
- Tu hOu xuat hien : Xa hoi luc nay da c6 nhOfng chufc phSn khac nhau
Mot so ngifdi Igri dung chufc phan de chiem mpt phdn san pham thifa Ho c6
nhieu ciia cai hon ngudi khac Tif hGu bat dau xua't hi§n
7
- Giai cap xuat hien : Khi tuf hOfu xua't hien, gia dinh cung thay doi theo Do la gia dinh phu
he Kha nang lao dong cua cac gia dinh cang thuc day sif phan biet giau ngheo Ke giau ngudi ngheo, ngifdi c6 quyen, ke bi le thuoc xuat hien nhy cai bong ciia che dp tif hifu The la xa hoi chia thanh giai cap
Che do cong xa nguyen thuy tan vd Con ngifdi dang dufng trudc ngudng ciifa ciia thdi dai xa hoi c6 giai cap dau tien - thdi Co dai
(De thi chinh thutc nam 2000)
Cau 2
Ve so do ve thdi gion va moo phot trien tQ loai vaon cd den ngUdi tinh khon IVIieu ta hinhi dgng, cong cu son xua't, ddi song kinhi te va mdi quan h$ xa hoi cua ngudi tinh khon trong thdi xd hpi nguy§n thuy,
DAP AN a) Ve so do ve thdi gian va cac moc phat trien tCf vuan co den ngi/di tinh khon :
Vuan CO Ngifdi thacing co Ngi/di tinh khon
6 trieu nam 4 trieu nam 4 van nam Ngay nay
b) Mieu ta hinh dang, cong cu san xuat, ddi song kinh te va to chiic xa hoi ciia ngudi tinh khon :
- Hinh dang : + Co cau tao co the nhif ngifdi ngay nay : Tran cao, mat phang, xifong cot nho, ban tay nho, linh boat, hop so va the tich nao phat trien
+ Ldp long mong khong con, xua't hien mau da khac nhau tuy theo thdi tiet va dac diem ncfi cif trii Cac chiing toe Idn ra ddi
- Cong cu san xuat : + Biet ghe, mai hai ria ciia mot mat da cho gon han, sac canh hcfn, dung lam riu, dao, nao Biet tao ra cung ten va cac loai vu khi tho so tif xifOng thu Biet dan lifdi danh ca bang spi v6 cay, lam chi lifdi bang da't nung, lam
do gdm de difng, dun, na'u
+ Cach day khoang mot van nSm con ngifdi da tien vao thdi da mdi Ho
da tien nhanh trong viec che' tao cac cong cu bang da, hinh dang gon, nhc
va chinh xac theo yeu cau ciia tifne cong viec
Trang 38 Chiiang I. X A H O I N G U Y E N T H U Y
- D d i s o n g k i n h t e : •
+ C h u y e n tijf k i n h t e h a i liJcfm, s a n hAn s a n g c h a n n u o i v a t r o n g t r o t
N e n k i n h t e n o n g n g h i e p so k h a i d a n d a n x u a t h i e n
+ B i e t k h a i t h a c t r o n g t h i e n n h i e n c a i ckn t h i e t cho cuoc s o n g ciia m i n h ,
l a m sach nhOfng t a m d a t h u de che t h a n , l a m do t r a n g sijfc
- T o chuTc x a h o i :
+ G i a d i n h b a t d a u x u a t h i e n , h i n h t h a n h n h o m , m o i n h o m c6 k h o a n g
15 g i a d i n h , g o m 2 - 3 t h e h e g i a t r e c6 c h u n g d o n g m a u duoc g o i l a t h i t g c
+ N h i e u t h i t o e q u a n c\i t r o n g m o t k h u vifc dqoc g o i l a bo l a c , dufng d a u
bo l a c l a cac g i a l a n g h a y t i j t r i J d n g , giufa cac t h i t p c t r o n g m o t bp l a c t h q d n g
CO q u a n h e g d n bo v d i n h a u , g i u p d 8 n h a u
(Be thi de nghi cua TrUdng THPT Chuyen Tien Clang)
Cau 3
So sdnh hai gici dogn phat trien cua xd hpi thi tpc thdi nguyen thuy
DAP AN
T h d i g i a n
k i t h u a t
- 4 0 0 0 0 n a m trUdc C o n g
n g u y e n : ngiTdi t i n h k h o n
H a u k i d a cQ - do d a m d i
- 6 0 0 0 n a m trUdc C o n g
n g u y e n ^ : ngifdi t i n h k h o n
D o n g - s a t ( k i m k h i )
C o n g cu
lao d o n g
- D a o , n a o b a n g d a , r i u d a d a
m a i sac suf d u n g c6 h i e u q u a
- P h a t m i n h c u n g t e n => each
m a n g k i t h u a t
- R i u , d a o , h e m , h a i b a n g k i m
l o a i =:> n a n g sua't t a n g , ciia d u thCfa x u a t h i e n
Phqorng
thufc k i e m
s o n g
- H a i luam, s a n b a t , t r o n g t r o t
- C h a n n u o i - d a n h ca => v a i
t r o ngLfcfi d a n b a dUtfc de cao
- T r o n g t r p t , chSn n u o i , t h u y l o i ,
l a m g o m , d e t , t r a o d o i => v a i t r o ngUdi d a n b a ducrc de eao
T o chufc
x a h o i
- G i a d i n h - t h i toe
- Bo lac C o n c a i l a y t h e o h o m e
- G i a d i n h - t h i toe
- Bo lac C o n c a i l a y t h e o h o c h a
S i n h b o a t - 0 l e u (nha), m a c q u a n ao, deo
do t r a n g sure, c6 n h a c cu
- 0 n h a - cuf t r u o n d i n h , m a c
q u a n ao, deo do t r a n g sure, c6
n h a e eu
' TCf nav trudc C O H L ' nuuven duac viet In T C N
9
Q u a n h e
k i n h t e
- C l i n g l a m , c i j n g h J d n g , t i n h
c o n g d o n g cao n h a t => n g u y e n
t a c c o n g b a n g ciia x a h o i
n g u y e n t h u y
- C i i a d u thiTa x u a t h i e n d a n
d e n x u a t h i e n che do t U hHu
Q u a n h e
x a h o i
- M o i c u a e a i l a ciia c h u n g , m o i
t h a n h v i e n d e u b i n h d t n g n h i f
n h a u
- X a h p i xua't h i e n ngufdi g i a u , ngifcfi n g h e o => g i a i c a p x u a t
h i e n X a h p i n g u y e n t h u y r a n nuft v a t a n r a
(De thi de nghi cua TrUdng THPT Chuyen Ld Khiet)
Cau 4 Lgp sd do the hi^n si; tien trien cue xa hoi nguyen thuy,
DAP AN
Da cu sd ki (4 trieu ndm) (40 000 nam) Da cu hau ki (10 000 n i m ) Da mdi (5 500 nam) Kim khi
- R i u t a y t h o sot
- S a n b a t , h a i lucfm
- d t r o n g h a n g
- D a o , n a o , l a o - c u n g t e n
- H a i lifcsm, s a n b a n
- 0 n h a l e u - c6 q u a n ao,
t r a n g sufc
- R i u , dao, l i e m h a i
- L a m g o m v a det t h u cong
- C h a n n u o i , t r a o d o i ,
t r o n g t r o t
- N g i f d i thifcfng co
- B a y n g i f d i n g u y e n
t h u y
- N g a d i t i n h k h o n
- T h i t o e - bO l a c
- C l i n g l a o d o n g , h i f d n g t h u B i n h d a n g
v a k i n h t r o n g ngifcfi g i a
- G i a d i n h
p h u h e
-T i r hufu
(De thi de nghi cua TrUdng THPT Chuyen Ly TU Trong)
Cau 5 Qua nhCfng l<ien thOc lich sCf dd hpc : a) Em hdy cho blet nhCng td chCfc xd hO'i cua xd hOI nguyen thuy Quan he trong xd hpi nguyen thuy Vi sao c6 quan h$ do ?
b) SU xudt hi^n cong cu lao dOng kim loqi dd c6 y nghla nhU the ndo ?
c) Do ddu md c6 sU xudt hl^n tU hQu ? TU hOu xudt hi^n dd ddn den sU thay
ddi trong xd hpi nhU the' ndo ? i
Trang 410 Chuang I.XA HOI NGUYEN THUY 11
DAP AN a) Nhifng to chttc xa hoi cua xa hoi nguyen thuy :
- Bay ngufcfi nguyen thuy :
Day la to chuTc xa hoi dau tien ciia loai ngUdi Ho song quay quan theo
quan he ruot t h i t v6i nhau, gom 5 - 7 gia dinh Do bay gicr chtfa c6 nhCifng
quy dinh xa hoi nen ngifcfi ta goi la nhOng hop quan xa hoi
- To chufc t h i toe :
La to chufc tren dLfd'i 15 gia dinh gom 2 - 3 the he gia tre eo chung dong
mau, ducfc goi la t h i toe nhufng ngirdi "cCing ho" DuTng dau la tpc trucfng
- To ehuTe bo lac :
Bo lac la mot to chufc Idn hcfn, bao gom mot so t h i toe song canh nhau,
CO ho hang vdi nhau va cimg mot nguon goc to tien Dufng dau la tu tri/omg
- Quan he trong xa hoi nguyen thuy :
La hop tac lao dong, hufdng thu b^ng nhau su' eong dong : moi ciia cai,
moi sinh boat dufgc coi la chung
- V i sao CO quan he do ?
* Do yeu cau ciia cong viec va t r i n h do lao dong
* Tii lieu san xuat la ruong, ao, ho, rCrng chua c6 dieu kien khai thae,
nang suat thap, thufc an ehufa nhieu,
Do dieu kien t i i nhien va cuoc song kho khan, ho phai l a m chung, a n
chung, tham chi a ehung
b) SI/ xuat hien cong cu lao dong kirn loai da c6 y nghia :
- TCr 5 500 nam den khoang 4 000 nam each ngay nay, ngifcfi ta da biet
dung dong thau de due vu k h i , cong cu lao dong
- Khoang 3 000 nam trade day, dan Tay A va Nam chau A u da biet due
va dung do sSt
- Cong cu k i m k h i da mof ra thcfi dai mdi ma tac dung va nang suat lao
dong vufgrt xa thdi dai do da N h a t la sit giup ngudi khai pha, cay sau, cuoc
bSm, xe go dong thuyen, xe da Day la cuoc each mang trong san xuat, ngifofi
ta CO the l a m r a mot lugng san pham thiTa de nuoi song m i n h No da dem
iai bien d6i Idn trong san xuat va ddi song ciia ngUdi nguygn thuy
c) Su xuat hien tU hHu :
M o t so ngufori Igi dung chiiTc phan (toe trUorng, tu trudng, chi huy dan
binh, phu trach le nghi) chie'm mot phan san pham xa hoi k h i chi eho cac
cong viec chung va hufdng mot khau phan nhieu hon ngUcJi khac : tU hCTu xuat hien, quan he cong dong hi pha vd
- T L T huTu xuat hien da dSn den sU thay doi trong xa hoi :
* Do cong viec nang nhoc nhtf cay hiia, lam thuy l o i , dan binh, t i m thiJc
an ngon vat la of xa, ngufdi dan ong eo vai tro tru cot trong gia dinh Gia dinh phu he xuat hien thay the cho gia dinh binh dang thcfi nguyen thuy
* Kha nang lao dong eiia cac gia dinh cung thiic day them sU phan biet giau ngheo
* Nhijfng ngirori eo chufc phan chiem doat mot phan san pham xa hoi lam cua rieng
NhU vay, xa hoi da phan chia thanh ke giau ngUdi ngheo, ke c6 quyen life va nguori hi le thuoc Xa hoi phan chia thanh giai cap Nhufng ngu:cfi c6 dia vi k i n h te, chinh t r i to chufc ra bo may nha nUde de bao ve quyen Igi eiia minh , xa hoi nguyen thuy tan ra
(De thi de nghi cua TrUdng Trung hoc Chuyen ban Thi xS Cao Lanh)
Cau 6
Lgp bang so sdnh, phan tich sa khac nhau ve : Nien dgi, thdi dgi khao c d , kT thugt che t a c va logi hinh cong c u lao dpng, phUdng thC/c kiem song, ddi song vgt chdt vd guan he xd hoi g\Qa hai thdi ki b a y ngLfdi nguyen thuy vd
cong xd thj tgc
DAP AN
Bay ngUcJi nguyen thuy Cong xa thj tpc
1) Nien dai
- Cach day khoang tii
4 trieu nam den 4 van nam
- Cach day khoang tii 4 van nam
den 6 000 nam
2) Thdi k i do
da cu
- T i i thdi scf k i da cu den het thdi trung k i
da cu
- T d thdi hau k i da eii den het thdi da mdi
3)
K i thuat che tac va loai hinh cong
cu lao dong
- Ngudi thugng cd bat dau biet che cong eu goi la do da cu (tho kech), thay r i u tay
"van nang"
- Cach ngay nay tii 4 van nam
den 1 v a n nam T C N : Vdi k i thuat ghe da, ngudi t i n h khon che tao ra nhieu loai cong cu cam tay nhu riu, dao, nao, lao, va biet che cung ten
Trang 512 Chaong I XA HOI N G U Y E N THUY
- Cdch ng^y nay tif 1 van nSm
den 6 000 nSm : Vdi k i thuat mai,
khoan, cifa (dd), con ngucri biet che tao nhieu loai cong cu thich hop cho tCrng cong viec, h i n h dang
gon, dep, chinh xac va biet Ikm
do gom, dan l\Xdi (danh ca)
4)
PhUorng thufc
kiem song
- S&n hit, h d i lucfm TU s&n ban, h a i luom, ddnh ca,
tien tdi biet trong trot va chSn
nu6i 5)
Dori so'ng
vat chat
- C6n dua v^o tu
nliien, ddi so'ng bap benh, thap kem
- NgU&i tliuTcfng CO song
cf hang dong, mai da,
- Biet giO liifa va tao
ra liifa
- Con ngUori biet khai thdc thien nhi§n phuc vu cuoc s6'ng :
+ Chii d6ng t i m k i e m thuTc an
+ Chuyen tii k i n h te hAi lufcfm
sang san xua't
- Ngucfi t i n h khon biet cir t r u
"nha cijfa", c6 nhu cau che t h a n cho a m v ^ cho "c6 van hoa", biet dung do trang siJc
6)
Quan he
xa hoi
Co quan he hop quan
xa hoi : Co ngirdi dilng dau, c6 phan cong viec
giCIa nam va nU, cung
chSm soc tre em
- Xuat hien t h i toe, bo lac
- Hop tac lao dong
- Cung lam, cung hudng nhiT nhau
- Mang t i n h cong dong
- Khong c6 tir hQu va hoc lot
(Be thi de nghi cua TrUdng THPT Ben Tre)
Cau 7
Co may quan diem ve nguon goc loai ngudi ? Daa vao nhJng thdnh ti/u
khoa hoc da dUdc hoc hoqc doc them, hdy trinh bay quan diem cua em ve
van de nay
DAP AN
- Co hai quan diem ve nguon go'c loai ngi^di :
+ Quan dig'm duy tam, ton giao (do thifong de, t h a n thdnh tao ra)
+ Quan diem duy vat khoa hoc (do mot dong vat cao cd'p - giong vUcfn cd
bien hoa thanh)
13
- Thanh tiTu khoa hoc chufng minh : + Khoa hoc da t i m dufoc hkng chu'ng noi len sir phat trien lau dai ciia
sinh gidi : Dong vat cap thap len dong vat cap cao D i n h cao ciia qua trinh
nay la sir chuyen bien tiT vUOn t h a n h ngudi
+ CJ chfing dau ciia qua t r i n h phat trien, xuat hien loai viTOn c6, c6 the
duTng va di bang hai chan Xirong hoa thach duac t i m thay or Dong Phi - Tay
A - Trung Quo'c va Viet N a m + Cdch ngay nay khoang 4 trieu nam viTcfn cd chuyen bien thanh ngudi
thirong cd (neu mot so d&c diem cua ngUdi thiTcfng cd) D i cot t i m thay of
Dong Phi, Gia-va (In-do-ne-xi-a), Bac K i n h (Trung Qudc)
+ Qua lao dong, che tao cong cu va suf dung cong cu, con ngiTdi tiTng
hudc t\i cai bien, hoan thien minh
- Quan diem duy vat khoa hoc la dung dan
(De thi de nghi cua Trt/dng THPT Nguyen Du)
Cau 8
a) Neu di§n bien hai bade nhdy vot trong qua trinh tl§'n hod tO vao'n thanh ngadi hi0n dpi,
b) "Con ngadi ta cai bien minh, hodn thi$n minh tang bade nhd lao dpng" (sdch gido khoa Ljch sCf Idp 10, trang 4)
- Hdy gidi thich y kien tren
- Khi lao dpng chdn toy gidm di dang ke, con ngadi se ta cdi bien minh bdng each ndo de gia dadc chdn toy vd hinh ddng dep de ?
DAPAN a) DiSn bien hai bade nhay vot trong qua trinh tien hoa tCf vMn thanh ngadi:
- BiXdc nhay vot thuf nhat : VUdn thanh ngudi thifong cd : + Viron cd song each ngay nay khoang 6 trieu nam d Dong Phi, Tay A , Trung Qud^c va a Viet N a m
+ C6 the di dufng bang hai chan, dung tay de cam nam, Sn thiTc vat va dpng vat nhd
Cach day 4 trieu nSm viTcfn cd bien thanh ngiTcfi thifong cd
Ngirdi thirpng cd di diJng bang hai chan, doi tay duorc tiT do de suf dung
cong cu Nao da xuat hien trung t a m phat tieng noi, d i cot t i m thay d
In-do-ne-xi-a, Dong Phi, B^c Kinh
+
Trang 6-I-14 Chifang I XA HOI N G U Y E N T H U Y
- Bade nhay vot thur h a i : Ngtrcfi thugng c6 t h a n h ngudi t i n h k h o n :
+ Khoang 4 v a n nSm each ngay nay, ngudi t i n h k h o n xuat hien con goi
la ngufdi hien d a i
+ Ngirdi t i n h khon c6 cau tao ccr the n h u ngifcri hien dai, xuat hien chung toe
+ D i cot ngudi t i n h k h o n t i m thay d khap eac chau lue t r e n the gidi
b) Giai thich y kien ''Con ngifdi tut cai hien minh, hoan thien minh titng bifdc
nhd lao dong":
+ Qua lao dong ehe tao va sijr dung cong cu lao dong, ban tay con ngufdi
kheo leo dan
+ Do lao dong, eo the con ngu&i cung bien doi theo de c6 t u the thich hop
+ Do nhu eau lao dong, n h u cau trao ddi tie'ng n o i xuat hien va ngay
cang t h u a n thuc
N h d lao dong con ngudi da ho^n t h i g n m i n h
- Sir cai bien cua con ngudi trong tuong l a i :
+ Lao dong chan tay giam d i , nhung sir t i e n hoa ciia loai ngudi h i e n nay
khong hoan toan 1$ thuoc vao lao dong ma phan I d n le thuoc vao t r i n h dp
van m i n h
+ Con ngirdi se c6 nhuTng phiTong phap t h i c h hop de giiir va l a m tang ve
dep h i n h the cua m i n h :
Tap the due, the thao
* Tao r a m o i trirdng song t h i c h hop k h i m o i trUdng ben ngoai thay ddi
bat l o i cho viec duy t r i h i n h dang dep
(De thi de nghi cua TrUdng THPT Nguyen Du)
Cau 9
Trinh b a y tinh c p n g d o n g c u a thi t o e , q u a d o n e u b a n chd't c u a x d h o i
n g u y e n t)rty^y ? H d y n e u sU g i b n g n h a u v d l<hac n h c j c o b a n giCa x d h p !
n g u y e n t h u y v 6 i x d h p i c p n g son v d n minh
DAP AN a) Tinh cong dong ciia thi tgc :
- Co sd tao n e n t i n h cong dong : H a i nguyen tSc vang la hop tac lao
dong (hop sdc k i e m &n) va hudng t h u bfing nhau (chia deu thdc an)
- T h i toe CO t i n h cong dong v i t h d i nguyen thuy cong cu qua tho so,
nang suat lao dong thap nen con ngirdi phai dua vao nhau m d i t o n t a i diroc
T i n h cong dong la nen tang eua t h i toe
15
Ban c h a t cua x a h o i n g u y e n t h u y : L a m o t x a h o i cong b a n g va b i n h dang,
t i n h cong d o n g b i i t buoc do con ngiTdi p h a i diTa vao n h a u de t o n t a i
b) So sanh xa hoi nguyen thuy va xa hoi cong san van minh :
Npi dung
so sanh
Xa hpi nguyen thuy
Xa hoi cpng san van minh
Ban chat B i n h dang, cong bang B i n h dang, cong bang
Co sd v a t chat xa h o i
Cong cu tho so N a n g sua't lao dong tha'p, c h i dii a n ,
k h o n g CO thira
Cong cu phat t r i e n va hoan
t h i e n N a n g sua't lao dong cao, ciia cai v a t chat dii cho
t a t ca m o i ngiTdi
Y thdc T i n h cong dong b ^ t buoc T i i nguyen l a m theo nang luc
hirdng theo nhu cau
(De thi dc nghi cua Tntdng THPT Mac Dinh Chi)
CHlfONG I I
X A H O I C O D A I
Cau 1 0
Trinh b a y nhQng t h d n h t i i u n d i b g t c u a n e n v d n h o d c d d p i p h U d n g D o n g ?
C h o b i e t t h d n h t a u n d o c 6 y n g h l a Idn nhd't d o i v d i v d n m i n h lodi n g i i d i ?
DAP AN a) NhCfng thanh ti/u ndi bat cua nen van hoa c6daiphiiOng Dong:
- Lich siV t h i e n v a n : + T h i e n v a n hoc va lich l a nganh khoa hoc r a d d i sdm nhat, xuat phat tCr nhu cau san xuat nong nghiep
+ Ngudi phirong Dong c6 dai da biet nghien eufu boat dong ciia M a t T r d i ,
M a t T r a n g va quan sat cac ngoi sao d i chuyen t r e n bau t r d i TiT n h d n g hieu biet t h i e n v a n hoc sO k h a i , ngiTdi ta t i n h chu k i t h d i gian va mua
+ Ngudi A i Cap cd dai t i n h difoc m o t n a m cd 360 ngay, chia t h a n h 12 thang Ngudi Ludng H a con chia m o t t h a n g cd 4 tuan, m o t ngay dem c6 12 gid, mot gid cd 30 phut
Trang 716 Chuang II XA HOI CO DAI 17
+ NgUori Ladng H a con xay d a i t h i e n v a n 7 tang, t i n h dMc n h a t thiTc,
nguyet thiTc
- Chur viet va g h i chep :
+ ChOf viet xuat hien sdm nhat d A i Cap, each day 5000 nam den 6000 nam
+ Dang ehuf dau t i e n a A i Cap la chuf tUcrng h i n h CJ Lxidng H a eo ehiJ
t i e t h i n h eua ngudi Su-me
+ Ve sau phat t r i e n t h a n h chijf tiTdng y
- PhUcfng tien g h i chep :
+ NgUdi A i Cap viet t r e n giay pa-pi-rut
-I- NgLTcfi Lufdng H a viet chu" t r e n d a t set r o i nung kho
+ NgUori T r u n g Quo'e khae chiJ t r e n xuTctng t h u , m a i riia Ve sau viet t r e n
the t r e (hoae true) va lua
- Toiin hoc :
+ NgLfdi A n Do da sang tao ra chO so 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, , 9, ke ca so 0
+ NgUdi A i Cap r a t gioi ve h i n h hoe, t i n h duoc so' Pi - 3,16 va biet t i n h
dien tich cac hinh, ,
-I- NgLfdi Lifong Ha gioi ve so hoc, biet l a m 4 phep t i n h , phan so (2/3,
5/6, 3/6) va k h a i can bae 2, bac 3,
V6i nhOrng cong thuTe, d i n h l i ngiiori phuong Dong eo dai da c6 the l a m
nhCTng bai toan phuTc tap Nhijfng hieu biet ve toan hoc eua hp da de l a i nhieu
k i n h nghiem quy bau, chuan h i cho bifdc phat t r i e n cao hon d thdi k i sau
- K i e n true, dieu khSc :
Ngirdi phuong Dong c6 d a i eo nhieu cong t r i n h k i e n true, dieu khae tuyet
vc/i, do so , the hien su lao dong sang tao va t a i nang ciia con ngudi
+ T h a n h t h i c6 Ha-rap-pa a A n Do
+ O Luflng H a c6 t h a n h t h i cd Ba-bi-lon, vudn treo Ba-bi-lon, tiiong dau
bo v.v
+ d A i Cap C O K i m tu' thap, tuong N h a n sU
- Y hoc :
+ NgUcfi A i Cap hieu ro ve cau tao ca the con ngirdi (nhd iJdp xae )
+ Ngudi Ludng H a , T r u n g Qude, A n Do, da biet each chuTa nhieu loai
benh khae nhau
h) Thanh tUu c6 y nghia Idn nhat dd'i v d i nen v a n m i n h loai ngi/di la chuf
viet, v i day la m o t phat m i n h Idn, bieu hien v a n m i n h cua loai ngudi
(Oc thi I hinh Ihuc nJm 2U(>ii<
Cau 11
So v6i vdn hod c d dgi phaong Dong, van hod c d dpi Hi Lap vd R6-ma phdt trien nhiJ the ndo (ve mat lich, chQ viet, khoa hoc, van hoc, ngh$ thugt) ? Vi sao van hod c d dgi Hi Lap vd Ro-ma Igi phdt trien dUdc nha the ?
DAP AN a) Van hoa cd dai Hi Lap va Ro-ma phat trien han trud'c :
- Ve lich : + Caeh t i n h lich c h i n h xac h o n va r a t gan v d i hieu biet ngay nay Quan niem va ecf sd t i n h lich la DdOng lich (phuong Dong la A m lich)
+ Quan niem T r a i D a t n h u qua cau t r d n
-I- Ngufdi Rd-ma da t i n h diioe m o t n a m cd 365 ngay va 1/4, nen ho dinh
mot t h a n g Ian lufot cd 30 va 31 ngay, r i e n g t h a n g h a i cd 28 ngay ; cdn ngudi phUflng Dong t i n h m o t n a m chi cd 360 ngay dem
+ Hieu biet ve lich eiia ngUdi H i Lap va Rd-ma la ccf sd de t i n h lich ngay nay
- Ve ehU viet : + Phuong Dong cd chU tugng h i n h H i L a p va Rd-ma da sang tao ra he thong chu cai Day la m o t phat m i n h va cong hien Idn lao ciia cU d a n D i a
T r u n g H a i cho loai ngUdi
- Ve khoa hoc : + Phuong Dong chi m d i diing l a i d nhOng hieu biet khoa hoc, cdn cU dan Dia T r u n g H a i da biet k h d i quat t h a n h nhUng d i n h l i , d i n h de dat eo sd cho cac nganh khoa hoc ngay nay
-I- Neu m o t so' d i n h luat va m o t sd nha khoa hoe tieu bieu
-I- Sd hoc : PhUotng Dong chi la sU g h i chep t a n m a n , thuan tuy "bien
nien" Cac suf gia H i Lap va Rd-ma da biet t a p hop t a i lieu, phan t i c h va
t r i n h bay ed he thd'ng l i c h sd mot nUdc hay mot C U Q C chien t r a n h + Neu t e n m o t sd n h a sd hoc va cac tac p h a m cua ho : He-rd-dd't, Ta-xit,
-I- Dia l i : N h a dia l i hoc Xtra-bdn cua H i L a p eo dai ed nhieu ddng gdp
noi tieng trong viec t i m hieu vung Dia Trung H a i va de l a i nhieu t a i lieu cd gia t r i
- Van hoe : + d phuong Ddng mdi chi cd van hoc dan gian, d Dia Trung H a i da xuat hien nhUng nha van-r6-ten'tiaei,-4e4ai-^^^^ gia t r i den ngay nay
Trang 818 Chaang II XA H p I CO DAI 19
+ Neu nhOrng nha van noi tieng va nhufng tac pham ciia ho : Ho-me-ra,
Xo-phoc-lor,
- Nghe thuat :
+ d phu-otng Dong cd nhufng cong t r i n h do so nhu : V a n h' trUcfng thanh,
K i m t u thap, con a H i Lap va R6-ma de l a i nhieu tifcfng va den dai mang
gia t r i hien thuc, nhan dao va tror thanh nhOng kieu mSu cho ddi sau ;
Tuong liic SI nem dia, than Ve nuT Mi-16 Cac cong t r i n h kien true cung dat
tdi t r i n h do tuyet m i n h i f : Den Pac-te-nong, dau triTdng Co-li-de,
b) V a n hoa cd dai H i Lap, R6-ma c6 the phat trien difcfc n h u the v i :
- Thdi gian hinh thanh : Ra ddi muon hon cac qudc gia cd dai phifong
Dong (hang nghin nam) do do da tiep thu ke thira nen van minh ciia cac
quo'c gia cd dai phuorng Dong
- Do dieu kien tU nhien : Cau ndi giao luu giuTa cac vung, tiep xuc vdi
bien da md ra cho ho mot chan trdi m d i
- Sq phat trien cao han ve mat k i n h te, chinh t r i xa hoi : Co sd k l
thuat, dd sat, k i n h te cong thiTOng nghiep va hang hai ; vai t r d ciia tang Idp
t r i thufc xa hoi
Ket luan : Cac dieu kien tren la co sd de cac dan toe H i Lap va Rd-ma
sang tao ra nen van hoa cao hon thdi trqdc
(De thi chinh thClc nam 2002)
Cau 12
Doc d o g n viet sou d a y vd chi ra nhQng chi tiet khong d u n g :
NhQng dieu ki^n hinh thanh yo phdt trien c u a c d c q u d c gia c d d q i phUdng
Dong :
1 Che dp cong xd thi tpc tan rd, thdi ki mdi bdt dau bang sa xudt hi$n ta hQu,
2 Lau vac c d c ddng song Idn d chdu A - Phi Id ndi cd di§u ki^n thuqn Idi de
xd hpi c d giai c a p vd nhd nadc x.udt hi^n
3 Khodng 2000 ndm TCN c a ddn d lau vac ndy dd biet sCf dung cong cu
b d n g s d t i,
4 c a ddn song gdn bd vdi nhau bdi cong tdc thuy Idi
5 Ho so'ng chu y e u bdng nghd chdn nudi gia sue Idn
6 Ho xdy dang dadc nhOng kim ta thdp cd gid trj ngh# thugt cao chQa
d a n g nhieu kTthudt kien true phac t a p
7 Ket c d u xd hpi taang Qng vdi nen kinh te ndng nghiep thdm canh,
DAP AN
Chi tiet khong dung :
3 Khoang 2000 n a m T C N cU dan d liJu vqc nay da biet suf dung cong cu bang sat
5 Ho sd^ng chu yeu bang nghe chan nudi gia sue Idn
6 Ho xay dqng duoc nhiJfng K i m t q thap c6 gia t r i ngh§ thuat cao chila dung nhieu k i thuat kien true phdc tap
(Oe thi de nghi cua TrUdng THPT Phu Nhuan)
Cau 13
Hdy Idp b a n so sdnh nhQng d d c diem ve kinh te - xd hpi vd chinh trj c u a c d c
q u d c gia c d d q i phQdng Ddng vdi c d c q u d c gia c d d q i Dia Trung Hdi
DAP AN
Bang so sanh :
Dac diem
Cac qudc gia
cd dai phi/dng Dong
Cac qudc gia cd dai Dja Trung H c i i
K i n h te'
Dieu kien t i i nhien thuan Iqi :
d liiu vqc cac ddng song Idn, miia deu dan, k h i hau am
ndng
K i n h te : Nong nghiep t h a m canh, t h u cong nghiep, chan nuoi
Nhor cd bien Dia Trung H a i nen
sq giao thong giufa cac nufdc vdi nhau thuan Iqi Phan Idn lanh thd la n u i va cao nguyen Dat
canh tac i t , khong mau md ->
k i n h te thu cong nghiep, thiiong nghiep phat trien
Xa hoi Phan chia t h a n h 3 giai cap :
- Quy tdc : Tang Idp cd dac quyen
- Nong dan cong xa : Tang Idp xa hoi can ban va la thanh phan san xuat chu yeu
- No le : L a m viec hau ha trong cung dinh, den mieu, nha quy toe va nhufng cong viec nang nhoc nhat
Xa hpi CO 3 giai cap :
- Chu no : Rat giau, cd the luc
k i n h te, chinh t r i
- B i n h dan : D a n t q do cd nghe nghiep, t a i san, t q sinh sdng
b i n g lao dong ciia ban t h a n
- No le : Chiem so luqng Idn la Iqc lufong san xua't chii yeu, phuc
vu cac nhu cau ddi sdng, hoan toan le thupc vao ngUdi chii mua minh Khong c6 chiit quyen nao
Trang 920 Chaang II XA H p I CO DAI 21
- Che' dp quan chu chuyen
che trung Ucfng tap quyen,
vua ty xUng la "Thien tuf" c6
quyen hanh tuyet doi ve
chinh tri, quan siJ va ca ton
giao
- Che dp dan chii : Chinh quyen thupc ve cac cong dan : Dai hoi cong dan bau va cijr ra cac co quan nha nudc, quyet dinh moi cong viec ciia nha nUdc (tinh chat dan chu rong rai)
- The che nay dua tren sir b6c lot
no le : Chi la nen chuyen chinh ciia giai cap chu no
(De thi de nghi cua TrUdng THPT Nguyen Du)
Cau 14
Hc3y neu c a c d g c diem c u a c a c q u o c gia c d dgi phUdng Dong va c d c q u o c
gia c d d q i Dia Trung Hai ve c a c m O t : ,
- Ldnh thd q u o c gia
- The c l i e nha niJdc
Giai thich VI sac Iqi c 6 nhOng d g c diem khac nhau nhtj v g y ?
DAP AN
1 Dac diem cd ban ve lanh tho quoc gia
a) Pbirang Dong:
Lanh thd quoc gia la vung dat dai rong 16n (hfu vuc song Idn) phat trien
thanh cac quo'c gia Idn
b) Dia Trung Hai:
Lanh tho quoc gia la vung dat dai nho hep phat trien th^nh cac thanh bang
2 Giai thich :
- O phuong Dong dan ctf tap trung tai cac vijng dong bfing ven cac song
Idn nhir song Nin, An, HSng, Hoang Ha, khong bi doi nui chia cSt
Do nhu cau thuy loi, nen can tap trung mot so dan rat dong, lien minh
nhieu bo lac, vi vay d phuong Dong da xuat hien cac quoc gia c6 lanh tho
rong Idn
- O vung Dia Trung Hai dat dai bi doi niii va cac eo bien chia cat thanh
cac vung thung lung nho hep, dan ciT tiTng viJng song ngan each nhau Dat
canh tac ft, kho cuTng, nong nghiep it phat trien
NgLfOc lai, thii cong va thifcfng nghiep phat trien cao nhd tai nguyen khoang san phong phu va giao thong dudng bien thuan loi Nghe luyen sSt cung la mot nghe thu cong
Kinh te cong - thuong khong can phai tap trung mot so' dan dong nhu a
phiiong Dong (vi nhu cau thuy loi) Vi vay, d Dia Trung Hai da xuat hien cac thanh bang
3 Dac diem ve mat nha nifoTc :
a) Phuang Dong:
Che do chuyen che cd dai DiJng dau bp may nha nifdc la vua va la vua chuyen che
b) Dia Trung Hai:
The che dan chii (dan chii chii no) Tat ca cac cong dan hop thanh Dai hoi cong dan, bau va ciJf ra cac co quan nha nifdc, quyet dinh moi cong viec nha nUdc
4 Giai thich :
a) Phuang Dong:
Nen kinh te ndng nghiep la chu yeu Vi nhu cau thuy loi, phai huy dong mot so dong dan
Vua chuyen che vi thufdng la ngifdi co cong tap hop va tiTOng trutig cho
su thong nhat dat niJdc
Vua giOf dac quyen ve chinh tri va ton giao
b) Dia Trung Hai:
Nen kinh te difa chii yeu tren thu cong va thiTOng nghiep Do sSt ra ddi khong chi cd tac dung canh tac ma con md ra mot trinh do ki thuat cao Thii cong nghiep phat trien cao va toan dien Ve thuong nghiep, md rong buon ban trong khu vUc va cdc ntfdc phuang Dong
Gidi chu no trd nen giau cd nhd san xuat, buon ban va bdc lot sdc lao dong cua no le Ho cd the luc ca ve kinh te iSn chinh tri Ho ru sach anh hudng v^ dia vi ciia tang Idp quy toe cu song gan vdi rupng dat
Uy the cua quy toe xuat than la bo lao ciia thi toe da b; danh bat Day
la mdt qua trinh dau tranh gay go quyet liet mdi gianh difoc thang Ipi
Thang loi quyet dinh cua cupc dau tranh nay la sU hinh thanh mot the che dan chii
(De thi rfe nghi ciia TrUtlng THPT Chuyen Le Hong I'hong)
Trang 1022 Chuang II. XA HQ I CO DAi
Giai thich t h a n h b a n g la gi ? Vi sao d Dia Trung Hai x u d t hi^n t h a n h b a n g ?
Phdn t i c h t h e c h e c h i n h trj c u a t o chC/c t h a n h b a n g (A-ten) So sdnh t h e c h e
c h i n h tri t h a n h b a n g (A-ten) v 6 i c h e d p c h u y e n c h e co' d g i d p h U b n g D o n g
DAP AN a) SU ra ddi cua to chtic thanh bang a Dia Trung Hai:
- Do dat dai phan tan nho, khong c6 dieu kien tap trung dong dan c\i a
nipt noi
- CiT dan song b l n g nghe thu cong va buon ban nen khong can tap
trung dong due
Moi vung la giang son cua mot bo lac (mot nUdc) gom thanh t h i va mot
vung dat dai trong trot xung quanh Trong thanh bang cU dan song tap trung
d thanh t h i Thanh t h i c6 pho' xa, lau dai, den thcf, san van dong, nha hat va
quan trong hon ca la c6 ben cang Cho nen goi nU6c do la thanh bang
b) The che chinh tri ci/a thanh bang (A-ten):
- M 6 i t h a n h bang la mot nUdc rieng, c6 co quan hanh chinh rieng, quan
dpi rieng, luat phap rieng, tap quan rieng
- DiJng dau thanh bang la mot H p i dong do dan bau, nhiem k i mot nam
Chii no va binh dan c6 quyen cong dan, con kieu dan va no le khong c6
quyen cong dan
- Day la the che dan chii trong t h d i cd dai (dudfi cac h i n h thUc dan chu
chu no, cong hoa quy tpc) hoac h i n h thufc dai hpi nhan dan
- O Dia Trung H a i , thanh bang c6 the che dan chii phat trien cao nhat
la A-ten :
+ Hon 3 van cong dan hop thanh dai hpi cong dan, bau ra " H p i dong
500", cuf ra cac co quan quyet d i n h moi cong viec nha nUdc (300 000 no le va
15 000 kieu dan khong c6 quyen cong dan)
+ " H p i dong 500" c6 vai tro n h u "Qudc hpi", nhiem k i mot nam O day
bau 10 vien chUe dieu hanh cong viec (nhu kieu mpt chinh phii) va cung c6
nhiem k i mot nSm Cac vien chUc nay c6 the t a i ciJf neu dupc bau
c) So sanh v6i che do chuyen che c6 dai phucfng Dong :
Mac du van con ban che la no le, kieu dan va phu nU khong c6 quyen
cong dan, nhUng so vdi che dp chuyen che' cd dai d phuong Dong t h i nen dan
chu chu no A-ten tien bp hon V i d phuong Dong mpi quyen lUc tap trung vao
23
nha vua Vua n i m t h d n q u y i n va phdp quy^n, t u quyet dinh mpi cong vi$c ciia nha nudc Con c^c thanh bang or Dia Trung H a i (dac biet la A-ten)
t h i chii no va b i n h dan la nhCfng cong dan thUc thu)
(Be thi de nghl cua Tri/dng THPT Ben Tre)
Cau 16
Trinh b a y nhOng d g c trtfng ve kinh t^, xd hpi chinh trj c u a che d p c h i e m no Hi
L a p , R d - m a Tinh c h d t d i e n hinh c u a xd hpi c h i e m n o t h e hipn nhU t h e n d o ?
DAP AN a) Nhvfng dac trifng ciia che dg chii'm nd Hi Lap, Rd-ma :
(xem cau 13, muc cac qudc gia cd dai Dia Trung Hai)
b) Tinh chat dien hinh cua xa hgi chiem nd :
- So luong dong dao ciia no le trong xa hpi (A-ten cd 30 ngan cong dan
nhUng CO den 300 ngan nd 1§)
- Vai tro lao ddng quan trong cua nd le trong cac nganh k i n h te nong nghiep, cdng thuong nghiep, mau dich hang hai
- Su hoc lot triet de lao dpng nd 1$ da t r d thanh quan he bdc lot chii dao
(De thi de nghi cua TrUdng THPT Chuyen Ly TU Trong)
Cau 17
N e u d i e u kipn ta nhien v d nhOng t d c d p n g c u a nhQng didu kipn d 6 d e n siJ hinh
t h d n h v d p h d t trien c u a c d c q u c ' c gia c d d g i phiJdng E)dng v d Dja Trung Hdi
• >
DAP AN a) Dieu ki$n tU nhiSn :
- Luu vuc cac sdng Idn is chau A , chau Phi ( song N i n d A i Cap, Lu9ng
Ha d I-r^c, sdng A n va song Hang d A n Dp, Hoang Ha va Duong TiJf d Trung Qudc, song Hong d Viet Nam, ), noi cd nhUng dieu k i ^ n tU nhien thuan Ipi
la noi xa hdi cd giai cap va nha nUdc xua't hien
+ NhUng ntfi nay c6 nhieu da't canh tac, cd mUa deu dan theo mua, cd
k h i hau am nong, (trU Trung Qudc, nhUng cung khdng lanh nhU ngay nay),
dan C U tap trung kha dong theo tUng bp lac tren cac them da't cao gan song
+ Mac du cong cu bang ddng con hie'm (chii yeu con cong cu da, tre va Sd) nhung hoan canh t u nhien da bu d^p lai ra't nhieu cho con ngUcri Ddng
bang van song rpng cho phep tap trung nhieu sure lao dpng Mua mUa hSng