GIÁO TRÌNH TIẾNG ANH CHUYÊN NGÀNH ĐIỆN TỬ VIỄN THÔNG HỌC VIỆN KỸ THUẬT MẬT MÃ

The author would like to express the sincere thanks to the Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunication, the lecturers in the faculty, doctors, and experts majoring in electronics and telecommunication for their great help in compiling this course book.The author also would like to express the deep gratitude to Board of Directors of the Academy of Cryptography Techniques, the Faculty of Basic Sciences and the Division of English Language for their thorough support in compilation of this course book.The English for Electronics and Telecommunication course book is compiled for the first time, unexpected mistakes can not help being made. Therefore, comments from all readers on this book are always welcome and highly appreciated.

ENGLISH FOR ELECTRONICS AND

TELECOMMUNICATION

ACADEMY OF CRYPTOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES

MA MAI THI HAO

NHÀ XUẤT BẢN THÔNG TIN VÀ TRUYỀN THÔNG

ACADEMY OF CRYPTOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES

MA MAI THI HAO

ENGLISH FOR ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION (FOR CONFIDENTIAL AND INTERNAL CIRCULATION)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v

INTRODUCTION v

UNIT 1: ELECTRONICS 1

WHAT IS ELECTRONICS? 1

ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING 6

EDUCATION AND TRAINING OF ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING 12

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND ANALOGE ELECTRONICS 17

UNIT 2: ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS 23

WHAT IS AN ELECTRONIC COMPONENT? 23

A TRANSITOR 29

INTERGRATED CIRCUITS 35

SOME PASSIVE ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS 42

A DIODE 48

A TRANSFORMER 50

UNIT 3: TELECOMMUNICATION 52

WHAT IS TELECOMMUNICATION? 52

A BRIEF HISTORY OF TELECOMMUNICATION 57

BASIC ELEMENTS OF A TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM 62

IMPACTS OF TELECOMMUNICATION ON MODREN SOCIETY 67

UNIT 4:TRANSMISSION AND SWITCHING 69

PACKET SWITCHING 69

TYPES OF TRANSMISSION MEDIUMS 74

FIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATION 79

RADIO PROPOGATION 85

UNIT 5: RADIO COMMUNICATION 87

RADIO COMMUNICATION 87

APPLICATION OF RADIO IN BROARDCASTING 98

TWO-WAY RADIO 103

UNIT 6: EMBEDDED SOFTWARE SYSTEMS 106

INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 106

CHARACTERISTICS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 112

OVERALL ARCHITECTURE OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 117

EMBEDDED SOFTWARE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT 125

UNIT 7: COMPUTER-AIDED-DESIGN 133

WHAT IS COMPUTER-AIDED-DESIGN? 133

OVERVIEW OF COMPUTER-AIDED-DESIGN SOFTWARE 137

3D COMPUTER GRAPHICS 14041

UNIT 8: ROBOTICS 14546

WHAT IS ROBOTICS? 146

COMPONENTS OF ROBOTICS 150

ROBOTS 156

ROBOT OPERATING SYSTEM 161

MODERN ROBOTS 164

Wordlists 168

References 183

The English for Electronics and Telecommunication course book is compiled forthe first time, unexpected mistakes can not help being made Therefore, commentsfrom all readers on this book are always welcome and highly appreciated.

The author

and the knowledge of parts of speech learnt though General English including

English 1, English 2, and English 3 are not provided Thirdly, this book helps students improve different language skills in which reading comprehension,

translation, and speaking or presentation are the first priority Next, the topics

in the book are very close to students, especially they relate to almost fundamentalknowledge in the electronics and telecommunication area, which helps to motivatethem in class Besides, skillful combination of language skills including Reading,Speaking, Writing, and Listening is also applied, which enables students toselfstudy as well as to develop group work or team work skills

This course book is compiled for the fourth year students of the Academy ofCryptography Techniques majoring in electronics and telecommunication, whohave completed the syllabus of General English

In addition, this material provides students with a great number of texts with avariety of basic vocabularies commonly used in electronics andtelecommunication, which helps them to approach the specialized knowledge Alot of tasks or activities are given before, while and after each text so that studentsare able to read, comprehend, discuss the topics of their major in English andconfidently communicate with each other, which helps them avoid the feelings ofbeing new and strange when they discuss or attend seminars in English Besides,students can practise summarizing the main contents in the texts in their ownwords and present about the specialized topics provided in class

The course book is divided into 8 units with different themes Each unit is about aspecific one and focuses on the different language skills as follow:

1 READING AND SPEAKING: This section has from 3 to 4 texts relating to

different topics A pre-reading task with different questions is given before eachtext, which enables students to be accustomed to the topic of the unit that they aregoing to deal with later While-reading and post-reading tasks with lots of activitiesare also provided after each text on purpose of helping students develop theirreading comprehension and communication skills

2 WRITING AND SPEAKING: This section includes tasks or activities relating

to the most important topics and contents of each unit enabling students to recalland summerize what they learnt by writing and speaking, which helps themdevelop writing and speaking skills

3 LISTENING: Some video links are given at the end of each unit so that

students are able not only to consolidate the knowledge in the lesson but also toimprove their listening skill

UNIT 1: ELECTRONICS READING AND SPEAKING 1

1 Discuss the questions

1 What do the words electron and electronics mean in your own language?

2 What applications is electron involved?

3 What is electronics?

4 What branches does electronics relate to?

2 Read the text and do the tasks below

What is electronics?

The electron is a subatomic particle, symbol e− or β−, whose electric charge isnegative one elementary charge Electrons belong to the first generation of thelepton particle family, and are generally thought to be elementary particlesbecause they have no known components or substructure The electron has a massthat is approximately 1/1836 that of the proton Quantum mechanical properties ofthe electron include an intrinsic angular momentum (spin) of a half-integer value,

expressed in units of the reduced Planck constant, ħ Being fermions, no two

electrons can occupy the same quantum state, in accordance with the Pauliexclusion principle Like all elementary particles, electrons exhibit properties

of both particles and waves: they can collide with other particles and can bediffracted like light The wave properties of electrons are easier to observe withexperiments than those of other particles like neutrons and protons becauseelectrons have a lower mass and hence a longer de Broglie wavelength for a givenenergy

Electrons play an essential role in numerous physical phenomena, such aselectricity, magnetism, chemistry and thermal conductivity, and they alsoparticipate in gravitational, electromagnetic and weak interactions Since anelectron has charge, it has a surrounding electric field, and if that electron ismoving relative to an observer, said observer will observe it to generate a magneticfield

Electrons are involved in many applications such as electronics, welding, cathoderay tubes, electron microscopes, radiation therapy, lasers, gaseous ionizationdetectors and particle accelerators

as circuit boards, electronics packaging technology, and other varied forms ofcommunication infrastructure complete circuit functionality and transform the

mixed electronic components into a regular working system, called an electronic

system; examples are computers or control systems An electronic system may be

a component of another engineered system or a standalone device As of

2018 most electronic devices use semiconductor components to perform electroncontrol

The identification of the electron in 1897, along with the invention of the vacuum tube, which could amplify and rectify small electrical signals, inaugurated the field

of electronics and the electron age

Commonly, electronic devices contain circuitry consisting primarily or exclusively

of active semiconductors supplemented with passive elements; such a circuit isdescribed as an electronic circuit Electronics deals with electrical circuits thatinvolve active electrical components such as vacuum tubes, transitors, diodesintegrated circuits, optoelectronics, and sensors, associated passive electricalcomponents, and interconnection technologies The nonlinear behavior of activecomponents and their ability to control electron flows makes amplification of weaksignals possible

Electrical and electromechanical science and technology deals with the generation,distribution, switching, storage, and conversion of electrical energy to and fromother energy forms (using wires, motors, generators, batteries , switches, replaystransformers, resistors, and other passive components) This distinction startedaround 1906 with the invention by Lee De Forest of the triode, which madeelectrical amplification of weak radio signals and audio signals possible with anon-mechanical device Until 1950, this field was called "radio technology"because its principal application was the design and theory of radio transmitters,receivers, and vacuum tubes

The term "solid-state electronics" emerged after the first working transitor wasinvented by William Shockley, Walter Houser Brattain and John Bardeen at BellLabs in 1947 The MOSFET (MOS transistor) was later invented by Mohamed

Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs in 1959 The MOSFET was the first trulycompact transistor that could be miniaturized and mass-produced for a wide range

of uses, revolutionizing the electronics industry, and playing a central role in themicroelectronics revolution and Digital Revolution The MOSFET has sincebecome the basic element in most modern electronic equipment, and is the mostwidely used electronic device in the world

The study of semiconductor devices and related technology is considered a branch

of solid-state physics, whereas the design and construction of electronic circuits tosolve practical problems come under electronics engineering This article focuses

on engineering aspects of electronics

Branches

Electronics has branches including Digital electronics, Analogue electronics,Microelectronics, Circuit design, Integrated circuits, Power electronics,Optoelectronics, Semiconductor devices, Embedded systems, Audio electronics,Telecommunications

2.1 Answer the questions

1 What is the electron? Which generation of the lepton particle does it belong to?

2 In which physical phenomena do electrons play an essential role?

3 Why are electrons generally thought to be elementary particles?

4 In which applications are electrons involved?

5 Where is electronics widely used?

6 What does electronics comprise?

7 What branches does electronics have?

8 What is MOSFET? Who invented it?

2.2 Decide whether the following statements are true (T), false (F) or no information (NI) Correct the false (F)

1 Electrons display properties of both particles and waves: they can clash in to

other particles and can be diffracted like light

2 Electrons can be created in high-energy collisions and through beta decay of

radioactive isotopes

3 An electron has charge so it has a surrounding electric field.

4 Thank to the complex nature of electronics theory, laboratory experimentation is

an important part of the development of electronic devices

5 It is William Shockley, Walter Houser Brattain and John Bardeen who invented

The MOSFET.

2.3 Choose the best answer for the following questions and statements

1 Electronic contain circuitry consisting primarily or exclusively

of active semiconductors supplemented with passive elements

A devices C component

B circuits D technology

2 Who invented the first working transitor?

A John Bardeen C William Shockley

B Walter Houser Brattain D All are correct

3 What deals with the generation, distribution, switching, storage, and conversion of electrical energy to and from other energy forms?

A Electrical science and technology

B Electromechanical science and technology

C A&B are correct

D Only computer science and technology

4 What inaugurated the field of electronics and the electron age?

A The identification of the electron in 1897 and the invention of the vacuum tube

B The invention of the MOFET in 1959

C The invention of the first working transitor in 1947

D B&C are correct

5 Which of the following does the word they in the 1st paragraph refers to

A elementary particles C particles and waves

a is the physical property of matter that causes it

to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field

b is any basic discrete device or physical entity in

an electronic system used to affect electrons or their associated fields

c is the field of physics that studies atomic nuclei

and their constituents and interactions

d are particles much smaller than atoms.

e is a subatomic particle, symbol n or n0, with

no net electric charge and a mass slightly greaterthan that of a proton

3 Speaking

1 What main contents do you get from the text?

2 Present electronics

READING AND SPEAKING 2

1 Discuss the questions

1 When was electronic engineering born?

2 What fields does electronic engineering relate to?

3 Which field is the closest to electronic engineering? And why?

4 What do IEEE and IEC stand for? What do they mean in your language?

2 Read the text and do the tasks below

Electronic engineering Electronic engineering (also called electronics and communications engineering)

is an electrical engineering discipline which utilizes nonlinear and active electricalcomponents (such as semiconductor devices, especially transistors, diodes andintegrated circuits) to design electronic circuits, devices, VLSI devices and theirsystems The discipline typically also designs passive electrical components,usually based on printed circuit boards

Electronics is a subfield within the wider electrical engineering academic subjectbut denotes a broad engineering field that covers subfields such as analogelectronics, digital electronics, consumer electronics, embedded systems and powerelectronics Electronics engineering deals with implementation of applications,principles and algorithms developed within many related fields, for example solid-state physics, radio engineering, telecommunications, control systems, signalprocessing, systems engineering, computer engineering, instrumentationengineering, electric power control, robotics, and many others

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is one of the mostimportant and influential organizations for electronics engineers based in the US

On an international level, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)prepares standards for electronic engineering, developed through consensus andthanks to the work of 20,000 experts from 172 countries worldwide

History Electronic engineering as a profession sprang from technological

improvements in the telegraph industry in the late 19th century and the radio andthe telephone industries in the early 20th century People were attracted to radio bythe technical fascination it inspired, first in receiving and then in transmitting

Many who went into broadcasting in the 1920s were only 'amateurs' in the periodbefore World War I.

To a large extent, the modern discipline of electronic engineering was born out oftelephone, radio, and television equipment development and the large amount ofelectronic systems development during World War II of radar, sonar,communication systems, and advanced munitions and weapon systems In theinterwar years, the subject was known as radio engineering and it was only in thelate 1950s that the term electronic engineering started to emerge

Electronics

In the field of electronic engineering, engineers design and test circuits that usethe electromagnetic properties of electrical components such as resistors,capacitors, inductors, diodes and transistors to achieve a particular functionality.The tuner circuit, which allows the user of a radio to filter out all but a singlestation, is just one example of such a circuit

In designing an integrated circuit, electronics engineers first constructcircuit schematics that specify the electrical components and describe theinterconnections between them When completed, VLSI, engineers convert theschematics into actual layouts, which map the layers of various conductorsand semiconductor materials needed to construct the circuit The conversion fromschematics to layouts can be done by software (see electronic design automation)but very often requires human fine-tuning to decrease space and powerconsumption Once the layout is complete, it can be sent to a fabrication plant formanufacturing

For systems of intermediate complexity, engineers may use VHDL modelingfor programmable logic devices and FPGAs

Integrated circuits, FPGAs and other electrical components can then be assembled

on printed circuit boards to form more complicated circuits Today, printed circuitboards are found in most electronic devices including television, computers andaudio players

Relationship to electrical engineering

Electronics is a subfield within the wider electrical engineering academic subject

An academic degree with a major in electronics engineering can be acquired fromsome universities, while other universities use electrical engineering as the subject.The term electrical engineer is still used in the academic world to includeelectronic engineers However, some people consider the term 'electrical engineer'

should be reserved for those having specialized in power and heavy current or highvoltage engineering, while others consider that power is just one subset ofelectrical engineering, as well as 'electrical distribution engineering' The term'power engineering' is used as a descriptor in that industry Again, in recent yearsthere has been a growth of new separate-entry degree courses such as 'systemsengineering' and 'communication systems engineering', often followed byacademic departments of similar name, which are typically not considered assubfields of electronics engineering but of electrical engineering.

Subfields

Signal processing deals with the analysis and manipulation of signals Signals can

be either analog, in which case the signal varies continuously according to theinformation, or digital, in which case the signal varies according to a series ofdiscrete values representing the information

Telecommunications engineering deals with the transmission of information across

a channel such as a co-axial cable, optical fiber or free space

Electromagnetics is an in-depth study about the signals that are transmitted in a

channel This includes Basics of Electromagnetic waves, Transmission Lines andWaveguides, Antennas, its types and applications with Radio-Frequency (RF) andMicrowaves

Control engineering has a wide range of applications from the flight and

propulsion systems of commercial airplanes to the cruise control present in manymodern cars It also plays an important role in industrial automation

Instrumentation engineering deals with the design of devices to measure physical

quantities such as pressure, flow and temperature These devices are known asinstrumentation

Computer engineering deals with the design of computers and computer systems.

This may involve the design of new computer hardware, the design of PDAs or theuse of computers to control an industrial plant Development of embedded systems

—systems made for specific tasks (e.g., mobile phones)—is also included in thisfield This field includes the micro controller and its applications Computerengineers may also work on a system's software However, the design of complexsoftware systems is often the domain of software engineering, which is usuallyconsidered a separate discipline

2.1 Answer the questions

1 What do engineers do in the field of electronic engineering? And why

do they have to do so?

2 What is electronic engineering?

3 What does electronics engineering deal with?

4 What is the diffrence between telecommunications engineering

and instrumentation engineering ?

5 What can be assembled on printed circuit boards to form

more complicated circuits?

6 What do electronics engineers do first in designing an integrated circuit?

7 What is a key consideration in the design of transmitters?

8 Which organization is considered one of the most important and

influential organization for electronics engineers based in the

2.3 Choose the best answer for the following questions and

statements

1 An academic degree with a major in electronics engineering can be

from some universities

2 deals with the design of devices to measure physical

quantities such as pressure, flow and temperature

A Instrumentation engineering

B C Signal processing

C Control engineering D.Telecommunications engineering

3 Where is electromagnetics widely applied?

A Instrumentation Engineering C Control engineering

B Telecommunication engineering D All are correct

4 Signals can be either analog, case the signal varies continuouslyaccording to the information

5.plays an important role in industrial automation

A Computer Engineering C Control engineering

B Telecommunication engineering D Signal processing

2.4 Match the word or word phrases in the column A with their definitions or explanations in column B

a is the application of solid-state electronics to the

control and conversion of electric power

b is the study of rigid matter, or solids, through

methods such as quantummechanics, crystallography, electromagnetism,and metallurgy

c is a branch of engineering that integrates several

fields of computer science and electronic

d is the process of creating an integrated circuit (IC)

by combining millions of MOS transistors onto a single chip

e is the field of electrical engineering, and now to

some extent computer engineering and informationtechnology, which deals

with radio and television broadcasting

f is an electrical engineering subfield that focuses

on analyzing, modifying and synthesizing signals

g is an interdisciplinary field

of engineering and engineering management thatfocuses on how to design and manage complex systems over their life cycles

h are electronic (analog or digital) equipments

intended for everyday use, typically in private homes

3 Speaking

1 What main contents do you get from the text? What do you know about them?

2 Choose one of the main contents in the text and present it

3 Present electronic engineering

READING AND SPEAKING 3

1 Discuss the questions

1 What does the word vocational orientation mean in your language?

2 Is vocational orientation important for you?

3 Were you given any vocational orientation before choosing a career?

4 Why did you decide to choose your present career?

2 Read the text and do the tasks below

Education and training of electronic engineering

Electronics engineers typically possess an academic degree with a major inelectronic engineering The length of study for such a degree is usually three orfour years and the completed degree may be designated as a Bachelor ofEngineering, Bachelor of Science, Bachelor of Applied Science, or Bachelor ofTechnology depending upon the university Many UK universities alsooffer Master of Engineering (MEng) degrees at the graduate level

Some electronics engineers also choose to pursue a postgraduate degree such as

a Master of Science, Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering, or an EngineeringDoctorate The master's degree is being introduced in some European andAmerican Universities as a first degree and the differentiation of an engineer withgraduate and postgraduate studies is often difficult In these cases, experience istaken into account The master's degree may consist of either research, coursework

or a mixture of the two The Doctor of Philosophy consists of a significant researchcomponent and is often viewed as the entry point to academia

In most countries, a bachelor's degree in engineering represents the first steptowards certification and the degree program itself is certified by a professionalbody Certification allows engineers to legally sign off on plans for projectsaffecting public safety After completing a certified degree program, the engineermust satisfy a range of requirements, including work experience requirements,before being certified Once certified the engineer is designated the title ofProfessional Engineer (in the United States, Canada, and South Africa), CharteredEngineer or Incorporated Engineer (in the United Kingdom, Ireland, India, andZimbabwe), Chartered Professional Engineer (in Australia and New Zealand)

or European Engineer (in much of the European Union)

A degree in electronics generally includes units converging physics , chemistry,mathematics, project management and specific topics in electrical engineering.Initially, such topics cover most, if not all, of the subfields of electronicengineering Students then choose to specialize in one or more subfields towardsthe end of the degree.

Fundamental to the discipline are the sciences of physics and mathematics as thesehelp to obtain both a qualitative and quantitative description of how such systemswill work Today most engineering work involves the use of computers and it iscommonplace to use computer-aided design and simulation software programswhen designing electronic systems Although most electronic engineers willunderstand basic circuit theory, the theories employed by engineers generallydepend upon the work they do For example, quantum mechanics and solid statephysics might be relevant to an engineer working on VLSI but are largelyirrelevant to engineers working with embedded systems

Apart from electromagnetics and network theory, other items in the syllabus are

particular to electronics engineering course Electrical engineering courses have

other specialisms such as machines, power generation and distribution including

Electromagnetics; Network analysis; Electronic devices and circuits;

Electronic devices: Analog circuits, Digital circuits; Signals and systems;

Control systems; Communications: Analog communication systems, Digital

communication systems

Certifications

The advantages of certification vary depending upon location For example, in theUnited States and Canada "only a licensed engineer may seal engineering workfor public and private clients" This requirement is enforced by state and provinciallegislation such as Quebec's Engineers Act In other countries, such as Australia,

no such legislation exists Practically all certifying bodies maintain a code of ethicsthat they expect all members to abide by or risk expulsion In this way theseorganizations play an important role in maintaining ethical standards for theprofession Even in jurisdictions where certification has little or no legal bearing onwork, engineers are subject to contract law In cases where an engineer's work fails

he or she may be subject to the tort of negligence and, in extreme cases, the charge

of criminal negligence An engineer's work must also comply with numerous otherrules and regulations such as building codes and legislation pertaining toenvironmental law

Significant professional bodies for electrical engineers include the Institute ofElectrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the Institution of Engineering andTechnology(IET) The IEEE claims to produce 30 percent of the world's literature

on electrical engineering, has over 360,000 members worldwide and holds over

300 conferences annually The IET publishes 14 journals, has a worldwidemembership of 120,000, certifies Chartered Engineers in the United Kingdom andclaims to be the largest professional engineering society in Europe

2.1 Answer the questions

1 What does a degree in electronics generally include?

2 What other specialisms do electrical engineering courses have?

3 What post graduate degrees are montioned in the passage?

4 What does a bachelor's degree in engineering represent? By whom is

it certified in many nations?

5 What important professional bodies for electrical engineering

are mentioned in the passage?

6 How long does it take electronics engineers to get an

academic degree with a major in electronic engineering?

7 What do the master's degree and Doctor of Philosophy’s degree

consist of?

8 What must the engineer do after completing a certified degree program?

2.2 Decide whether the following statements are true (T), false (F) or no information (NI) Correct the false (F).

1 MEng degrees are usually offered at the graduate level by many

universities of the United Kingdom

A True B False C NI

2 When designing electronic systems, most engineering work doesn’t need computer-aided design and simulation software programs

A True B False C NI

3 Once certified the engineer is designated the title of Professional Engineer

in the United Kingdom, Ireland, India, and Zimbabwe

A True B False C NI

4 The differentiation of an engineer with graduate and postgraduate studies

is not often easy

A True B False C NI

5 An engineering technologist is a professional trained in certain aspects

of development and implementation of a respective area of technology

A True B False C NI

2.3 Choose the best answer to complete the following statements

1 ……… most electronic engineers will understand basic circuittheory, the theories employed by engineers generally depend upon thework they do

A Although C Therefore

B As a result D Moreover

2 What bodies are considered significant professional bodies for electricalengineers include?

A The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

B The Institution of Engineering and TechnologyData integrity

C The American Institute of Electrical Engineers

D A&B

3 An engineer's work must also .with numerous other rules andregulations such as building codes and legislation pertaining toenvironmental law

4 Which countries may only a licensed engineer seal engineering work for

public and private clients?

A In the USA C In Canada

B A&B are correct D In Australia

5.might be relevant to engineer working with embbeded systems

A Quantum mechanics C splif –state physics

B A&B are correct D None is correct

3 Speaking

1.What main contents do you get from the text above? What do you knowabout them?

2 Choose one of the main contents in the text and present it

3 Why did you decide to choose your present major? What is your futureplan?

READING AND SPEAKING 4

1 Discuss the questions

1 What do the word digital electronics, analog electronics, and circuit mean in

your language?

2 What analog circuits do you know?

3 How is a digital circuit basically constructed from?

4 What do you know about digital electronics and analog electronics?

2 Read the text and do the tasks below

Digital Electronics and Analogue Electronics

Digital electronics, digital technology or digital (electronic) circuits are electronicsthat operate on digital signals In contrast, analog circuits manipulate analogsignals whose performance is more subject to manufacturing tolerance, signalattenuation and noise Digital techniques are helpful because it is much easier toget an electronic device to switch into one of a number of known states than toaccurately reproduce a continuous range of values

Digital electronic circuits are usually made from large assemblies of logicgates (often printed on integrated circuits), simple electronic representations

of Boolean logic functions

Analogue electronics (American English: analog electronics) are electronic

systems with a continuously variable signal, in contrast to digital electronics wheresignals usually take only two levels The term "analogue" describes theproportional relationship between a signal and a voltage or current that representsthe signal The word analogue is derived from the Greekword ανάλογος (analogos)meaning "proportional"

Analog and digital electronics

Since the information is encoded differently in analogue and digital electronics, theway they process a signal is consequently different All operations that can beperformed on an analogue signal such as amplification, filtering, limiting, andothers, can also be duplicated in the digital domain Every digital circuit is also ananalogue circuit, in that the behavior of any digital circuit can be explained usingthe rules of analogue circuits The use of microelectronics has made digital devicescheap and widely available

The effect of noise on an analogue circuit is a function of the level of noise Thegreater the noise level, the more the analogue signal is disturbed, slowly becomingless usable Because of this, analogue signals are said to "fail gracefully".Analogue signals can still contain intelligible information with very high levels ofnoise Digital circuits, on the other hand, are not affected at all by the presence ofnoise until a certain threshold is reached, at which point they fail catastrophically.For digital telecommunications, it is possible to increase the noise threshold withthe use of error detection and correction coding schemes and algorithms.Nevertheless, there is still a point at which catastrophic failure of the link occurs

In digital electronics, because the information is quantized, as long as the signalstays inside a range of values, it represents the same information In digital circuitsthe signal is regenerated at each logic gate, lessening or removing noise.] Inanalogue circuits, signal loss can be regenerated with amplifiers However, noise iscumulative throughout the system and the amplifier itself will add to the noiseaccording to its noise figure

Precision

A number of factors affect how precise a signal is, mainly the noise present in theoriginal signal and the noise added by processing (see signal-to-noise ratio).Fundamental physical limits such as the shot noise in components limits theresolution of analogue signals In digital electronics additional precision isobtained by using additional digits to represent the signal The practical limit in thenumber of digits is determined by the performance of the analogue-to-digitalconverter (ADC), since digital operations can usually be performed without loss ofprecision The ADC takes an analogue signal and changes it into a series of binarynumbers The ADC may be used in simple digital display devices, e g.,thermometers or light meters but it may also be used in digital sound recording and

in data acquisition However, a digital-to-analogue converter (DAC) is used tochange a digital signal to an analogue signal A DAC takes a series of binarynumbers and converts it to an analogue signal It is common to find a DAC in thegain-control system of an op-amp which in turn may be used to control digitalamplifiers and filters

Design difficulty

Analogue circuits are typically harder to design, requiring more skill thancomparable digital systems This is one of the main reasons that digital systemshave become more common than analogue devices An analogue circuit is usually

designed by hand, and the process is much less automated than for digital systems.Since the early 2000s, there were some platforms that were developed whichenabled Analog design to be defined using software - which allows fasterprototyping However, if a digital electronic device is to interact with the realworld, it will always need an analogue interface For example, every digitalradio receiver has an analogue preamplifier as the first stage in the receive chain.

Figure 1-1 Analogue electronics and Digital electronics

2.1 Answer the questions

1 What is the difference between analog electronics and digital electronics?

2 Where does the word analogue come from? What does it mean?

3 What are analogue electronics?

4 How are digital electronic circuits usually made?

5 Why are digital techniques helpful?

6 Why are analogue signals said to "fail gracefully"

7 What is the difference between digital circuits and analog circuits?

8 How is an analogue circuit usually designed?

2.2 Decide whether the following statements are true (T), false (F) or no information (NI) Correct the false (F).

1 In digital electronics additional precision is obtained by using additional

digits to represent the signal.

A True B False C NI

2 Every analogue circuit is also an analogue circuit, in that the behavior ofany digital circuit can be explained using the rules of analogue circuits

A True B False C NI

3 An analogue circuit is usually designed by hand, and the process is

much less automated than for digital systems

A True B False C NI

4 If a single piece of digital data is lost or misinterpreted, the meaning

of large blocks of related data can completely change in some systems

A True B False C NI

5 A logic gate is generally created from one or more electrically

controlled routers usually transistors but thermionic valves have seen historic use

3 A DAC takes a series of and converts it to an analogue signal

A digit numbers C integers

B binary numbers D decimal numbers

4 If a digital electronic device is to interact with the real world, it will always need an

A digital interface C analogue interface

B None are correct D All are correct

5 What are digital electronic circuits usually made from?

A Large assemblies of logic gates, simple electronic representations

of Boolean logic functions

B simple electronic representations of Boolean logic functions

C A&B are correct

D Small assemblies of logic gates, simple electronic representations

2.4 Match the word or word phrases in the column A with their definitions or explanations in column B

a is an idealized or physical device implementing

a Boolean function; that is, it performs a logical operation on one or more binary inputs and produces a single binary output

b is a signal that is being used to represent data as a

sequence of discrete values; at any given time it canonly take on one of a finite number of values

c is any continuous signal for which the time-

varying feature (variable) of the signal is a representation of some other time varying quantity,

i.e., analogous to another time varying signal.

d is the use of digital processing, such as by

computers or more specialized digital signal processors, to perform a wide variety of signalprocessing operations

e is the encoding of information in a carrier

wave by varying the instantaneous frequency of thewave

f is a modulation technique used in electronic

communication, most commonly for transmittinginformation via a radio carrier wave

g is an electronic amplifier that amplifies a very

low-power signal without significantly degrading

its signal-to-noise ratio

h are a type of signal processing filter in the form of

electrical circuits

3 Speaking

1 What main contents do you get from the text?

2 Choose one of the main contents in the text and present it

3 Give some comparisons between digital electronics and

WRITING AND SPEAKING

1 Write about 400 words about one of the following topics:

- Electronics

- Electronics engineering

- Education and Training of Electronics engineering

- Digital and analog electronics

2 Present the following contents:

- Electronics

- Electronics engineering

- Education and training of Electronics engineering

- Digital and analog electronics

UNIT 2: ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND COMPONENTS

1 Discuss the questions

READING D SPEAKING 1

1 What does the word component mean in your language?

2 What was the earliest electronic component? When was it born? Who used it?

3 List electronic devices or components you know What are their benefits?

4 Which electronic devices do you like most and why?

5 What does MOSFET stand for? What does it mean in your language?

2 Read the text and do the tasks below

What is an electronic component?

An electronic component is any basic discrete device or physical entity in

an electronic system used to affect electrons or their associated fields Electroniccomponents are mostly industrial products, available in a singular form and are not

to be confused with electrical elements, which are conceptual abstractionsrepresenting idealized electronic components

Electronic components have a number of electrical terminals or leads These leadsconnect to other electrical components, often over wire, to create an electroniccircuit with a particular function (for example an amplifier, radio receiver,

or oscillator) Basic electronic components may be packaged discretely, as arrays

or networks of like components, or integrated inside of packages such

as semiconductor integrated circuits, hybrid integrated circuits, or thick filmdevices

History of electronic components

Vacuum tubes (Thermionic valves) were among the earliest electroniccomponents They were almost solely responsible for the electronics revolution ofthe first half of the twentieth century They allowed for vastly more complicatedsystems and gave us radio, television, phonographs, radar, long-distance telephonyand much more They played a leading role in the field of microwave and highpower transmission as well as television receivers until the middle of the 1980s.Since that time, solid-state devices have all but completely taken over Vacuum

tubes are still used in some specialist applications such as high power RFamplifiers, cathode ray tubes, specialist audio equipment, guitar amplifiers andsome microwave devices.

The first working point-contact transistor was invented by William Shockley,Walter Houser Brattain and John Bardeen at Bell Labs in 1947 In April 1955,the IBM 608 was the first IBM product to use transistor circuits without anyvacuum tubes and is believed to be the first all-transistorized calculator to bemanufactured for the commercial market The 608 contained more than 3,000germanium transistors Thomas J Watson Jr ordered all future IBM products touse transistors in their design From that time on transistors were almostexclusively used for computer logic and peripherals However, early junctiontransistors were relatively bulky devices that were difficult to manufacture on amass-production basis, which limited them to a number of specialized applications.The MOSFET (MOS transistor) was invented by Mohamed Atalla and DawonKahng at Bell Labs in 1959 The MOSFET was the first truly compact transistorthat could be miniaturized and mass-produced for a wide range of uses Itsadvantages include high scalability, affordability, low power consumption,and high density It revolutionized the electronics industry, becoming the mostwidely used electronic device in the world The MOSFET is the basic element inmost modern electronic equipment, and has been central to the electronicsrevolution, the microelectronics revolution, and the Digital Revolution TheMOSFET has thus been credited as the birth of modern electronics, and possiblythe most important invention in electronics

Figure 2-1 Electronic components

Components can be classified as passive, active, or electromechanic The strictphysics definition treats passive components as ones that cannot supply energythemselves, whereas a battery would be seen as an active component since it trulyacts as a source of energy

However, electronic engineers who perform circuit analysis use a more restrictivedefinition of passivity When only concerned with the energy of signals, it isconvenient to ignore the so-called DC circuit and pretend that the power supplyingcomponents such as transistors or integrated circuits is absent (as if each suchcomponent had its own battery built in), though it may in reality be supplied by the

DC circuit Then, the analysis only concerns the AC circuit, an abstraction thatignores DC voltages and currents (and the power associated with them) present inthe real-life circuit This fiction, for instance, lets us view an oscillator as

"producing energy" even though in reality the oscillator consumes even moreenergy from a DC power supply, which we have chosen to ignore Under thatrestriction, we define the terms as used in circuit analysis as:

 Active components rely on a source of energy (usually from the DC

circuit, which we have chosen to ignore) and usually can inject powerinto a circuit, though this is not part of the definition Activecomponents include amplifying components such as transistors,triode vacuum tubes (valves), and tunnel diodes

 Passive components can't introduce net energy into the circuit They

also can't rely on a source of power, except for what is available from the(AC) circuit they are connected to As a consequence they can't amplify(increase the power of a signal), although they may increase a voltage orcurrent (such as is done by a transformer or resonant circuit) Passivecomponents include two-terminal components such as resistors,capacitors, inductors, and transformers

 Electromechanical components can carry out electrical operations by

using moving parts or by using electrical connections

Most passive components with more than two terminals can be described in terms

of two-port parameters that satisfy the principle of reciprocity—though there arerare exceptions In contrast, active components (with more than two terminals)generally lack that property

2.1 Answer the questions

1 How can electronic components be classified?

2 What is the MOSFET? What are its advantages?

3 What electronic components played a leading role in the field of

microwave and high power transmission as well as television

receivers until the middle of the 1980s?

4 What is an electronic component?

5 What is the difference between passive component and active components?

6 What is believed to be the first all-transistorized calculator to be

manufactured for the commercial market?

7 What are disadvantages of the early junction transistors?

8 What applications are vacuum tubes still used?

2.2 Decide whether the following statements are true (T), false (F) or no information (NI) Correct the false (F).

1 Active components can't rely on a source of power, except for what is available from the (AC) circuit they are connected to

A True B False C NI

2 Electronic components are mostly industrial products, available in a

singular form and they are not the same as electrical elements, which

are conceptual abstractions

A True B False C NI

3 Most transistors are made from very pure silicon, and somefrom germanium, but certain other semiconductor materials can also beused

A True B False C NI

2.3 Choose the best answer to complete the statements and the questions

1 Transistors, triode vacuum tubes (valves), and tunnel diodes are

A active components C passive components

B electromechanical components D All are correct

2 Which product is believed to be the first all-transistorized calculator to bemanufactured for the commercial market?

A The MOSFET C The IBM 608

B DC circuit D RF amplifier

3 When was MOSEFT invented?

A in 1969 C in 1959

B in 1947 D in 1980s

4 Resistors, capacitors, inductors, and transformers are

A active components C passive components

B electromechanical components D All are correct

5 is the person who invented the first working point-contacttransistor

A Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng

B William Shockley, Walter Houser Brattain and John Bardeen

C Thomas J Watson

D Mohamed Atalla and John Bardeen

2.4 Match the word or word phrases in the column A with their definitions or explanations in column B

1 A transistor

2 A diode

a is a device that controls electric current flow in a

high vacuum between electrodes to which an electric potential difference has been applied

b is a semiconductor device used

to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical

c is a device that stores electrical energy in

an electric field It is a passive electronic component with two terminals

d is a two-terminal electronic component that

conducts current primarily in one direction (asymmetric conductance)

e is an electronic circuit which obeys

the superposition principle

f is a type of semiconductor diode that has negative

resistance due to the quantum mechanical effect called tunneling

g is a specialized microprocessor (or a SIP block)

chip, with its architecture optimized for the operational needs of digital signal processing

h combines processes and procedures drawn

from electrical engineering and mechanical engineering

3 Speaking

1 What main contents do you get from the text? What do you know aboutthem?

2 Present one of the main contents in the text

3 Present an electronic component and its classification

READING AND SPEAKING 2

1 Discuss the questions

1 What does the word semiconductor mean in your language?

2 What semiconductor devices do you know? What are they used for?

3 What does transistor mean in your language?

4 Who invented it and when?

2 Read the text and do the tasks below

A transistor

A transistor (see Figure 2-2) is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switchelectronic signals and electrical power It is composed of semiconductor materialusually with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit A voltage

or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals controls the currentthrough another pair of terminals Because the controlled (output) power can behigher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal Today,some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded

in integrated circuits

Austro-Hungarian physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld proposed the concept of

a field-effect transistor in 1926, but it was not possible to actually construct aworking device at that time The first working device to be built was a point-contact transistor invented in 1947 by American physicists John Bardeen, WalterBrattain, and William Shockley at Bell Labs They shared the 1956 Nobel Prize inPhysics for their achievement The most widely used transistor isthe MOSFET (metal–oxide–silicon field-effect transistor) see Figure 2-3, alsoknown as the MOS transistor, which was invented by Egyptian engineer MohamedAtalla with Korean engineer Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs in 1959 The MOSFETwas the first truly compact transistor that could be miniaturized and mass-producedfor a wide range of uses

Most transistors are made from very pure silicon, and some from germanium, butcertain other semiconductor materials can also be used A transistor may have onlyone kind of charge carrier, in a field-effect transistor, or may have two kinds ofcharge carriers in bipolar junction transistor devices Compared with the vacuumtube, transistors are generally smaller, and require less power to operate Certain

or high operating voltages Many types of transistors are made to standardizedspecifications by multiple manufacturers.

Transistors are the key active components in practically all modern electronics.Many thus consider the transistor to be one of the greatest inventions of the 20thcentury

The MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor), also known asthe MOS transistor, is by far the most widely used transistor, used in applicationsranging from computers and electronics to communications technology such

as smartphones The MOSFET has been considered to be the most importanttransistor, possibly the most important invention in electronics, and the birth ofmodern electronics The MOS transistor has been the fundamental building block

of modern digital electronics since the late 20th century, paving the way forthe digital age The US Patent and Trademark Office calls it a "groundbreakinginvention that transformed life and culture around the world" Its importance intoday's society rests on its ability to be mass-produced using a highly automatedprocess (semiconductor device fabrication) that achieves astonishingly low per-transistor costs

The invention of the first transistor at Bell Labs was named an IEEE Milestone in

2009 The list of IEEE Milestones also includes the inventions of the junctiontransistor in 1948 and the MOSFET in 1959

The MOS transistor is the most widely manufactured device in history As of 2013,billions of transistors are manufactured every day, nearly all of which areMOSFET devices Between 1960 and 2018, an estimated total of 13 sextillionMOS transistors have been manufactured, accounting for at least 99.9% of alltransistors

The transistor's low cost, flexibility, and reliability have made it a ubiquitous

device Transistorized mechatronic circuits have replaced electromechanical

devices in controlling appliances and machinery It is often easier and cheaper to use a standard microcontroller and write a computer program to carry out a controlfunction than to design an equivalent mechanical system to control that same function

The essential usefulness of a transistor comes from its ability to use a small signalapplied between one pair of its terminals to control a much larger signal at anotherpair of terminals This property is called gain It can produce a stronger outputsignal, a voltage or current, which is proportional to a weaker input signal; that is,

it can act as an amplifier Alternatively, the transistor can be used to turn current on